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396:, with the pinnae alternating on the stalk. Each pinna is 1 to 15 centimetres (0.39 to 5.91 in) long, with a small upward-pointing lobe (a sword hilt, hence the name) at the base, and the edges are serrated with bristly tips on the serrations. Beyond the upward-pointing lobe, the pinnae are broadly linear in shape, usually with a gradual taper and curved slightly toward the distal end of the frond. Individual fronds live for 1.5 to 2.5 years and remain attached to the
25:
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The Coast Salish people of B.C. and
Washington state use this plant as a pain reliever. When applied directly to the area where pain and inflammation occur, according to Della Rice Sylvester, an elder and medicine woman of the Cowichan tribe, the sword fern "takes the pain away!". This traditional
404:
occupy two rows on either side of the midrib of each pinna and are covered by a centrally-attached, umbrella-like indusium with fringed edges. They produce light yellow spores. In deep shade, fronds spread nearly horizontally but with increasing sun exposure grow more upright. In young plants the
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use has spread among the hiking communities and youth scouting organizations of the region, where it is a common piece of hiker's lore that a rash from a stinging nettle can be counteracted by rubbing the spores on the underside of sword fern on the area.
724:
Moreroa, R.E., Deannaa, R., Barboza, G.E., Barrington, D.S. 2019. Historical biogeography of the fern genus
Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae) in Austral South America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 137 (2019) 168–189. doi
1305:
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557:. The fronds were used to line fire pits and food drying racks and as filling for mattresses. The plant is also cultivated for its ornamental foliage, which
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include in vases. The fronds were widely used in other cultures. It is used as 'famine food', place mats, dancing skirts, and flower arrangements.
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and small stones. It is very resilient and survives occasional droughts, but flourishes only with consistent moisture and it prefers cool weather.
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of this fern grow 50 to 180 centimetres (1.6 to 5.9 ft) tall, in a tight clump spreading out radially from a round base. They are single-
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after withering. When they emerge in spring, the fronds are doubled back on themselves and circinate (rolled up) only at the tip. The round
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443:
In cultivation, it also responds well to regular, light fertilization. While this fern is a favored horticultural subject in western
665:
Hitchcock, C.L. and
Cronquist, A. 2018. Flora of the Pacific Northwest, 2nd Edition, p. 56. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
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316:, where it is one of the most abundant ferns in forested areas. It occurs along the Pacific coast from southeastern
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743:; Rosamund Pojar; Andrew Reed; Nancy Turner; Dale Vitt (2004). Jim Pojar; Andy MacKinnon (eds.).
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776:. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. p. 166.
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woodlands at low elevations. It grows best in well-drained acidic
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The preferred habitat of this fern is the understory of moist
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Natural history of the
California chaparral and woodlands
735:
Paul
Alaback; Joe Antos; Trevor Goward; Ken Lertzman;
659:
636:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
405:
leaves are often paler green and have shorter pinnae.
1316:
Natural history of the
Channel Islands of California
706:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 81
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
747:(Revised ed.). Vancouver, British Columbia:
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481:is most closely related to other North American
1311:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
1321:Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
368:. Western swordfern is known to have locally
1236:Flora of the West Coast of the United States
521:In spring, when other food is unavailable,
336:, with disjunctive populations in northern
1301:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
774:The Natural History of Puget Sound Country
771:
718:
655:Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland
620:
408:
133:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
412:
1241:Flora of the Northwestern United States
485:species, including the western species
324:, and also inland east to southeastern
1218:
477:ferns based on plastid DNA sequences,
473:According to a molecular phylogeny of
846:
845:
745:Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast
634:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
553:peoples roasted, peeled, and ate the
728:
668:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
628:Polystichum munitum
13:
1154:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17207740-1
142:Western sword fern growing in the
14:
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1326:Taxa named by Carl Borivoj Presl
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34:needs additional citations for
1331:Garden plants of North America
1296:Flora of the Klamath Mountains
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1:
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836:Species: Polystichum munitum
468:
7:
809:Jepson eFlora Treatment of
772:Kruckeberg, Arthur (1991).
725:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.004
459:Royal Horticultural Society
16:Western North American fern
10:
1347:
1286:Flora of the Cascade Range
564:
512:
506:Polystichum acrostichoides
503:, and the eastern species
1266:Flora of British Columbia
1256:Flora of Guadalupe Island
854:
701:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
269:
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151:Scientific classification
149:
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132:
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1291:Flora of the Great Basin
1251:Flora of Baja California
826:Flora of North America:
417:Sword fern habitat near
602:Plant with young fronds
409:Habitat and cultivation
494:Polystichum scopulinum
425:
1281:Flora of South Dakota
801:USDA Plants Profile:
463:Award of Garden Merit
416:
58:"Polystichum munitum"
821:(western sword fern)
749:Lone Pine Publishing
488:Polystichum lemmonii
144:Columbia River Gorge
43:improve this article
1261:Flora of California
1231:Ferns of California
886:Polystichum munitum
856:Polystichum munitum
828:Polystichum munitum
819:Polystichum munitum
817:Calflora Database:
811:Polystichum munitum
803:Polystichum munitum
678:Polystichum munitum
676:"RHS Plantfinder -
500:Polystichum dudleyi
455:Polystichum munitum
295:Polystichum munitum
273:Polystichum munitum
127:Polystichum munitum
426:
312:native to western
1213:
1212:
1110:Open Tree of Life
848:Taxon identifiers
783:978-0-295-97477-4
758:978-1-55105-530-5
300:western swordfern
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457:has gained the
421:in Washington,
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388:The dark green
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362:Baja California
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255:P. munitum
231:Dryopteridaceae
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751:. p. 53.
737:Andy MacKinnon
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60: –
59:
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54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1128:tro-26602438
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708:. Retrieved
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683:. Retrieved
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638:. Retrieved
633:
627:
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578:Pinnae shape
545:, and other
520:
516:
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474:
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372:in parts of
350:South Dakota
332:and western
320:to southern
299:
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254:
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241:
211:Polypodiales
174:
126:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1226:Polystichum
1058:NatureServe
1006:iNaturalist
880:Wikispecies
590:Young frond
483:Polystichum
475:Polystichum
384:Description
370:naturalized
346:Black Hills
328:, northern
242:Polystichum
1220:Categories
1123:Plant List
1024:17207740-1
894:Calflora:
640:12 October
622:USDA, NRCS
608:References
479:P. munitum
430:coniferous
322:California
217:Suborder:
187:Division:
99:April 2014
69:newspapers
972:200004619
741:Jim Pojar
469:Phylogeny
307:perennial
304:evergreen
249:Species:
164:Kingdom:
1187:VASCAN:
1180:26602438
1175:Tropicos
1063:2.139386
1037:10596572
871:Q2273822
865:Wikidata
624:(n.d.).
559:florists
555:rhizomes
535:Squamish
523:Quileute
436:of rich
302:, is an
227:Family:
985:2651122
565:Gallery
539:Sechelt
531:Klallam
513:Utility
450:In the
398:rhizome
394:pinnate
378:Ireland
360:off of
356:; and
334:Montana
285:C.Presl
237:Genus:
207:Order:
197:Class:
168:Plantae
83:scholar
1136:PLANTS
1115:667495
1102:135089
1050:504530
998:412421
959:polmun
956:FEIS:
949:150330
923:485701
780:
755:
710:11 May
685:11 May
497:, and
390:fronds
366:Mexico
344:; the
342:Canada
318:Alaska
298:, the
281:Kaulf.
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1167:13486
1032:IRMNG
1011:47751
944:EUNIS
936:POIMU
910:4LN37
704:(PDF)
543:Haida
527:Makah
438:humus
330:Idaho
175:Clade
90:JSTOR
76:books
1190:5434
1149:POWO
1141:POMU
1089:3279
1084:NCBI
1045:ITIS
1019:IPNI
993:GRIN
980:GBIF
931:EPPO
897:6793
778:ISBN
753:ISBN
712:2018
687:2018
642:2015
434:soil
402:sori
376:and
310:fern
62:news
1198:WFO
1162:RHS
1071:NBN
967:FNA
918:EoL
905:CoL
461:'s
348:in
45:by
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279:(
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106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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