244:(goddess of war and wisdom). She was famous for her intimacy with her husband and for having political influence in the circles of the Roman elite; she played an important role in establishing relations between the emperor and the senate, the provincials, and other groups. She achieved the adoption of laws that limited the extortions of governors in the Roman provinces. She also insisted on the creation of funds to pay alimony to orphans in Italy and to protect children abandoned at birth. She also favored the reduction of taxes and the establishment of schools for the education of common people. In 100, Trajan awarded her with the title of
38:
322:. She petitioned for a change in the law, so that Popillius Theotimus, the acting head of the school, could become the official head; in response, Hadrian agreed with her argument, and the relevant letters were preserved in a series of inscriptions. Freisenbruch notes, "In stark contrast to her passive anonymity in the literary record, this inscription from Athens recasts Plotina as a highly educated woman, active on behalf of causes close to her heart and with the kind of access to the emperor once enjoyed by Livia."
213:
277:
in
Cilicia, where he was said to have written a letter in which he personally adopted Hadrian as successor to the Empire. The letter had been signed by the Empress Plotina, and when it arrived in Rome, it was suspect. Rumour named Attianus and Plotina as lovers—the two were very close to their ward
293:
in the gallery of Roman imperial women accused of covering up or conspiring in their husband's deaths." Freisenbruch notes that there are many plausible explanations why
Plotina's signature might legitimately be on this declaration: Trajan may have simply been too weak to sign the letter himself.
227:
Upon entering the imperial palace following Trajan's ascension, Plotina is said to have turned to those watching her and carefully announced, "I enter here the kind of woman I would like to be when I depart." She sought to dispel the memories of the domestic strife that had plagued the reign of
203:
proposed that they may have been sisters. Based on her cognomen
Plotina her mother may have been named Plotia or similar. In Pompeii an inscription names an Ulpia Plotina, leading to the idea that Pompeia Plotina and Trajan were related. Little is known about Plotina's early life.
313:
While
Plotina was a widow, her best-documented act took place. During the year 121, while the emperor Hadrian was inspecting the provinces, Plotina engaged him in a series of letters to discuss who should be the new head of the
261:
became the children's guardians. Hadrian was a first cousin-once-removed to Trajan (Trajan's father and
Hadrian's paternal grandmother were siblings). Plotina matched Hadrian with his future wife
199:(r. 54–68), however she could have been born in the 70s. She was the daughter of Lucius Pompeius. Another woman from Nemausus named Pompeia L. f. Marullina may have been her relative; historian
224:
Trajan married
Plotina before he became emperor, and their marriage was happy; they had no known children, probably due to the fact that Trajan himself was primarily interested in males.
3755:. Prosopographica et genealogica (in Italian). Vol. 2 (illustrated ed.). Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, University of Oxford. p. 407.
373:
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175:. She is often viewed as having provided Romans with fairer taxation, improved education, assisted the poor, and created tolerance in Roman society.
1787:
3776:
Gildersleeve, Basil; Miller, Charles
William Emil; Meritt, Benjamin Dean; Frank, Tenney; Cherniss, Harold Fredrik; Thompson Rowell, Henry (1991).
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366:
278:
Hadrian and the two had been present at Trajan's death—and they were rumoured to have forged Trajan's will to secure
Hadrian's succession.
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163:. She was renowned for her interest in philosophy, and her virtue, dignity and simplicity. She was particularly devoted to the
3730:. Oxford paperbacks. Vol. 1. American Council of Learned Societies (illustrated, new ed.). OUP Oxford. p. 502.
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Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.
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Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale: mythe et réalité
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236:. Plotina behaved in the manner of a traditional Roman matron, and she was associated with chaste goddesses such as
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Annelise
Freisenbruch dismisses this accusation: "Plotina, the silent spouse of the second century, thus joined
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Freisenbruch also notes these kinds of accusations have dogged the spouses of rulers through the centuries.
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3521:) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in
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It is uncertain whether
Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.
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and his sister were 10 or 11 years old, they lost their parents. Trajan and the Roman officer
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indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and
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250:, but she did not accept the title until 105. Plotina did not appear on coinage until 112.
3235:
dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships
8:
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3573:"De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families"
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Die Frauen am Hofe Trajans. Ein Beitrag zur Stellung der Augustae im Principat
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3871:(1st ed.). Chapter: Conspiracy, Death and Deification: GreenHill Books.
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Les vies de 12 femmes d’empereur romain - Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés
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3590:. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta.
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Caesars' Wives: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Roman Empire
3780:. Vol. 12. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 515.
268:
196:
86:
301:, the grieving widow Plotina accompanied Trajan's body to
3231: bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties
3588:
Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins
3652:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
3835:. London and New York: Free Press. pp. 159–161.
3706:
Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth-E.A. (edd.),
3225: grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants
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Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age
3409:
Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.
3607:Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous
3377:
3361:Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161.
4012:
3307:Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161.
4889:
3567:
3539:Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164.
3277:Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
3481:Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
3364:
207:
3850:, "Hadrian", 3; translated by Anthony Birley,
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3490:Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163.
3329:
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16:Roman Empress and wife of Roman Emperor Trajan
3998:
367:
348:
4872:indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor,
3396:Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and
3795:. Cambridge University Press. p. 101.
3400:; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc.
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329:. Her ashes joined Trajan's in the base of
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240:(the guardian of Rome's sacred fire) and
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3336:contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000),
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269:Death of Trajan and accession of Hadrian
211:
195:) during the reign of the Roman Emperor
3974:, Berlin, De Gruyter, 1979, pp. 10–183.
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3793:The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy
3604:
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183:Plotina was raised in Tejada la Vieja (
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273:In 117, Trajan was on his deathbed at
216:Pompeia Plotina coin, celebrating the
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3854:(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976), p. 59
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191:. She was possibly born in Nemausus (
3725:
3960:, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2012, ch. 6,
13:
3962:La vie de Plotine, femme de Trajan
3947:
42:Bust of Plotina, exhibited in the
14:
4949:
3978:
3679:Ulpia, the grandmother of Hadrian
325:Plotina died of illness, and was
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3885:
3533:
3517:The epitomator of Cassius Dio (
3511:
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3209: Reddish-purple indicates
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884:
703:
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308:
159:from 98 to 117 as the wife of
1:
4880:incidates an empress regnant.
3869:Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror
3778:American Journal of Philology
3751:Settipani, Christian (2000).
3688:
3213:of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty
2982:C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus
178:
4710:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
3677:Possibly the same person as
208:Marriage and life as Empress
7:
4913:2nd-century Roman empresses
4908:1st-century Roman empresses
3709:Oxford Classical Dictionary
3631:. Oxford University Press.
725:Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus
10:
4954:
3867:Jackson, Nicholas (2022).
3852:Lives of the Later Caesars
3791:Cooley, Alison E. (2012).
382:Nerva–Antonine family tree
349:Nerva–Antonine family tree
333:. In 123, Hadrian built a
4867:
4834:
4745:Elena Asenina of Bulgaria
4463:
4384:
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4246:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
4219:
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3605:Lambert, Royston (1984).
3586:Giacosa, Giorgio (1977).
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1688:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1646:
1644:
1632:
1630:
1618:
1614:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1571:
1553:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1466:
1464:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1419:
1402:
1371:
1369:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1335:L. Julius Ursus Servianus
1331:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1073:
1071:
1059:
1057:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1011:
1007:
1005:
993:
991:
979:
977:
963:
931:
914:
900:
891:
866:
842:
840:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
812:
810:
794:
790:
788:
782:
778:
776:
774:
768:
766:
764:
752:
750:
721:
679:
665:
643:
641:
639:
631:
629:
621:
619:
607:
605:
593:
591:
583:
579:
573:
538:
536:
527:
518:
516:
507:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
461:
459:
457:
449:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
405:
401:
399:
397:
142:
130:
121:
114:
110:
100:
92:
70:
66:
58:
51:
35:
26:
21:
3923:Trajan: Optimum Princeps
3664:
3241:= posthumously deified (
2131:Calvisia Domitia Lucilla
497:Q. Marcius Barea Soranus
318:school of philosophy in
297:Along with Attianus and
259:Publius Acilius Attianus
253:When the future emperor
167:philosophical school in
4918:Deified Roman empresses
4663:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
4269:Flavia Julia Constantia
3714:Oxford University Press
2763:Ti. Claudius Pompeianus
1889:L. Caesennius Antoninus
305:and his ashes to Rome.
122:Pompeia Plotina Augusta
4186:Marcia Otacilia Severa
3970:Temporini, Hildegard,
3829:Annalise, Freisenbruch
3553:Levick (2014), p. 117.
3508:Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
3472:Levick (2014), p. 164.
3450:Levick (2014), p. 162.
3425:Levick (2014), p. 163.
3298:Levick (2014), p. 161.
2996:Junius Licinius Balbus
2790:Junius Licinius Balbus
2784:M. Plautius Quintillus
2756:M. Annius Verus Caesar
1715:C. Fuscus Salinator II
1527:Julia Serviana Paulina
234:Julio-Claudian dynasty
221:
4750:Theodora Palaiologina
4720:Anna Komnene Angelina
4658:Catherine of Bulgaria
4589:Eudokia Dekapolitissa
4058:Agrippina the Younger
3726:Syme, Ronald (2002).
3571:contributors (2000).
3352:Giacosa (1977), p. 9.
3319:Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
3286:Giacosa (1977), p. 8.
1521:C. Fuscus Salinator I
504:Q. Marcius Barea Sura
287:Agrippina the Younger
215:
187:) in the province of
4821:Sophia of Montferrat
4740:Anna of Hohenstaufen
4599:Theophano Martinakia
4507:Theodora of Khazaria
4140:Julia Cornelia Paula
4103:Faustina the Younger
3728:The Roman Revolution
3609:. New York: Viking.
3528:"Marcus Aurelius" 24
1762:L. Caesennius Paetus
1705:L. Ceionius Commodus
1575:Cn. Arrius Antoninus
870:C. Salonius Matidius
4799:Keratsa of Bulgaria
4782:Helena Kantakouzene
4762:Irene of Montferrat
4725:Philippa of Armenia
4705:Margaret of Hungary
4557:Theophano of Athens
4376:Julius Nepos's wife
4191:Herennia Etruscilla
4014:Roman and Byzantine
3964:, pp. 147–168.
2969:Plautius Quintillus
2962:L. Antistius Burrus
2944:Petronius Antoninus
2507:Q. Servilius Pudens
2500:Plautius Quintillus
1951:C. Avidius Nigrinus
1127:Libo Rupilius Frugi
904:P. Acilius Attianus
545:P. Aelius Hadrianus
201:Christian Settipani
155:(died 121/122) was
4898:1st-century births
4826:Maria of Trebizond
4792:Irene Palaiologina
4772:Irene of Brunswick
4730:Maria of Courtenay
4690:Bertha of Sulzbach
4098:Faustina the Elder
4073:Statilia Messalina
3372:"Julius Servianus"
2459:C. Avidius Cassius
1788:T. Aurelius Fulvus
222:
185:Escacena del Campo
4885:
4884:
4854:Byzantine emperor
4683:Dobrodeia of Kiev
4459:
4458:
4263:Valeria Maximilla
4201:Cornelia Salonina
4155:Sallustia Orbiana
3662:
3661:
3638:978-0-19-537941-9
3258:
3257:
3185:
3184:
2720:M. Petronius Sura
1146:L. Vibius Sabinus
525:M. Cocceius Nerva
150:
149:
126:
125:
4945:
4938:Pompeii (Romans)
4804:Irene Gattilusio
4715:Eudokia Angelina
4695:Maria of Antioch
4678:Irene of Hungary
4614:Zoe Karbonopsina
4594:Eudokia Ingerina
4467:Byzantine Empire
4330:
4329:
4175:Caecilia Paulina
4133:Fulvia Plautilla
4123:Manlia Scantilla
4113:Bruttia Crispina
4048:Milonia Caesonia
4007:
4000:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3969:
3956:Minaud, GĂ©rard,
3955:
3941:
3940:
3915:
3909:
3902:
3896:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3864:
3855:
3847:Historia Augusta
3843:
3837:
3836:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3723:
3717:
3716:, 2003, p. 1214.
3704:
3682:
3675:
3656:
3642:
3620:
3601:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3554:
3551:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3451:
3448:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3341:
3331:
3320:
3317:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3240:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3208:
3202:(3) = 3rd spouse
3199:(2) = 2nd spouse
3196:(1) = 1st spouse
3191:
3190:
3174:
3172:
3166:
2989:Antonia Gordiana
2974:Plautia Servilla
2795:Servilia Ceionia
2738:
2736:
2730:
2713:Cornificia Minor
2484:
2482:
2476:
2453:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2185:L. Aelius Caesar
2174:
2172:
2166:
2157:
1569:Boionia Procilla
1556:Rupilia Faustina
1426:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1400:
1140:
898:
888:
886:
880:
864:
855:
707:
705:
699:
686:
662:
660:
654:
530:Sergia Plautilla
510:Antonia Furnilla
389:
388:
376:
369:
362:
353:
352:
337:in her honor at
112:
111:
40:
19:
18:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4863:
4830:
4767:Rita of Armenia
4755:Anna of Hungary
4735:Irene Laskarina
4700:Agnes of France
4668:Maria of Alania
4619:Helena Lekapene
4469:
4466:
4455:
4388:
4380:
4364:Marcia Euphemia
4359:Licinia Eudoxia
4336:
4328:
4319:Aelia Flaccilla
4241:Galeria Valeria
4223:
4215:
4196:Cornelia Supera
4167:
4159:
4088:Pompeia Plotina
4083:Domitia Longina
4078:Galeria Fundana
4063:Claudia Octavia
4038:Livia Orestilla
4025:
4017:
4011:
3981:
3967:
3953:
3950:
3948:Further reading
3945:
3944:
3937:
3919:Bennett, Julian
3916:
3912:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3865:
3858:
3844:
3840:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3789:
3785:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3724:
3720:
3705:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3639:
3625:Levick, Barbara
3617:
3598:
3577:
3575:
3557:
3552:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3454:
3449:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3395:
3391:
3382:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3332:
3323:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3206:
3169:
3167:
3162:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2514:Ceionia Plautia
2479:
2477:
2472:
2467:Aurelia Fadilla
2449:
2436:
2434:
2431:Marcus Aurelius
2429:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2153:
2124:M. Annius Verus
1550:M. Annius Verus
1422:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1138:Salonia Matidia
1136:
894:
883:
881:
876:
860:
853:
702:
700:
695:
682:
669:Marcia Furnilla
657:
655:
650:
383:
380:
351:
331:Trajan's Column
311:
271:
220:on the reverse.
210:
181:
153:Pompeia Plotina
146:Lucius Pompeius
75:Tejada la Vieja
47:
44:Vatican Museums
22:Pompeia Plotina
17:
12:
11:
5:
4951:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4883:
4882:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4814:Anna of Moscow
4806:
4801:
4796:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4675:
4673:Irene Doukaina
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4609:Eudokia BaĂŻana
4606:
4604:Zoe Zaoutzaina
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:Maria of Amnia
4544:
4536:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4386:Eastern Empire
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4354:Galla Placidia
4351:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4334:Western Empire
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4206:Ulpia Severina
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4171:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4150:Annia Faustina
4147:
4145:Aquilia Severa
4142:
4137:
4125:
4120:
4118:Flavia Titiana
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4068:Poppaea Sabina
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4043:Lollia Paulina
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4026:27 BC – AD 235
4019:
4018:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3980:
3979:External links
3977:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3929:. p. 26.
3910:
3906:Caesars’ Wives
3904:Freisenbruch,
3897:
3893:Caesars’ Wives
3891:Freisenbruch,
3884:
3878:978-1784387075
3877:
3856:
3838:
3820:
3808:
3801:
3783:
3768:
3761:
3743:
3736:
3718:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3649:, ed. (1870).
3647:Smith, William
3643:
3637:
3621:
3615:
3602:
3596:
3583:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3541:
3532:
3510:
3492:
3483:
3474:
3452:
3436:
3427:
3411:
3402:
3389:
3387:, pp. 319–322.
3383:Smith (1870),
3376:
3370:Smith (1870),
3363:
3354:
3342:
3321:
3309:
3300:
3288:
3279:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3236:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3173: 238–244
3160:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2955:Aurelia Sabina
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2737: 177–192
2724:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2483: 161–169
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2451:Faustina Minor
2447:
2445:
2443:
2440: 161–180
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2173: 138–161
2164:Antoninus Pius
2160:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2147:M. Annius Libo
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Arria Antonina
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1415: 117–138
1403:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1117:Lucius Mindius
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
921:
920:
915:
913:
911:P. Aelius Afer
908:
906:
901:
899:
892:
890:
874:
872:
867:
865:
858:
856:
851:
849:
846:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
814:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
742:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
728:
727:
722:
720:
715:
713:
711:
709:
693:
691:
689:
687:
684:Trajanus Pater
680:
678:
673:
671:
666:
664:
647:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
633:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
557:
556:
554:
552:
550:
547:
546:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
508:
506:
501:
499:
493:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
451:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
385:
384:
381:
379:
378:
371:
364:
356:
350:
347:
310:
307:
270:
267:
209:
206:
180:
177:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
137:Nerva–Antonine
134:
128:
127:
124:
123:
119:
118:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
72:
68:
67:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
49:
48:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4950:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4842:Roman emperor
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4809:Helena Dragaš
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4787:Irene Asanina
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4777:Anna of Savoy
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:Fabia Eudokia
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:Ino Anastasia
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:Aelia Eudocia
4399:
4397:
4396:Aelia Eudoxia
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:Marina Severa
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4211:Magnia Urbica
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3951:
3938:
3936:0-203-36056-7
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3894:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3802:9781139576604
3798:
3794:
3787:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3762:9781900934022
3758:
3754:
3747:
3739:
3737:9780192803207
3733:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3616:0-670-15708-2
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3597:0-8390-0193-2
3593:
3589:
3584:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3536:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3487:
3478:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3431:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3373:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3304:
3295:
3293:
3283:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3234:
3212:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3165:
3155:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2963:
2956:
2938:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2881:
2855:
2853:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2729:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2679:
2677:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2559:
2557:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2493:Ceionia Fabia
2487:
2475:
2460:
2452:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2353:
2351:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2311:
2309:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2186:
2165:
2156:
2148:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2016:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1890:
1868:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1789:
1780:Arria Fadilla
1750:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1729:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1696:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1576:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1453:
1447:
1425:
1408:
1399:
1367:
1366:Matidia Minor
1359:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1328:Paulina Minor
1290:
1278:
1276:
1247:
1244:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1139:
1128:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1037:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
961:
959:
957:
938:
935:
933:
929:
927:
925:
923:
922:
919:
918:Paulina Major
912:
905:
897:
887: 98–117
879:
871:
863:
847:
844:
838:
836:
834:
818:
816:
815:
792:
786:
784:
780:
772:
770:
762:
760:
743:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
729:
726:
719:
698:
685:
677:
670:
653:
648:
645:
637:
635:
634:
581:
577:
575:
571:
569:
558:
555:
553:
551:
549:
548:
505:
498:
494:
491:
467:
465:
463:
455:
453:
452:
447:
423:
421:
403:
395:
393:
390:
387:
386:
377:
372:
370:
365:
363:
358:
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346:
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225:
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205:
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176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:Roman empress
154:
145:
141:
138:
135:
133:
129:
120:
117:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
53:Roman empress
50:
45:
39:
34:
31:
30:
25:
20:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4812:
4790:
4753:
4681:
4650:
4643:
4581:
4539:
4531:
4368:
4261:
4181:Tranquillina
4131:
4093:Vibia Sabina
4087:
3971:
3961:
3957:
3922:
3913:
3905:
3900:
3892:
3887:
3868:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3832:
3823:
3811:
3792:
3786:
3777:
3771:
3752:
3746:
3727:
3721:
3707:
3673:
3650:
3628:
3606:
3587:
3576:. Retrieved
3568:
3562:
3535:
3522:
3513:
3486:
3477:
3430:
3405:
3397:
3392:
3379:
3366:
3357:
3333:
3303:
3282:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3242:
2474:Lucius Verus
1943:
1710:Appia Severa
895:
706: 96–98
661: 79–81
324:
312:
296:
280:
272:
263:Vibia Sabina
252:
245:
226:
223:
182:
152:
151:
27:
4903:120s deaths
4874:underlining
4446:Constantina
4128:Julia Domna
3968:(in German)
3954:(in French)
3818:, LXVIII, 5
3816:Dio Cassius
3563:References:
3164:Gordian III
1931:L. Commodus
309:Later years
116:Regnal name
4892:Categories
4577:Euphrosyne
4349:Thermantia
4309:Constantia
4023:Principate
3925:. London:
3908:, pp. 163f
3895:, pp. 162f
3689:References
3578:2015-04-14
3239:Small Caps
2423:Cornificia
179:Early life
4629:Theophano
4567:Theodosia
4542:of Athens
4497:Anastasia
4406:Pulcheria
4251:Minervina
4053:Messalina
4016:empresses
3927:Routledge
3385:"Hadrian"
3338:"Hadrian"
3252:or other)
316:Epicurean
165:Epicurean
4933:Augustae
4859:Augustae
4835:See also
4652:Theodora
4634:Theodora
4624:Theodora
4583:Theodora
4562:Prokopia
4552:Theodote
4487:Gregoria
4470:610–1453
4465:Eastern/
4431:Theodora
4426:Euphemia
4370:Placidia
4279:Faustina
4236:Eutropia
4221:Dominate
3921:(1997).
3831:(2010).
3627:(2014).
3248:Augustae
2728:Commodus
2155:Faustina
2141:Fundania
1424:Antinous
862:Marciana
343:Provence
335:basilica
303:Seleucia
232:and the
230:Domitian
189:Hispania
83:Nemausus
79:Hispania
62:98 – 117
4923:Hadrian
4870:Italics
4527:Eudokia
4517:Tzitzak
4502:Eudokia
4482:Martina
4451:Leontia
4421:Zenonis
4416:Ariadne
4389:395–610
4337:395–480
4304:Domnica
4299:Justina
4289:Charito
4274:Eusebia
4224:284–610
4168:235–285
4108:Lucilla
3244:Augusti
3211:emperor
2771:Lucilla
2747:Fadilla
1944:unknown
1937:Plautia
1407:Hadrian
896:Plotina
327:deified
299:Matidia
291:Domitia
275:Selinus
255:Hadrian
247:Augusta
242:Minerva
132:Dynasty
96:121/122
29:Augusta
4928:Trajan
4639:Helena
4572:Thekla
4492:Fausta
4436:Sophia
4411:Verina
4284:Helena
4257:Fausta
4231:Prisca
4165:Crisis
3933:
3875:
3799:
3759:
3734:
3635:
3613:
3594:
3398:passim
3264:Notes:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3207:
2200:Avidia
1398:Sabina
878:Trajan
854:Flavia
676:Marcia
320:Athens
289:, and
173:Greece
169:Athens
161:Trajan
143:Father
105:Trajan
101:Spouse
59:Tenure
4540:Irene
4522:Maria
4512:Maria
4344:Maria
4324:Galla
4314:Laeta
4033:Livia
3665:Notes
3519:72.22
2485:) (1)
718:Ulpia
697:Nerva
652:Titus
341:, in
339:Nîmes
283:Livia
238:Vesta
218:Fides
193:Nîmes
4878:bold
4847:list
4811:(w.
4789:(w.
4752:(w.
4680:(w.
4533:Anna
4130:(w.
3931:ISBN
3873:ISBN
3797:ISBN
3757:ISBN
3732:ISBN
3633:ISBN
3611:ISBN
3592:ISBN
197:Nero
93:Died
87:Gaul
71:Born
4645:Zoë
4253:(?)
4177:(?)
3569:DIR
3334:DIR
2964:(1)
2765:(2)
1148:(1)
1129:(3)
1119:(2)
81:or
4894::
3859:^
3697:^
3544:^
3524:HA
3495:^
3455:^
3439:^
3414:^
3345:^
3324:^
3312:^
3291:^
3246:,
3171:r.
2735:r.
2481:r.
2438:r.
2171:r.
1413:r.
885:r.
704:r.
659:r.
345:.
285:,
265:.
171:,
85:,
77:,
4817:)
4795:)
4758:)
4686:)
4136:)
4006:e
3999:t
3992:v
3939:.
3881:.
3805:.
3765:.
3740:.
3711:,
3681:.
3655:.
3641:.
3619:.
3600:.
3581:.
3530:.
3374:.
3340:.
3250:,
3175:)
3168:(
2998:?
2739:)
2732:(
2478:(
2442:)
2435:(
2175:)
2168:(
1417:)
1410:(
889:)
882:(
708:)
701:(
663:)
656:(
375:e
368:t
361:v
46:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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