33:
459:
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the ground below where the nest is hanging. Using a hooked stick to detach the nest from its connection site, the nest is detached from the plant and immediately placed in the fire. Once in the fire, the adult insects evacuate as quickly as possible while the larvae die as they are toasted. The combs with the toasted larvae inside are then removed from the fire and brought home. The larvae can be considered celebratory food, and when a boy is newly born it is the father’s duty to collect a nest alone.
669:
46:
444:
576:
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nests are built in specific places in which they are less susceptible to attack by arboreal ants or vertebrates. The placement of the nest not only aims to reduce predation, but also to provide protection from extreme weather. Nests are most often built on the underside of large leaves, which protect
594:
live in regions with a defined dry season, the dry season is the non-nesting phase of the colony cycle. During this period, wasps leave the low elevation habitats in which they normally nest and reproduce during the rainy season, and move to cooler areas at higher elevation. The aggregating wasps are
812:
and the
Indians can recognize the nests as being low to the ground in second-growth vegetation. Although both women and men may participate in identifying nests, collecting the nests is exclusively men’s work. When it comes time to harvest, the men wait until the sun is setting, then build a fire on
829:
wasps were collected so that their stings could be used as instruments of pain during cultural rights of passage. For example, the Oyana people in
Surinam constructed breastplates that were made of woven plant stems, in which live wasps were trapped. During initiation ceremonies, young boys would
750:
and gaster. While in contact with the younger wasp, the older worker kept her sting chamber open. The workers that were observed executing this behavior had few, small, only partially developed eggs in their ovaries, and had shriveled Dufour’s glands. Although it is unclear why exactly the wasps
751:
partook in this behavior, it is possible that doing so may give each of the newly emerged wasps the colony specific odor, which could ensure them safety when returning to the nest after foraging. It has also been hypothesized that this behavior may express some order of dominance.
611:
away from nests or at newly founded nests, often late in the nesting season, but before the seasonal dormancy. Generally the inseminated females will pass the dormant season hibernating in a group of other females in a type of shelter, and at this time males most likely die off.
529:
can be found in
Southern parts of Texas, various areas of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, parts of Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Uruguay.
500:
builds nests that are relatively small and made of paper. These nests are most likely to be found in areas of low second-growth vegetation, and are often sheltered by large leaves. The nests, which hang from a plant supported by one or more
799:
help pollinate avocados, thus helping to provide a calorie-dense plant-based food source for humans, but it also is commonly hunted by humans who eat the wasp larvae. Although insect eating is often portrayed as an archaic trait, among the
830:
have to wear the breast plate all night, enduring the pain of continual wasp stings. This would have been especially painful because wasps are able to retract their stings and repeatedly insert them with new venom multiple times.
716:
Communication is a critical for any species and can benefit both the sender and receiver of information. Some wasps have high visual acuity and use recognition of facial patterns to establish dominance hierarchies; however,
603:. The benefits to this type of seasonal migration could be that wasps in these cooler high elevation conditions have lower metabolic needs and costs. This behavior is similar to migrating behavior observed in temperate zone
426:
ridge that is usually weak below, and rarely reaches below the level of the lower one-fifth to one-fourth of the eye; on the rare occasions that it extends below this level, it will most likely not reach the base of the
691:
against weather and limit predator’s views of the nest from above. The most preferable large leaves have spines along the central vein, which act as a pedicel and protect the nests from ant attacks. In the neotropics,
745:
to rub the new wasp with discrete anterior to posterior strokes. In other cases, the older female has also been seen to mouth the young wasps with her mandibles, by opening and closing them over the new wasp’s head,
1278:
West-Eberhard, M. J. (1982). "Communication in social wasps: predicted and observed patterns, with a note on the significance of behavioral and ontogenetic flexibility for theories of worker "altruism."".
1015:
Corbara, Bruno; J. M. Carpenter; R. Cereghino; M. Leponce; Alain Dejean (2009). "Diversity and nest site selection of social wasps along
Guianese forest edges: assessing the influence of arboreal ants".
541:
builds its nest on plants, using large leaves of the host plants as shelter. While some reports have been made that suggest that social paper wasps build nests where arboreal ants are also present,
1137:
Castaneda-Vidozola, A.; A. Equihua-Martinez; J. Valdes-Carrasco; A. F. Barrientos-Priego; G. Ish-Am; S. Gazit (1999). "Insectos polinizadores del aguacatero en los
Estados de Mexico y Michoacan".
410:
In fact, the two species are classified as the same under
Richard's key. However, there are some distinguishing characteristics between the two: Firstly, the digitus structure of the genitalia of
645:
also visits flowers, thus picking up carbohydrates. Carbohydrates collected through flower nectar are a complement of its diet and thought to help maintain its own energy metabolism.
975:
Pickett, Kurt; James
Carpenter; Ward Wheeler (2006). "Systematics of Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a phylogenetic consideration of Hamilton's haplodiploidy hypothesis".
804:
Indians of
Venezuela and Colombia, insect food sources are still vitally important, as they supplement the Yukpa’s diet by providing animal proteins and fats. The Yukpa word for
1109:
Hermes, Marcel; Andreas Kohler (2006). "The flower-visiting social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae) in two areas of Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil".
586:
is one of several social paper wasp species that migrate seasonally depending on the times of the wet and dry seasons. In areas with less pronounced dry seasons,
1259:
Richter, Monica; Holly
Downing; Wayne Richter (1987). "Social Wasp Behavior: Worker Mouthing and Rubbing of Teneral Polistes pacificus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)".
660:
is what predators eat, as it is localized within the nest and immobile. The larvae makes a very valuable food source because it is rich in amino acids and fats.
545:
is only rarely associated with arboreal ants and frequently chooses nesting sites on plants that are unattractive to ants. Some of the most common plants for
362:
has wide color variation depending on its geographic region, over time it has been mistaken for several new species and given new names. These names included
1398:
787:
is not as abundant as some of the other insects known to pollinate avocados, it nevertheless contributes to avocado pollination and production.
599:
have been found in evergreen old growth forests, a place distinct from where they nest, it has been suggested that this behavior is evidence of
402:
has varied coloration patterns with markings that can be black, ferruginous and yellow. It is darker and less brightly colored than most other
1411:
488:
on the underside of the thoracic segment are minute or short, while setae on the underside of the abdominal segment are long and hairy.
1066:
Carpenter, James (1996). "Distributional
Checklist of Species of the Genus Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Polistini)".
721:
differs from these species in that it does not use visual signals, and must rely on other modes of communication. It is likely that
1372:
686:
nest site selection and structure have evolved under selective pressures of weather and predation. In order to keep predators out,
509:
produce the water-resistant paper used to make nests by gathering wood fiber and other plant matter and combining it with saliva.
261:
can be found distributed throughout most of Central and South America and parts of southern North America. First discovered by
725:
detects pheromones and other non-visual recognition cues to distinguish nestmates from nonnestmates and determine dominance.
1090:
Mulkey, Stephen (1999). "Dry Season Migration by Costa Rican Lowland Paper Wasps to High Elevation Cold Dormancy Sites".
595:
sometimes found to be in small groups of individuals from different nests. Due to the fact that dry season aggregates of
1233:
Sheehan, MJ; E. A. Tibbets; J. Jinn (2014). "Coevolution of visual signals and eye morphology in Polistes paper wasps".
435:, the lobate humeral angle is not defined, and the lower lateral extension of the pronotal ridge will not be depressed.
1462:
1457:
1416:
1180:
Dejean, Alain; B. Corbara; J. M. Carpenter (1998). "Nesting site selection by wasps in the Guianese rain forest".
637:
is in the larval state, the majority of its diet comes from animal protein. In addition to the caterpillars which
951:
Snelling, Roy (1983). "Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Studies on American Polistine Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)".
1136:
563:, but they have also been known to build nests that connect to long, thin thorns under the leaves on juvenile
633:
is an animal of prey, but it is also a flower-visiting wasp that gets carbohydrates from flower nectar. When
741:, during which time the newly emerged wasps remain stationary. In several cases, the older worker used her
1351:
1346:
656:
has at least several known predators: arboreal ants and vertebrates, including humans. The larvae of the
275:
wasps, and is one of the insects commonly eaten by several indigenous groups in Venezuela and Colombia.
355:
262:
177:
45:
382:, 1937. These names are relatively obsolete, but may appear in erroneous or outdated literature.
742:
291:
is part of a monophyletic clade that makes up the membership of Richards’ (1973, 1978) subgenera
1403:
1314:
600:
160:
1429:
1359:
1199:
Davies, Nicholas; John Krebs; Stuart West (2012). "Chapter 14: Communication and Signals".
8:
1214:
Tibbets, E. A.; J. Dale (2004). "A socially enforced signal of quality in a paper wasp".
928:
699:, which is most likely an adaptation due to the selective pressure of ant predation as
186:
40:
1452:
1424:
1033:
315:, the most recent and complete study done by Picket et al. reveals that it is likely
1025:
920:
1337:
32:
1029:
868:
505:, are made up of a single comb of hexagonal cells and do not have an envelope.
458:
668:
1446:
911:
Ruddle, Kenneth (1973). "The Human Use of Insects: Examples from the Yukpa".
1014:
1037:
801:
482:
There are two teeth, nearly equal in size, that are present in the mandible
316:
312:
300:
502:
1385:
246:
97:
1377:
994:
932:
847:
768:
608:
525:
can be found from the southern United States to Uruguay and Argentina.
250:
117:
1390:
995:"The Global Biodiversity Information Facility: GBIF Backbone Taxonomy"
354:
was originally discovered in 1804 by the famous Danish entomologist,
127:
77:
57:
1308:
924:
1331:
870:
869:
Carpenter, James; Bolivar Garcete-Barrett; Alexander Lopez (2012).
428:
390:
271:
254:
137:
107:
974:
443:
1258:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
779:, and it has been suggested that as a native species to the area
776:
767:, which gets some of its nutrition from flower nectar, is also a
679:
often constructs nests because it is not appealing to predators.
455:
may also be identified by the following morphological criteria:
1364:
1179:
747:
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have high nutritional demands because they nurse their broods.
558:
551:
87:
67:
1149:
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738:
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nests are most closely associated with a specific plant, the
485:
423:
415:
320:
983:. Finish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board: 390–406.
771:, and thus an important species for agriculture. In Mexico,
1232:
1198:
269:
is much darker in color than some other more recognizable
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have been observed to mouth and rub newly emerged female
1102:
1207:
816:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
414:
males has many dark, stout, distally curved or hooked
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1155:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
970:
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started a coevolution with avocado species. Although
438:
1108:
871:"Las Vespidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) de Guatemala"
862:
590:
is more likely to brood continuously. However, when
1245:
1226:
406:species, and it is morphologically very similar to
1271:
1192:
1164:
1001:
963:
703:is not an attractive host for arboreal ant nests.
615:
1299:The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting
607:wasps during winter. Mating can occur either at
385:
1444:
1160:. London: Pergamon Press Ltda. pp. 244 pp.
946:
944:
942:
1213:
1085:
1083:
1081:
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881:. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala: 269–279.
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1261:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
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512:
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517:
31:
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821:In several tribes from the Amazon basin,
533:
473:Male eyes touch the clypeus (see diagram)
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667:
574:
457:
442:
431:and will be very weak. Additionally, in
1281:Communication Ches les Insectes Sociaux
1445:
1089:
910:
492:
476:There is much pigmentation on the head
1313:
1312:
1296:
1201:An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology
1158:The principles of pollination ecology
1053:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia
1203:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 394–423.
848:"Polistes pacificus Fabricius, 1804"
817:Cultural significance of wasp stings
790:
283:
1156:Faegri, K; L. Van der Pijl (1979).
1139:Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura
840:
754:
245:is a Neotropical species of social
13:
1068:American Museum of Natural History
439:The defined morphological criteria
307:. Although previous studies found
14:
1474:
1111:Revista Brasileira de Entomologia
706:
470:Clypeus is pointed (see diagram)
319:. The species included in this
44:
775:has been observed to pollinate
616:Interactions with other species
570:
299:is most closely related to its
1044:
987:
759:
386:Description and identification
358:(1745-1808). However, because
1:
833:
368:P. liliaceusculus de Saussure
648:
462:Front of insect head diagram
7:
729:Worker mouthing and rubbing
346:
249:belonging to the subfamily
10:
1479:
1030:10.1016/j.crvi.2009.01.003
875:Biodiversidad de Guatemala
663:
372:P. liliaciosus de Saussure
279:Taxonomy and phylogenetics
1463:Insects described in 1804
1321:
1297:Crane, Ethel Eva (2013).
356:Johan Christian Fabricius
263:Johan Christian Fabricius
192:
185:
166:
159:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1458:Insects of South America
1018:Comptes Rendus Biologies
953:Pan-Pacific Entomologist
733:Adult female workers of
712:Lack of visual signaling
513:Distribution and habitat
467:Male antennae are hooked
620:
518:Geographic distribution
204:Polistes liliaceusculus
680:
580:
579:Lek diagram for mating
565:Astrocaryum sciophylum
549:to build nests on are
534:Nest-building habitats
463:
448:
333:P. geminatus geminatus
671:
641:mostly preys on, the
601:altitudinal migration
578:
479:Claws are symmetrical
461:
446:
380:P. trinitatis Bequard
1301:. Routledge. 720 pp.
675:, the tree on which
395:from similar species
364:P. flavipictus Ducke
212:Polistes liliaciosus
196:Polistes flavopictus
493:Nest identification
418:. Secondly, female
228:Polistes trinitatis
1323:Polistes pacificus
977:Ann. Zool. Fennici
697:Clusia grandiflora
681:
673:Clusia grandiflora
581:
464:
449:
242:Polistes pacificus
170:Polistes pacificus
25:Polistes pacificus
1440:
1439:
1425:Open Tree of Life
1315:Taxon identifiers
825:along with other
791:Human food source
376:P. modestus Smith
284:Phylogenetic tree
238:
237:
232:
224:
220:Polistes modestus
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152:P. pacificus
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1182:Insectes Sociaux
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755:Human importance
341:P. testaceicolor
230:
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49:
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35:
21:
20:
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1235:Biology Letters
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959:(1–4): 267–280.
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925:10.2307/2989658
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447:Wasp morphology
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397:
391:Distinguishing
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253:and the family
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16:Species of wasp
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1073:
1070:(3188): 39 pp.
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1051:"Paper Wasp".
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1024:(5): 470–479.
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795:Not only does
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451:A specimen of
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337:P. occipitalis
325:P. cinerascens
305:P. cinerascens
301:sister species
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1267:(2): 347–349.
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677:P. pacificus
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231:Bequard, 1937
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161:Binomial name
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852:. Retrieved
842:
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823:P. pacificus
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797:P. pacificus
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587:
584:P. pacificus
583:
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571:Colony cycle
567:palm trees.
564:
561:sessilifolia
557:
550:
547:P. pacificus
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543:P. pacificus
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420:P. pacificus
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317:monophyletic
313:paraphyletic
308:
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138:
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18:
1386:iNaturalist
760:Agriculture
723:P. polistes
554:grandiflora
408:P. boharti.
223:Smith, 1862
199:Ducke, 1918
114:Subfamily:
98:Hymenoptera
1447:Categories
1222:: 218–222.
1145:: 129–136.
1092:Biotropica
913:Biotropica
850:. GBIF.org
834:References
802:Yukpa-Yuko
769:pollinator
309:Epicnemius
293:Epicnemius
251:Polistinae
247:paper wasp
118:Polistinae
78:Arthropoda
1338:Q14423456
810:“nonawu,”
649:Predators
404:Polistes
265:in 1804,
178:Fabricius
146:Species:
128:Polistini
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1453:Polistes
1404:10785151
1332:Wikidata
1283:: 13–36.
1188:: 33–41.
1038:19393979
827:Polistes
777:avocados
639:Polistes
627:Polistes
605:Polistes
507:Polistes
503:pedicels
429:mandible
378:, 1862,
374:, 1855,
370:, 1854,
347:Synonyms
272:Polistes
255:Vespidae
187:Synonyms
139:Polistes
108:Vespidae
104:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1378:1310902
1055:. 2006.
997:. 2013.
933:2989658
664:Defense
366:, 1918
180:, 1804)
134:Genus:
124:Tribe:
94:Order:
88:Insecta
84:Class:
1430:937654
1391:300809
1365:240154
1352:153463
1216:Nature
1036:
931:
748:thorax
743:gaster
701:Clusia
559:Vismia
552:Clusia
311:to be
1417:91424
1399:IRMNG
929:JSTOR
854:1 May
739:wasps
486:Setae
424:genal
416:setae
321:clade
1412:NCBI
1373:GBIF
1347:BOLD
1241:(4).
1034:PMID
856:2017
625:The
621:Diet
609:leks
556:and
323:are
1360:EoL
1220:432
1026:doi
1022:332
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808:is
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