1078:– people who were undecided as to whether they considered themselves Polish or Belarusian.Much of the rural population, who usually had no official identity documents, were denied the "right" of repatriation on the basis that they did not have documents stating they were Polish citizens. In what was described as a "fight for the people", Polish officials attempted to get as many people repatriated as possible, whereas the Belarusian officials tried to retain them, particularly the peasants, while deporting most of the Polish
837:, during which Polish estates were burned, and roads, rail lines and telephone connections were destroyed. The OUN used terrorism and sabotage in order to force the Polish government into actions that would cause a loss of support for the more moderate Ukrainian politicians ready to negotiate with the Polish state. OUN directed its violence not only against the Poles but also against Jews and other Ukrainians who wished for a peaceful resolution to the Polish–Ukrainian conflict.
1146:" declared that many people who identified as Polish were in fact "polonized Lithuanians". The rural population was denied the right to leave Lithuania, due to their lack of official pre-war documentation showing Polish citizenship. Contrary to the government's agreement with Poland, many individuals were threatened with either arrest or having to settle outstanding debts if they chose repatriation. Soviet authorities persecuted individuals connected to the Polish resistance (
20:
2196:
2175:
2250:
1053:
in Lviv characterized these acts as attempts to hasten the deportation of Poles from their city. Those arrested were released after they signed papers agreeing to emigrate to Poland. It is difficult to establish the exact number of Poles expelled from Lviv, but it was estimated as between 100,000 and
898:
put the number of deported Polish citizens at 1,500,000 and some Polish estimates reach 1,600,000 to 1,800,000 persons, historians consider these evaluations as exaggerated. Alexander
Guryanov calculated that 309,000 up to 312,000 Poles were deported from February 1940 to June 1941. According to N.S.
849:
during World War II was subsequently accompanied by the
Soviets forcibly deporting hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens to distant parts of the Soviet Union: Siberia and Central Asia. Five years later, for the first time, the Supreme Soviet formally acknowledged that the Polish nationals expelled
942:
before 17 September 1939, and their families), what property they could take with them, and what aid they would receive from the corresponding governments. The resettlement was divided into two phases: first, the eligible citizens were registered as wishing to be resettled; second, their request was
922:
The residents of the
Western Ukraine and Byelorussia, as well as those of the Wilno district, which had been annexed to the Soviet Union under the Ribentrop-Molotov pact of 23 August and 28 September 1939, had all been under German occupation for between two and half to three years, and were finally
754:
In the autumn of 1935, Stalin ordered a new wave of mass deportations of Poles from the western republics of the Soviet Union. This was also the time of his purges of different classes of people, many of whom were killed. Poles were expelled from the border regions to resettle the area with ethnic
1130:
was considered a historical capital of
Lithuania; however, in the early 20th century its population was around 40% Polish, 30% Jewish and 20% Russian and Belarusian, with only about 2–3% self-declared Lithuanians. The government considered the rural Polish population important to the agricultural
581:
and the USSR, was a deliberate distortion, as deported peoples were leaving their homeland rather than returning to it. It is also sometimes referred to as the 'first repatriation' action, in contrast with the 'second repatriation' of 1955–1959. In a wider context, it is sometimes described as a
989:. The real criterion was one of ethnicity, not citizenship. The ethnic criterion was applied to everyone in Volhynia, Ukrainians forced to stay despite their prewar Polish citizenship, Poles and Jews forced to leave despite their ancient traditions in the region. Jewish survivors of
943:
to be reviewed and approved by the corresponding governments. About 750,000 Poles and Jews from the western regions of
Ukraine were deported, as well as about 200,000 each from western Belarus and from Lithuanian SSR each. The deportations continued until 1 August 1946.
1048:
arrested 772 Poles in Lviv (where, according to Soviet sources, on 1 October 1944, Poles represented 66.75% of population), among them 14 professors, 6 doctors, 2 engineers, 3 artists, and 5 Catholic priests. The Polish community was outraged about the arrests. The
894:. From 1939 to 1941 the Soviets also forcibly deported specific social groups deemed "untrustworthy" to forced labor facilities in Kazakhstan and Siberia. Many children, elderly and sick died during these journeys, in cargo trains, which lasted weeks. Whereas the
2288:"Śledztwo w sprawie zabójstwa w dniu 22 września 1939 r. w okolicach miejscowości Sopoćkinie generała brygady Wojska Polskiego Józefa Olszyny-Wilczyńskiego i jego adiutanta kapitana Mieczysława Strzemskiego przez żołnierzy b. Związku Radzieckiego. (S 6/02/Zk)"
1037:. Overnight this allowance was discontinued, and all Polish schools were required to teach the Soviet Ukrainian curriculum, with classes to be held only in Ukrainian and Russian. All males were told to prepare for mobilization into labor brigades within the
549:
According to official data, during the state-controlled expulsion between 1945 and 1946, roughly 1,167,000 Poles left the westernmost republics of the Soviet Union, less than 50% of those who registered for population transfer. Another major
977:. Although the Soviet government was trying to eradicate these organizations, it did little to support the Polish minority; and instead encouraged population transfer. The haste at which repatriation was done was such that the Polish leader
806:, the lands assigned to sovereign Poland, some 8,265 Polish farmers were resettled with help from the government. The overall number of settlers in the east was negligible as compared to the region's long-term residents. For instance in the
1028:
and other major centers in
Eastern Poland to sit fast and not evacuate, promising that during peaceful discussions they would be able to keep Lwów within Poland. In response, Khrushchev introduced a different approach to dealing with this
1082:. It is estimated that about 150,000 to 250,000 people were deported from Belarus. Similar numbers were registered as Poles but forced by the Belarusian officials to remain in Belarus or were outright denied registration as Poles.
755:
Russians and
Ukrainians, but Stalin had them deported to the far reaches of Siberia and Central Asia. In 1935 alone 1,500 families were deported to Siberia from Soviet Ukraine. In 1936, 5,000 Polish families were deported to
1377:. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies — 26th Session, Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture, Erice, Italy, 19–24 August 2001; . Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 93–109.
2645:
938:(the corresponding document with the Lithuanian SSR was signed on 22 September). The document specified who was eligible for the resettlement (it primarily applied to all Poles and Jews who were citizens of the
1665:
Takie postrzeganie "zagranicznych Polaków" potwierdza chociażby tzw. pierwsza kampania powrotowa (zwana niesłusznie repatriacją), którą komuniści zainicjowali niemal od razu po zakończeniu II wojny światowej.
1103:
The resettlement of ethnic Poles from
Lithuania saw numerous delays. Local Polish clergy were active in agitating against leaving, and the underground press called those who had registered for repatriation
766:. The Polish population in the USSR had officially dropped by 165,000 in that period according to the official Soviet census of 1937–38; Polish population in the Ukrainian SSR decreased by about 30%.
728:; it was set up by the Ukrainian side in November 1917. In that entire period, some 1,300 Polish-language schools were operating in Galicia, with 1,800 teachers and 84,000 students. In the region of
923:
annexed to the Soviet Union in 1944. The speedy exodus of Poles from these regions was meant to erase their Polish past and to confirm the fact that the regions were indeed part of the Soviet Union.
2782:
673:, toward the end of the 18th century, resulted in the expulsions of ethnic Poles from their homes in the east for the first time in the history of the nation. Some 80,000 Poles were escorted to
735:
Beginning in 1920, the
Bolshevik and nationalist terror campaigns of the new war triggered the flight of Poles and Jews from Soviet Russia to newly sovereign Poland. In 1922 Bolshevik Russian
850:
after the Soviet invasion were not Soviet citizens, but foreign subjects. Two decrees were signed on 22 June and 16 August 1944 to facilitate the release of Polish nationals from captivity.
759:. The deportations were accompanied by the gradual elimination of Polish cultural institutions. Polish-language newspapers were closed, as were Polish-language classes throughout Ukraine.
2955:
2742:
2693:
1974:
Deportat︠s︡ii︠a︡ poli︠a︡kiv z Ukraïny: nevidomi dokumenty pro nasylʹnyt︠s︡ʹke pereselenni︠a︡ bilʹshovyt︠s︡ʹkoi︠u︡ vladoi︠u︡ polʹsʹkoho naselenni︠a︡ z URSR v Polʹshchu v 1944-1946 rokakh
1154:). In the end, about 50% of the 400,000 people registered for relocation were allowed to leave. Political scientist Dovilė Budrytė estimated that about 150,000 people left for Poland.
470:. Similarly, the Soviet Union had enforced policies between 1939 and 1941 which targeted and expelled ethnic Poles residing in the Soviet zone of occupation following the Nazi-Soviet
422:
2041:. The Baltic and Arctic Areas under Stalin: Ethnic Minorities in the Great Soviet Terror of 1937-38. Umeå University, Sweden: Umeå International Research Group. ; Prof Musial of
981:
was forced to intercede and approach Stalin to slow down the deportation, as the post-war Polish government was overwhelmed by the sudden great number of refugees needing aid.
262:
2216:
Yosef Litvak (1991). "Polish-Jewish
Refugees Repatriated from the Soviet Union at the End of the Second World War and Afterwards". In Norman Davies; Antony Polonsky (eds.).
1266:
985:
The Soviet "population exchanges" of 1944-1946 ostensibly concerned citizens of prewar Poland, but in fact Poles and Jews were sent west, whereas Ukrainians had to stay in
485:
1122:
The Lithuanian communist party was dominated by a nationalist faction which supported the removal of the Polish intelligentsia, particularly from the highly contested
818:). Approximately 4 percent of the newly arrived settlers lived on land granted to them. The majority either rented their land to local farmers, or moved to the cities.
1443:
1372:
666:
in 1595-96, when the Metropolitan of Kyiv-Halych broke relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church and accepted the authority of the Roman Catholic Pope and Vatican.
115:
2735:
1598:
1098:
918:, however, approached Stalin personally to keep the territories gained through the illegal and secret Molotov–Ribbentrop pact under continued Soviet occupation.
491:
The postwar population transfers were part of an official Soviet policy that affected more than one million Polish citizens, who were removed in stages from the
277:
3177:
3152:
1325:
Włodzimierz Borodziej; Ingo Eser; Stanisław Jankowiak; Jerzy Kochanowski; Claudia Kraft; Witold Stankowski; Katrin Steffen (1999). Stanisław Ciesielski (ed.).
152:
3121:
2547:
2170:
1063:
952:
415:
272:
267:
907:
argues that various other smaller deportations, prisoners of war and political prisoners should be added for a grand total of 400,000 to 500,000 deported.
891:
2882:
2728:
1653:
1189:
2764:
375:
2596:
1304:
2042:
3162:
2792:
408:
2897:
147:
3157:
2033:
1997:
Musial, Bogdan (January 2013). "The 'Polish Operation' of the NKVD: The Climax of the Terror Against the Polish Minority in the Soviet Union".
790:
was signed in 1921. The Soviet Union did not officially exist before 31 December 1922. The disputed territories were split in Riga between the
360:
3222:
3217:
899:
Lebedeva the deportations involved about 250,000 persons. The most conservative Polish counts based on Soviet documents and published by the
519:
365:
350:
47:
3167:
811:
1350:
751:. The Soviet census of 1926 recorded ethnic Poles as being of Russian or Ukrainian ethnicity, reducing their apparent numbers in Ukraine.
2416:
2372:
1870:
1679:
Stalinowska depolonizacja Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczpospolitej (Stalinist de-Polonization of the Eastern Borderlands of the 2nd Republic)
355:
240:
2902:
2456:
2334:
1825:
614:
The history of ethnic Polish settlement in what is now Ukraine and Belarus dates to 1030–31. More Poles migrated to this area after the
3182:
203:
2502:
3212:
3207:
2802:
871:
492:
213:
105:
1248:
927:
The document regarding the resettlement of Poles from the Ukrainian and Belorussian SSRs to Poland was signed 9 September 1944 in
3192:
2797:
1184:
1164:
1112:
to Poland. After these hopes vanished, the number of people wanting to leave gradually increased, and they signed papers for the
932:
55:
3091:
1072:
did not actively support deportation of Poles. Belarusian officials made it difficult for Polish activists to communicate with
970:
826:
807:
300:
120:
82:
1086:
3197:
3187:
2541:
2496:
2450:
2410:
2366:
2328:
2260:
1953:
1864:
1753:
1717:
1437:
1390:
1260:
1209:
551:
535:
255:
125:
1492:
3037:
1421:
1396:
1142:
and Lithuanization of the city (80% of the local Polish population left Vilnius). Furthermore, the Lithuanian ideology of "
2892:
2066:
2287:
2102:
235:
997:
were generally willing to depart. The history of Volhynia, as an ancient multi-confessional society, had come to an end.
3202:
2822:
619:
230:
2191:
2143:
1576:
3057:
2751:
2686:
2638:
2489:
The Polish Deportees of World War II: Recollections of Removal to the Soviet Union and Dispersal Throughout the World
2304:
2227:
2155:
2120:
1981:
1899:
1819:
1811:
1782:
1630:
1592:
1529:
1486:
1344:
1298:
900:
654:
of the eastern lands. Social and ethnic conflicts arose regarding the differences in religious practices between the
595:
181:
130:
2690:
2945:
2827:
2480:
2266:
904:
867:
164:
135:
2642:
2531:
3172:
3032:
2872:
1214:
830:
218:
1089:, which was partially retained by Poland after World War II. It sought to retain some of the Belarusian people.
534:
of the USSR, during the conferences at Tehran and Yalta. The Polish transfers were among the largest of several
2950:
2660:
Michael McQueen. "Collaboration as an Element in the Polish-Lithuanian struggle over Vilnius." Joachim Tauber.
1521:
1113:
1085:
In response, Poland followed a similar process in regards to the Belarusian population of the territory of the
966:
740:
713:
140:
77:
2217:
1647:
1572:
3101:
3052:
3027:
3007:
500:
335:
223:
186:
28:
3131:
3111:
2960:
1846:
1174:
822:
763:
245:
198:
2569:
1288:
1138:
But the government encouraged expulsion of Poles from Vilnius, and facilitated it. The result was a rapid
810:(1,437,569 inhabitants in 1921), the number of settlers did not exceed 15,000 people (3,128 refugees from
2887:
2755:
859:
724:. Throughout the existence of UNR (1917–21), there was a separate ministry for Polish affairs, headed by
720:
became strained, the Polish Democratic Council of Kyiv supported the Ukrainian side in its conflict with
578:
169:
2832:
2584:
2112:
1917:(Encyclopedia of Ukraine, 10 vols, 1955-84), Paris, New York: Shevchenko Society, 1970. Vol 6, p. 2224.
1554:
1179:
1169:
911:
895:
693:
599:
508:
193:
110:
2917:
2074:
1709:
1204:
1116:
863:
846:
779:
2992:
2934:
2046:
1041:. These actions were introduced specifically to encourage Polish emigration from Ukraine to Poland.
935:
677:
by the Russian imperial army in 1864 in the single largest deportation action undertaken within the
2720:
1856:
1151:
1050:
974:
643:
1324:
725:
2970:
2570:"Sprawa Lwowa właściwie wciąż otwarta". Między nadzieją a zwątpieniem — Polacy we Lwowie w 1945"
1643:
1326:
1143:
1034:
1033:. Until this time, Polish children could be educated in Polish, according to the curriculum of
939:
791:
748:
467:
440:
385:
2400:
2356:
1850:
586:
of these areas during and after the world war. The process was planned and carried out by the
3096:
3079:
2965:
2907:
2772:
2438:
2318:
2086:(21 April 1920) and their combined forces began to overrun Ukraine, occupying Kiev on 7 May."
1805:
1770:
1745:
1429:
1199:
994:
603:
527:
395:
36:
2484:
1702:
2807:
2716:
Przemiany narodowościowe i ludnościowe w Galicji Wschodniej i na Wołyniu w latach 1931–1948
2126:
2079:
775:
705:
700:
of 1917-1922 brought an end to the Russian Empire. According to Ukrainian sources from the
670:
639:
176:
157:
1131:
economy, and believed those people would be relatively amenable to assimilation policies (
774:
Amidst several border conflicts, Poland re-emerged as a sovereign state in 1918 following
8:
3126:
3106:
3068:
3017:
2665:
1584:
1021:
208:
3022:
2817:
2320:
Germans to Poles: Communism, Nationalism and Ethnic Cleansing After the Second World War
1478:
1249:"Gathering Poles into Poland. Forced Migration from Poland's Former Eastern Territories"
3116:
3002:
2014:
1942:
Victors Behind Barbed Wire: Polish Prisoners of War, 1919–1922: Documents and materials
647:
504:
499:
of 1943, Kresy was formally incorporated into the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian
471:
390:
2863:
1926:
978:
3012:
2787:
2682:
2634:
2588:
2537:
2523:
2492:
2446:
2406:
2362:
2324:
2256:
2223:
2151:
2116:
2018:
1977:
1949:
1895:
1860:
1815:
1778:
1749:
1713:
1686:
1626:
1588:
1525:
1482:
1433:
1417:
1386:
1340:
1294:
1256:
1194:
915:
883:
783:
747:. In that year, 120,000 Poles stranded in the east were expelled to the west and the
697:
678:
523:
496:
325:
1807:
The Ukrainian Question: The Russian Empire and Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century
1738:
3047:
3042:
2842:
2006:
1513:
1378:
1069:
659:
622:. From 1657 to 1793, some 80 Roman Catholic churches and monasteries were built in
515:
451:
315:
295:
2679:
Taming Nationalism?: Political Community bBilding in the Post-Soviet Baltic States
1649:
SB a propaganda polonijna: Między sowiecką agenturą a koncepcją "budowania mostów"
31:, 1939 to 1945. The pink and yellow areas represent the pre-war Polish territory (
2912:
2847:
2837:
2812:
2697:
2649:
2200:
2179:
2150:(in Polish). Vol. II. Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. pp. 623–624.
2070:
1931:
1927:
1468:
615:
320:
305:
1426:
Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine
566:
3084:
2922:
2626:
2083:
2063:
1937:
Zwycięzcy za drutami. Jeńcy polscy w niewoli (1919–1922). Dokumenty i materiały
1382:
1132:
1123:
1109:
1079:
1002:
986:
879:
787:
721:
686:
663:
655:
543:
539:
310:
72:
2402:
Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
2291:
2106:
910:
By 1944, the population of ethnic Poles in Western Ukraine was 1,182,100. The
558:
474:. The second wave of expulsions resulted from the retaking of Poland from the
3146:
2981:
2877:
2858:
2631:
The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999
2592:
2010:
1733:
1618:
1147:
990:
962:
795:
682:
627:
531:
455:
1108:. Many ethnic Poles hoped that a post-war Peace Conference would assign the
1068:
In contrast to actions in the Ukrainian SSR, the communist officials in the
631:
2997:
2396:
1139:
1020:
The Polish government-in-exile in London directed their organizations (see
958:
903:
in 1997 amounted to a grand total of 320,000 persons deported. Sociologist
870:. As a result, Poland was divided between the Germans and the Soviets (see
799:
744:
739:, with their Bolshevik allies in Ukraine overwhelmed the government of the
651:
583:
570:
463:
459:
2527:
1547:
Repatriacja ludności polskiej po II wojnie światowej: studium historyczne
618:
in 1569, when most of the territory became part of the newly established
562:
447:
24:
1558:
1328:
Przesiedlenie ludności polskiej z Kresów Wschodnich do Polski 1944–1947
825:
and the Polish government escalated. On 12 July 1930, activists of the
756:
19:
1550:
762:
Soon after the wave of deportations, the Soviet NKVD orchestrated the
1775:
God's Playground/ A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present
1253:
Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948
635:
587:
476:
2750:
2358:
The Generation: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland
1074:
1038:
736:
701:
681:. "Books were burned; churches destroyed; priests murdered;" wrote
623:
481:
1945:
1474:
2405:. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 118–119.
1255:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 135–154.
1127:
1014:
815:
729:
674:
1025:
685:. Meanwhile, Ukrainians were officially considered "part of the
2439:"The Deportation of the Polish Population to the USSR, 1939-41"
1852:
Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and the Mirage of Democracy
1708:(3 ed.). New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p.
1682:
1336:
1013:(now Western Ukraine) were given the option of resettlement in
928:
914:
in London affirmed its position of retaining the 1939 borders.
901:
Main Commission to Investigate Crimes Against the Polish Nation
717:
495:. After the war, following Soviet demands laid out during the
1010:
875:
803:
444:
345:
87:
32:
886:, respectively. Spreading terror throughout the region, the
1571:
1045:
887:
862:
in 1939 between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, Germany
814:, roughly 7,000 members of local administration, and 2,600
709:
591:
2142:
2533:
The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization
2443:
Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939-1950
2361:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 359.
2323:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–25.
2082:
formed an alliance with the Ukrainian nationalist leader
1948:: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu.
1518:
The establishment of Communist rule in Poland, 1943–1948
1290:
A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century
969:, led by the nationalist Ukrainian groups including the
1099:
Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
743:, including the annexed Ukrainian territories into the
1976:(in Ukrainian). . Kyïv: Ukraïnsʹka vydavnycha spilka.
546:, which displaced a total of about 20 million people.
3122:
1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum
2307:. Internet Archive, 16.10.03. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
1064:
Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Belarus
953:
Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
712:
was 42,800. In July 1917, when relations between the
2100:
1642:
573:, depending on the context and the source. The term
2248:
1286:
878:in 1939, modern-day Western Ukraine was annexed to
2078:"The conflict began when the Polish head of state
1737:
1701:
1676:
1190:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
2522:
2475:
2473:
1884:
1470:Polskie życie artystyczne w międzywojennym Wilnie
1416:
1246:
946:
3144:
2793:Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland
1920:
1544:
1512:
443:(also known as the expulsions of Poles from the
2096:
2094:
2092:
2025:
1845:
1466:
554:took place after Stalin's death, in 1955–1959.
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2470:
2148:Najnowsza historia polityczna Polski 1864–1945
2043:Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw
1894:. Wars and Peace Treaties. London: Routledge.
1803:
1704:The Slavs in European history and civilization
1670:
3178:Aftermath of World War II in the Soviet Union
2736:
2436:
2203:, By C. M. Hann and Paul R. Magocsi, page 148
1967:
1965:
1768:
1732:
602:; after 1945, these were referred to as the "
598:. Many of the deported Poles were settled in
416:
2316:
2255:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 67–68.
2219:Jews in Eastern Poland and the USSR, 1939-46
2215:
2185:
2089:
2613:
2354:
2242:
2056:
1771:"Rossiya:The Russian Partition (1772–1918)"
1693:
1636:
1587:: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 71–87.
1581:Poland in the geographical centre of Europe
1462:
1460:
802:after 1923). In the following few years in
2743:
2729:
2479:
1971:
1962:
1726:
1333:Resettlement of Poles from Kresy 1944–1947
650:was accompanied by the process of gradual
466:policy that had been ratified by the main
423:
409:
3153:Population transfers of Poles (1944–1946)
2536:. Indiana University Press. p. 102.
2391:
2389:
1797:
1318:
1057:
769:
2903:Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia
2803:Provisional Government of National Unity
2211:
2209:
2164:
1457:
1370:
872:Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
732:in 1917, there were 290 Polish schools.
522:) was agreed between the Allied leaders
493:Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
437:Polish population transfers in 1944–1946
18:
2798:Polish Committee of National Liberation
2778:Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
2567:
2491:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 4.
2172:Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
1839:
1777:. Oxford University Press. p. 64.
1699:
1538:
1506:
1364:
1293:. Psychology Press. pp. 285, 301.
1185:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
1165:Expulsion of Germans after World War II
933:Polish Committee of National Liberation
626:alone. The expansion of Catholicism in
458:toward the end and in the aftermath of
3145:
3092:Military Council of National Salvation
2395:
2386:
2280:
2031:
1996:
1565:
1374:Democracy and Mathematics in Lithuania
1251:. In Philipp Ther; Ana Siljak (eds.).
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
971:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
827:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
3158:Forced migrations during World War II
2724:
2206:
2136:
2032:Musial, Bogdan (25–26 January 2011).
1762:
1410:
866:Western Poland. Two weeks later, the
840:
3223:Soviet World War II crimes in Poland
3218:Forced migration in the Soviet Union
1744:. Oxford University Press. pp.
3168:Aftermath of World War II in Poland
3163:Post–World War II forced migrations
1280:
1227:
890:accompanying the Red Army murdered
868:Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland
606:" of the Polish People's Republic.
486:territory for its western republics
278:Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
13:
2705:
2681:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005,
2516:
2445:. London: Frank Cass. p. 28.
2035:The 'Polish operation' of the NKVD
1017:or Poland, and most chose Poland.
965:and Ukrainians escalated into the
931:by Khrushchev and the head of the
794:and the Soviet Union representing
557:The process is variously known as
301:German–Soviet population transfers
14:
3234:
3058:1981 Polish hunger demonstrations
3038:Independent Students' Association
2956:Bishops' Letter of Reconciliation
2893:Mokotów Prison executions of 1951
2305:Institute of National Remembrance
1812:Central European University Press
1793:– via Google Books preview.
1339:: Neriton. pp. 29, 50, 468.
1210:Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)
1092:
995:survivors of the ethnic cleansing
708:of 1917 the Polish population of
273:Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
268:Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
2946:1957 Polish legislative election
2828:1947 Polish legislative election
2662:"Kollaboration" in Nordosteuropa
507:of Allies in 1945, to which the
439:from the eastern half of prewar
116:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
35:) and pre-war German territory (
3213:Anti-Polish sentiment in Europe
3208:1945 in international relations
3033:Solidarity (Polish trade union)
2823:1946 Polish people's referendum
2671:
2654:
2633:, Yale University Press, 2004,
2602:from the original on 2020-08-06
2561:
2550:from the original on 2022-01-05
2505:from the original on 2013-06-19
2487:. In Tadeusz Piotrowski (ed.).
2459:from the original on 2020-08-19
2430:
2419:from the original on 2020-08-18
2375:from the original on 2020-08-19
2348:
2337:from the original on 2020-08-19
2310:
1999:Journal of Contemporary History
1990:
1905:
1873:from the original on 2020-08-19
1828:from the original on 2022-01-05
1656:from the original on 2016-03-03
1612:
1601:from the original on 2022-05-18
1577:"Post-War Migrations in Poland"
1495:from the original on 2018-06-27
1446:from the original on 2022-01-05
1353:from the original on 2021-07-19
1307:from the original on 2022-01-05
1269:from the original on 2022-05-18
1215:Birch bark letters from Siberia
853:
582:culmination of a process of de-
2951:Millennium of the Polish State
2103:"XI: Przemieszczenia ludności"
1972:Serhiĭchuk, Volodymyr (1999).
1685:: Centre for Eastern Studies,
1522:University of California Press
967:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
947:Postwar transfers from Ukraine
874:). With the annexation of the
620:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
577:, used officially in both the
1:
3183:Poland–Soviet Union relations
3053:1981 warning strike in Poland
2441:. In Alfred J. Rieber (ed.).
2222:. Springer. pp. 9, 227.
2101:Andrzej Gawryszewski (2005).
1915:Entsyklopedia Ukrainoznavstva
1579:. In Mirosława Czerny (ed.).
1221:
609:
501:republics of the Soviet Union
462:. These were the result of a
376:Massive labor force transfers
29:territorial changes of Poland
3132:Polish Round Table Agreement
3112:Federation of Fighting Youth
2961:1968 Polish political crisis
2873:Polish United Workers' Party
2249:Joshua D. Zimmerman (2003).
2182:, By R. J. Crampton, page 50
1371:Rudzikas, Z.R. (July 2002).
1287:John A.S. Grenville (2005).
1175:Polish minority in Lithuania
823:Ukrainian minority in Poland
7:
2888:Socialist realism in Poland
1930:; Alexandrowicz Stanisław;
1677:Jan Czerniakiewicz (1992).
1573:Bogumiła Lisocka-Jaegermann
1157:
1114:People's Republic of Poland
888:Soviet secret police (NKVD)
741:Ukrainian People's Republic
714:Ukrainian People's Republic
10:
3239:
3193:Lithuania–Poland relations
3073:autocratic rule and demise
3008:Workers' Defence Committee
2833:Small Constitution of 1947
2585:Polish Academy of Sciences
2568:Hryciuk, Grzegorz (2005).
2144:Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski
2113:Polish Academy of Sciences
1892:Second World War 1939–1945
1555:Polish Academy of Sciences
1428:. New Haven, Connecticut:
1383:10.1142/9789812776945_0012
1247:Jerzy Kochanowski (2001).
1180:Polish minority in Ukraine
1170:Polish minority in Belarus
1096:
1061:
950:
912:Polish government in exile
896:Polish government-in-exile
782:was unsuccessful, and the
694:Russian Revolution of 1917
600:historical eastern Germany
509:Polish government-in-exile
56:Forced population transfer
3203:1940s in the Soviet Union
3066:
2979:
2932:
2856:
2762:
2557:– via Google Books.
2108:Ludność Polski w XX wieku
1700:Dvornik, Francis (1962).
1608:– via Google Books.
1545:Krystyna Kersten (1974).
1453:– via Google Books.
1314:– via Google Books.
1205:State Repatriation Office
1117:State Repatriation Office
882:, and Western Belarus to
847:Soviet invasion of Poland
780:Polish-Ukrainian alliance
503:. This was agreed at the
106:Azerbaijanis from Armenia
3198:Poland–Ukraine relations
3188:Belarus–Poland relations
3028:Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes
2756:Polish People's Republic
2011:10.1177/0022009412461818
1890:Goldstein, Erik (1992).
1857:Harvard University Press
1467:Józef Poklewski (1994).
1152:Polish Underground State
1051:Polish underground press
975:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
579:Polish People's Republic
214:Kurds from Transcaucasia
2971:Polish protests of 1970
2918:Poznań protests of 1956
2075:Encyclopædia Britannica
1804:Aleksei Miller (2003).
961:, tensions between the
892:Polish prisoners of war
860:Molotov–Ribbentrop pact
526:of the United Kingdom,
386:Twenty-five-thousanders
3173:Poland in World War II
2437:N.S. Lebedeva (2000).
1769:Norman Davies (2005).
1144:Ethnographic Lithuania
1058:Transfers from Belarus
1009:The Poles in southern
1007:
940:Second Polish Republic
936:Edward Osóbka-Morawski
925:
833:, began the so-called
792:Second Polish Republic
770:Second Polish Republic
749:Second Polish Republic
552:ethnic Polish transfer
468:Allies of World War II
263:Polish and Soviet Jews
40:
16:Post WWII resettlement
3097:Pacification of Wujek
3080:Martial law in Poland
2986:international opening
2966:Kniefall von Warschau
2908:Trial of the Generals
2773:Recovered Territories
2643:Google Print, p.91-93
2526:(2008). Ray Brandon;
2317:Hugo Service (2013).
2111:(in Polish). Warsaw:
1430:Yale University Press
1422:"The Local World War"
1200:Recovered Territories
1087:Białystok Voivodeship
1044:In January 1945, the
983:
920:
829:(OUN), helped by the
821:Tensions between the
808:Volhynian Voivodeship
726:Mieczysław Mickiewicz
662:adherents during the
604:Recovered Territories
528:Franklin D. Roosevelt
484:. The USSR took over
396:Virgin Lands campaign
37:Recovered Territories
22:
2808:Trial of the Sixteen
2783:Expulsion of Germans
2355:Jaff Schatz (1991).
2115:. pp. 381–383.
1644:Sławomir Cenckiewicz
1481:Press. p. 321.
1432:. pp. 190–193.
786:continued until the
776:Partitions of Poland
706:Bolshevik revolution
671:partitions of Poland
3127:1988 Polish strikes
3107:Fighting Solidarity
3102:1982 demonstrations
3018:1980 Lublin strikes
2939:autarchic communism
2691:Google Print, p.147
2666:Harrassowitz Verlag
2481:Piotrowski, Tadeusz
1625:, Chapters XX-XXI,
1585:Hauppauge, New York
1335:] (in Polish).
1022:Polish Secret State
704:period, during the
536:post-war expulsions
518:of Poles (and also
121:Chechens and Ingush
58:in the Soviet Union
3117:Orange Alternative
3003:June 1976 protests
2714:Grzegorz Hryciuk,
2696:2016-04-25 at the
2648:2016-06-04 at the
2294:on January 7, 2005
2252:Contested Memories
2199:2014-03-02 at the
2178:2017-12-02 at the
2069:2007-12-24 at the
957:Toward the end of
905:Tadeusz Piotrowski
841:Invasion of Poland
648:Right bank Ukraine
505:Potsdam Conference
472:invasion of Poland
391:NKVD labor columns
346:POW Administration
83:Forced settlements
41:
3140:
3139:
3013:Flying University
2993:1971 Łódź strikes
2898:1952 Constitution
2788:Operation Vistula
2587:(PAN): 116, 119.
2543:978-0-253-00159-7
2524:Timothy D. Snyder
2498:978-0-7864-5536-2
2452:978-0-7146-5132-3
2412:978-963-9241-68-8
2368:978-0-520-07136-0
2330:978-1-107-67148-5
2262:978-0-8135-3158-8
2062:See for instance
1955:978-83-231-0627-2
1866:978-0-674-26837-1
1755:978-0-19-820171-7
1740:Europe: A History
1719:978-0-8135-0799-6
1687:Warsaw University
1439:978-0-300-12599-3
1418:Timothy D. Snyder
1392:978-981-238-092-0
1262:978-0-7425-1094-4
1195:Operation Vistula
1119:representatives.
916:Nikita Khrushchev
884:Soviet Belorussia
858:After the secret
816:military settlers
812:Bolshevist Russia
784:Polish-Soviet war
698:Russian Civil War
679:Russian Partition
530:of the U.S., and
524:Winston Churchill
520:of ethnic Germans
511:was not invited.
497:Tehran Conference
452:forced migrations
433:
432:
326:Operation Vistula
3230:
3048:Bydgoszcz events
3043:Rural Solidarity
3023:Gdańsk Agreement
2883:Collectivization
2843:Battle for trade
2818:Augustów roundup
2745:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2700:
2677:Dovile Budryte,
2675:
2669:
2658:
2652:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2577:Dzieje Najnowsze
2574:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2290:. Archived from
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2265:. Archived from
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2213:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2125:. Archived from
2098:
2087:
2064:Russo-Polish War
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2045:. Archived from
2040:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1928:Karpus, Zbigniew
1924:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1743:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1707:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1640:
1634:
1623:God's Playground
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1514:Krystyna Kersten
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1479:Toruń University
1464:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1395:. Archived from
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1244:
1070:Byelorussian SSR
1005:
764:Polish Operation
660:Eastern Orthodox
425:
418:
411:
316:Operation Priboi
296:June deportation
236:Meskhetian Turks
43:
42:
39:), respectively.
3238:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3072:
3062:
2985:
2975:
2938:
2928:
2913:PAX Association
2861:
2852:
2848:Three-Year Plan
2838:Amnesty of 1947
2813:Cursed soldiers
2758:
2749:
2711:
2708:
2706:Further reading
2703:
2698:Wayback Machine
2676:
2672:
2668:. 2006. p. 172.
2659:
2655:
2650:Wayback Machine
2625:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2544:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2499:
2478:
2471:
2462:
2460:
2453:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2394:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2369:
2353:
2349:
2340:
2338:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2214:
2207:
2201:Wayback Machine
2190:
2186:
2180:Wayback Machine
2169:
2165:
2158:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2123:
2099:
2090:
2080:Józef Piłsudski
2077:
2071:Wayback Machine
2061:
2057:
2049:
2038:
2030:
2026:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1932:Waldemar Rezmer
1925:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1867:
1859:. p. 217.
1847:Jonathan Steele
1844:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1822:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1698:
1694:
1675:
1671:
1659:
1657:
1641:
1637:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1570:
1566:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1524:. p. 535.
1511:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1489:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1393:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1263:
1245:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1160:
1101:
1095:
1066:
1060:
1006:
1001:
979:Bolesław Bierut
955:
949:
856:
843:
835:sabotage action
772:
646:, Volhynia and
616:Union of Lublin
612:
596:post-war Poland
590:regimes of the
429:
400:
370:
330:
321:Operation Vesna
306:Operation North
282:
92:
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3236:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3085:Militsiya hour
3076:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2923:Polish October
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2765:Early post-war
2760:
2759:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2670:
2653:
2627:Timothy Snyder
2612:
2560:
2542:
2515:
2497:
2485:"Introduction"
2469:
2451:
2429:
2411:
2385:
2367:
2347:
2329:
2309:
2279:
2261:
2241:
2228:
2205:
2184:
2163:
2156:
2135:
2132:on 2011-10-01.
2121:
2088:
2084:Symon Petlyura
2055:
2052:on 2012-03-23.
2024:
1989:
1982:
1961:
1954:
1919:
1912:(in Ukrainian)
1904:
1883:
1865:
1838:
1820:
1814:. p. 26.
1796:
1783:
1761:
1754:
1725:
1718:
1692:
1669:
1635:
1611:
1593:
1564:
1561:. p. 277.
1537:
1530:
1505:
1487:
1456:
1438:
1409:
1391:
1363:
1345:
1317:
1299:
1279:
1261:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1140:depolonization
1133:Lithuanization
1126:. The city of
1124:Vilnius region
1110:Vilnius region
1097:Main article:
1094:
1093:From Lithuania
1091:
1080:intelligentsia
1062:Main article:
1059:
1056:
1035:pre-war Poland
1031:Polish problem
1003:Timothy Snyder
999:
987:Soviet Ukraine
973:(OUN) and the
951:Main article:
948:
945:
880:Soviet Ukraine
855:
852:
842:
839:
788:Treaty of Riga
771:
768:
687:Russian people
664:Union of Brest
656:Roman Catholic
611:
608:
544:Eastern Europe
431:
430:
428:
427:
420:
413:
405:
402:
401:
399:
398:
393:
388:
382:
379:
378:
372:
371:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
342:
339:
338:
336:WWII POW labor
332:
331:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
311:Operation Osen
308:
303:
298:
292:
289:
288:
284:
283:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
259:
258:
253:
248:
246:NKVD operation
238:
233:
228:
227:
226:
224:NKVD operation
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
190:
189:
187:NKVD operation
179:
174:
173:
172:
170:NKVD operation
162:
161:
160:
158:NKVD operation
155:
145:
144:
143:
141:NKVD operation
133:
131:Crimean Tatars
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
102:
99:
98:
94:
93:
91:
90:
85:
80:
75:
73:Dekulakization
69:
66:
65:
61:
60:
52:
51:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3235:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Six-Year Plan
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2859:Sovietization
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2687:0-7546-4281-X
2684:
2680:
2674:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2639:0-300-10586-X
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:(in Polish).
2578:
2571:
2564:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:Polian, Pavel
2392:
2390:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2269:on 2014-03-03
2268:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2231:
2229:1-349-21789-1
2225:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2157:83-03-03162-7
2153:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2128:
2124:
2122:83-87954-66-7
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:(1): 98–124.
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1983:966-7060-15-2
1979:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1901:
1900:0-415-07822-9
1897:
1893:
1887:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1827:
1823:
1821:963-9241-60-1
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1786:
1784:0-19-925340-4
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1734:Norman Davies
1729:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1696:
1689:. p. 20.
1688:
1684:
1681:(in Polish).
1680:
1673:
1666:
1655:
1652:(in Polish),
1651:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1631:83-240-0654-0
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:Norman Davies
1615:
1600:
1596:
1594:1-59454-603-7
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1531:0-520-06219-1
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1494:
1490:
1488:83-231-0542-1
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:(in Polish).
1472:
1471:
1463:
1461:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1399:on 2022-01-05
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1352:
1348:
1346:83-86842-56-3
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1306:
1302:
1300:0-415-28955-6
1296:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:Armia Krajowa
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
991:the Holocaust
988:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
954:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
924:
919:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
851:
848:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:(part of the
797:
796:Ukrainian SSR
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
767:
765:
760:
758:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
683:Norman Davies
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:Lemkivshchyna
625:
621:
617:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:Joseph Stalin
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
426:
421:
419:
414:
412:
407:
406:
404:
403:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
381:
380:
377:
374:
373:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
341:
340:
337:
334:
333:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
291:
290:
286:
285:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
188:
185:
184:
183:
182:Ingrian Finns
180:
178:
175:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
101:
100:
96:
95:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
54:
53:
49:
45:
44:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2998:Letter of 59
2777:
2715:
2678:
2673:
2661:
2656:
2630:
2604:. Retrieved
2580:
2576:
2563:
2552:. Retrieved
2532:
2518:
2507:. Retrieved
2488:
2461:. Retrieved
2442:
2432:
2421:. Retrieved
2401:
2377:. Retrieved
2357:
2350:
2339:. Retrieved
2319:
2312:
2296:. Retrieved
2292:the original
2282:
2271:. Retrieved
2267:the original
2251:
2244:
2233:. Retrieved
2218:
2192:
2187:
2171:
2166:
2147:
2138:
2127:the original
2107:
2058:
2047:the original
2034:
2027:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1973:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1922:
1914:
1907:
1891:
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1851:
1841:
1830:. Retrieved
1806:
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1774:
1764:
1739:
1728:
1703:
1695:
1678:
1672:
1664:
1658:, retrieved
1648:
1638:
1622:
1614:
1603:. Retrieved
1580:
1567:
1546:
1540:
1520:. Berkeley:
1517:
1508:
1497:. Retrieved
1469:
1448:. Retrieved
1425:
1412:
1401:. Retrieved
1397:the original
1373:
1366:
1355:. Retrieved
1332:
1327:
1320:
1309:. Retrieved
1289:
1282:
1271:. Retrieved
1252:
1137:
1121:
1105:
1102:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1043:
1030:
1019:
1008:
984:
959:World War II
956:
926:
921:
909:
857:
854:Deportations
844:
834:
820:
800:Soviet Union
773:
761:
753:
745:Soviet Union
734:
691:
668:
652:Polonization
613:
584:Polonization
575:repatriation
574:
571:repatriation
567:depatriation
556:
548:
516:displacement
513:
490:
475:
464:Soviet Union
460:World War II
450:), were the
436:
434:
250:
153:from Romania
2712:(in Polish)
2528:Wendy Lower
1633:, ZNAK 2006
1075:tuteishians
993:and Polish
640:Brześć land
563:deportation
514:The ethnic
448:macroregion
231:Lithuanians
25:Curzon Line
3147:Categories
3069:Jaruzelski
2606:2019-06-25
2554:2020-09-20
2509:2018-09-16
2463:2018-09-16
2423:2018-09-16
2379:2018-09-16
2341:2018-09-16
2298:2005-01-07
2273:2016-10-24
2235:2020-09-20
1877:2016-10-24
1832:2020-09-20
1790:2016-10-24
1660:2009-07-10
1605:2020-10-19
1559:Ossolineum
1499:2009-07-10
1450:2020-10-19
1403:2009-07-10
1357:2020-09-20
1311:2020-09-20
1273:2020-10-19
1222:References
757:Kazakhstan
716:(UNR) and
632:Chełm Land
610:Background
361:Hungarians
287:Operations
177:Harbinites
78:Evacuation
2593:0419-8824
2019:159599245
1054:140,000.
963:Polish AK
845:The 1939
722:Petrograd
636:Podlaskie
588:communist
559:expulsion
477:Wehrmacht
366:Romanians
256:1955–1959
251:1944–1946
199:Karachays
136:Estonians
3067:1981–89
2980:1970–81
2933:1956–70
2857:1948–56
2763:1945–48
2694:Archived
2646:Archived
2597:Archived
2548:Archived
2530:(eds.).
2503:Archived
2483:(2004).
2457:Archived
2417:Archived
2399:(2004).
2373:Archived
2335:Archived
2197:Archived
2176:Archived
2146:(1990).
2067:Archived
1934:(1995).
1871:Archived
1849:(1988).
1826:Archived
1736:(1996).
1654:archived
1646:(2005),
1599:Archived
1575:(2006).
1516:(1991).
1493:Archived
1444:Archived
1420:(2007).
1351:Archived
1305:Archived
1267:Archived
1158:See also
1106:traitors
1039:Red Army
1000:—
737:Red Army
702:Cold War
696:and the
658:and the
624:Volhynia
482:Red Army
351:Japanese
219:Latvians
64:Policies
48:a series
46:Part of
2935:Gomułka
2866:'s rule
2754:of the
2752:History
2303:Polish
2193:Galicia
1944:].
1551:Wrocław
1128:Vilnius
1015:Siberia
864:invaded
730:Podolia
675:Siberia
644:Galicia
594:and of
540:Central
480:by the
356:Germans
204:Koreans
194:Kalmyks
148:Germans
126:Chinese
111:Balkars
97:Peoples
2982:Gierek
2925:(1956)
2864:Bierut
2862:under
2685:
2637:
2591:
2540:
2495:
2449:
2409:
2365:
2327:
2259:
2226:
2154:
2119:
2017:
1980:
1952:
1898:
1863:
1818:
1781:
1752:
1716:
1683:Warsaw
1629:
1591:
1528:
1485:
1436:
1389:
1343:
1337:Warsaw
1297:
1259:
929:Lublin
778:. The
718:Russia
441:Poland
209:Kumyks
165:Greeks
2600:(PDF)
2583:(4).
2573:(PDF)
2130:(PDF)
2050:(PDF)
2039:(PDF)
2015:S2CID
1946:Toruń
1940:[
1475:Toruń
1331:[
1024:) in
1011:Kresy
876:Kresy
804:Kresy
569:, or
456:Poles
445:Kresy
241:Poles
88:Gulag
33:Kresy
2683:ISBN
2635:ISBN
2589:ISSN
2538:ISBN
2493:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2325:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2117:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1150:and
1046:NKVD
1026:Lwów
710:Kyiv
692:The
669:The
592:USSR
542:and
435:The
27:and
23:The
2984:'s
2073:in
2007:doi
1748:–.
1746:828
1710:347
1379:doi
1135:).
831:UVO
689:".
538:in
454:of
3149::
3071:'s
2937:'s
2689:,
2664:.
2641:,
2629:,
2615:^
2595:.
2581:36
2575:.
2546:.
2501:.
2472:^
2455:.
2415:.
2388:^
2371:.
2333:.
2208:^
2105:.
2091:^
2013:.
2003:48
2001:.
1964:^
1869:.
1855:.
1824:.
1810:.
1773:.
1712:.
1663:,
1621:,
1597:.
1583:.
1557:,
1553::
1549:.
1491:.
1477::
1459:^
1442:.
1424:.
1385:.
1349:.
1303:.
1265:.
1229:^
642:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
565:,
561:,
488:.
50:on
2744:e
2737:t
2730:v
2609:.
2512:.
2466:.
2426:.
2382:.
2344:.
2301:.
2276:.
2238:.
2160:.
2021:.
2009::
1986:.
1958:.
1902:.
1880:.
1835:.
1758:.
1722:.
1534:.
1502:.
1406:.
1381::
1360:.
1276:.
424:e
417:t
410:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)