Pope Pius XII - Knowledge

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Services. From this we learn that, although Pius's defenders still say that he paid a golden ransom in a vain effort to save Rome's Jews from transportation to the death camps, the most he did was indicate a willingness to chip in if the Jews could not raise the sum demanded. He also shows that no individual Jews were spared, as is often claimed, after Pius personally intervened with the Nazis. Moreover, Katz reveals that those who did escape the Nazi round-up and found sanctuary in church buildings in Rome did so in the face of explicit opposition from the Vatican. The real heroes and heroines were the priests and nuns who refused to bow to Pius's officials and hand over the desperate people whom they were hiding. The main problem with writing about Pius's wartime is that in effect, he did nothing. Facing the murders of six million people, he remained silent. As Jews were taken away from the ghetto that sat right alongside St Peter's, he may have agonised, but he did not intervene. When he did raise his voice with the German occupiers, it was either to ensure that the Vatican City state would not be compromised—that is to say, he would be safe—or to emphasise his own neutrality in a conflict which, for many, became a battle between good and evil. His unrealistic hope was that the Catholic Church could emerge as the peacemaker across Europe. Instead, both the American and British leaderships, as Katz shows, regarded the papacy as tainted by its association with Nazism and irrelevant in the post-1945 reshaping of the continent. Both had urged Pius to speak up against the Holocaust and so drew their own conclusions about him. Far from being a saint, then, he was at best a fool, perhaps an anti-Semite and probably a coward.

4210: 3270:"Hour of Darkness"... in which the spirit of violence and of discord brings indescribable suffering on mankind... The nations swept into the tragic whirlpool of war are perhaps as yet only at the "beginnings of sorrows"... but even now there reigns in thousands of families death and desolation, lamentation and misery. The blood of countless human beings, even noncombatants, raises a piteous dirge over a nation such as Our dear Poland, which, for its fidelity to the Church, for its services in the defense of Christian civilization, written in indelible characters in the annals of history, has a right to the generous and brotherly sympathy of the whole world, while it awaits, relying on the powerful intercession of Mary, Help of Christians, the hour of a resurrection in harmony with the principles of justice and true peace. 3675: 3757:, and other world leaders. But his insistence on Vatican neutrality and avoidance of naming the Nazis as the evildoers of the conflict became the foundation for contemporary and later criticisms from some quarters. His strongest public condemnation of genocide was considered inadequate by the Allied Powers, while the Nazis viewed him as an Allied sympathizer who had dishonoured his policy of Vatican neutrality. Hitler biographer John Toland, while scathing of Pius's cautious public comments in relation to the mistreatment of Jews, concluded that the Allies' own record of action against the Holocaust was "shameful", while "The Church, under the Pope's guidance, had already saved the lives of more Jews than all other churches, religious institutions and rescue organizations combined". 49: 1415: 3167: 1840: 5352:, which was largely written by Eugenio Pacelli. (b) Fourteen questions dealt with themes of individual volumes, such as the question how Pius viewed the role of the church during the war. (c) Six general questions, such as the absence of any anti-communist sentiments in the documents. The disagreement between members over additional documents locked up under the Holy See's 70-year rule resulted in a discontinuation of the commission in 2001 on friendly terms. Unsatisfied with the findings, Michael Marrus, one of the three Jewish members of the commission, said the commission "ran up against a brick wall .... It would have been really helpful to have had support from the Holy See on this issue." 1473: 1918:, signed on 20 July 1933, between Germany and the Holy See, while thus a part of an overall Vatican policy, was controversial from its beginning. It remains the most important of Pacelli's concordats. It is debated, not because of its content, which is still valid today, but because of its timing. A national concordat with Germany was one of Pacelli's main objectives as secretary of state, because he had hoped to strengthen the legal position of the church. Pacelli, who knew German conditions well, emphasized in particular protection for Catholic associations (§31), freedom for education and Catholic schools, and freedom for publications. 5178:—wrote that Dalin's work was "an essential contribution to our understanding of the reality of Pope Pius XII's support for Jews at their time of greatest danger. Hopefully, his account will replace the divisively harmful version of papal neglect, and even collaboration, that has held the field for far too long". Dalin's book also argued that Cornwell and others were liberal Catholics and ex-Catholics who "exploit the tragedy of the Jewish people during the Holocaust to foster their own political agenda of forcing changes on the Catholic Church today" and that Pius XII was responsible for saving the lives of many thousands of Jews. 1502: 3709: 16667: 16592: 4466:. However, his condition suitably improved until 8 October when he suffered a second stroke. By the mid-afternoon, his doctors had reported that Pius XII was suffering from a severe cardio-pulmonary collapse and by 15:00 CET (14:00 GMT) believed that his death was imminent. Just before sunset, Pius XII contracted pneumonia and doctors immediately moved to bring in oxygen and blood plasma. His last words were reportedly, "Pray. Pray that this regrettable situation for the church may end". When Pius XII was interred, the small crucifix and rosary that he held in his hands as he died were buried with him. 2371: 2912: 1824: 4571: 10859:, is once again about the Pope's silence about the murder of Jews in Europe -the papal archives could provide information about Vatican diplomacy between 1933 and 1945; however, the Vatican remains the only European state that withholds free access to its archives from contemporary historians. The archives of these years are crucial if many questions about the Holocaust and the Second World War are to be answered and if the many uncertainties concerning Nazi refugee assistance by the Vatican are to be removed." (Gerald Steinacher:Nazis on the Run, p. 105) 327: 2510: 4237:, issued on 2 June 1951 and 21 April 1957, respectively, increased the local decision-making of Catholic missions, many of which became independent dioceses. Pius XII demanded recognition of local cultures as fully equal to European culture. Though his language retained old conceptions – Africa, for example, merited special attention since the church there worked 'to forward her work among the heathen multitudes' – in 1956 he expressed solidarity with the 'non-Europeans who aspire to full political independence'. 1381:

to her that the nunciature was obliged to pay homage in order to proceed Levien is a young man, also Russian and a Jew. Pale, dirty, with drugged eyes, vulgar, repulsive ..." John Cornwell alleges that a worrying impression of anti-Semitism is discernible in the "catalogue of epithets describing their physical and moral repulsiveness" and Pacelli's "constant harping on the Jewishness of this party of power usurpers" chimed with the "growing and widespread belief among Germans that the Jews were the instigators of the

2159:." On 15 December 1937, during his last consistory, Pius XI strongly hinted to the cardinals that he expected Pacelli to be his successor, saying "He is in your midst." He had previously been quoted as saying: "When today the Pope dies, you'll get another one tomorrow, because the Church continues. It would be a much bigger tragedy, if Cardinal Pacelli dies, because there is only one. I pray every day, God may send another one into one of our seminaries, but as of today, there is only one in this world." 2093: 1560: 4435: 4074:(to avoid worse) ... seem to advise caution. Here lies one of the reasons, why We impose self-restraint on Ourselves in our speeches; the experience, that we made in 1942 with papal addresses, which We authorized to be forwarded to the Believers, justifies our opinion, as far as We see. ... The Holy See has done whatever was in its power, with charitable, financial and moral assistance. To say nothing of the substantial sums which we spent in American money for the fares of immigrants." 3330:, Polish ambassador to the Vatican, complained that Pius had failed to condemn the recent wave of atrocities in Poland; when Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione replied that the Vatican could not document individual atrocities, Papée declared, "when something becomes notorious, proof is not required". Although Pius XII received frequent reports about atrocities committed by and/or against Catholics, his knowledge was incomplete; for example, he wept after the war on learning that Cardinal 2183:. After the death of Maglione in 1944, Pius left the position open and named Tardini head of its foreign section and Montini head of the internal section. Tardini and Montini continued serving there until 1953, when Pius XII decided to appoint them cardinals, an honor which both turned down. They were then later appointed to be Pro-Secretary with the privilege to wear Episcopal Insignia. Tardini continued to be a close co-worker of the Pope until the death of Pius XII, while Montini became 2424:/Codex Iuris Canonici (CIC) reform. In its new constitutions, Eastern Patriarchs were made almost independent from Rome (CIC Orientalis, 1957) Eastern marriage law (CIC Orientalis, 1949), civil law (CIC Orientalis, 1950), laws governing religious associations (CIC Orientalis, 1952) property law (CIC Orientalis, 1952) and other laws. These reforms and writings of Pius XII were intended to establish Eastern Orientals as equal parts of the mystical body of Christ, as explained in the 2250: 3689: 339: 15316: 3581:

race, have been consigned to death or to a slow decline". According to Rittner, the speech remains a "lightning rod" in debates about Pius XII. The Nazis themselves responded to the speech by stating that it was "one long attack on everything we stand for. ... He is clearly speaking on behalf of the Jews. ... He is virtually accusing the German people of injustice toward the Jews, and makes himself the mouthpiece of the Jewish war criminals."

1389: 3849:. The forgetting of solidarity "imposed by our common origin and by the equality of rational nature in all men" was called "pernicious error". Catholics everywhere were called upon to offer "compassion and help" to the victims of the war. The Pope declared determination to work to hasten the return of peace and trust in prayers for justice, love and mercy, to prevail against the scourge of war. The letter also decried the deaths of noncombatants. 15328: 1121: 4698: 2756: 1254: 16729: 16643: 16604: 16712: 3933:), who confirmed the plan ... he dared to tell me—he who makes such a show of his Catholicism—that he saw nothing inhuman or un-Christian in it ... the deportation of 80,000 persons to Poland, is equivalent to condemning a great number of them to certain death." The Vatican protested to the Slovak government that it "deplore(s) these... measures which gravely hurt the natural human rights of persons, merely because of their race." 12887: 16746: 10428:"Lapide was in the 1960s an Israeli consul in Milan and was attempting, at the time he made his inflated estimates, to secure Vatican recognition for the state of Israel. Similar motives explain statements made in the immediate postwar period by Meir and Moshe Sharett, foreign ministers of the new state of Israel. Had these statements been accurate within even an order of magnitude, Pius would perhaps deserve to be honored by 2046: 4666:

documentary, the cause's vice-postulator Marc Lindeijer stated that several miracles attributed to the late pope are reported to the postulation every year but the individuals related to the healings do not come forward to enact diocesan proceedings of investigation. Lindeijer explained that this was the reason that the cause has stalled in the past as none have come forward to assist the postulation in their investigations.

1056: 3910:, was "embarrassed" when he learned of this publicly from Pétain and personally checked the information with Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione who confirmed the Vatican's position. In June 1942, Pius XII personally protested against the mass deportations of Jews from France, ordering the papal nuncio to protest to Pétain against "the inhuman arrests and deportations of Jews". In September 1941, Pius XII objected to a 6801:

myth of blood and soil; it decried its neopaganism, its war of annihilation against the Church, and even described the Führer himself as a 'mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance'. The Nazis were infuriated, and in retaliation closed and sealed all the presses that had printed it and took numerous vindictive measures against the Church, including staging a long series of immorality trials of the Catholic clergy."

4508: 16655: 3460:, Pius preached in his homily: "may the whirlwinds, that in the light of day or the dark of night, scatter terror, fire, destruction, and slaughter on helpless folk cease. May justice and charity on one side and on the other be in perfect balance, so that all injustice be repaired, the reign of right restored". Later he appealed to the Allies to spare Rome from aerial bombing, and visited wounded victims of the 1630:. It was permitted only so long as it developed "its activity outside every political party and in direct dependence upon the Church hierarchy for the dissemination and implementation of Catholic principles". Such concordats allowed the Catholic Church to organize youth groups, make ecclesiastical appointments, run schools, hospitals, and charities, or even conduct religious services. They also ensured that 16695: 3257:(1937), Pius wrote against "anti-Christian movements" and needing to bring back to the church those who were following "a false standard ... misled by error, passion, temptation and prejudice, have strayed away from faith in the true God". Pius wrote of "Christians unfortunately more in name than in fact" having shown "cowardice" in the face of persecution by these creeds, and endorsed resistance: 890: 4930: 4062:

another 4,238 were protected in Roman monasteries and convents. Eighty percent of Roman Jews were saved from deportation. Phayer argues that the German diplomats in Rome were the "initiators of the effort to save the city's Jews", but holds that Pius XII "cooperated in this attempt at rescue", while agreeing with Zuccotti that the Pope "did not give orders" for any Catholic institution to hide Jews.

2626: 4423: 4030:. In his 1942 Christmas Eve message, he expressed concern for "those hundreds of thousands, who ... sometimes only by reason of their nationality or race, are marked down for death or progressive extinction. On 7 April 1943, Msgr. Tardini, one of Pius XII's closest advisors, advised Pius XII that it would be politically advantageous after the war to take steps to help Slovak Jews. 4980:. Lewy's conclusion was that "the Pope and his advisers—influenced by the long tradition of moderate anti-Semitism so widely accepted in Vatican circles—did not view the plight of the Jews with a real sense of urgency and moral outrage. For this assertion no documentation is possible, but it is a conclusion difficult to avoid". In 2002 the play was adapted into the film, 3286:, establishing the "impartial" public tone which would become controversial in later assessment of his pontificate: "A full statement of the doctrinal stand to be taken in face of the errors of today, if necessary, can be put off to another time unless there is disturbance by calamitous external events; for the moment We limit Ourselves to some fundamental observations." 16631: 4081:, the German Ambassador to the Vatican, telegraphed Berlin that "the Pope has not yet let himself be persuaded to make an official condemnation of the deportation of the Roman Jews. ... Since it is currently thought that the Germans will take no further steps against the Jews in Rome, the question of our relations with the Vatican may be considered closed." 3262:

practice neglect the vivifying truths and the values inherent in belief in God and in Christ; as he perceives them wantonly break the Tables of God's Commandments to substitute other tables and other standards stripped of the ethical content of the Revelation on Sinai, standards in which the spirit of the Sermon on the Mount and of the Cross has no place?

4348:. Having decided to encourage the Christian Democrats to consider a political alliance with the Rightist parties as part of an anti-left coalition, he asked the Jesuit, Father Riccardo Lombardi, to speak with de Gasperi to consider such an alliance – an electoral alliance with those even of monarchist and neo-fascist tendencies -including the 2617:. "The most noble office of theology is to show how a doctrine defined by the Church is contained in the sources of revelation, ... in that sense in which it has been defined by the Church." The deposit of faith is authentically interpreted not to each of the faithful, not even to theologians, but only to the teaching authority of the Church. 4454:. The Pope still addressed lay people and groups about a wide range of topics. Sometimes he answered specific moral questions, which were addressed to him. To professional associations he explained specific occupational ethics in light of church teachings. Robert Leiber helped him occasionally with his speeches and publications. Cardinal 3506:—to the cardinalate in 1953. Phayer agrees that Stepinac's was a "show trial", but states "the charge that he supported the Ustaša regime was, of course, true, as everyone knew", and that "if Stepinac had responded to the charges against him, his defense would have inevitably unraveled, exposing the Vatican's support of the 3389:, Hitler said Pius would have wanted the plot to succeed: "he's no friend of mine". In the spring of 1940, a group of German generals seeking to overthrow Hitler and make peace with the British approached Pope Pius XII, who acted as an interlocutor between the British and the abortive plot. According to Toland, Munich lawyer 1105:, the recently appointed undersecretary at the Department of Extraordinary Affairs, had underscored his proposal to Pacelli to work in the "Vatican's equivalent of the Foreign office" by highlighting the "necessity of defending the Church from the onslaughts of secularism and liberalism throughout Europe". Pacelli became an 3326:, mostly German Catholic minorities living in occupied Poland, were more mixed. Phayer argues that Pius XII—both before and during his papacy – consistently "deferred to Germany at the expense of Poland", and saw Germany—not Poland—as critical to "rebuilding a large Catholic presence in Central Europe". In May 1942, 4484:, the Virgin Mary's praise of the Lord, in Latin. His doctor Gaspanini said afterwards: "The Holy Father did not die because of any specific illness. He was completely exhausted. He was overworked beyond limit. His heart was healthy, his lungs were good. He could have lived another 20 years, had he spared himself." 1669: 3236:

error". Catholics everywhere were called upon to offer "compassion and help" to the victims of the war. The Pope declared determination to work to hasten the return of peace and trust in prayers for justice, love and mercy, to prevail against the scourge of war. The letter also decried the deaths of noncombatants.

5491:, dating from 1940 to 1945, which the organisation claims show that Pius XII "worked diligently to save Jews from Nazi tyranny"; the organisation's founder, Krupp, has accused historians of harbouring "private agendas" and having "let down" the public. The foundation's research led to the publication of the book 7007:, the American monsignor, whom he consecrated himself as the first American Bishop in the Vatican curia. Spellman had organized and accompanied Pacelli's American journey and arranged a meeting with President Roosevelt. Only 30 days after his coronation, on 12 April 1939, Pope Pius XII named Spellman as 4819:(London) stated on 10 October, "Adherents of all creeds and parties will recall how Pius XII faced the responsibilities of his exalted office with courage and devotion. Before, during, and after the Second World War, he constantly preached the message of peace. Confronted by the monstrous cruelties of 6800:

was the 'first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism' and 'one of the greatest such condemnations ever issued by the Vatican'. Smuggled into Germany, it was read from all the Catholic pulpits on Palm Sunday in March 1937. It exposed the fallacy and denounced the Nazi

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came to a similar conclusion about Pius's motives. He suggested that besides seeking to protect his own church and parishioners, Pius feared that speaking out would worsen the plight of the Jews, though he could have hardly made it worse after 1942. Kershaw called the 1942 Christmas message "a missed

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for example – he considered too accommodating to the Left. On the eve of the 1952 local elections in Rome, in which again the Communist and Socialist parties threatened to win out, he used informal connections to make his views known. Pius XII stated that the war against Communism was a holy war

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called for the sympathy of the whole world towards Poland, where "the blood of countless human beings, even noncombatants" was being spilled. Pius never publicly condemned the Nazi massacre of 1,800,000–1,900,000 Poles, overwhelmingly Catholic (including 2,935 members of the Catholic clergy). In late

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regime, even possessing a list of clergy members who had "joined in the slaughter", but decided against condemning the regime or taking action against the clergy involved, fearing that it would lead to schism in the Croatian church or undermine the formation of a future Croatian state. Pius XII would

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Pius XII reiterated church teaching on the "principle of equality"—with specific reference to Jews: "there is neither Gentile nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision". The forgetting of solidarity "imposed by our common origin and by the equality of rational nature in all men" was called "pernicious

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The problem is whether one or the other of those nations, of those two Latin sisters with several thousands of years of civilization will continue to learn against the solid rock of Christianity,...or on the contrary do they want to hand over the fate of their future to the impossible omnipotence of

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Pope Pius XI died on 10 February 1939. Several historians have interpreted the conclave to choose his successor as facing a choice between a diplomatic or a spiritual candidate, and they view Pacelli's diplomatic experience, especially with Germany, as one of the deciding factors in his election on 2

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ideology. Pius XI credited its creation and writing to Pacelli. It was the first official denunciation of Nazism made by any major organization and resulted in persecution of the church by the infuriated Nazis who closed all the participating presses and "took numerous vindictive measures against the

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where he studied modern languages and history. At the end of the first academic year however, in the summer of 1895, he dropped out of both the Capranica and the Gregorian University. According to his sister Elisabetta, the food at the Capranica was to blame. Having received a special dispensation he

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Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City, 1940, p. 407; Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City, 1942, p. 52; Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City, 1946, p. 89 Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City, 1951, pp.

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On 28 January 1939, eleven days before the death of Pius XI, a disappointed Gundlach informed LaFarge, the encyclical's author, "It cannot go on like this". The text had not been forwarded to the Vatican. He had talked to the American assistant to Father General, who promised to look into the matter

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For Venerable status, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints certifies the "heroic virtues" of the candidate. Making Pius XII as Venerable met with various responses, most centered on the papal words and actions during World War II. Benedict's signature on the decree of heroic virtue was regarded

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He was concerned too about the potential spread of Communism in Western Europe and the Americas. As he sought to secure resources from abroad to aid post-war recovery, believing deprivation fuelled political agitation, so he also sought to influence Italian politics. In January 1948, Luigi Gedda, of

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wrote that "The voice of Pius XII is a lonely voice in the silence and darkness enveloping Europe this Christmas. ... In calling for a 'real new order' based on 'liberty, justice and love', ... the Pope put himself squarely against Hitlerism." Historian Michael Phayer claims, however, that

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The first occasion on 18 February 1946 yielded the elevation of a record 32 new cardinals, almost half of the College of Cardinals and reaching the canonical limit of 70 cardinals. In the 1946 consistory, Pius XII, while maintaining the maximum size of the College of Cardinals at 70, named cardinals

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during the 1920s, he had made unsuccessful attempts to obtain German agreement for such a treaty, and between 1930 and 1933 he attempted to initiate negotiations with representatives of successive German governments, but the opposition of Protestant and Socialist parties, the instability of national

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later recalled that the Nuncio was heartbroken that the Kaiser turned a "deaf ear to all his proposals". She later wrote, "Thinking back today on that time, when we Germans still all believed that our weapons would be victorious and the Nuncio was deeply sorry that the chance had been missed to save

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Tardini later thanked him for not appointing him. The Pope replied with a smile. "Monsignore mio, you thank me, for not letting me do what I wanted to do". I replied "Yes Holy Father, I thank you for everything you have done for me, but even more, what you have not done for me". The Pope smiled. In

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on 4 March 2019 that Vatican archival materials pertaining to Pius XII's pontificate will be accessible to scholars beginning on 2 March 2020. While this announcement was welcome by researchers, much of it has been clouded by the role of Pope Pius XII with regard to the Holocaust. However, archival

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The commission was internally divided over the question of access to additional documents from the Holy See, access to the news media by individual commission members, and, questions to be raised in the preliminary report. It was agreed to include all 47 individual questions by the six members, and

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government to moderate its treatment of the Jews. The Pope ordered Rotta and other papal legates to hide and shelter Jews. These protests, along with others from the King of Sweden, the International Red Cross, the United States, and Britain led to the cessation of deportations on 8 July 1944. Also

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During the Second World War, after Nazi Germany commenced its mass-murder of Jews in occupied Soviet territory, Pius XII employed diplomacy to aid victims of the Holocaust and directed the church to provide discreet aid to Jews. Upon his death in 1958, among many Jewish tributes, the Chief Rabbi of

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memo on the subject described Pius as "the greatest moral coward of our age". The Vatican did not officially recognise Pavelić's regime. While Pius XII did not publicly condemn the expulsions and forced conversions to Catholicism perpetrated on Serbs by Pavelić, the Holy See did expressly repudiate

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to headline its report "Jews Rights Defended" and write of "burning words he spoke to Herr Ribbentrop about religious persecution". During the meeting, von Ribbentrop suggested an overall settlement between the Vatican and the Reich government in exchange for Pius XII instructing the German bishops

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might accurately describe the biological origins of the human form, but at the same time criticized those who "imprudently and indiscreetly hold that evolution ... explains the origin of all things". Catholics must believe that the human soul was created immediately by God. Since the soul is a

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To Pius XII, science and religion were heavenly sisters, different manifestations of divine exactness, who could not possibly contradict each other over the long term. Regarding their relation, his advisor Professor Robert Leiber wrote: "Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors prematurely.

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persons, medical lies in face of grave illness, and the rights of family members to make decisions against expert medical advice. Pope Pius XII often reconsidered previously accepted truth, thus he was first to determine that the use of pain medicine in terminally ill patients is justified, even if

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sought power: "the scene was indescribable the confusion totally chaotic in the midst of all this, a gang of young women, of dubious appearance, Jews like the rest of them hanging around the boss of this female rabble was Levien's mistress, a young Russian woman, a Jew and a divorcée and it was

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would have become more excited and would have intensified its inquisitions. If the Pope had protested, Rome would have become the center of attention. It was better that the Pope said nothing. We all shared this opinion at the time, and this is still our conviction today." There were examples when

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that "errors of fact and ignorance of context appear on almost every page". Paul O'Shea summarized the work by saying it was "disappointing because of its many inaccuracies, selective use of sources, and claims that do not bear any scrutiny. However, has rendered a service by insisting Pacelli be

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for opposing Nazi anti-Semitism and aggression. According to Paul O'Shea, "The Nazis demonised the Pope as the agent of international Jewry; the Americans and British were continually frustrated because he would not condemn Nazi aggression; and the Russians accused him of being an agent of Fascism

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Reports from 2014 indicate a potential miracle from the United States attributed to the intercession of the late pope that was reported to the postulation. The miracle pertains to a male plagued with severe influenza and pneumonia that could have proven to be fatal; the individual was said to have

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But it is His will, that the worship He instituted and practised during His life on earth shall continue ever afterwards without intermission. For He has not left mankind an orphan. He still offers us the support of His powerful, unfailing intercession, acting as our "advocate with the Father". He

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from their Jewish family in an ultimately failed attempt to keep them Catholic after their secret baptism done against the wishes of their family. The French Catholic Church received very bad press from the affair, and several nuns and monks were jailed for the kidnapping before the children were

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Cardinal Maglione handed Harold Tittmann a response to the letter on 10 October. The note thanked Washington for passing on the intelligence, and confirmed that reports of severe measures against the Jews had reached the Vatican from other sources, though it had not been possible to "verify their

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When, in 1940, the Nazi Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop led the only senior Nazi delegation permitted an audience with Pius XII and asked why the Pope had sided with the Allies, Pius replied with a list of recent Nazi atrocities and religious persecutions committed against Christians and Jews, in

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Pius XII had genuine affection for Germany, though not the criminal element into whose hands it had fallen; he feared Bolshevism, an ideology dedicated to the annihilation of the church of which he was head, but his sympathies lay with the Allies and the democracies, especially the United States,

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Pacelli’s assertion was factually incorrect. Pacelli, born in 1876, was elected Pope at the age of 63. For 33 of those 63 years, the Pope was not named Pius. Leo XIII was Pope from 1878 to 1903, including the day in 1899 when Pacelli was ordained a priest. Benedict XV was Pope from 1914 to 1922,

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regime, the genocides in Poland, the finances of the wartime church, the deportation of the Roman Jews, and the ratlines for Nazis and fascists fleeing Europe. According to Phayer, "the face of Pope Pius that we see in these documents is not the same face we see in the eleven volumes the Vatican

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than in any other part of the Church' and resolved to make the postwar German crisis a top priority – 'its refugee crisis, poverty, hunger and disease, the fate of prisoners-of-war and accused war criminals, the disruption to the internal organization and communal life of German Catholicism, and

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published a document dated 20 November 1946 on the subject of Jewish children baptized in war-time France. The document ordered that baptized children, if orphaned, should be kept in Catholic custody and stated that the decision "has been approved by the Holy Father". Nuncio Angelo Roncalli (who

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In December 1942, when Tittmann asked Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione if Pius would issue a proclamation similar to the Allied declaration "German Policy of Extermination of the Jewish Race", Maglione replied that the Vatican was "unable to denounce publicly particular atrocities". Pius XII

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and the murder of innocents based on race. The majority of the speech spoke generally about human rights and civil society; at the very end of the speech, Pius XII mentioned "the hundreds of thousands of persons who, without any fault on their part, sometimes only because of their nationality or

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Pius warned the Allies of the planned German invasion of the Low Countries in 1940. In Rome in 1942, U.S. envoy Myron C. Taylor, thanked the Holy See for the "forthright and heroic expressions of indignation made by Pope Pius XII when Germany invaded the Low countries". After Germany invaded the

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Who among "the Soldiers of Christ" – ecclesiastic or layman – does not feel himself incited and spurred on to a greater vigilance, to a more determined resistance, by the sight of the ever-increasing host of Christ's enemies; as he perceives the spokesmen of these tendencies deny or in

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Pius XII delivered numerous speeches to medical professionals and researchers. He addressed doctors, nurses, midwives, to detail all aspects of rights and dignity of patients, medical responsibilities, moral implications of psychological illnesses and the uses of psycho pharmaca. He also took on

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When it is a question of the execution of a condemned man, the State does not dispose of the individual's right to life. In this case it is reserved to the public power to deprive the condemned person of the enjoyment of life in expiation of his crime when, by his crime, he has already disposed

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Pope Pius XII developed an extensive theology of the family, taking issue with family roles, sharing of household duties, education of children, conflict resolution, financial dilemmas, psychological problems, illness, taking care of older generations, unemployment, marital holiness and virtue,

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and Giovanni Montini would be elevated and Pius XII informed the assembled cardinals that both of them were originally on the top of his list, but they had turned down the offer, and were rewarded instead with other promotions. Both Montini and Tardini would become Cardinals shortly after Pius'

4968:, defended Pius XII's actions during the war. Lichten labelled any criticism of the Pope's actions during World War II as "a stupefying paradox" and said, "no one who reads the record of Pius XII's actions on behalf of Jews can subscribe to Hochhuth's accusation". Critical scholarly works like 4061:

recounts in his memoir that he was selected to go to the Vatican and seek help. The Vatican offered to loan 15 kilos, but the offer proved unnecessary when the Jews received an extension. Soon afterward, when deportations from Italy were imminent, 477 Jews were hidden in the Vatican itself and

384: 4896:

that Pius "was instrumental in saving at least 700,000 but probably as many as 860,000 Jews from certain death at Nazi hands". Some historians have questioned this often cited number, which Lapide reached by "deducting all reasonable claims of rescue" by non-Catholics from the total number of

5366:

still refuses to open all its files from the period—which seems to me to be a conclusive admission of guilt—but Katz has winkled various papers out of God's business address on earth to add to the stash of new information he has uncovered in America in the archives of the Office of Strategic

3377:

as his personal representative. Pius warmly welcomed Roosevelt's envoy and peace initiative, calling it "an exemplary act of fraternal and hearty solidarity... in defence against the chilling breath of aggressive and deadly godless anti-Christian tendencies". American correspondence spoke of

2608:

This theological investigative freedom does not, however, extend to all aspects of theology. According to Pius, theologians, employed by the Catholic Church, are assistants, to teach the official teachings of the church and not their own private thoughts. They are free to engage in empirical

4658:, Pope Francis stated that the late pope would not be beatified because the cause has stalled. Pope Francis stated that he checked the progress of the cause for Pius XII and said that there were no miracles attributed to his intercession, which was the main reason that the cause had halted. 4534:, used an atypical approach with the embalming procedure. In a controversial press conference, Galeazzi-Lisi described in great detail the embalming of the body of the late pontiff. He claimed to have used the same system of oils and resins with which the body of Jesus Christ was preserved. 4665:

stated, on a 12 January 2016 documentary on the late pope, that there was consultation of the Vatican Secret Archives which were carried out in secret; in short it means that there are no controversies surrounding the late pontiff that could impede the potential beatification. In that same

1888:

Weimar constitution gave the German states authority in the area of education and culture and thus diminished the authority of the churches in these areas; this diminution of church authority was a primary concern of the Vatican. As Bavarian nuncio, Pacelli negotiated successfully with the

1777:, which he titled "On the Unity of Human Society". His various positions on church and policy issues during his tenure as Cardinal Secretary of State were made public by the Holy See in 1939. Most noteworthy among the 50 speeches is his review of Church-State issues in Budapest in 1938. 4049:

and said: "Every word We address to the competent authority on this subject, and all Our public utterances have to be carefully weighed and measured by Us in the interests of the victims themselves, lest, contrary to Our intentions, We make their situation worse and harder to bear".

5342:

use them as Preliminary Report. In addition to the 47 questions, the commission issued no findings of its own. It stated that it was not their task to sit in judgment of the Pope and his advisors but to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the papacy during the Holocaust.

4815:, Israel's Foreign Minister, said, "When fearful martyrdom came to our people in the decade of Nazi terror, the voice of the Pope was raised for the victims. The life of our times was enriched by a voice speaking out on the great moral truths above the tumult of daily conflict." 3844:

reiterated Catholic teaching against racial persecution and rejected antisemitism, quoting scripture singling out the "principle of equality"—with specific reference to Jews: "there is neither Gentile nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision" and direct affirmation of the Jewish

1725:

was 'an untrustworthy scoundrel and fundamentally wicked person', to quote Klieforth, who also wrote that Pacelli 'did not believe Hitler capable of moderation, and ... fully supported the German bishops in their anti-Nazi stand'. This was matched with the discovery of Pacelli's

3393:

made a clandestine trip to Rome in October 1939, met with Pius XII and found him willing to act as intermediary. The Vatican agreed to send a letter outlining the bases for peace with England and the participation of the Pope was used to try to persuade senior German Generals

1547:, the archbishop of Cologne, describing the Nazis as "false prophets with the pride of Lucifer". and as "bearers of a new faith and a new Evangile" who were attempting to create "a mendacious antimony between faithfulness to the Church and the Fatherland". Two years later at 7427:: Addresses given to the Italian Catholic Union of Midwives 29 October 1951, and 26 November 1951 to the National Congress of the Family Front and the Association of Large Families, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Washington, D.C.. Text of the speeches available from 2852:

The church regards criminal penalties as both "medicinal", preventing the criminal from re-offending, and "vindictive", providing retribution for the offense committed. Pius defended the authority of the State to carry out punishment, up to and including the death penalty.

2358:

aids us likewise through His Church, where He is present indefectibly as the ages run their course: through the Church which He constituted "the pillar of truth" and dispenser of grace, and which by His sacrifice on the cross, He founded, consecrated and confirmed forever.

3752:

at the murder of "hundreds of thousands" of "faultless" people because of their "nationality or race" and intervened to attempt to block Nazi deportations of Jews in various countries. Upon his death in 1958, Pius was praised emphatically by the Israeli Foreign Minister

4831:, he repeatedly proclaimed the virtues of humanity and compassion." In the Canadian Jewish Chronicle (17 October), Rabbi J. Stern stated that Pius XII "made it possible for thousands of Jewish victims of Nazism and Fascism to be hidden away..." In 6 November edition of 4646:

to scholars so that an evaluation of the late pontiff's role in the war can be determined before canonization. This has been met with praise by the Jewish community. However, it was said that it could take up to a year to gather all the documents and then analyze them.

1926:

governments and the care of the individual states to guard their autonomy thwarted this aim. In particular, the questions of denominational schools and pastoral work in the armed forces prevented any agreement on the national level, despite talks in the winter of 1932.

3422:. When Mussolini learned of the warnings and the telegrams of sympathy, he took them as a personal affront and had his ambassador to the Vatican file an official protest, charging that Pius XII had taken sides against Italy's ally Germany. Mussolini's foreign minister 385: 4375:. Afterwards, changes in his work habit became noticeable. The Pope avoided long ceremonies, canonizations and consistories and displayed hesitancy in personnel matters. He found it increasingly difficult to chastise subordinates and appointees such as his physician, 2101: 8783: 5086:

criticised Pius XII for his actions and inactions during the Holocaust. Cornwell argued that Pius XII subordinated opposition to the Nazis to his goal of increasing and centralising the power of the Papacy. Further, Cornwell accused Pius XII of anti-Semitism. The

3816:, and approval by the Brazilian Propaganda Office in Berlin. The program was cancelled 14 months later, after fewer than 1,000 visas had been issued, amid suspicions of "improper conduct" (i.e., continuing to practice Judaism) among those who had received visas. 2835:, stating that scientific evidence now seemed to favour the evolutionary theory, upheld the distinction of Pius XII regarding the human soul. "Even if the human body originates from pre-existent living matter, the spiritual soul is spontaneously created by God." 1994:, in Bavaria: "The history of the Reichskonkordat shows, that the other side lacked the most basic prerequisites to accept minimal freedoms and rights of the Church, without which the Church simply cannot live and operate, formal agreements notwithstanding". 1337:

For the remainder of the Great War, Pacelli concentrated on Benedict's humanitarian efforts especially among Allied POWs in German custody. In the upheaval following the Armistice, a disconcerted Pacelli sought Benedict XV's permission to leave Munich, where

5293:

opportunity", adding: "Having decided to refer to the genocide, Pius ought to have followed this with a condemnation that was loud, plain and unequivocal." However, he doubted that condemnation from the Pope would have led to Nazi Germany changing course.

4162:

was misleading, as the document had originated in the French Catholic Church archives rather than the Vatican archives and strictly concerned itself with children without living blood relatives who were supposed to be handed over to Jewish organizations.

1219:. Pius X died on 20 August 1914. His successor Benedict XV named Gasparri as secretary of state and Gasparri took Pacelli with him into the Secretariat of State, making him undersecretary. During World War I, Pacelli maintained the Vatican's registry of 7362: 4379:, who after numerous indiscretions was excluded from Papal service for the last years, but, keeping his title, was able to enter the papal apartments to make photos of the dying Pope, which he sold to French magazines. Pius underwent three courses of 8115:

108: "In the midst of this world which today presents such a sharp contrast to "The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ", the Church and her faithful are in times and in years of trial such as have rarely been known in her history of struggle and

2885:

a material state without extraterrestrial ideals, without religion, and without God. One of these two alternatives shall occur according to whether the names of the champions or the destroyers of Christian civilization emerge victorious from the urns

3648:, who was visiting Rome. At their meeting, the Pope acknowledged the justice of punishing war criminals, but expressed a hope that the people of Italy would not be punished, preferring that they be made "full allies" in the remaining war effort. 2544:

opened the doors for biblical research. His magisterium was far larger and is difficult to summarize. In numerous speeches Catholic teaching is related to various aspects of life, education, medicine, politics, war and peace, the life of saints,

5505:

that Pius XII was involved in plots to overthrow Hitler from mid-October 1939 and was prepared to mediate a peace between the Allies and the Axis in the event of a regime change in Germany. The courier between the resistance group under Admiral

5403:

had intervened with Pope Pius XII to put an end to these illegal activities. Furthermore, he discovered "that the Pope secretly pleaded with Washington and London on behalf of notorious criminals and Nazi collaborators". Suzanne Brown-Fleming's

1038:

continued his studies from home and so spent most of his seminary years as an external student. In 1899 he completed his education in Sacred Theology with a doctoral degree awarded on the basis of a short dissertation and an oral examination in

3312:, a critic of Pius XII, assesses his policy as having been to "refuse to censure" the "German" invasion and annexation of Poland. This, Phayer wrote, was regarded as a "betrayal" by many Polish Catholics and clergy, who saw his appointment of 3897:

if the Vatican objected to antisemitic laws, Pius responded that the church condemned antisemitism, but would not comment on specific rules. Similarly, when Pétain's regime adopted the "Jewish statutes", the Vichy ambassador to the Vatican,

3725:, said: "Jews will always remember what the Catholic Church did for them by order of the Pope during the Second World War. When the war was raging, Pius spoke out very often to condemn the false race theory." This is disputed by commentator 2933:

during his pontificate—more than all his successors in the past 50 years taken together—along with many other writings and speeches. The pontificate of Pius XII was the first in Vatican history that published papal speeches and addresses in

7108:

For example, Padellaro: "Church history will memorize with special letters the secret conclave of 1946, and the cosmopolitan Pius XII, who called men of all races into the Senate of the Church", Nazareno Padellaro, Pio XII Torino, 1956, p.

1944:, the outgoing chairman of the Centre Party, negotiated first drafts of the terms with von Papen. The concordat was finally signed, by Pacelli for the Vatican and von Papen for Germany, on 20 July and ratified on 10 September 1933. Bishop 4557:

His funeral procession into Rome was the largest congregation of Romans as of that date. Romans mourned "their" pope, who was born in their own city, especially as a hero in the time of war. Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (later to be

3956:

were being systematically "butchered". Taylor asked if the Vatican might have any information that might "tend to confirm the reports", and, if so, what the Pope might be able to do to influence public opinion against the "barbarities".

2861:

Pius XII taught that the masses were a threat to true democracy. In such a democracy, liberty is the individual's moral duty and equality is the right of all people to honorably live in the place and station that God has assigned them.

10843:"brief phases of reassurance about the role of the Pope were followed by waves of critical literature and counteracted the process of exoneration that had been underway for some years. The focus of recent analyses by John Cornwell via 3119:. Pelletier had a reputation for opening new ways for Catholic charities, helping people in difficulties with the law, who had been neglected by the system and the church. Galgani was a virtuous woman in her twenties, said to have the 5547:

announced that he had discovered in the Vatican archives evidence that Pius XII had personally saved at least 15,000 Jews from extermination, and that he had sent a report on the Holocaust to the American government shortly after the

4996:. It was on Moscow Radio, on 2 June 1945, that the first accusation directly against Pius XII of refusing to speak out against the exterminations in Nazi concentration camps. It was also the first medium to call him "Hitler's Pope". 4529:

Pope Pius XII did not want the vital organs removed from his body, demanding instead that it be kept in the same condition "in which God created it". According to Galeazzi-Lisi, this was the reason why he and Nuzzi, an embalmer from

6552:

On 16 March four days after coronation, Gundlach informed LaFarge that the documents had been given to Pius XI shortly before his death, but that the new Pope had so far had no opportunity to learn about it. Passelecq, Suchecky. p.

5744: 4537:

Galeazzi-Lisi asserted that the new process would "preserve the body indefinitely in its natural state". However, whatever chance the new embalming process had of efficaciously preserving the body was obliterated by intense heat in

2697:, namely that she "having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory". To date this is the last time full papal infallibility has been used. The dogma was preceded by the 1946 encyclical 2486:

means to be above average, to be a living example of Christian virtue. The strict norms governing their lives are meant to make them models of Christian perfection for lay people. Bishops are encouraged to look at model saints like

3918:, a U.S. delegate to the Vatican, asked the Pope to condemn the atrocities against Jews; Pius replied that the Vatican wished to remain "neutral", reiterating the neutrality policy that Pius had invoked as early as September 1940. 3735:, argues that the Pope was weak and vacillating in his approach to Nazism. Cornwell asserts that the Pope did little to challenge the progressing holocaust of the Jews out of fear of provoking the Nazis into invading Vatican City. 3308:. In April 1940, the Vatican advised the U.S. government that its efforts to provide humanitarian aid had been blocked by the Germans and that the Holy See had been forced to seek indirect channels through which to direct its aid. 10432:

and celebrated by Rabbi Dalin as a righteous gentile. They were not. Whatever was thus gained diplomatically by these statements—in the short run, precious little—was purchased at the cost of considerable historical untruth." in

5325:

In 1999, in an attempt to address some of this controversy, the International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission (Historical Commission), a group of three Catholic and three Jewish scholars was appointed, respectively, by the

5277:, in God's eyes "there is neither Gentile nor Jew". In saying this, the Pope affirmed that Jews were full members of the human community—which is Goldhagen's own criterion for establishing 'dissent from the anti-Semitic creed'." 3341:(Nazi-occupied Polish zone), complained to the representatives of the Catholic Church. The church's attempted intervention caused the Nazis to retaliate by arresting rabbis and deporting them to the death camp. Subsequently, the 4069:

of Berlin to say: "We give to the pastors who are working on the local level the duty of determining if and to what degree the danger of reprisals and of various forms of oppression occasioned by episcopal declarations ...

3032:, originally given in two parts to members of the Italian cinema industry, offered a "sophisticated analysis of the film industry and the role of cinema in modern society". Compared to his predecessor's teaching, the encyclical 5567:, promoted by Hitler himself with the intention of improving his relations with the Vatican. For his part, Pius XII concentrated his efforts on protecting and improving the situation of the Church in Germany in the face of the 2362:

The church has, therefore, according to Pius XII, a common aim with Christ himself, teaching all men the truth, and offering to God a pleasing and acceptable sacrifice. This way, the church re-establishes the unity between the

726:

and his leadership of the Catholic Church during the war remain the subject of controversy—including allegations of public silence and inaction concerning the fate of the Jews. Pius employed diplomacy to aid the victims of the

5461:

On 9 October 2008, the 50th anniversary of Pius XII's death, Benedict XVI celebrated pontifical Mass in his memory. Shortly before and after the Mass, dialectics continued between the Jewish hierarchy and the Vatican as Rabbi

1513:

ordered them to be discontinued in 1927. Pacelli supported German diplomatic activity aimed at rejection of punitive measures from victorious former enemies. He blocked French attempts for an ecclesiastical separation of the

4307:, Wilhelm Hentrich and Ivo Zeiger. His personal confessor Augustin Bea was a German Jesuit and Mother Pascalina Lehnert and the other German speaking sisters of the papal household added to this element. The American bishop 3195:

In 1939, Pius XII turned the Vatican into a centre of aid which he organized from various parts of the world. At the request of the Pope, an information office for prisoners of war and refugees operated in the Vatican under

8787: 4847:

columnist, wrote that no other leader "did more to help the Jews in their hour of greatest tragedy, during the Nazi occupation of Europe, than the late Pope". Other prominent Jewish figures, such as Israeli Prime Minister

1385:, their principal aim being the destruction of Christian civilization". Also according to Cornwell, Pacelli informed Gasparri that "the capital of Bavaria, is suffering under a harsh Jewish-Russian revolutionary tyranny". 4461:

On Monday, 6 October 1958, at around 8:30 CET (7:30 GMT), he suffered a stroke, weakening him greatly in addition to his other maladies, after having taken ill the previous day after a series of meetings. He received the

1645:, who frankly told Pacelli he believed that he "misunderstood the political situation in Germany and the real character of the Nazis". Following Brüning's resignation in May 1932 Pacelli, like the new Catholic chancellor 2472:

to ensure that they are capable of a life of celibacy and service. Pius XII added one year to the theological formation of future priests. He included a "pastoral year", an introduction into the practise of parish work.

1771:. Historians Passelecq and Suchecky have argued that Pacelli learned about the existence of the draft only after the death of Pius XI and did not promulgate it as Pope. He did use parts of it in his inaugural encyclical 5023:

of the church and Christianity in the west. Pacepa indicated that he was involved in contacting eastern bloc agents close the Vatican in order to fabricate the story to be used for the attack against the wartime pope.

383: 3232:—the "dread tempest of war is already raging despite all Our efforts to avert it". The papal letter denounced antisemitism, war, totalitarianism, the attack on Catholic Poland and the Nazi persecution of the church. 3227:

was the first papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius XII, in October 1939 and established some of the themes of his pontificate. During the drafting of the letter, the Second World War commenced with the German/Soviet

2121:). According to rumours, he asked for another ballot to be taken to ensure the validity of his election. After his election was indeed confirmed, he chose the name Pius XII in honour of his immediate predecessor. 7758:

Helmuth Rolfes, "Inter Mirifica and What Followed: The Second Vatican Council as the Beginning of a New Era in the Relationship Between the Church and the Media", in Helmuth Rolfes and Angela Ann Zukowski, eds.,

5542:

The Vatican archives have provided many millions of pages and it is expected to take many years to process the findings. As of May 2021, the study of the archive has been inconclusive. In January 2022, historian

4224:

After World War II, Pope Pius XII focused on material aid to war-torn Europe, an internal internationalization of the Catholic Church, and the development of its worldwide diplomatic relations. His encyclicals,

7370: 4562:) wrote in his diary on Saturday, 11 October 1958 that probably no Roman emperor had enjoyed such a triumph, which he viewed as a reflection of the spiritual majesty and religious dignity of the late Pius XII. 2234:

as nuncio to Germany. For the first time, numerous young Europeans, Asians and "Americans were trained in various congregations and secretariats within the Vatican for eventual service throughout the world".

1759:("On the Unity of the Human Race") was ready in September 1938 but, according to those responsible for an edition of the document and other sources, it was not forwarded to the Holy See by the Jesuit General 1400:. Once, in a violation of international law, the Bavarian Revolutionary Government attempted to confiscate the Nunciature's car at gunpoint. Despite their demands, however, Pacelli refused to leave his post. 5731:

he established the Vatican Information Service to provide aid to, and information about, thousands of war refugees and instructed the church to provide discreet aid to Jews, which quietly saved thousands of

5345:

The 47 questions by the six scholars were grouped into three parts: (a) 27 specific questions on existing documents, mostly asking for background and additional information such as drafts of the encyclical

1538:

were numbered. Pacelli was summoned back to Rome at this time—the call coming by telegram when he was resting at his favourite retreat, the Rorschach convent sanatorium. He left Berlin on 10 December 1929.

6562:

Encyclical of Pope Pius on the unity of human society to our venerable brethren: The Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and other ordinaries in peace and the communion with the Apostolic see (AAS

13555: 5050: 5035: 3614: 4781:, presented an amount of money to the Pope, "in recognition of the work of the Holy See in rescuing Jews from Fascist and Nazi persecutions." After the war, in the autumn of 1945, Harry Greenstein from 3200:, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost 10 million (9,891,497) information requests and produced over 11 million (11,293,511) answers about missing persons. 5418: 5259:

asserted that Pius XII "chose again and again not to mention the Jews publicly.... public statements by Pius XII ... any mention of the Jews is conspicuously absent." In a review of Goldhagen's book,

5306:

A Berlin Jewish couple, Mr. and Mrs. Wolfsson, argued in defense of the pope: "None of us wanted the Pope to take an open stand. We were all fugitives, and fugitives do not wish to be pointed at. The

1594:

As Cardinal Secretary of State, Pacelli signed concordats with a number of countries and states. Immediately on becoming Cardinal Secretary of State, Pacelli and Ludwig Kaas took up negotiations on a

4352:. Adopting a domino theory he warned that, if "the Communists win in Rome, in Italy, it will cast a shadow on the entire world: France would become Communist, and then Spain and then all of Europe." 5454:

held a reception for conference participants during which he praised Pius XII as a pope who made every effort to save Jews during the war. A second conference was held from 6–8 November 2008 by the

2553:, things eternal and contemporary. Theologically, Pius XII specified the nature of the teaching authority of the Catholic Church. He also gave a new freedom to engage in theological investigations. 1649:, wondered if the Centre Party should look to the Right for a coalition, "that would correspond to their principles". He made many diplomatic visits throughout Europe and the Americas, including an 3568:

The Pope employed the new technology of radio and a series of Christmas messages to preach against selfish nationalism and the evils of modern warfare and offer sympathy to the victims of the war.

3017:

were sent to the bishops in the East. On 13 May 1956, Pope Pius addressed all bishops of the Eastern Rite. Mary, the mother of God, was the subject of encyclical letters to the people of Russia in

11386: 5110:, that Pius XII had so little scope of action that it is impossible to judge the motives for his silence during the war, while Rome was under the heel of Mussolini and later occupied by Germany". 2576:, published in 1943, emphasized the role of the Bible. Pius XII freed biblical research from previous limitations. He encouraged Christian theologians to revisit original versions of the Bible in 3369:

With Poland overrun, but France and the Low Countries yet to be attacked, Pius continued to hope for a negotiated peace to prevent the spread of the conflict. The similarly minded U.S. President

1109:, an apprentice, in Gasparri's department. In January 1901 he was also chosen, by Pope Leo XIII himself, according to an official account, to deliver condolences on behalf of the Vatican to King 3944:

warned Pius that the Vatican's "moral prestige" was being injured by silence on European atrocities, a warning that was echoed simultaneously by representatives from the United Kingdom, Brazil,

5752: 9002: 8966: 8127: 8090: 8060: 8037: 8005: 7975: 7954: 7922: 5288:

dismissed accusations that Pius was "anti-semitic" or "pro-Nazi", but accused him of "silence" based on fear of retaliation and wrote that "Hitler played the Pope with consummate expertise".

4545:

Galeazzi-Lisi reported that heat in the halls, where the body of the late Pope lay in state, caused chemical reactions which required it to be treated twice after the original preparation.

3345:

abandoned direct intervention, instead focusing on organizing underground aid, with huge international support orchestrated by Pope Pius XII and his Holy See. The Pope was informed about

3992:, the Pope's private secretary and a liaison to the Resistance, to inform him that his sources had confirmed approximately 6,000 Polish and Jewish people were being killed every day in " 3874:

on 11 March, repeatedly protesting against the treatment of Jews. In 1940, Pius asked members of the clergy, on Vatican letterhead, to do whatever they could on behalf of interned Jews.

1543:

wrote "of the forty-four speeches Pacelli gave in Germany as papal nuncio between 1917 and 1929, forty denounced some aspect of the emerging Nazi ideology". In 1935 he wrote a letter to

5303:

accused Pius of turning a blind eye to the activities of Vatican priests assisting "denazification through conversion", which he said helped ex-Nazi anti-communists to escape justice.

12686: 6796:

Bokenkotter, pp. 389–92, quote "And when Hitler showed increasing belligerance toward the Church, Pius met the challenge with a decisiveness that astonished the world. His encyclical

5563:. Kertzer, with the support of thousands of unpublished documents, uncovered the existence of secret negotiations between Hitler and Pius XII already a few weeks after the end of the 4954:, released in English in 1964) portrayed Pope Pius XII as a hypocrite who remained silent about the Holocaust. The depiction is described as lacking "credible substantiation" by the 4057:, Nazi officials gave Jewish leaders in Rome 36 hours to produce 50 kilograms (110 lb) of gold (or the equivalent), threatening to take 300 hostages. Then Chief Rabbi of Rome 2843:

In an address given on 14 September 1952, Pope Pius XII said that the church does not regard the execution of criminals as a violation by the State of the universal right to life:

2271:, in contrast to Pius XI, who had done so 17 times in as many years. Pius XII chose not to name new cardinals during World War II, and the number of cardinals shrank to 38, with 16380: 13394: 10768: 4150:(ADL), who had himself been baptized as a child and had undergone a custody battle afterwards, called for an immediate freeze on Pius's beatification process until the relevant 2647: 1160:, became the means by which the Holy See was to establish and sustain the new, unequal, and unprecedented power relationship that had arisen between the papacy and the Church". 3973:"told the British envoy to the Vatican in mid-December that the Pope couldn't speak out about Nazi atrocities because the Vatican hadn't been able to verify the information". 3808:

Catholics". However, over the next 18 months, Brazil's Conselho de Imigração e Colonização (CIC) continued to tighten the restrictions on their issuance, including requiring a

3266:

Pius wrote of a persecuted church and a time requiring "charity" for victims who had a "right" to compassion. Against the invasion of Poland and killing of civilians he wrote:

1932:

was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 and sought to gain international respectability and to remove internal opposition by representatives of the church and the Catholic

12383: 11210: 5214: 5123: 4339:, considering the party indecisive and fractious – reformist currents within it particularly, which tended to the moderate Left – represented by the Sicilian priest 3565:, Hsieh Shou-kang, was only able to arrive at the Vatican in January 1943, due to difficulties of travel resulting from the war. He remained in that position until late 1946. 2171:

his successor as Cardinal Secretary of State. Cardinal Maglione, a seasoned Vatican diplomat, had reestablished diplomatic relations with Switzerland and was for twelve years

386: 10074: 5187: 5048:

authorized Jesuit scholars to access the Vatican State Secretariat Archives, which are normally not opened for seventy-five years. Original documents in French and Italian,

2652:

As a young boy and in later life, Pacelli was an ardent follower of the Virgin Mary. He was consecrated as a bishop on 13 May 1917, the very first day of the apparitions of

1707:. Pacelli made reference to the Jews "whose lips curse and whose hearts reject him even today". This traditional adversarial relationship with Judaism would be reversed in 5174:

in 2005. He reaffirmed previous accounts of Pius having been a saviour of thousands of Europe's Jews. In a review of the book, another Jewish scholar—Churchill biographer,

5455: 3961:

accuracy". Nevertheless, Maglione stated, "every opportunity is being taken by the Holy See, however, to mitigate the suffering of these unfortunate people". According to

3760:

In 1939, the newly elected Pope Pius XII appointed several prominent Jewish scholars to posts at the Vatican after they had been dismissed from Italian universities under

2831:

spiritual substance, it is not brought into being through transformation of matter, but directly by God, whence the special uniqueness of each person. Fifty years later,

376: 10095: 3925:

told Pius that Slovak Jews were being sent to concentration camps. On 11 March 1942, several days before the first transport was due to leave, the chargé d'affaires in

4789:, told Pius XII how grateful Jews were for all he had done for them. "My only regret", the Pope replied, "is not to have been able to save a greater number of Jews". 3598:

recalled that the Pope's voice had been "broken by emotion" as he "deplored the situation" with a "clear reference to the deportation and extermination of the Jews".

16876: 16269: 5434:. These documents include diplomatic correspondence, American espionage, and decryptions of German communications. Relevant documents have also been released by the 3182:" and its divine mission. Pius XII lobbied world leaders to prevent the outbreak of World War II and then expressed his dismay that war had come in his October 1939 4469:

On the last full day of his life, his temperature rose steadily and his breathing became difficult. At 3:52 CET (2:52 GMT) on Thursday, 9 October, a Feast of Saint

15366: 12217: 8709: 3515: 5334:(Holy See's Commission) and the International Jewish Committee for Interreligious Consultations (IJCIC), to whom a preliminary report was issued in October 2000. 13249: 11130: 10524: 9362:

Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre mondiale/éd. par Pierre Blet, Angelo Martini, Burkhart Schneider and Robert Graham (7 April 1943).

6527: 6920:"Medius vestrum stetit quem vos nescetis. Everybody knew what the Pope meant". Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 105 16576: 16571: 13217: 6911:

including the day in 1917 when Pacelli was consecrated a bishop. Pius XII, quoted in Joseph Brosch, Pius XII, Lehrer der Wahrheit, Kreuzring, Trier,1968, p. 45

5285: 3489:

the forced conversions in a memorandum dated 25 January 1942, from the Vatican Secretariat of State to the Yugoslavian Legation. The Pope was well informed of

2367:

and His creatures. The Sacrifice of the Altar, being Christ's own actions, conveys and dispenses divine grace from Christ to the members of the Mystical Body.

10017: 9197: 1741:

Historian Walter Bussmann argued that Pacelli, as Cardinal Secretary of State, dissuaded Pope Pius XI – who was nearing death at the time—from condemning the

16891: 10117: 4288:

of India – the first indigenous Catholics of their respective nations to sit in the College of Cardinals. Italian Papal diplomat Angelo Roncalli (later

2314:

With few exceptions, Italian prelates accepted the changes positively; there was no protest movement or open opposition to the internationalization efforts.

917: 5592:’s crimes, including sexual abuse of seminarians and drug abuse, before action was taken. The Vatican apparently knew of Rev. Maciel’s crimes for 50 years. 5391:

described how the Argentinian government dealt with war criminals who entered Argentina. However, during his research Goñi accidentally stumbled on British

2214:

from a minor to a major role in the church. After World War II, Pius XII appointed more non-Italians than any Pope before him. American appointees included

16896: 16786: 12852: 9920: 6367: 2109:

March 1939, his 63rd birthday, after only one day of deliberation and three ballots. He was the first cardinal Secretary of State to be elected pope since

1650: 1641:

As the decade began Pacelli wanted the Centre Party in Germany to turn away from the socialists. In the summer of 1931 he clashed with Catholic Chancellor

5117:

process as well as to many documents from Pacelli's nunciature which had just been opened under the 75-year rule by the Vatican State Secretary archives.

3378:"parallel endeavours for peace and the alleviation of suffering". Despite the early collapse of peace hopes, the Taylor mission continued at the Vatican. 2175:. Yet, Maglione did not exercise the influence of his predecessor Pacelli, who as Pope continued his close relation with Giovanni Battista Montini (later 13568: 13212: 11793: 5320: 11152: 8191:

Report by the Polish Ambassador to the Holy See on the Situation in German-occupied Poland, Memorandum No. 79, 29 May 1942, Myron Taylor's papers, NARA.

4763:

more knowingly, devoutly and authoritatively, and for a longer time, than any other organised power". During the war he was also praised editorially by

4608:

by some as a public relations blunder, though acceptance of Pius XII as a saviour of Europe's Jews is regarded as 'proof of fidelity to the Church, the

1334:

with his finger on a map, he said sadly, 'No doubt this will be lost as well'. I did not want to believe it, but here, too, he was to be proved right."

15920: 15400: 13314: 13224: 13097: 13090: 10856: 6409: 4180: 1948:

cautioned against compromise with the new regime, against those who saw the Nazi persecution of the church as an aberration that Hitler would correct.

1498:, who rejected any kind of religious education, the ordination of priests and bishops, but offered agreements without the points vital to the Vatican. 15264: 3644:

leaders in an effort to prevent what he perceived to be the mistakes made at the end of World War I. On 23 August 1944, he met British Prime Minister

3066:

had been offered to Pius XII who approved the medal and the devotion based on it. The general devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus had been approved by

16881: 16295: 13174: 9006: 8970: 8734: 8131: 8094: 8064: 8030: 8009: 7979: 7947: 7926: 3697: 3346: 3305: 3034: 3028: 2592:. The encyclical demands a much better understanding of ancient Hebrew history and traditions. It requires bishops throughout the church to initiate 906: 5793: 3632:

In 1944, Pius XII issued a Christmas message in which he warned against rule by the masses and against secular conceptions of liberty and equality.

1433:– his nunciature was moved to Berlin in August 1925. Many of Pacelli's Munich staff stayed with him for the rest of his life, including his advisor 16831: 16370: 13326: 7179: 7068:

Pio XII, La Allocuzione nel concistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953 in Pio XII, Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di Sua Santità, Vatican City, 1953, p. 455

5331: 4624:, said: "How can one venerate a man who ... seemed to give his passive permission to the Nazis as the Jews were prised from his doorstep in Rome?" 4184: 3562: 1494:. He negotiated food shipments for Russia, where the Catholic Church was persecuted. He met with Soviet representatives including Foreign Minister 1411:

troops, the Nuncio focused on, according to Lehnert, "alleviating the distress of the postwar period, consoling, supporting all in word and deed".

759: 10473: 3948:, Belgium, and Poland. Myron C. Taylor passed a U.S. Government memorandum to Pius on 26 September 1942, outlining intelligence received from the 3744:

first papal encyclical, Pius reiterated Catholic teaching against racial persecution and antisemitism and affirmed the ethical principles of the "

3278:

not yet an ally of Hitler in the war, Italians were called upon to remain faithful to the Catholic Church. Pius avoided explicit denunciations of

16846: 13410: 10848: 5158: 1986:

Church, including staging a long series of immorality trials of the Catholic clergy". On 10 June 1941, the Pope commented on the problems of the

1092: 692: 111: 6821:"Accessed 4 December 2014; "La Presse et L'apostolat: discours prononce au College Angelique le 17 Avril, 1936" Paris : Bonne Presse, 1936" 6665:

1928, Portugal I 1928, Italy I 1929, Italy II 1929, Portugal II 1929, Romania I 1927, Prussia 1929, Romania II 1932, Baden 1932, Germany 1933,

13254: 9544: 5007:

alleged in 2007 that Hochhuth's play and numerous publications attacking Pius XII as a Nazi sympathizer were fabrications that were part of a

4200: 3490: 1361:" with the 24-year-old Sister Pascalina Lehnert – she would soon be transferred to Munich when Pacelli "pulled strings at the highest level". 16811: 15680: 15407: 12659: 11360: 11267: 8605: 8389: 5774: 5653:

surpassed this number on 21 February 2001, elevating 44 cardinals. By that time, the limit had been suspended and over 120 cardinals existed.

5371:

Katz's book also discusses how the Pope's view of the anti-Nazi resistance—as harbingers of Communism—meant he chose not to intervene in the

5201: 1973:

of official Catholic Church documents. Secretly distributed by an army of motorcyclists and read from every German Catholic Church pulpit on

1897:

showed interest in negotiations only after the Bavarian concordat. However, Pacelli obtained less favorable conditions for the church in the

1622:(1929) were concluded before Pacelli became Secretary of State. Catholicism had become the sole recognized religion; the powerful democratic 10205: 9446:

Letter of Pius XII of 30 April 1943 to the Bischop of Berlin, Graf von Preysing, published in "Documentation catholique" of 2 February 1964.

9254: 6820: 2588:, the encyclical reversed Pope Leo XIII's encyclical, which had only advocated going back to the original texts to resolve ambiguity in the 15359: 12742: 12502: 11315: 9597: 9289: 8662: 5447:

published of World War II documents, a collection which, though valuable, is nonetheless critically flawed because of its many omissions".

4218: 4209: 2155:. He was quoted as saying "I call myself Pius; my whole life was under Popes with this name, but especially as a sign of gratitude towards 1595: 16806: 986:

Together with his brother Francesco (1872–1935) and his two sisters, Giuseppina (1874–1955) and Elisabetta (1880–1970), he grew up in the

15953: 15446: 15133: 7504:"The Moral Limits of Medical Research Treatment: Address to the First International Congress on the Histopathology of the Nervous System" 2003: 1626:, in many ways similar to the Centre Party in Germany, had been disbanded, and in place of political Catholicism the Holy See encouraged 1330:

what there was to save, it occurs to me over and over again how clearly he foresaw what was to come. Once as he traced the course of the

294: 9979: 4109:, states that the Pope was somehow a conspirator, specifically naming Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII), as being a party in the attempt. 2596:

for lay people. The Pontiff also requests a reorientation of Catholic teaching and education, relying much more on sacred scriptures in

630: 16335: 15634: 4297: 4241: 4097:

in 1944, Pius appealed to 13 Latin American governments to accept "emergency passports", although it also took the intervention of the

2137: 770:

himself was still open to coordinating with Pius XII on the struggle against persecution of the Catholic church. He explicitly invoked

731:

during the war and, through directing the church to provide discreet aid to Jews and others, saved thousands of lives. Pius maintained

10763: 4807:

After Pius XII's death on 9 October 1958 many Jewish organisations and newspapers around the world paid tribute to his legacy. At the

4542:

during the embalming process. As a result, the body decomposed rapidly and the viewing of the faithful had to be terminated abruptly.

3426:

claimed that Pius XII was "ready to let himself be deported to a concentration camp, rather than do anything against his conscience".

2873:. While he did not directly mention monarchy or republicanism, given the context, his speech was nonetheless widely seen as endorsing 1490:

In post-war Germany, in the absence of a nuncio in Moscow, Pacelli worked also on diplomatic arrangements between the Vatican and the

13588: 13384: 13269: 11252: 10052: 5616: 5337:

The Commission did not discover any documents, but had the agreed-upon task to review the existing Vatican volumes, that make up the

5137: 3749: 3569: 2546: 2521: 990:

district in the centre of Rome. Soon after the family had moved to Via Vetrina in 1880, he began school at the convent of the French

10717: 10139: 3484:(rather than the diplomatic audience Pavelić had wanted). Pius was criticised for his reception of Pavelić: an unattributed British 1187:), and secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs in February 1914. On 24 June 1914, just four days before 16088: 12450:

Il Cardinale Giuseppe Siri, Arcivescovo di Genova dal 1946 al 1987 : la vita, l'insegnamento, l'eredità spirituale, le memorie

10034: 4033:

In January 1943, Pius XII declined to denounce publicly the Nazi discrimination against the Jews, following requests to do so from

3674: 1030: 7613: 5408:(2006) underlines Goñi's findings. Brown-Fleming stated how Pius XII allegedly intervened on behalf of German war criminals (e.g. 4402:", who worked full-time in factories and joined political parties and unions. He continued to defend the theological tradition of 3014: 1457:(national gatherings of the faithful), and delivered some 50 sermons and speeches to the German people. In Berlin he lived in the 16861: 16791: 15352: 15127: 13234: 12782: 7407: 6586: 5580:

published a newly discovered documentation from the Vatican Secret Archive showing that a German Jesuit had informed the Pope of

5471: 2703:, which requested all Catholic bishops to express their opinion on a possible dogmatization. On 8 September 1953, the encyclical 2336: 1083:. Shortly after ordination he began postgraduate studies in canon law at Sant'Apollinaire. He received his first assignment as a 732: 16816: 15782: 15724: 7883:

McGoldrick, Patricia M. (2012). "New Perspectives on Pius XII and Vatican Financial Transactions during the Second World War".

6894: 3419: 2141: 1445:, who was known for his expertise in Church-state relations and was a full-time politician, politically active in the Catholic 3357:(Hitler's foreign affairs adviser) when Pope was "listing the date, place, and precise details of each crime" as described by 16886: 16801: 16796: 15192: 13379: 12226: 12178: 11860: 11846: 11343: 11302: 10345: 9881: 5400: 4628: 4585: 3557:

of China. This step was envisaged earlier, but delayed due to Japanese pressure to establish relations with the pro-Japanese

2866: 2411: 2307:. The two consistories of 1946 and 1953 brought an end to over five hundred years of Italians constituting a majority of the 1368:, he informed Gasparri-using Schioppa's eye-witness testimony of the chaotic scene at the former royal palace as the trio of 1140:, he prepared digests of reports that had been sent to the Secretariat from all over the world and in the same year became a 1011: 11458: 11438: 8347:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – "Statement by Myron C. Taylor to Pope Pius XII, 19 September 1942"" 7476: 16856: 15592: 15488: 13415: 13274: 13264: 12525: 11179: 9577: 9224: 3602: 2902: 2893:"...that it would have been far preferable for Italy to remain a monarchy, but he also noted that what was done was done". 2788: 2532:

Pius XII explained the Catholic faith in 41 encyclicals and almost 1000 messages and speeches during his long pontificate.

1598:

which continued until the spring and summer of 1932. Papal fiat appointed a supporter of Pacelli and his concordat policy,

799: 12569: 10258: 8635: 4526:, reported that the pontiff's body was embalmed in the room where he died using a novel process invented by Oreste Nuzzi. 4442:

With frequent absences from work, Pope Pius XII had come to depend heavily on a few close colleagues, especially his aide

4045:

of Berlin. According to Toland, in June 1943, Pius XII addressed the issue of mistreatment of Jews at a conference of the

735:, and shared intelligence with the Allies. His strongest public condemnation of genocide was considered inadequate by the 16683: 16454: 16352: 16239: 15294: 13374: 13239: 11156: 9260: 6810:

74.A l'Eveque de Passau, in "Lettres de Pie XII aux Eveques Allemands 1939–1944, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1967, p. 416

4910: 4016:, said that König urged the Holy See to withhold this information to protect the lives of his sources in the resistance. 3914:

Jewish Code, which, unlike the earlier Vichy codes, prohibited intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews. In October 1941,

2399: 2328: 2114: 1909:

in 1933. A total of 16 concordats and treaties with European states had been concluded in the ten-year period 1922–1932.

1588: 1188: 819: 12485:

The Vatican & the Holocaust: 860,000 Lives Saved – The Truth About Pius XII & the Jews by Robert A. Graham, S.J.

8706: 5539:

research of this period should inform a much broader shift within global Christianity, from Europe to the global South.

3188:

encyclical. He followed a strict public policy of Vatican neutrality for the duration of the conflict mirroring that of

16492: 15794: 15545: 15270: 13294: 13244: 13229: 8589: 6487: 3665: 3153: 2528:, so today We consecrate and in a most special manner We entrust all the peoples of Russia to this Immaculate Heart..." 2219: 1780:

A year before his papal election, on 26 January 1938, the Cardinal Secretary of State officiated at the baptism of the

1684: 1164: 11033: 10454: 9800: 6531: 5054:, were published in eleven volumes between 1965 and 1981. Pierre Blet also published a summary of the eleven volumes. 1884:

Pacelli concluded on behalf of the Vatican with German States. The state concordats were necessary because the German

1228: 15624: 13359: 12457: 12421: 12392: 12372: 12340: 12321: 12289: 12267: 12249: 12163: 12146: 12125: 12114: 12075: 12060: 12038: 12012: 11997: 11982: 11967: 11952: 11930: 11912: 11815: 11764: 11738: 11719: 11705: 11687: 11671: 11656: 11626: 11593: 11569: 11523: 11237: 11059: 10828: 10319:

Poliakov, Leon; November (1950). "The Vatican and the 'Jewish Question': The Record of the Hitler Period—and After".

8375: 7849: 7804: 7784: 7646: 7096: 6991: 6869: 6779:

Pham, p. 45, quote: "When Pius XI was complimented on the publication, in 1937, of his encyclical denouncing Nazism,

6629: 6394: 6375: 6312: 6173: 5833: 5690: 4740: 4204: 4098: 3452:

At a special mass at St Peters for the victims of the war, held in November 1940, soon after the commencement of the

3337:

There was a well-known case of Jewish rabbis who, seeking support against the Nazi persecution of Polish Jews in the

3079: 2750: 2395: 11286: 10868: 10521: 8419: 6587:"85 años del bautizo de Juan Carlos de Borbón (y el tenso reencuentro de los reyes Alfonso XIII y Victoria Eugenia)" 4992:

in March 2009 indicated the accusations that Hochhuth's play made widely known originated not among Jews but in the

1551:

he named Germany as "that noble and powerful nation whom bad shepherds would lead astray into an ideology of race".

16821: 16395: 15875: 15765: 13420: 13302: 10014: 4620:

said "there would be a great distortion of history" if Pius XII were canonized. Rabbi Jeremy Lawrence, the head of

3977:

directly explained to Tittman that he could not name the Nazis without at the same time mentioning the Bolsheviks.

3166: 3157: 3147: 1623: 703:, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with various European and Latin American nations, including the 10183: 5511: 3390: 15890: 15814: 15434: 15412: 13645: 13481: 13389: 13284: 13207: 12577: 5523: 4707: 4458:

was his personal confessor. Sister Pascalina was for forty years his "housekeeper, muse and lifelong companion".

4166:

Writings from released Vatican records revealed that Pius XII was personally but secretly involved in hiding the

4085: 3911: 3657: 3461: 3083: 2988: 2889:

After the referendum was successful and the Italian monarchy was abolished, Pius privately agreed with his envoy

2227: 1580: 1414: 1176: 1026: 289: 145: 138: 10372: 9928: 1839: 1195:, Pacelli, together with Cardinal Merry del Val, represented the Vatican when the Serbian Concordat was signed. 16129: 15748: 15395: 15387: 15375: 13699: 12355: 12234: 12207: 11832: 11555: 11413: 6274: 5495:, authored by Krupp; the book reproduces 225 pages of the new documents produced by the foundation's research. 5438:

and the British Foreign Office. Other information sources have become available, including the diary of Bishop

5412:). Brown-Fleming's main source was the archive of Pope Pius XII's representative in post-war Germany, Cardinal 5102:

re-examined thoroughly and placed firmly within the context of his times". Five years after the publication of

4093: 3907: 3781: 2172: 1704: 1365: 1096: 1064: 1034: 3929:

reported to the Vatican: "I have been assured that this atrocious plan is the handwork of ... Prime Minister (

3768:'s racial laws. In 1939, the Pope employed a Jewish cartographer, Roberto Almagia, to work on old maps in the 1472: 326: 48: 16424: 16003: 15978: 15587: 13471: 12950: 12877: 12847: 11755: 11335: 5601: 5311:

the Catholic Church reaction to Nazi brutality only intensified SS persecutions of both Jews and the church.

4579: 4398:, 38 years), one of his last appointees in 1958. He took a firm stand against pastoral experiments, such as " 4325: 4253: 3411: 2244: 2128:

took place on 12 March 1939. Upon being elected pope he was also formally the Grand Master of the Equestrian

1315: 1248: 8211:"The Vatican & the Holocaust: A Question of Judgment – Pius XII & the Jews by Dr. Joseph L. Lichten" 6406: 5395:

documents relating to the involvement of Vatican personnel in the smuggling of war criminals, the so-called

1940:, a Catholic nobleman, to Rome to offer negotiations about a Reichskonkordat. On behalf of Pacelli, Prelate 1661:

in December 1939, re-establishing a diplomatic tradition that had been broken since 1870 when the Pope lost

739:, while the Nazis viewed him as an Allied sympathizer who had dishonoured his policy of Vatican neutrality. 16464: 15983: 15973: 15429: 15288: 13581: 13279: 13199: 13013: 12479: 11647: 10894: 9619: 8903:"30Giorni | "Leggete il libro di padre Blet su Pio XII" (Intervista con Pierre Blet di Stefano Maria Paci)" 8210: 5170: 5073: 4027: 4005: 3531:

of Pope Pius XI, which forbade Catholics to help Communists, as not applying to military assistance to the

3514:

sent letters of protest to Pius XII asking him to use all possible means to stop the massacres against the

3511: 3481: 1509:

Despite Vatican pessimism and a lack of visible progress, Pacelli continued the secret negotiations, until

991: 780: 12484: 12480:

The Vatican & the Holocaust: A Question of Judgment – Pius XII & the Jews by Dr. Joseph L. Lichten

9832: 9475: 5226:

silent". Other important works challenging the negative characterization of Pius's legacy were written by

16866: 16429: 15799: 15572: 15117: 12862: 12842: 12816: 12775: 12691: 12632: 12521: 7158: 6662: 5269:, published on 20 October 1939. "There Pius insisted that all human beings be treated charitably—for, as 4366: 4336: 4139: 4046: 3981: 3949: 3852: 3773: 3622: 3594:

genocide he was referring to". Speaking on the 50th anniversary of Pius's death in 2008, the German Pope

2464:, to the pastoral training of future priests. Pius XII emphasised the need to systematically analyze the 2295:

and increased the number of Cardinals from the Americas, proportionally lessening the Italian influence.

2129: 1584: 1437:

and Sister Pascalina Lehnert—housekeeper, cook, friend, and adviser for 41 years. In Berlin, Pacelli was

1426: 1318:, who replied positively to the Papal initiative. However, Bethmann Hollweg was forced to resign and the 1265: 1149: 1080: 884: 700: 696: 299: 190: 151: 132: 120: 13167: 6528:"Nostra aetate: Transforming the Catholic-Jewish Relationship: Jewish-Catholic Relationship Transformed" 5850: 5794:"Stalin for Cooperation With Pope, Free Worship, Orlemanski Says; U.S. PRIEST QUOTES STALIN ON RELIGION" 5426:'s 1997 executive order declassifying wartime and postwar documents, many of which are currently at the 1905:

was completed by Pacelli in 1932, after he had moved to Rome. There he also negotiated a concordat with

1583:

on 16 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI, and within a few months, on 7 February 1930, Pius XI appointed him

1207:

in 1912 had increased the number of Catholics within greater Serbia. At this time Serbia, encouraged by

16621: 16438: 15463: 13694: 13364: 13259: 12957: 12872: 12053:

La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pascalina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History

10470: 9818: 9766: 8250:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – "Letter from Pius XII to FDR, 7 January 1940"" 7555: 7528: 4604:

did so on 19 December 2009, simultaneously making the same declaration in regard to Pope John Paul II.

4407: 4312: 4118: 4038: 4034: 2983: 2188: 1576: 1258: 404: 11730:

A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair

5725: 5089: 4956: 1587:, responsible for foreign policy and state relations throughout the world. In 1935, Pacelli was named 1179:. Pacelli became the under-secretary in 1911, adjunct-secretary in 1912 (a position he received under 16841: 16497: 16199: 15510: 13674: 13369: 13351: 12826: 11808:

The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943–1950

11459:"Vatican's Pius XII archives shed light on another contentious chapter: The Legion of Christ scandal" 11439:"Vatican's Pius XII archives shed light on another contentious chapter: The Legion of Christ scandal" 11414:"Letter showing Pope Pius XII had detailed information from German Jesuit about Nazi crimes revealed" 11077:

The Battle for Rome: The Germans, the Allies, the Partisans, and the Pope, September 1943 – June 1944

10913: 9327: 9314: 9290:"Letter showing Pope Pius XII had detailed information from German Jesuit about Nazi crimes revealed" 6364:

Christian responses to the Holocaust: moral and ethical issues: Religion, theology, and the Holocaust

5621: 5431: 4833: 4277: 4013: 4009: 3693: 3661: 3503: 3342: 3197: 2960: 2668: 2504: 2417: 2053: 1890: 1531: 1430: 1236: 1088: 995: 338: 161: 9170:

Diplomatic Correspondence: US Undersecretary of State Summner Wells to Vatican Envoy Myron C. Taylor

4171:

discovered and spirited away to Israel. Only recently was the Pope's personal involvement revealed.

3373:

re-established American diplomatic relations with the Vatican after a 70-year hiatus and dispatched

3353:. Those intelligence materials were used by Pius XII on 11 March 1940 during a formal audience with 1006:

from 1886. In 1886 too he was sent to the private school of Professor Giuseppe Marchi, close to the

927:

had been Under-Secretary in the Papal Ministry of Finances and then Secretary of the Interior under

16871: 16330: 15905: 15422: 13548: 13341: 13336: 13181: 13055: 12971: 12929: 12474: 12005:

Three Popes and the Cardinal: The Church of Pius, John and Paul in its Encounter with Human History

11896: 10623: 9539: 5606: 4892: 4621: 4196: 4188: 3112: 2917: 2725: 2699: 2664: 2534: 2429: 2145: 1515: 1397: 804: 743: 8613: 4988: 2956:, not all documents exist today. In 1944, a number of papal documents were burned or "walled in". 2778:

this may shorten the life of the patient, as long as life shortening is not the objective itself.

16836: 15948: 15804: 15531: 13679: 13425: 13331: 13320: 12936: 12605: 12587: 12120:

Passelecq, Georges and Bernard Suchecky, 1997. The hidden encyclical of Pius XI. Harcourt Brace.

11576:

The Holocaust and Catholic Conscience. Cardinal Aloisius Muench and the Guilt Question in Germany

11387:"Papa Pio XII sapeva della Shoah: la prova in una lettera scritta nel 1942 da un gesuita tedesco" 11102:

Brown-Fleming, 2006, Chapter 4: "Granting Absolution: Muench and the Catholic Clemency Campaign".

7265: 6827: 5535: 5479: 5406:

The Holocaust and Catholic Conscience: Cardinal Aloisius Muench and the Guilt Question in Germany

5093:

described Cornwell's depiction of Pius XII as anti-Semitic as lacking "credible substantiation".

4905:, has interpreted this and other praise from prominent Jewish leaders, including that offered by 4643: 4617: 4349: 4345: 4192: 4151: 3940:), saying "the massacres of the Jews reach frightening proportions and forms". Later that month, 3713: 3399: 2906: 2567: 2540: 2298:

In his second consistory on 12 January 1953, it was expected that his closest co-workers, Msgrs.

2272: 1906: 1607: 1501: 1396:

According to Sister Pascalina Lehnert, the Nuncio was repeatedly threatened by emissaries of the

1022: 933: 809: 590: 504: 284: 12430:

Kertzer, David. "The Life & Pontificate of Pope Pius XII. Between History and Controversy".

10505: 10161: 9594: 8666: 4864:

Some early works echoed the favourable sentiments of the war period, including Polish historian

4078: 3922: 3708: 3178:

During World War II Pius saw his primary obligation as being to ensure the continuation of the "

1760: 1136:

and the function of canon law when a concordat falls into abeyance. Promoted to the position of

901:

into an upper class family of intense Catholic piety with a history of ties to the papacy (the "

16826: 16771: 16701: 16419: 16305: 16018: 15332: 13574: 13494: 13466: 13006: 12867: 12768: 12507: 12277:, in Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique, Louvain, vol. 99 (3–4), hul.–dec. 2004, pp. 758–766. 11612: 10944:

The Vatican and the Holocaust, Presentation to the Dominican House of Studies, Washington, D.C.

10533: 10442: 10227: 10075:"Pope May Open Holocaust Era Vatican Archives, Possibly Shedding Light On Pope Pius XII's Role" 8850: 7008: 5463: 5413: 5079: 4711: 4593: 4523: 4376: 4261: 4214: 4147: 4001: 3915: 3902:(a French politician), was told that the legislation did not conflict with Catholic teachings. 3871: 3726: 3682: 3641: 3554: 3415: 3354: 2944: 2911: 2680: 2660: 2520:: "Just as a few years ago We consecrated the entire human race to the Immaculate Heart of the 2442: 2268: 2231: 2152: 1933: 1718: 1714: 1662: 1603: 1523: 1446: 1153: 1125: 922: 856: 793: 788: 736: 10694: 9871: 8393: 7839: 7432: 5680: 4026:

1942, Pius XII advised German and Hungarian bishops to speak out against the massacres on the

2987:, issued in 1945 on the 350th anniversary of the reunion, is a call to continued unity of the 2370: 16315: 16300: 16013: 15870: 15777: 15577: 15560: 15473: 15417: 15108: 13132: 11463: 11443: 11223: 9255:"Wartime Pope Pius XII likely knew about Nazi gas chambers in the Holocaust as early as 1942" 7761: 6658: 6163: 5439: 4778: 4774: 4492:

declared three days of mourning and the closure of offices and schools as a sign of respect;

3863: 3547: 3370: 3304:

and expressed hope for the "resurrection" of that country. The Nazis and Soviets commenced a

2981:

Churches. Pius XII asks for prayer for better understanding and unification of the churches.

2870: 2710: 1956: 1894: 1823: 1755: 1731: 1654: 1611: 1347: 1343: 1319: 1307: 897:

Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli was born on the second day of Lent, 2 March 1876, in

16365: 9169: 9157: 4570: 3437:

to refrain from political criticism of the German government, but no agreement was reached.

2653: 1280: 16781: 16776: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16474: 16401: 16244: 16204: 16023: 15925: 15900: 15839: 15644: 15619: 15555: 13069: 12943: 12857: 12597: 12439:

Reigniting a controversy: Studies of Pius XII and the Shoah in the United States since 1999

10785: 9983: 8431: 8270: 8249: 8152: 5435: 5427: 5348: 5182: 4380: 4245: 3886: 3382: 3317: 3247: 3131: 2998: 2974: 2965: 2733:. On 15 August 1954, the Feast of the Assumption, he initiated the practice of leading the 2308: 1965: 1893:. He expected the concordat with Catholic Bavaria to be the model for the rest of Germany. 1818: 1168: 837: 8346: 7766:, Festschrift for Franz-Josef Eilers (Kassel, Germany: Kassel University Press, 2007), 11. 6783:, his response was to point to his Secretary of State and say bluntly, 'The credit is his. 5720: 5106:, Cornwell stated: "I would now argue, in the light of the debates and evidence following 4722: 4269: 1955:. Most notably, early in 1937, Pacelli asked several German cardinals, including Cardinal 1306:, he conveyed the papal initiative to end the war to German authorities. He met with King 1295:

or Germany at the time, Pacelli was, for all practical purposes, the nuncio to all of the

8: 16671: 16647: 16596: 16320: 16310: 16259: 16117: 16103: 15963: 15705: 15468: 14973: 14356: 13638: 13062: 13048: 12669: 12615: 12044:

Morsey, Rudolf. 1986. "Eugenio Pacelli als Nuntius in Deutschland" in Herbert Schambeck,

11676: 11080: 10712: 9962: 9661: 6955:

Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs and Congregation of Ordinary Affairs

5576: 5544: 5094: 4843: 4281: 4273: 4257: 4227: 4125: 4102: 4066: 4042: 3860: 3794: 3577: 3558: 3313: 3241: 3208:

into whose war economy he had transferred and invested the Vatican's considerable assets.

2970: 2949: 2760: 2690: 2657: 2613:

and religion, they are subjected to the teaching office and authority of the church, the

2495:. Priests were encouraged to be living examples of the love of Christ and his sacrifice. 2383: 2223: 2184: 2023: 1945: 1548: 1544: 1519: 1462: 1458: 1157: 1025:, and in November of the same year, registered to take a philosophy course at the Jesuit 776: 688: 13441: 11693: 4303:

A German contingent dominated his inner circle at this period – the German Jesuits

4293: 3828: 2513: 1673: 1642: 1453:'s resignation in October 1928. While in Germany, he travelled to all regions, attended 1284: 16735: 16608: 16385: 16154: 16078: 16046: 15865: 15834: 15671: 15659: 15520: 15458: 15252: 15246: 15141: 14993: 14988: 14953: 14822: 14802: 14722: 14621: 14596: 14586: 14486: 14471: 13995: 13723: 13716: 13595: 12908: 12413:

The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe

11316:"Feldkamp: Pope Pius XII knew early about Holocaust and saved many Jews - Vatican News" 11184: 11131:"Address at the conclusion of the symposium organized by the "Pave the Way Foundation"" 10729: 9541:

Pave the Way Foundation Reveals Evidence of Pope Pius XII's Active Opposition to Hitler

7900: 7617: 7184: 5549: 5396: 5372: 5265: 4765: 4473:, he gave a smile, lowered his head and died. The cause of death was recorded as acute 4372: 4021: 3840: 3786: 3740: 3523: 3432: 3386: 3350: 3338: 3301: 3296: 3253: 3229: 3223: 3184: 3171: 3047: 2694: 2684: 1898: 1773: 1635: 1527: 1441:

and active in diplomatic and many social activities. He was aided by the German priest

1382: 1288: 911: 784: 648: 16174: 7404: 6267:

Controversial Concordats: The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler

4549:

stationed around Pius XII's body were reported to have become ill during their vigil.

3894: 3476:

from joining Hitler in the war. In April 1941, Pius XII granted a private audience to

3327: 16554: 16459: 16234: 16220: 16194: 16179: 16083: 16068: 15998: 15988: 15857: 15789: 15690: 15654: 15550: 15327: 15160: 15093: 15088: 15008: 15003: 14978: 14912: 14887: 14867: 14827: 14777: 14742: 14697: 14662: 14652: 14642: 14626: 14611: 14571: 14556: 14526: 14451: 14431: 14391: 14276: 14130: 14075: 13929: 13514: 13504: 13104: 13076: 12463: 12453: 12417: 12388: 12368: 12351: 12336: 12317: 12285: 12263: 12255: 12245: 12230: 12222: 12203: 12174: 12159: 12142: 12121: 12110: 12089: 12071: 12056: 12034: 12008: 11993: 11978: 11963: 11948: 11926: 11908: 11867:

A Special Mission: Hitler's Secret Plot to Seize the Vatican and Kidnap Pope Pius XII

11856: 11842: 11828: 11811: 11774: 11760: 11734: 11729: 11715: 11701: 11683: 11667: 11652: 11622: 11589: 11565: 11551: 11519: 11339: 11233: 11055: 10824: 10568: 9877: 9840: 9627: 8809: 8585: 8480: 8456: 8371: 8329: 7904: 7845: 7800: 7780: 7642: 7597: 7189: 7092: 6987: 6865: 6666: 6654: 6650: 6625: 6390: 6371: 6308: 6270: 6169: 5829: 5801: 5686: 5650: 5631: 5451: 5296: 5251: 5209: 4804:

either out of "Germanophilia" or the hope that Hitler would defeat Communist Russia.

4601: 4515: 4451: 4427: 4395: 4332: 4154:

and baptismal records were opened. Two Italian scholars, Matteo Luigi Napolitano and

3997: 3748:". At Christmas 1942, once evidence of the mass-murder of Jews had emerged, Pius XII 3645: 3495: 3445: 3358: 3320:

in May 1942, an "implicit recognition" of the breakup of Poland; the opinions of the

2832: 2720: 2461: 2387: 1902: 1866: 1862: 1828: 1730:

report, written the following year for President Roosevelt and filed with Ambassador

1466: 1364:

When he returned to Munich, following Eisner's assassination by Bavarian nationalist

1326: 1196: 1172: 1141: 957: 868: 864: 572: 168: 7503: 6891: 5912: 4438:

Photograph of Pius XII on his deathbed in Castel Gandolfo, taken on 10 October 1958.

4391: 3797: 2148:. There was however a Cardinal-Secretary to run these bodies on a day-to-day basis. 1827:

Pius XI (center) with Cardinal Pacelli (front left), the radio transmission pioneer

1564: 1148:. From 1904 until 1916, he assisted Cardinal Pietro Gasparri in his codification of 1021:

In 1894, aged 18, Pacelli began his theology studies at Rome's oldest seminary, the

16635: 16444: 16249: 16229: 16149: 16134: 16033: 15935: 15809: 15649: 15607: 15602: 15582: 15565: 15478: 15147: 15083: 15058: 15038: 15013: 14998: 14968: 14907: 14902: 14852: 14782: 14772: 14752: 14727: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14657: 14616: 14566: 14561: 14551: 14531: 14521: 14481: 14426: 14401: 14376: 14351: 14341: 14331: 14316: 14215: 14195: 14185: 14150: 14085: 14080: 14060: 14020: 13960: 13899: 13884: 13879: 13814: 13799: 13774: 13764: 13562: 13524: 13519: 13456: 13160: 13139: 13111: 12999: 12978: 12915: 12445: 11877: 11724: 11617: 10911: 10895:"The Vatican & the Holocaust: A Question of Judgment – Pius XII & the Jews" 10876: 10852: 10665: 10096:"Report: Pope Francis to examine Pius' wartime record before deciding on sainthood" 9905: 8855: 7892: 7428: 7363:"In history the violence of the arrogant takes its toll, but God does not leave us" 7004: 5706: 5256: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5181:

A number of other scholars replied with favourable accounts of Pius XII, including

5142: 5141:(2008) provided further critical, though more scholarly analysis of Pius's legacy. 5069: 5004: 4902: 4443: 4285: 4265: 4155: 3970: 3899: 3878: 3777: 3765: 3745: 3731: 3640:

As the war was approaching its end in 1945, Pius advocated a lenient policy by the

3618: 3473: 3189: 3127: 3111:. The first canonizations were two women, the founder of a congregation for women, 3108: 3009:

was issued in 1952 and addressed to the Eastern Churches, protesting the continued

2922: 2869:

on whether to abolish or keep the Italian monarchy, Pius XII delivered a sermon on

2715: 2593: 2509: 2386:, a long-time critic of Pius XII's policies during World War II and an opponent of 2375: 2346: 2299: 2264: 2215: 2211: 2180: 2125: 1991: 1781: 1615: 1495: 1200: 1184: 1145: 976: 675: 620: 474: 249: 16718: 12496: 10349: 9407: 8902: 8227: 3038:(1957) shows a "high regard for the importance of cinema, television, and radio". 2938:

language on a systematic basis. Until then, papal documents were issued mainly in

1599: 1132:

By 1904 Pacelli received his doctorate. The theme of his thesis was the nature of

117:

Secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs (1914–1917)

16502: 16469: 16413: 16407: 16264: 16169: 16073: 15885: 15379: 15344: 15186: 15153: 15073: 14983: 14958: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14862: 14797: 14762: 14747: 14682: 14672: 14647: 14601: 14581: 14546: 14536: 14516: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14466: 14461: 14411: 14396: 14321: 14301: 14281: 14266: 14261: 14241: 14205: 14190: 14110: 14095: 14090: 14055: 14045: 14030: 13990: 13980: 13965: 13955: 13945: 13809: 13754: 13658: 13461: 13307: 13188: 13146: 13125: 12992: 12922: 12625: 12534: 12517: 12475:

Chief Rabbi of Rome, Israel Anton Zolli on Pope Pius XII role during World War II

12411: 11632: 11329: 11272: 10772: 10721: 10528: 10477: 10021: 9601: 9581: 9548: 8713: 8636:"Envoy to Vatican named; Tokyo Reports Choice of Harada Under De Facto Relations" 8041: 7958: 7480: 7411: 7163: 6977:

Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 157

6898: 6491: 6413: 5527: 5507: 5020: 4760: 4755: 4559: 4539: 4485: 4321: 4308: 4289: 4131: 4054: 3820: 3813: 3801: 3769: 3761: 3701: 3678: 3606: 3543: 3374: 3096:—"both were determined to stamp out, as far as possible, all traces of dangerous 3063: 2993: 2792: 2738: 2581: 2449: 2391: 2207: 2151:

Pacelli took the same papal name as his predecessor, a title used exclusively by

2110: 1937: 1914: 1901:

of 1929, which excluded educational issues. A concordat with the German state of

1870: 1858: 1849: 1814: 1646: 1627: 1535: 1377: 1220: 1212: 1102: 1015: 999: 938: 844: 722: 705: 680: 354: 266: 62: 9570: 7003:

In the Secretariat of State he had actively supported "foreigners", for example

5559:, one of the first historians to have analyzed the archives, published his book 5442:. These documents reveal new information about Pius XII's actions regarding the 4612:

and the Tradition' by neoconservative Catholic groups. On the other hand, Rabbi

3985: 3936:

On 18 September 1942, Pius XII received a letter from Monsignor Montini (future

3477: 2398:

by Pius XII on 2 July 1945. He later established a schismatic group called the "

1657:, who appointed a personal envoy—who did not require Senate confirmation—to the 157:

Prefect of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs (1930–1939)

16851: 16565: 16390: 16184: 16159: 16123: 16063: 16056: 16051: 16041: 15895: 15880: 15819: 15695: 15685: 15441: 15320: 15276: 15258: 15227: 15221: 15213: 15207: 15201: 15033: 14963: 14897: 14847: 14837: 14817: 14792: 14737: 14732: 14702: 14677: 14606: 14591: 14576: 14511: 14456: 14446: 14421: 14306: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14180: 14165: 14100: 14065: 14035: 14005: 14000: 13985: 13919: 13894: 13869: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13839: 13759: 13749: 13631: 13623: 13446: 13118: 13083: 13041: 13034: 13027: 12642: 12559: 12378: 12151: 11891: 11783: 11642: 10844: 10725: 10262: 9980:"CNS STORY: Sainthood congregation recommends Pope Pius XII be named venerable" 9743: 9198:"Letter suggests Pope Pius XII knew of mass gassings of Jews and Poles in 1942" 7259: 5589: 5409: 5392: 5355: 5175: 5128: 5118: 5012: 4993: 4879: 4808: 4470: 4434: 4411: 4004:

and is now part of western Ukraine. It also referenced the Nazi death camps at

3903: 3485: 3423: 3309: 3179: 3051: 3019: 2817: 2774: 2705: 2577: 2168: 2092: 1568: 1559: 1540: 1276: 1269: 1208: 1204: 1114: 1007: 980: 972: 902: 860: 824: 751: 610: 40: 15758: 7896: 5707:

Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Reflections on the Holocaust: Further Reading

5474:

and expressed his disappointment towards Pius XII's "silence" during the war.

3793:

Pius later engineered an agreement—formally approved on 23 June 1939—with the

3780:'s antisemitic legislation of 1938. The Pope's appointment of two Jews to the 2096:

Pope Pius XII appears on the central loggia after his election on 2 March 1939

1322:, hoping for a military victory, delayed the German reply until 20 September. 16765: 16449: 16341: 16325: 16285: 15968: 15943: 15719: 15629: 15614: 15536: 15048: 15023: 14892: 14857: 14832: 14787: 14767: 14692: 14687: 14667: 14541: 14476: 14436: 14416: 14406: 14311: 14220: 14175: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14070: 14050: 14040: 14015: 13975: 13924: 13914: 13909: 13889: 13844: 13804: 13789: 13769: 13711: 13669: 13509: 12701: 12652: 12407: 12212: 11820: 11581: 10700: 9844: 9651:

Audience for the directors of mission activities in 1944 A.A.S., 1944, p. 208

9631: 8228:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – "The Vatican Files"" 7193: 7078:

Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960 157

6968:

in Pio XII, Discorsi e Radiomessagi di Sua Santita Vatican City, 1953, p. 455

5805: 5611: 5581: 5568: 5556: 5498: 5260: 5150: 5114: 4941: 4898: 4865: 4849: 4793: 4596:. In May 2007, the congregation recommended that Pius XII should be declared 4474: 4447: 4399: 4304: 4249: 4167: 3989: 3962: 3838:

Following the German/Soviet invasion of Poland, the Pope's first encyclical,

3610: 3573: 3535:. This interpretation assuaged American Catholics who had previously opposed 3407: 3322: 3275: 3116: 3105: 3101: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3026:

Pius XII made two substantial interventions on the media. His 1955 discourse

2589: 2550: 2525: 2478: 2465: 2364: 2118: 1832: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1743: 1709: 1619: 1478: 1454: 1434: 1296: 1272: 1072: 942: 916:(1837–1916) and Virginia (née Graziosi) Pacelli (1844–1920). His grandfather 767: 600: 126: 28: 12467: 6484: 5161:

and José Sanchez wrote less critical assessments of Pius XII's pontificate.

5113:

Cornwell's work was the first to have access to testimonies from Pius XII's

4311:

wrote in November 1948 that Pius XII was 'more interested in affairs of the

3300:, Pius expressed dismay at the killing of non-combatants in the Nazi/Soviet 1747:

in November 1938, when he was informed of it by the papal nuncio in Berlin.

16659: 16559: 16434: 16290: 16254: 15993: 15915: 15759: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15483: 15282: 15098: 15078: 15063: 15043: 15028: 15018: 14877: 14872: 14812: 14807: 14757: 14441: 14386: 14381: 14336: 14326: 14225: 14200: 14170: 14105: 14025: 13950: 13864: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13779: 13489: 13451: 12985: 12800:

Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958

12360: 12275:

Les 'silences' du pape Pie XII : genèse et critique d'un procès biaisé

11918: 11602:(Catholic University of America Press; 2013) 306 pages; scholarly biography 11515: 11037: 10880: 9571:"ADL to Vatican: 'Open Baptismal Records and Put Pius Beatification on Hold 8414:

Conway, Prof. John S., "The Meeting between Pope Pius XII and Ribbentrop",

8160: 5531: 5423: 5206:

Pius XII and the Second World War, According to the Archives of the Vatican

5045: 4969: 4853: 4801: 4797: 4662: 4655: 4632: 4589: 4455: 4384: 4340: 4158:, confirmed that the memorandum was genuine, although the reporting by the 4106: 4089: 4058: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3890: 3595: 3532: 3453: 3395: 3331: 3089: 2991:, threatened in its very existence by the authorities of the Soviet Union. 2890: 2350: 2332: 2304: 2276: 2203: 2176: 2058: 2002:

Cardinal Pacelli gave a lecture entitled "La Presse et L'Apostolat" at the

1929: 1768: 1735: 1722: 1700: 1688: 1680: 1491: 1450: 1373: 1223:

and worked to implement papal relief initiatives. In 1915, he travelled to

968: 928: 852: 848: 832:

to adhere to episcopal teaching and allowed that the human body might have

814: 763: 717: 710: 684: 527: 11607:

The Policies and Politics of Pope Pius XII: Between Diplomacy and Morality

11600:

The Life and Pontificate of Pope Pius XII: Between History and Controversy

10855:, and Giovanni Miccoli, as well as works by authors Matteo Napolitano and 9456:

Lang, Berel (Fall 2001). "Not Enough vs. Plenty: Which did Pius XII do?".

8495:

Minutes of 7 August 1941. British Public Records Office FO 371/30175 57760

5164:

In specific riposte to Cornwell's criticism, American Rabbi and historian

3058:) for all Catholics. The first medal of the Holy Face, produced by Sister 2249: 1668: 1152:

with the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. According to

112:

Pro-Secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs

16360: 16189: 16164: 16139: 16112: 16099: 16008: 15910: 15597: 15053: 14933: 14928: 14882: 14506: 14371: 14366: 14271: 14210: 14155: 14145: 14140: 14010: 13834: 13784: 13739: 13499: 13153: 12964: 12309: 12186:

Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950

11229: 11153:"Vatican recalls life and teachings of Pius XII 50 years after his death" 11072: 11052:

Fatal Silence: The Pope, the Resistance and the German Occupation of Rome

10816: 6389:, Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn, p. 86, Cambridge University Press, 2005; 5360:

Fatal Silence: The Pope, the Resistance and the German Occupation of Rome

5289: 5227: 5165: 4613: 4546: 4233: 3953: 3856: 3832: 3688: 3626: 3093: 2614: 2585: 2492: 2292: 2195: 1974: 1941: 1764: 1534:, the beginnings of a world economic slump appeared, and the days of the 1442: 1339: 1180: 1068: 949: 772: 203: 12512: 11743: 11648:

The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis

10437:, "Judging Pius XII" by Kevin Madigan. 14 March 2001, pp. 6–7; see also 10346:"The Good Samaritan. Jewish Praise for Pope Pius XII by Dimitri Cavalli" 9158:

Diplomatic Correspondence: US Envoy Myron C. Taylor to Cardinal Maglione

8368:

The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis

5588:

The archives have also demonstrated that Pope Pius XII had knowledge of

5388: 5171:

The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis

4406:

as worthy of continued reform, and as superior to modern trends such as

3681:, Pius XII's nuncio to Germany throughout World War II, with Hitler and 2795:, although only in limited circumstances, within the context of family. 16144: 15729: 15167: 14842: 14361: 14346: 14160: 14135: 13970: 13874: 13794: 13744: 13686: 13541: 13020: 12822: 12810: 12752: 12720: 12139:

Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession

12093: 11803: 11778: 11018:

Melissa Radler. "Vatican Blocks Panel's Access to Holocaust Archives".

10938: 10936: 10429: 5274: 5270: 5051:

Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale

5036:

Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale

5000: 4946: 4924: 4906: 4812: 4479: 4463: 4143: 4135: 3926: 3754: 3722: 3621:

each concluded such claims were an intentional creation of the British

3536: 3528: 3174:, in audience with Pope Pius XII, following the 1944 Liberation of Rome 3097: 3002: 2935: 2930: 2874: 2469: 2457: 2425: 1951:

Between 1933 and 1939, Pacelli issued 55 protests of violations of the

1885: 1751: 1408: 1369: 1311: 1133: 1110: 1076: 953: 946: 98: 12513:

Pope Pius XII ("Sotto il cielo di Roma") 2010 2-Episode TV Documentary

11748:

The Real Odessa. How Peron Brought the Nazi War Criminals to Argentina

11331:

The Pope at War: The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler

9801:"Gevonden in Delpher - de Tĳd : Godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad" 9184:

The Pope at War: The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler

6508:

in December 1938, but did not report back. Passelecq, Suchecky. p. 121

5385:

The Real Odessa: How Peron Brought the Nazi War Criminals to Argentina

5314: 4642:

Pope Francis also announced his intention in January 2014 to open the

4105:

Report to Hitler, dated 29 November 1944, against the backdrop of the

2877:

in the referendum, with it being difficult to misunderstand his plea.

1388: 1063:

While all other candidates from the Rome diocese were ordained in the

13904: 13612: 11825:

The Pope at War. The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini and Hitler

10118:"Report: Pope Secret Vatican archives on Pius not ready to be opened" 9408:"The role of the Roman Catholic Church in the Shoah (Nazi Holocaust)" 5626: 4828: 4786: 4782: 4651: 4597: 4499:

The Testament of Pope Pius XII was published the month of his death.

3867: 3669: 3457: 3283: 3279: 3161: 3010: 2953: 2827: 2755: 2730: 2709:

announced a Marian year for 1954, the centennial of the Dogma of the

2641: 2538:

clarified membership and participation in the church. The encyclical

2453: 2421: 2133: 2084: 1881: 1727: 1692: 1631: 1476:

Nuncio Pacelli visits the coal mine Dorstfeld on the occasion of the

1404: 1253: 1120: 1003: 964: 872: 833: 755: 747: 364: 25: 11512:

Wartime Correspondence Between President Roosevelt and Pope Pius XII

10933: 7715:

Apostolic Letters to the bishops in the East. AAS, 1956, pp. 260–64.

5443: 4718: 4430:, Pius XII's housekeeper and confidant for 41 years, until his death 3499: 3070:

in 1885 before the image on the Turin Shroud had been photographed.

1418:

Nuncio Pacelli in July 1924 at the 900th anniversary of the City of

16603: 15958: 15712: 15700: 13706: 10585: 6269:, Ed Frank J. Coppa, Catholic University of America Press, P. 173, 5564: 5484: 5327: 4838: 3629:

published a work in which he establishes that the plot was a fact.

3507: 3440: 3120: 2915:

In 1939 Pius XII placed his pontificate under the maternal care of

2610: 2488: 1978: 1763:. The draft encyclical contained an open and clear condemnation of 1696: 1658: 1483: 1192: 1075:, 2 April 1899, alone in the private chapel of a family friend the 829: 16752: 4635:

is considering canonization without a miracle, "us the formula of

3609:

in 1943 (Vatican City itself was not occupied); British historian

3542:

In March 1942, Pius XII established diplomatic relations with the

2629:

On 1 November 1950, Pius XII defined the dogma of the Assumption (

2609:

research, which the church generously supports, but in matters of

1124:

The Serbian Concordat, 24 June 1914. Present for the Vatican were

1055: 16642: 16215: 15829: 15451: 12886: 12735: 12679: 11662:

Falconi, Carlo. 1970 (translated from the 1965 Italian edition).

10602:

Paul O'Shea; A Cross Too Heavy; Rosenberg Publishing; 2008; p. 38

10053:"St. Pius XII? Pope Francis Mulling It Over, Says Vatican Source" 9819:"Library : Newspaper Accounts of the Death of Pope Pius XII" 9266: 7747:

Post-War Italian Cinema: American Intervention, Vatican Interests

7570:

Modern Italy's Founding Fathers: The Making of a Postwar Republic

7405:

Pope Pius XII, The Moral Limits of Medical Research and Treatment

6624:

Donald J. Dietrich, p. 92, Syracuse University Press, 2003;

5307: 5016: 4824: 4518:, added by John Paul II in 1982, hangs over the tomb of Pius XII. 4507: 4403: 3945: 3824: 3809: 3472:

Pius attempted, unsuccessfully, to dissuade the Italian dictator

3448:

were critical to the financing of the papacy during World War II.

2805: 2804:

He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of

2734: 2483: 2156: 2045: 1634:

would be recognized within some spheres (e.g., church decrees of

1510: 1461:

quarter and threw parties for the official and diplomatic elite.

1419: 1292: 1216: 987: 216: 88: 12760: 10140:"Pope Francis: 'Pius XII's Cause for beatification has stalled'" 5263:

counters that Pius used the word "Jew" in his first encyclical,

2210:. He also supported the elevation of Americans such as Cardinal 687:

State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before

679:; 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958) was head of the 16381:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

15824: 15734: 15639: 12549: 7599:

The Italian Monarchy, The State, The Church and the Holy Shroud

7089:

Selecting the Pope: Uncovering the Mysteries of Papal Elections

6682:

Ludwig Volk, "Die Kirche in den deutschsprachigen Ländern" in:

6439:

Bussmann, Walter (1969). "Pius XII an die deutschen Bischöfe".

6303:

Fahlbusch, Erwin (ed.). Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (trans.) (2005).

4933:

A rare 1899 handwriting sample of Eugenio Pacelli with text in

4883: 4820: 4676: 4531: 3882: 2997:

was issued in 1951 on the 1500th anniversary of the Ecumenical

2921:

and composed a prayer to her. This 19th-century painting is by

2787:

common prayer, religious discussions and more. He accepted the

2648:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

2630: 2597: 2199: 1982: 1922: 1403:

After the Bavarian Soviet Republic was defeated and toppled by

1303: 1232: 1224: 1084: 728: 12384:

Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy

10517: 10515: 10004:

Paul O'Shea, A Cross too Heavy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 2

9119:

Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews during the Holocaust, 1939–1943

8222: 8220: 6986:

Giulio Nicolini, Il Cardinale Domenico Tardini, Padova, 1980;

5851:"Pope John Paul II and Pope Pius XII move closer to sainthood" 5124:

Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy

5057: 4929: 1734:, which declared that the church regarded compromise with the 889: 836:

from earlier forms. He eliminated the Italian majority in the

16677: 12332: 6611:

Ludwig Volk, Die Kirche in den deutschsprachigen Ländern in:

6257:, David G. Dalin, Joseph Bottum, Lexington Books, 2010, p. 17 5510:

and the Pope was the Bavarian lawyer and Catholic politician

5488: 5467: 4982: 4934: 4887: 4489: 3805: 3553:

In June 1942, diplomatic relations were established with the

2978: 2939: 2625: 2517: 2288: 2284: 2138:

prefect of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office

1970: 1606:, and the treaty was signed in August 1932. Others followed: 1554: 1438: 1350:, and a tranquil Swiss sanatorium run by nuns. Schioppa, the 1331: 1039: 961: 558:

Bishops consecrated by Pope Pius XII as principal consecrator

270: 11303:"No 'smoking gun' yet in Pius XII archives, researchers say" 10912:

International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission (2000).

9476:"860,000 Lives Saved: The Truth About Pius XII and the Jews" 7736:

Papal letter to the People of Russia, AAS, 1952, pp. 505–11.

7576: 5913:"Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, aka Pope Pius XII" 5483:

announced that it would release 2,300 pages of documents in

4422: 3410:

during 1940, Pius XII sent expressions of sympathy to Queen

2620: 2142:

prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Churches

2117:

immediately prior to being elected as pope (the other being

2113:

in 1667. He was one of only two men known to have served as

1522:

and aided the reintegration of German priests expelled from

931:

from 1851 to 1870 and helped found the Vatican's newspaper,

13654: 12804: 12710: 11938:

Pope Pius XII and the Jews: What's True and What's Fiction?

10512: 8660: 8217: 6250: 6248: 5678: 5362:(written by Robert Katz; Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003): 4493: 3498:—a Croatian archbishop convicted of collaborating with the 2948:

since 1909. Because of the novelty of it all, and a feared

2693:

for the first time since 1854 by defining the dogma of the

1802: 1796: 1163:

In 1908, Pacelli served as a Vatican representative on the

898: 508: 245: 12284:. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. 8967:"Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 7 & 48; October 1939" 8928:

Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question

8871:: "Roman Catholicism – the period of the world wars". 7501: 6966:

La Allocuzione nel consistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953

6712:

volume 1: especially Part 1, chapter 10; part 2, chapter 2

5571:

policies of the Nazis, although no agreement was reached.

5218:(2000). Ecclesiastical historian William Doino (author of 4796:

wrote in 1950 that Pius XII had been a tacit supporter of

4390:

Pius XII often elevated young priests as bishops, such as

3812:

dated before 1933, a substantial monetary transfer to the

3550:, who remained in that position until the end of the war. 2416:

Decentralized authority and increased independence of the

2100: 16270:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

12282:

Pius XII and the Holocaust: Understanding the Controversy

11505:

Pio XII, Discorsi e Radio Messaggi di Sua Santita Pio XII

11093:

Goñi, afterword to the revised 2003 edition, pp. 327–348.

8420:

archives from papers stored at the University of Manitoba

7658:

Communication, Father Robert Graham, SJ, 10 November 1992

7586:, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966 p. 114 5517: 5008: 4800:'s anti-Semitic laws, calling him "less forthright" than 4682: 4627:

On 1 August 2013, an anonymous "source who works for the

4019:

Following the Nazi/Soviet invasion of Poland, Pius XII's

3790:

in the editions of 11 November 1939 and 10 January 1940.

3001:. It included a call to oriental communities adhering to 2969:

was issued in 1944 on the 15th centenary of the death of

2671:

on the feast day of Our Lady of Fátima, 13 October 1958.

1969:. The encyclical was written in German and not the usual 1518:, supported the appointment of a papal administrator for 10666:"Encyclopædia Britannica's Reflections on the Holocaust" 8457:"Encyclopædia Britannica's Reflections on the Holocaust" 8271:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum –

8153:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum –

6245: 4759:

credited Pius XII and the Catholic Church for "fighting

4371:

A long illness in late 1954 caused the Pope to consider

4280:. In 1946 and 1953, respectively, he named as cardinals 2516:

Statue of Pope Pius XII, who consecrated Russia and the

2482:

that the call to constant interior reform and Christian

1959:, to help him write a protest of Nazi violations of the 1469:, and other members of the Cabinet were regular guests. 392:

Message of Pope Pius XII at the opening of the Holy Year

10206:"Amazing Miracle Story for Pope Pius XII Canonization?" 10184:"Pio XII come Papa Francesco amava incontrare la gente" 7423:

Two speeches on 29 October 1951, and 26 November 1951:

6671:

Concordata Regnante Sanctissimo Domino Pio PP.XI. Inita

3993: 3385:, following the November 1939 assassination attempt by 3134:

on 16 January 1946 while conferring upon him the title

2667:

in 1942. His remains were to be buried in the crypt of

2253:

One of the first official color portraits of Pius XII,

1567:(at Pacelli's right shoulder) and other dignitaries in 11211:"Foundation says documents will show Pius helped Jews" 10690: 10688: 10686: 10259:"New York Times 25 December 1941 and 25 December 1942" 10015:

Wiesenthal Center shocked at pope Pius sainthood moves

9499:

Gutman, Israel, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1138

9069: 9067: 6462:

Gutman, Israel, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1136

2737:

every Sunday before address to the crowd assembled at

843:

After he died in 1958, Pope Pius XII was succeeded by

676:[euˈdʒɛːnjomaˈriːadʒuˈzɛppedʒoˈvannipaˈtʃɛlli] 16619: 16301:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

12218:

Church of Spies: The Pope's Secret War Against Hitler

11886:

Ich durfte Ihm dienen, Erinneringen an Papst Pius XII

11714:. London: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 11578:. University of Notre Dame Press: Notre Dame, Indiana 11225:

Church of Spies: The Pope's Secret War Against Hitler

10914:"The Vatican and the Holocaust: A Preliminary Report" 9620:"The Pope, the Jews, and the Secrets in the Archives" 8312: 8310: 8308: 7529:"Library : The Legitimacy of Capital Punishment" 6944:

Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII

6931:

Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII

5712: 5358:, a Catholic journalist and writer, wrote, regarding 4909:, as less than sincere, an attempt to secure Vatican 3023:, as well as a papal letter to the people of Russia. 2896: 1857:: German prelate Ludwig Kaas, German Vice-Chancellor 1093:

Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs

11975:

Shepherd of Souls: A Pictorial Life of Pope Pius XII

8716:", Weekly Standard, Vol. 6, No. 23, 16 February 2001 5493:

Pope Pius XII and World War II: the documented truth

3625:. However, in 2007, subsequently to those accounts, 1861:, Secretary of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs 1563:

Secretary of State Pacelli with Brazilian president

13569:

International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission

12200:

The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators (1922–1945)

11881:, Freiburg i Br. Vol 163, 1958–1959, pp. 81 ff 11839:

Warum der Papst schwieg. Pius XII und der Holocaust

11798:

The Vatican and the Holocaust: A Preliminary Report

10683: 9249: 9247: 9064: 9003:"Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 111; October 1939" 8941:

Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution

8786:. Trumanlibrary.org. 29 August 1944. Archived from 8061:"Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 106; October 1939" 8006:"Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 109; October 1939" 5971: 5969: 5737: 5321:

International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission

5315:

International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission

4773:On 21 September 1945, the general secretary of the 3073: 2194:Pius XII slowly eroded the Italian monopoly on the 1287:. After his consecration, Eugenio Pacelli left for 16:

Head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1939 to 1958

15374: 11960:Consensus and Controversy: Defending Pope Pius XII 11759:, vol. 3. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 10439:The Pius war: responses to the critics of Pius XII 9767:"Newspaper Accounts of the Death of Pope Pius XII" 8305: 7976:"Pius XII, 0Summi Pontificatus"; 35; October 1939" 7764:, Challenge of Theology and Ministry in the Church 7616:. Campus.udayton.edu. 30 July 2009. Archived from 7180:"Ex-Priest's 'Sainthood' Irks Catholics in Brazil" 6255:The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII 5999: 5682:The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII 5220:The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII 5198:Consensus and Controversy: Defending Pope Pius XII 4792:Pius XII was also criticised during his lifetime. 4181:Pope Pius XII foreign relations after World War II 3870:Jews about to be deported to Germany. Pius called 3784:as well as the hiring of Almagia were reported by 3518:in the Croat state, however Pius XII did nothing. 2674: 2642:World consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary 2263:Only twice in his pontificate did Pius XII hold a 1059:Pacelli on the day of his ordination: 2 April 1899 994:in the Piazza Fiammetta. The family worshipped at 742:During his papacy, the Catholic Church issued the 693:Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs 11254:Pope Francis: Pius XII archives to open next year 10373:"A Righteous Gentile: Pope Pius XII and the Jews" 10370: 9865: 9863: 9861: 8054: 8052: 8050: 7584:Italy After Fascism A Political History 1943–1965 5775:"Roman Catholicism: the period of the world wars" 5422:(2008) utilized documents that were released via 3334:had banned German liturgical services in Poland. 3203:McGoldrick (2012) concludes that during the war: 3046:In 1958, Pope Pius XII declared the Feast of the 1429:on 23 June 1920, and – after the completion of a 847:. In the process toward sainthood, his cause for 16877:Grand Masters of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre 16763: 16371:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 13653: 12156:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 11518:. Kessinger Publishing (1947, reprinted, 2005). 10375:. Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights 10318: 9244: 8951: 8949: 7567: 7502:His Holiness Pope Pius XII (14 September 1952). 6332:Cornwell, p. 128. Pacelli, quoted in Scholder's 5966: 5332:Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews 5190:: Memoirs of Jews and Catholics in Wartime Italy 5133:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 5040:In the aftermath of the controversy surrounding 4947:Der Stellvertreter. Ein christliches Trauerspiel 4355: 4264:Pius selected other resistors: Dutch Archbishop 4240:In the immediate aftermath of the war, Pius XII 4185:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 4101:for those countries to honor the documents. The 3866:in the spring of 1940 to intercede on behalf of 3364: 1963:; this was to become Pius XI's 1937 encyclical, 1721:, Pacelli in 1937 "warned A. W. Klieforth, that 1703:laws were in the process of being formulated in 762:and mass deportations of Catholic clergy in the 716:While the Vatican was officially neutral during 12387:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 11990:Man of Peace: An Abridged Life of Pope Pius XII 10660: 10658: 10035:Rabbi hits out at Pope's Veneration of Pius XII 9969:(revised edition), HarperCollins: Glasgow. 1994 9530:Perl, William, The Holocaust Conspiracy, p. 176 9332:, Catholic Culture. Retrieved 17 December 2008. 9130:Perl, William, The Holocaust Conspiracy, p. 206 9061:Perl, William, The Holocaust Conspiracy, p. 200 8897: 8895: 8802: 5983: 5981: 5893:Gerard Noel, Pius XII:The Hound of Hitler, p. 5 5522:On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the 4328:of Italy's post-fascist republic was underway. 3349:by both officials of the Polish Church and the 2146:prefect of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation 1014:, a state school situated in what had been the 1010:. In 1891 Pacelli's father sent Eugenio to the 12240:Ritner, Carol and Roth, John K. (eds.). 2002. 12132:The Vatican Picture Book: A Picture Pilgrimage 12051:Murphy, Paul I. and Arlington, R. Rene. 1983. 10786:"Mark Riebling, "Jesus, Jews, and the Shoah", 10754:Genesis Press, Columbus, MS: 2000, pp. 401 ff. 9899: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9858: 9805:De Tĳd : Godsdienstig-Staatkundig Dagblad 9795: 9793: 9674:Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.282-283 9082:Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton, 1981, 9045: 9043: 9041: 9039: 8451: 8449: 8047: 7916: 7914: 7595: 6790: 6027: 6025: 6023: 5792:TIMES, Special to THE NEW YORK (13 May 1944). 5534:announced during an audience for staff of the 4856:expressed their public gratitude to Pius XII. 4360: 2811: 1831:(back left) and others at the inauguration of 1791:from 1975 to 2014), in a ceremony held at the 1242: 1175:. In 1911, he represented the Holy See at the 1002:at this church and Eugenio served there as an 15360: 13639: 12776: 12660:Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals 11698:Pius XII and the Third Reich: A Documentation 11618:Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII 11510:Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Myron C. Taylor, ed. 9903:"Pope's Body Embalmed with Special Process", 9057: 9055: 9027: 8946: 8930:. University of California Press. pp. 151–68. 8735:Vatican Archive – Homily by Pope Benedict XVI 8370:. Regnery Publishing: Washington, D.C. 2005; 8300:The Vatican, the Nazis and Pursuit of Justice 6673:Pontificia Universita Gregoriana, Roma, 1934. 6458: 6456: 6454: 6165:Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII 6161: 6013: 6011: 4112: 3692:Polish prisoners toast their liberation from 2663:'s requests, he consecrated the world to the 2004:Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, 488:Giovanni Battista Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano 16892:People who rescued Jews during the Holocaust 11712:Pius XII, The Holocaust and the Revisionists 11232:. 29 September 2015. pp. 47–49, 62–64. 10655: 10050: 8892: 7969: 7967: 7551: 7549: 5978: 4859: 4219:Office of Military Government, United States 3306:persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland 1651:extensive visit to the United States in 1936 1235:to Vienna, in his negotiations with Emperor 998:. Eugenio and the other children made their 16897:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles 16787:20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests 12193:PIUS XII: The Life and Work of a Great Pope 11810:. Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press. 10811: 10809: 10503:, Jaca Book, Milan 2006, p. 214, quoted in 10501:Il Novecento tra genocidi, paure e speranze 9890: 9790: 9493: 9036: 8446: 8084: 8082: 7911: 7749:(New York and London: Routledge, 2009), 22. 6661:I., 1926, France II. 1926, Lithuania 1927, 6092: 6020: 5936:Paul O'Shea, A Cross Too Heavy, 2011, p. 79 4890:in the 1960s, estimated controversially in 4324:movement, was called to the Vatican as the 4260:of Berlin. From elsewhere in the liberated 4244:of high-profile resistors of Nazism to the 4201:Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše 4065:On 30 April 1943, Pius XII wrote to Bishop 3696:. Nazi persecution of Catholics was at its 3491:Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše 3005:theology to return to the Catholic Church. 1997: 1672:A smiling Pacelli with Argentine president 1281:first apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary 791: 312: 16386:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 16336:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 15367: 15353: 13646: 13632: 12783: 12769: 12367:. Roman Catholic Books (Reprint edition). 12173:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 12158:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 12088:. Dutton; 1st American ed edition (1957). 12026:. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company. 11361:"The Pope's Secret Back Channel to Hitler" 9710:Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.246 9701:Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.242 9692:Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.240 9052: 8663:"A Lover of His Church and of His Country" 8555: 8091:""SUMMI PONTIFICATUS" – Section 6 & 7" 7882: 7572:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 108–109. 6451: 6387:A dictionary of Jewish-Christian relations 6370:, p. 92, Syracuse University Press, 2003; 6008: 5552:, although they did not believe the pope. 4785:, a close friend of Chief Rabbi Herzog of 4721:. Please do not remove this message until 4450:, and his long-serving housekeeper Sister 4326:election campaign for the first parliament 3827:, Pius XII ended his predecessor's ban on 2556: 2017: 1555:Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo 1530:was signed on 14 June 1929. Following the 337: 325: 47: 13589:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War 12171:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War 11900:. London and Southampton: Souvenir Press. 11888:, Würzburg, Verlag Johann Wolhelm Naumann 11788:Crown of Glory, The Life of Pope Pius XII 11682:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 9918: 9313:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 9021: 8434:. Docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu. 27 May 2004 8252:. Docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu. 27 May 2004 7964: 7837: 7546: 7417: 7395:compiles 700 pages of specific addresses. 7342: 6764: 6479: 6477: 5617:List of saints canonized by Pope Pius XII 5419:Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War 5222:), concluded that Pius was "emphatically 5138:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War 4741:Learn how and when to remove this message 4565: 2856: 2621:Mariology and the dogma of the Assumption 1113:of the United Kingdom after the death of 1018:, the premier Jesuit university in Rome. 893:Eugenio Pacelli at the age of six in 1882 760:The church experienced severe persecution 16882:Venerated Catholics by Pope Benedict XVI 12637:9 February 1930 – 10 February 1939 12244:. New York: Leicester University Press. 11771:Pius XII: Eugenio Pacelli: Pope of peace 11562:A Concise History of the Catholic Church 11411: 11288:The Shift in the Vatican Secret Archives 11031: 10806: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10334: 9397:Israel Pocket Library, Holocaust, p. 133 9371:Israel Pocket Library, Holocaust, p. 134 9341:Israel Pocket Library, Holocaust, p. 136 9287: 9000: 8964: 8392:. The American Spectator. Archived from 8276:FDR letter to Pius XII; 14 February 1940 8125: 8088: 8079: 8058: 8003: 7999: 7997: 7973: 7920: 7841:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 7048:Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, Pope of Peace 7035:Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, Pope of Peace 6684:Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Band VII 6669:. See P. Joanne M.Restrepo Restrepo SJ. 6613:Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Band VII 6438: 5399:. Goñi found out that the British Envoy 5339:Actes et Documents du Saint Siège (ADSS) 4976:(1964) also followed the publication of 4928: 4870:Pius XII: Eugenio Pacelli: Pope of peace 4717:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4650:On 26 May 2014 on his way back from the 4574:Commemorative portrait of Pius XII, 1958 4569: 4506: 4433: 4421: 4208: 3707: 3687: 3673: 3439: 3165: 2910: 2754: 2624: 2508: 2436: 2369: 2248: 2099: 2091: 1838: 1822: 1667: 1558: 1500: 1471: 1413: 1387: 1252: 1119: 1054: 1031:Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare 888: 631:Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant 295:Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare 16832:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church 12518:Newspaper clippings about Pope Pius XII 12452:. Bologna: Edizioni Studio Domenicano. 12444: 12406: 11940:. Amazon.com. Kindle. ASIN: B006KLOARW. 11499:Guide to the Documents of Pope Pius XII 11384: 11358: 11327: 11177: 10815: 10765:Sparks fly at Pius XII debate in London 10287:; Rosenberg Publishing; 2008; pp. 40–41 9869: 9181: 8943:, 1997, New York: HarperCollins, p. 223 8582:Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941–1945 8320:; Wordsworth Editions; 1997 Edn; p. 760 8289:; Wordsworth Editions; 1997 Edn; p. 594 5844: 5842: 5705:Gerard Noel, The Hound of Hitler, p. 3 4316:Germany's uncertain political future'. 4248:in 1946, among them the German Bishops 4107:20 July 1944 Plot to assassinate Hitler 3980:On 14 December 1942, German Jesuit and 3952:, which said that Jews from across the 3855:Luigi Maglione received a request from 3819:In April 1939, after the submission of 3316:as the apostolic administrator for the 3041: 2798: 2781: 2392:use of Latin as language of the liturgy 2337:General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII 2104:The signature of Pius XII never changed 1050: 746:, declaring that Catholics who profess 668:Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli 232:Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli 16847:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni 16764: 12743:Sovereign of the State of Vatican City 12554:23 April 1917 – 16 December 1929 12441:. Rassegna Mensile di Israel, 681–694. 12195:. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. 11528:Utz, A. F., and Gröner, J. F. (eds.). 11412:Winfield, Nicole (16 September 2023). 11385:Carioti, Antonio (16 September 2023). 11300: 11032:Stanford, Peter J. (13 October 2003). 10905: 10371:Rabbi David Dalin (26 February 2001). 10027: 9288:Winfield, Nicole (16 September 2023). 7425:Moral Questions Affecting Married Life 6773: 6593:(in European Spanish). 25 January 2023 6576:; Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1939 6474: 6399: 5679:Joseph Bottum; David G. Dalin (2004). 5518:Opening of the Vatican Secret Archives 5378: 4683:Views, interpretations and scholarship 4000:" located in an area of what was then 3823:and the intervention of the Carmel of 3420:Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg 3062:de Micheli, based on the image on the 1268:on 23 April 1917, consecrating him as 1264:Pope Benedict XV appointed Pacelli as 1215:'s sphere of influence throughout the 15348: 13627: 12764: 12582:19 December 1929 – 2 March 1939 12329:Das Reichskonkordat vom 20. Juli 1933 12102:, London and Bristol, Burleigh Press, 10331: 10162:"Dalla Teche Rai un Pio XII inatteso" 10033:Jacqueline Maley. 24 December 2009. " 9097:Les Eglises et la Persécution raciale 8606:"Religion: Rising Sun at the Vatican" 8579: 7994: 6697:Das Reichskonkordat vom 20. Juli 1933 5848: 5828:by Frank K. Flinn, J. Gordon Melton; 5791: 5718: 4629:Congregation for the Causes of Saints 4217:, Pius XII's post-war liaison to the 4012:. Giovanni Coco, an archivist in the 3889:. Later that year, when asked by the 3289: 3217: 2867:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2838: 2689:On 1 November 1950, Pius XII invoked 2412:Eastern canonical reforms of Pius XII 2279:being the only living U.S. cardinal. 1012:Ennio Quirino Visconti Liceo Ginnasio 674: 16812:Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church 16684: 12314:The Catholic Church Through the Ages 11923:The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany 11071: 10775:; Catholic Herald; 23 November 2012. 10397:, 1967, quoted in Dalin, 2005, p. 11 10261:. Catholicleague.org. Archived from 10228:"Questa malattia non è per la morte" 10051:Gagliarducci, Andrea (August 2013). 10007: 9560:Jerusalem Report, (7 February 2005). 9455: 9239:The Destruction of the European Jews 9225:The Destruction of the European Jews 8758: 8755:Alvarez and Graham, 1997, pp. 86–88. 8387: 7923:""SUMMI PONTIFICATUS" – Section 106" 7838:Hayes, Peter; Roth, John K. (2012). 7831: 7177: 6759:Catholic Theologians in Nazi Germany 6605: 5839: 5685:. Lexington Books. pp. 224–27. 4974:The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany 4691: 4669: 4502: 4417: 4394:(35 years) and Karol Wojtyła (later 4174: 4053:On 26 September 1943, following the 3539:arrangements with the Soviet Union. 3467: 2903:List of encyclicals of Pope Pius XII 2773:issues like the uses of medicine in 2561: 2405: 1279:on 13 May 1917, the same day as the 564:Michel-Joseph Bourguignon d'Herbigny 16240:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 12715:2 March 1939 – 9 October 1958 11853:Pius XII und die Judenrazzia in Rom 10892: 10072: 9921:"THE MAN WHO MADE THE POPE EXPLODE" 9617: 9261:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 8841:; Rosenberg Publishing; 2008; p. 36 8661:Chen Fang-Chung; Lou Tseng-Tsiang. 8128:""SUMMI PONTIFICATUS" – Section 28" 7024:, Doubleday Company, New York, 1962 4331:Pius XII was rather distrustful of 4055:German occupation of northern Italy 3776:since 1915 but was dismissed after 3347:Nazi atrocities committed in Poland 3013:persecution of the church. Several 2865:On 1 June 1946, one day before the 2767: 2744: 2603: 2400:Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church 2329:Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII 1589:Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church 1357:"His recovery began with a 'rapport 1189:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria 13: 15795:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 12885: 12610:25 March 1930 – 2 March 1939 12400: 11945:Pope Pius XII: Architect for Peace 11609:(New York etc., Peter Lang, 2011). 11507:. 1939–1958. Vatican City. 20 vol. 11475: 11178:Donadio, Rachel (9 October 2008). 11062:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2003) 10821:To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949 9982:. Catholicnews.com. Archived from 9241:, (2003) 3rd edition, pp. 1204–05. 9028:Ewers, Justin (24 November 2008). 5194:Pope Pius XII: Architect for Peace 4911:recognition of the State of Israel 4588:was opened on 18 November 1965 by 4344:and excommunicated members of the 3666:Pope Pius XII and the Roman razzia 3212: 3154:Pius XII and the German Resistance 2959:Several encyclicals addressed the 2897:Encyclicals, writings and speeches 2322: 1685:International Eucharistic Congress 1165:International Eucharistic Congress 971:, in which role he negotiated the 851:was opened on 18 November 1965 by 14: 16908: 13411:Apostolic constitutions and bulls 12790: 12696:2 March 1939 – 16 July 1940 12570:Giuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè 12490: 12432:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 11988:Marchione, Sr. Margherita. 2004. 11973:Marchione, Sr. Margherita. 2002. 11958:Marchione, Sr. Margherita. 2002. 11943:Marchione, Sr. Margherita. 2000. 11903:Levillain, Philippe (ed.). 2002. 11666:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. 11548:The Holy See and Hitler's Germany 11359:Kertzer, David I. (31 May 2022). 11159:from the original on 22 July 2012 10569:Encyclopædia Britannica Online – 10548:Pius XII and the Second World War 10522:"Moscow's Assault on the Vatican" 8665:. Hsstudyc.org.hk. Archived from 8552:Phayer, 2008, pp. 10–15, 147, 150 8481:Encyclopædia Britannica Online – 7556:Pius XII. Christmas message. 1944 7091:. Barnes & Noble Publishing; 7046:Oscar Halecki, James Murray, Jr. 7033:Oscar Halecki, James Murray, Jr. 5849:Pitel, Laura (19 December 2009). 5387:(2002), the Argentine journalist 5011:and Eastern bloc secret services 4960:. Books such as Joseph Lichten's 4496:declared three days of mourning. 4205:Ratlines (World War II aftermath) 4099:United States Department of State 4084:In March 1944, through the papal 3603:alleged a plot to kidnap Pius XII 3570:Pius XII's 1942 Christmas address 3080:Saints canonized by Pope Pius XII 2751:Social teachings of Pope Pius XII 2317: 1699:on 25–30 May 1938. At this time, 1310:on 29 May, and later with Kaiser 945:; his father, Filippo Pacelli, a 941:, was a key financial advisor to 16744: 16727: 16710: 16693: 16665: 16653: 16641: 16629: 16602: 16590: 15921:Fourth Council of Constantinople 15876:Second Council of Constantinople 15326: 15315: 15314: 12297:The Churches and the Third Reich 12048:. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. 11451: 11431: 11405: 11378: 11352: 11321: 11309: 11294: 11291:, Historia Domus, 10 March 2019. 11280: 11260: 11246: 11216: 11200: 11171: 11145: 11123: 11114: 11105: 11096: 11087: 11065: 11025: 11012: 11003: 10994: 10985: 10976: 10967: 10958: 10949: 10924: 10886: 10862: 10837: 10823:. Allen Lane. pp. 442–445. 10778: 10757: 10744: 10735: 10706: 10646: 10633: 10617: 10605: 10596: 10577: 10562: 10553: 10540: 10493: 10484: 10462: 10448: 10422: 10413: 10400: 10387: 10364: 10312: 10299: 10290: 10277: 10251: 10242: 10220: 10208:. Roman Catholic Man. 5 May 2015 10198: 10176: 10154: 10132: 10110: 10088: 10066: 10044: 9998: 9972: 9956: 9943: 9912: 9825: 9811: 9781: 9759: 9750: 9735: 9722: 9713: 9704: 9695: 9686: 9677: 9668: 9654: 9645: 9611: 9587: 9563: 9554: 9533: 9524: 9511: 9502: 9468: 9449: 9440: 9431: 9422: 9400: 9391: 9374: 9365: 9353: 9344: 9335: 9320: 9307: 9281: 9231: 9216: 9190: 9175: 9163: 9151: 9142: 9133: 9124: 9111: 9102: 9089: 9076: 8994: 8985: 8958: 8933: 8920: 8883: 8874: 8862: 8844: 8831: 8810:"Encyclopædia Britannica : 8776: 8767: 8749: 8740: 8728: 8719: 8707:Pius XII and the Jews: A defense 8699: 8690: 8681: 8654: 8628: 8598: 8573: 8564: 8546: 8537: 8524: 8511: 8498: 8489: 8474: 8424: 8408: 8381: 8360: 8339: 8323: 8292: 8279: 8264: 8242: 8203: 8194: 8185: 8176: 8167: 8146: 8119: 8109: 8024: 7941: 7876: 7867: 7858: 7818: 7809: 7789: 7769: 7752: 7739: 7730: 7718: 7709: 7697: 7685: 7673: 7661: 7652: 7632: 7606: 7589: 7561: 7521: 7508:Eternal World Television Network 7495: 7477:"Finding God in human evolution" 7469: 7456: 7447: 7437: 7398: 7385: 7369:. 15 August 2017. Archived from 7355: 7333: 7324: 7315: 7303: 7290: 7281: 7272: 7252: 7243: 7234: 7225: 7216: 7207: 7171: 7151: 7138: 7125: 7112: 7102: 7081: 7071: 7062: 7053: 7040: 7027: 6946:. Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 49 6933:. Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 57 6710:The Churches and the Third Reich 6334:The Churches and the Third Reich 6305:The Encyclopedia of Christianity 5719:Coppa, Frank J. (29 June 2006). 5644: 4872:(1954) and Nazareno Padellaro's 4696: 4592:during the final session of the 3430:Germany, and in Poland, leading 3158:Catholic Church and Nazi Germany 3148:Vatican City during World War II 3074:Canonisations and beatifications 2044: 1614:(1935) and Portugal (1940). The 1144:. In 1905 he received the title 1045: 855:during the final session of the 691:, he served as secretary of the 381: 16807:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica 15891:Third Council of Constantinople 15815:First Council of Constantinople 12578:Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio 12242:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 11750:. London-New York: Granta Books 11539: 11484:(AAS). 1939–1958. Vatican City. 11133:. Vatican.va. 19 September 2008 10445:& David Dalin, 2004, p. 190 10186:. Papa Pio XII. 13 January 2016 9967:John XXIII, Pope of the Council 9833:"Religion: Pius XII, 1876-1958" 9086:, New York: Basic Books, p. 202 9032:. U.S. News & World Report. 8418:, volume 35 (1968), pp. 103–16 8213:. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 7826:Pius XII, Ich durfte ihm dienen 7178:Howe, Marvine (3 August 1973). 7014: 6997: 6980: 6971: 6958: 6949: 6936: 6923: 6914: 6904: 6884: 6875: 6854: 6845: 6813: 6804: 6751: 6742: 6733: 6724: 6715: 6702: 6689: 6676: 6643: 6634: 6618: 6579: 6574:Discorsi E Panegirici 1931–1938 6566: 6556: 6546: 6520: 6511: 6501: 6483:Hill, Roland. 1997, 11 August. 6471:Passelecq, Suchecky pp. 113–137 6465: 6432: 6423: 6380: 6357: 6348: 6339: 6326: 6317: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6260: 6236: 6227: 6218: 6209: 6200: 6191: 6182: 6155: 6146: 6137: 6128: 6119: 6110: 6101: 6083: 6074: 6065: 6056: 6047: 6034: 5990: 5957: 5948: 5939: 5930: 5905: 5896: 5887: 5878: 5751:. 13 April 2013. Archived from 4964:(1963), written in response to 4952:The Deputy, a Christian tragedy 4841:, William Zukerman, the former 4687: 4488:declared ten days of mourning; 4146:, the national director of the 3658:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 3635: 3563:Chinese Minister to the Vatican 3510:Pavelić". Throughout 1942, the 3482:newly proclaimed Croatian state 3381:According to Hitler biographer 3141: 3084:Beatifications of Pope Pius XII 2989:Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church 2675:Dogma of the Assumption of Mary 2468:condition of candidates to the 2238: 2198:; he employed German and Dutch 2162: 1581:Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio 1366:Count Anton von Arco auf Valley 1257:Pacelli at the Headquarters of 1177:coronation of George V and Mary 1027:Pontifical Gregorian University 317:("The work of justice peace" ) 290:Pontifical Gregorian University 146:Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio 16862:World War II political leaders 16792:Almo Collegio Capranica alumni 16130:Dissolution of the monasteries 15396:History of the Catholic Church 12747:2 March 1939 – 9 October 1958 12346:Wolf, Hubert. 2012 (reprint). 12055:. New York: Warner Books Inc. 11574:Brown-Fleming, Suzanne. 2006. 10164:. Papa Pio XII. 8 January 2016 9919:Peleschuk, Dan (26 May 2019). 8784:"News Release, 28 August 1944" 8612:. 6 April 1942. Archived from 8330:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 7641:by Thomas J. Craughwell 2007; 5869: 5819: 5785: 5767: 5699: 5672: 4477:. Domenico Tardini prayed the 3782:Pontifical Academy of Sciences 3521:In 1941, Pius XII interpreted 3462:Allied bombing of 19 July 1943 3239:Following themes addressed in 2822:In 1950, Pius XII promulgated 1936:. He sent his vice chancellor 1695:on 10–14 October 1934, and in 1065:Basilica of Saint John Lateran 1033:. He was also enrolled at the 733:links to the German resistance 1: 16817:Cardinal Secretaries of State 16004:Fourth Council of the Lateran 15979:Second Council of the Lateran 15588:Apostles in the New Testament 12951:Communium interpretes dolorum 12335:: Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag. 12260:Hitler, the War, and the Pope 12188:. Cambridge University Press. 12068:Pius XII: The Hound of Hitler 12007:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 11841:. Düsseldorf: Patoms-Verlag. 11756:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 11710:Gallo, Patrick J., ed. 2006. 11336:Random House Publishing Group 11301:Morris, Julia (20 May 2021). 11257:, Vatican News, 4 March 2019. 11000:Preliminary Report, pp. 13–14 10982:Preliminary Report, pp. 10–13 9730:Pius XII, The Hound of Hitler 9317:. Retrieved 17 December 2008. 9001:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 8965:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 8532:Hitler, the War, and the Pope 8519:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 8504:Mark Aarons and John Loftus. 8388:Hume, Brit (18 August 2006). 8126:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 8089:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 8059:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 8004:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 7974:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 7921:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 5660: 5602:Cardinals created by Pius XII 5282:Pius XII, the Hound of Hitler 4916: 4580:Canonization of Pope Pius XII 4356:Later life, illness and death 3887:Jewish deportations in Vienna 3412:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 3365:Early actions to end conflict 2952:of the Vatican by the German 2848:himself of his right to live. 2254: 2245:Cardinals created by Pius XII 1880:was an integral part of four 1853:on 20 July 1933 in Rome with 1346:, and he left for a while to 1316:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 1249:Nunciature of Eugenio Pacelli 1156:"the text, together with the 1035:State University, La Sapienza 878: 300:State University, La Sapienza 16887:Apostolic Nuncios to Prussia 16802:Apostolic nuncios to Germany 16797:Apostolic Nuncios to Bavaria 16118:Catholic Counter-Reformation 15984:Third Council of the Lateran 15974:First Council of the Lateran 15430:Catholic ecumenical councils 13265:Pontifical Relief Commission 13014:Redemptoris nostri cruciatus 12508:Newsreel footage of Pius XII 12350:. Harvard University Press. 12306:. Roma: Poliglotta Vaticana. 12134:. New York: Greystone Press. 11790:. New York: Hawthorne Books. 11786:, and Walshe, Seamus. 1958. 11773:. Farrar, Straus and Young. 11753:Gutman, Israel (ed.). 1990. 11700:. New York: Alfred A Knopf. 10964:Preliminary Report, pp. 5–10 10873:by Gerald Steinacher—review" 10752:Hitler, the War and the Pope 10571:Reflections on the Holocaust 9005:. Vatican.va. Archived from 8969:. Vatican.va. Archived from 8812:Reflections on the Holocaust 8746:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 256–257. 8696:Rittner and Roth, 2002, p. 4 8483:Reflections on the Holocaust 8334:Reflections on the Holocaust 8230:. Docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu 8130:. Vatican.va. Archived from 8093:. Vatican.va. Archived from 8063:. Vatican.va. Archived from 8008:. Vatican.va. Archived from 7978:. Vatican.va. Archived from 7925:. Vatican.va. Archived from 5665: 5215:Hitler, the War and the Pope 4675:been healed in full after a 3651: 3512:Yugoslav government in exile 2374:Pope Pius XII seated in the 2303:death; Montini later became 2167:After his election, he made 1891:Bavarian authorities in 1924 1439:Dean of the Diplomatic Corps 1291:. As there was no nuncio to 1097:Vatican Secretariat of State 992:Sisters of Divine Providence 127:Titular Archbishop of Sardes 7: 16857:Italian venerated Catholics 12817:Cardinal Secretary of State 12692:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 12633:Cardinal Secretary of State 12522:20th Century Press Archives 12416:. Oxford University Press. 12141:. Oxford University Press. 12084:Padellaro, Nazareno. 1949. 11905:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia 11560:Bokenkotter, Thomas. 2004. 11514:. Prefaces by Pius XII and 11489:Pio XII, Discorsi Ai Medici 10559:Phayer, 2000, pp. xii–xiii. 10490:Marchione, 2000, pp. 16–17. 10230:. Papa Pio XII. 14 May 2015 9909:(AP), Rome, 11 October 1958 9870:Quigley, Christine (1998). 9618:Kertzer, Story by David I. 7844:. OUP Oxford. p. 363. 7777:Saintly Men of Modern Times 7022:The Cardinal Spellman Story 6405:Joseph Bottum. April 2004. 6206:Volk, 1972; Cornwell, p. 96 5826:Encyclopedia of Catholicism 5595: 5188:Yours Is a Precious Witness 4723:conditions to do so are met 4367:Late years of Pope Pius XII 4361:Late years of Pope Pius XII 4337:Italy's Christian Democrats 4140:Righteous Among the Nations 4047:Sacred College of Cardinals 3950:Jewish Agency for Palestine 3853:Cardinal Secretary of State 3774:Sapienza University of Rome 3623:Political Warfare Executive 3092:numerous people, including 2812:Evolution of the human body 2600:and religious instruction. 2498: 2130:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 1738:as 'out of the question'." 1585:Cardinal Secretary of State 1449:, a party he led following 1427:Apostolic Nuncio to Germany 1243:Archbishop and papal nuncio 1081:Francesco di Paola Cassetta 885:Early life of Pope Pius XII 701:Cardinal Secretary of State 451:Francesco di Paola Cassetta 191:Francesco di Paola Cassetta 152:Cardinal Secretary of State 139:Apostolic Nuncio to Prussia 133:Apostolic Nuncio to Germany 121:Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria 10: 16913: 15464:History of the Roman Curia 13260:Jewish orphans controversy 12958:Orientales omnes Ecclesias 12883: 12434:18, no. 4 (2013): 526–528. 12202:. Hodder + Stoughton 1973 12031:The Defamation of Pius XII 11884:Lehnert, Pascalina. 1983. 11746:. 2003 (revised edition). 11487:Angelini, Fiorenzo. 1959. 11328:Kertzer, David I. (2022). 11155:. Catholicnewsagency.com. 11054:, written by Robert Katz; 10348:. Ewtn.com. Archived from 10307:The Defamation of Pius XII 9787:Lehnert, Pascalina, p. 191 7775:Joan Carroll Cruz (OCDS). 7680:Orientales omnes Ecclesias 6851:Tardini, Pio XII roma 1960 6572:Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli. 6407:"The End of the Pius Wars" 6188:Lehnert (2014), pages 7–8. 6107:Lehnert (2014), pages 5–6. 5456:Pontifical Academy of Life 5318: 5067: 5033: 4922: 4882:, a Jewish theologian and 4834:The Jewish Post & News 4616:, founder and dean at the 4577: 4552: 4383:treatment administered by 4364: 4178: 4142:) ignored this directive. 4119:Jewish orphans controversy 4116: 4113:Jewish orphans controversy 4039:Polish government-in-exile 3772:. Almagia had been at the 3655: 3605:by the Nazis during their 3151: 3145: 3077: 2984:Orientales omnes Ecclesias 2900: 2826:, which acknowledged that 2815: 2748: 2678: 2656:. Based on the Portuguese 2645: 2565: 2502: 2409: 2326: 2242: 2189:Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster 2021: 1812: 1638:in the area of marriage). 1246: 1091:. In 1901, he entered the 882: 758:from the Christian faith. 689:his election to the papacy 640:Francesco Benedetto Cialeo 16585: 16485: 16351: 16278: 16213: 16200:European wars of religion 16097: 16032: 15934: 15856: 15747: 15670: 15530: 15519: 15511:Eastern Catholic Churches 15386: 15310: 15237: 15177: 15116: 15107: 14921: 14635: 14234: 13938: 13732: 13665: 13605: 13582:The Myth of Hitler's Pope 13533: 13480: 13434: 13403: 13350: 13293: 13198: 12896: 12836: 12798: 12749: 12740: 12732: 12727: 12717: 12708: 12698: 12684: 12676: 12666: 12664:1937 – 2 March 1939 12657: 12649: 12639: 12630: 12622: 12612: 12602: 12594: 12584: 12574: 12566: 12556: 12546: 12540: 12533: 12302:Tardini, Domenico. 1960. 12098:O'Brien, Felicity. 2000, 12018:McDermott, Thomas. 1946. 12003:Martin, Malachi B. 1972. 11925:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 11855:. Berlin: epubli-Verlag. 11586:A History of Christianity 10586:The Case Against Pius Xii 9547:12 September 2009 at the 9084:Vichy France and the Jews 7897:10.1017/S0018246X12000416 7873:Corrado Pallenberg, p. 71 7745:Daniela Treveri Gennari, 7568:White, Steven F. (2020). 6530:. Adl.org. Archived from 5622:Pius XII Memorial Library 5432:Holocaust Memorial Museum 5155:The Pope Against the Jews 5074:The Myth of Hitler's Pope 5063:The Myth of Hitler's Pope 4860:Early historical accounts 4014:Vatican Apostolic Archive 3662:Pope Pius XII and Judaism 3504:Yugoslav Communist regime 3502:by the newly established 3343:Catholic Church in Poland 3198:Giovanni Battista Montini 2961:Eastern Catholic Churches 2584:. Noting improvements in 2505:Theology of Pope Pius XII 2202:advisors, Robert Leiber, 2080: 2072: 2064: 2052: 2043: 2030: 2012: 1767:, racial persecution and 1532:Wall Street Crash of 1929 1431:Bavarian Concordat (1924) 1237:Franz Joseph I of Austria 1128:and next to him, Pacelli. 979:, bringing an end to the 967:and the legal advisor to 828:, in which he instructed 647: 639: 629: 619: 609: 599: 589: 581: 571: 563: 556: 549: 545: 533: 521: 514: 500: 492: 480: 470: 463: 455: 445: 438: 431: 427: 414: 403: 370: 360: 350: 345: 333: 321: 308: 277: 256: 227: 222: 209: 196: 183: 178: 104: 94: 84: 76: 68: 58: 46: 39: 23: 16331:Mary of the Divine Heart 15954:Clash against the empire 15906:Second Council of Nicaea 15800:Old St. Peter's Basilica 13549:Three Popes and the Jews 13182:Ad Apostolorum principis 13168:Le pèlerinage de Lourdes 13056:Sempiternus Rex Christus 12972:Deiparae Virginis Mariae 12930:Mystici Corporis Christi 12137:Pham, John Peter. 2006. 12033:. St Augustine's Press. 11936:Mallory, Marilyn. 2012. 11897:Three Popes and the Jews 11680:Pius XII und Deutschland 11501:. Westminster, Maryland. 11111:Phayer, 2008, pp. xi–xvi 10955:Preliminary Report, p. 5 10930:Preliminary Report, p. 2 10395:Three Popes and the Jews 10020:22 November 2011 at the 10013:AFP. 22 December 2009. " 9569:Anti-Defamation League. 9410:. Religioustolerance.org 9148:Phayer, 2000, pp. 27–28. 7828:, Würzburg, 1982, p. 163 7694:, AAS, 1951, pp. 625–44. 7350:Mystici Corporis Christi 7159:"Religion: Rebel in Rio" 7059:Levillain, 2002, p. 1136 6862:Pius XII und Deutschland 6420:; retrieved 1 July 2009. 6224:Stehle, 1975, pp. 139–41 6080:Levillain, 2002, p. 1211 5637: 5607:List of people from Rome 5501:argued in his 2015 book 5097:stated in his review in 5078:In 1999, British author 5027: 4999:The former high-ranking 4897:European Jews surviving 4893:Three Popes and the Jews 4622:Sydney's Great Synagogue 4296:were others among those 4292:) and Polish Archbishop 4276:; and French Archbishop 4197:Pope Pius XII and Poland 4189:Pope Pius XII and Russia 4134:, and was recognized by 3546:and received ambassador 3170:Members of the Canadian 3115:, and a young laywoman, 3113:Mary Euphrasia Pelletier 2918:Our Lady of Good Counsel 2763:by Pope Pius XII in 1954 2726:Mystici Corporis Christi 2700:Deiparae Virginis Mariae 2665:Immaculate Heart of Mary 2535:Mystici Corporis Christi 2430:Mystici Corporis Christi 1998:Relations with the media 1610:(1933), Germany (1933), 1398:Bavarian Soviet Republic 1392:Pacelli in Bavaria, 1922 1171:to London, where he met 805:Mystici Corporis Christi 744:Decree against Communism 16822:Italian anti-communists 16597:Vatican City portal 15949:Investiture Controversy 15805:First Council of Nicaea 15128:During the Roman Empire 13275:Alleged kidnapping plot 12937:Divino afflante Spiritu 12588:Francis Joseph Spellman 12295:Scholder, Klaus. 1987. 12280:Sánchez, José M. 2002. 12198:Rhodes, Anthony. 1973. 12191:Pfister, Pierre. 1955. 12184:Pollard, John F. 2005. 12169:Phayer, Michael. 2008. 12029:McInerny, Ralph. 2001. 12024:A Life of Pope Pius XII 11851:Kühlwein, Klaus. 2013. 11837:Kühlwein, Klaus. 2008. 11664:The Silence of Pius XII 11546:Besier, Gerhard. 2007. 10771:5 November 2018 at the 10527:5 February 2007 at the 10471:A Question of Judgement 10296:McInerney, 2001, p. 155 9386:Why I Became a Catholic 9182:Kertzer, David (2022). 9121:, New York: KTAV, p. 75 8926:Lesser, Jeffrey. 1995. 8869:Encyclopædia Britannica 8773:Kent, 2002, pp. 87–100. 8584:. King's. p. 220. 8432:"Harold Taylor 9/30/42" 8298:Conway, Prof. John S., 7727:, AAS, 1953, pp. 577–93 7682:, AAS, 1946, pp. 33–63. 7533:www.catholicculture.org 7266:Divino afflante Spiritu 6197:Lehnert (2014), page 8. 6168:. Penguin. p. 78. 6089:Fatoni, 1992, pp. 45–85 5987:Marchione, 2000, p. 193 5779:Encyclopædia Britannica 5726:Encyclopædia Britannica 5536:Vatican Secret Archives 5480:Pave the Way Foundation 5090:Encyclopædia Britannica 4957:Encyclopædia Britannica 4944:'s controversial drama 4644:Vatican Secret Archives 4618:Simon Wiesenthal Center 4350:Italian Social Movement 4346:Italian Communist Party 4193:Pope Pius XII and China 4152:Vatican Secret Archives 3586:"it is still not clear 3402:to act against Hitler. 3400:Walther von Brauchitsch 2907:Magisterium of Pius XII 2574:Divino afflante Spiritu 2568:Divino afflante Spiritu 2557:Theological orientation 2541:Divino afflante Spiritu 2273:Dennis Joseph Dougherty 2018:Election and coronation 1653:where he met President 1505:Eugenio Pacelli in 1927 1023:Almo Collegio Capranica 810:Mystical Body of Christ 808:, on the Church as the 697:papal nuncio to Germany 591:Francis Joseph Spellman 405:Other popes named Pius 285:Almo Collegio Capranica 16609:Catholicism portal 16420:Second Vatican Council 16306:Our Lady of La Salette 16113:Protestant Reformation 16100:Protestant Reformation 16019:Second Council of Lyon 15408:Ecclesiastical history 15333:Catholic Church Portal 15193:Conflicts with the HRE 13575:Under His Very Windows 13270:1942 Christmas address 13007:In multiplicibus curis 12890: 12827:Saint Peter's Basilica 12548:Titular Archbishop of 12535:Catholic Church titles 12262:. Our Sunday Visitor. 11769:Halecki, Oskar. 1954. 11588:. Barnes & Noble. 11550:. Palgrave Macmillan. 11530:Soziale Summe Pius XII 11482:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 10918:Jewish Virtual Library 10899:Jewish Virtual Library 10534:National Review Online 10406:e.g. Gilbert, Martin. 9876:. McFarland & Co. 9580:4 January 2009 at the 9508:Dalin, 2005, pp. 87–89 9480:Jewish Virtual Library 9428:Dalin, 2005, pp. 82–85 9384:. Reissued in 1997 as 9326:Craughwell, Thomas J. 9117:John F. Morley, 1980, 8955:McInerney, 2001, p. 49 8889:McInerney, 2001, p. 47 8712:5 January 2014 at the 8580:Paris, Edmond (1961). 8543:Phayer, 2008, pp. 9–16 7706:. AAS, 1953, pp. 5–15. 7410:21 August 2010 at the 7009:archbishop of New York 6881:Dalin, 2005, pp. 69–70 6354:Marchione, 2002, p. 22 6345:Dalin, 2005, pp. 58–59 6162:John Cornwell (2000). 6098:Marchione, 2004, p. 11 6031:Marchione, 2004, p. 10 5721:"Pius XII: Assessment" 5450:On 19 September 2008, 5414:Aloisius Joseph Muench 5369: 5284:, Catholic journalist 5157:denounced Pius, while 4962:A Question of Judgment 4937: 4901:. A Catholic scholar, 4594:Second Vatican Council 4575: 4566:Cause for canonisation 4524:Riccardo Galeazzi-Lisi 4522:Pius XII's physician, 4519: 4439: 4431: 4377:Riccardo Galeazzi-Lisi 4221: 4215:Aloisius Joseph Muench 4148:Anti-Defamation League 4072:ad maiora mala vitanda 4002:German-occupied Poland 3916:Harold H. Tittmann Jr. 3872:Joachim von Ribbentrop 3717: 3705: 3685: 3683:Joachim von Ribbentrop 3555:Nationalist government 3449: 3416:Leopold III of Belgium 3355:Joachim von Ribbentrop 3272: 3264: 3210: 3175: 2945:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 2926: 2887: 2857:Democracy and monarchy 2850: 2764: 2681:Munificentissimus Deus 2669:Saint Peter's Basilica 2661:Alexandrina of Balazar 2638: 2637:(1516–1518) pictured). 2529: 2443:Apostolic constitution 2379: 2360: 2349:with the last will of 2260: 2232:Aloisius Joseph Muench 2220:nunciature in Belgrade 2105: 2097: 1873: 1847:at the signing of the 1836: 1715:Second Vatican Council 1676: 1624:Catholic Popular Party 1604:Archbishop of Freiburg 1572: 1506: 1487: 1425:Pacelli was appointed 1422: 1393: 1354:, was left in Munich. 1261: 1129: 1126:Cardinal Merry del Val 1095:, a sub-office of the 1060: 952:, was the dean of the 894: 857:Second Vatican Council 794:Munificentissimus Deus 792: 789:Apostolic constitution 672:Italian pronunciation: 465:Episcopal consecration 313: 162:Saint Peter's Basilica 16316:First Vatican Council 16014:First Council of Lyon 15778:Constantine the Great 15474:Christian monasticism 15109:History of the papacy 13225:Persecution of Church 13133:Luctuosissimi eventus 12889: 12503:Testament of Pius XII 12497:Official Vatican page 12437:Zuccotti, S. (2003). 12109:, Palgrave Macmillan 11464:Associated Press News 11444:Associated Press News 10699:; by Andrew Roberts; 10641:The Pontiff in Winter 10583:Kenneth L. Woodward. 10550:, Paulist Press, 1999 10248:Time. 16 August 1943. 10039:Sydney Morning Herald 9951:Ich durfte ihm dienen 9927:. OZY. Archived from 9437:Phayer, 2008, p. xiii 9329:The Gentile Holocaust 9049:Gutman, 1990, p. 1137 7797:The Holy Man of Tours 7762:Communicatio Socialis 7582:Giuseppe Mammarealla 7087:Tobin, Greg. (2003). 6897:24 April 2006 at the 6892:Pope Pius XII profile 6860:Michael F. Feldkamp. 6517:Humani generis unitas 6485:"The lost encyclical" 6017:Marchione, 2004, p. 9 5884:Marchione, 2004, p. 1 5477:On 16 June 2009, the 5440:Joseph Patrick Hurley 5364: 4989:La Civilità Cattolica 4932: 4779:Aryeh Leon Kubowitzki 4775:World Jewish Congress 4586:cause of canonization 4573: 4510: 4437: 4425: 4381:cellular rejuvenation 4212: 4179:Further information: 4092:, the Pope urged the 4035:Władysław Raczkiewicz 3810:baptismal certificate 3711: 3691: 3677: 3601:Several authors have 3443: 3371:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3268: 3259: 3205: 3169: 2914: 2882: 2845: 2758: 2711:Immaculate Conception 2628: 2512: 2437:Priests and religious 2420:were aimed at in the 2373: 2355: 2252: 2243:Further information: 2187:, after the death of 2103: 2095: 1957:Michael von Faulhaber 1869:, and Reich minister 1842: 1826: 1756:Humani generis unitas 1671: 1655:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1562: 1504: 1475: 1417: 1391: 1344:Free State of Bavaria 1256: 1123: 1058: 937:in 1861. His cousin, 905:"). His parents were 892: 875:on 19 December 2009. 800:forty-one encyclicals 683:and sovereign of the 471:Principal consecrator 417:Ordination history of 377:Pope Pius XII's voice 16493:Sexual abuse scandal 16402:Mit brennender Sorge 16245:Age of Enlightenment 16024:Bernard of Clairvaux 15901:Byzantine Iconoclasm 15840:Council of Chalcedon 15620:Council of Jerusalem 15489:Role in civilization 15469:Religious institutes 15401:By country or region 15271:Revolutionary Papacy 15265:Age of Enlightenment 13070:Orientales Ecclesias 12944:Orientalis Ecclesiae 12606:St. Peter's Basilica 12598:Rafael Merry del Val 12327:Volk, Ludwig. 1972. 12105:O'Shea, Paul. 2011, 12086:Portrait of Pius XII 12066:Noel, Gerard. 2008. 11865:Kurzman, Dan. 2007. 11677:Feldkamp, Michael F. 11081:Simon & Schuster 10942:Fogarty, Gerard P., 10652:Sanchez, 2002, p. 34 10593:. 27 September 1999. 10506:La Civiltà Cattolica 10476:25 July 2006 at the 10419:Lapide, 1967, p. 269 9963:Hebblethwaite, Peter 9949:Lehnert, Pascalina. 9931:on 26 September 2020 9160:; 26 September 1942. 9139:Lapide, 1980, p. 139 8764:Kurzman, 2007, p. 12 8725:Phayer, 2008, p. xii 8570:Phayer, 2008, p. 152 8561:Phayer, 2008, p. 151 8534:pp. 414–15, note 61. 8517:Israel Gutman (ed.) 7824:Lehnert, Pascalina. 7704:Orientales Ecclesias 7668:Orientalis Ecclesiae 7639:This Saint's for You 7596:Bracaglia, Giorgio. 7213:AAS, 1956, p. 354 ff 6942:Lehnert, Pascalina. 6929:Lehnert, Pascalina. 6798:Mit brennender Sorge 6781:Mit brennender Sorge 6490:30 June 2017 at the 6412:10 June 2011 at the 6242:Cornwell, pp. 103–04 6125:Lehnert (2014), 6–7. 5917:www.familysearch.org 5875:Pollard, 2005, p. 70 5436:Argentine government 5428:US National Archives 5349:Mit brennender Sorge 5242:, Paul Johnson, and 5183:Margherita Marchione 4874:Portrait of Pius XII 4817:The Jewish Chronicle 4278:Jules-Géraud Saliège 4272:; Polish Archbishop 4246:College of Cardinals 4079:Ernst von Weizsäcker 4077:On 28 October 1943, 3921:In 1942, the Slovak 3729:, who, in his book, 3480:, the leader of the 3248:Mit brennender Sorge 3132:Doctor of the Church 3126:Pius XII also named 3054:(the Tuesday before 3042:Feasts and devotions 3007:Orientales Ecclesias 2999:Council of Chalcedon 2975:Eastern Christianity 2973:, a saint common to 2966:Orientalis Ecclesiae 2799:Theology and science 2782:Family and sexuality 2713:. In the encyclical 2309:College of Cardinals 1966:Mit brennender Sorge 1855:(from left to right) 1819:Mit brennender Sorge 1808:Mit brennender Sorge 1761:Wlodimir Ledóchowski 1679:Pacelli presided as 1383:Bolshevik revolution 1273:Archbishop of Sardis 1191:was assassinated in 1169:Rafael Merry del Val 1051:Priest and monsignor 1029:and theology at the 934:L'Osservatore Romano 838:College of Cardinals 766:. Despite all this, 551:Episcopal succession 505:St. Peter's Basilica 16321:Papal infallibility 16311:Our Lady of Lourdes 16260:Shimabara Rebellion 16104:Counter-Reformation 15118:Antiquity and Early 14922:17th–21st centuries 14636:13th–16th centuries 13240:Catholic Resistance 13063:Ingruentium malorum 13049:Evangelii praecones 12670:Federico Tedeschini 12616:Federico Tedeschini 12576:Cardinal-Priest of 11391:Corriere della Sera 11180:"Synod Controversy" 11120:Phayer, 2008, p. xi 11040:on 4 September 2008 10893:Lichten, Joseph L. 10750:Rychlak, Ronald J. 10574:; web 26 April 2013 10459:; web 26 April 2013 9839:. 20 October 1958. 9662:Evangelii praecones 9600:27 May 2008 at the 9269:. 17 September 2023 9204:. 16 September 2023 8939:Friedländer, Saul. 8790:on 21 November 2015 8687:Phayer, 2008, p. 53 8416:CCHA Study Sessions 8182:Phayer, 2008, p. 18 8040:3 July 2013 at the 8035:; 111; October 1939 7957:3 July 2013 at the 7670:, AAS, 1944, p. 129 7483:on 24 February 2012 7433:CatholicCulture.org 6730:Feldkamp, pp. 88–93 6116:Rychlak, 2000, p. 6 5781:. 17 February 2016. 5709:; web 26 April 2013 5577:Corriere della Sera 5574:In September 2023, 5545:Michael F. Feldkamp 5464:She'ar Yashuv Cohen 5397:post-war "ratlines" 5379:Recent developments 5273:had written to the 5095:Kenneth L. Woodward 5019:, to discredit the 4844:The American Hebrew 4710:of this section is 4446:, his speechwriter 4282:Thomas Tien Ken-sin 4274:Adam Stefan Sapieha 4268:; Hungarian Bishop 4258:Konrad von Preysing 4228:Evangelii praecones 4160:Corriere della Sera 4126:Corriere della Sera 4067:Konrad von Preysing 4043:Konrad von Preysing 4037:, president of the 3847:Revelation on Sinai 3795:President of Brazil 3746:Revelation on Sinai 3578:human rights abuses 3559:Wang Jingwei regime 3444:The investments of 3314:Hilarius Breitinger 3242:Non abbiamo bisogno 2971:Cyril of Alexandria 2929:Pius XII issued 41 2791:as a moral form of 2761:Salus Populi Romani 2719:he promulgated the 2691:papal infallibility 2384:Carlos Duarte Costa 2185:archbishop of Milan 2024:1939 papal conclave 1990:in a letter to the 1977:, it condemned the 1946:Konrad von Preysing 1835:on 12 February 1931 1575:Pacelli was made a 1549:Notre Dame de Paris 1545:Karl Joseph Schulte 1463:Paul von Hindenburg 1320:German High Command 1229:Raffaele Scapinelli 1183:and retained under 1158:Anti-Modernist Oath 956:; and his brother, 918:Marcantonio Pacelli 777:papal infallibility 750:doctrine are to be 440:Priestly ordination 144:Cardinal-Priest of 16867:Papal chamberlains 16366:Our Lady of Fátima 16155:Ignatius of Loyola 16079:Catherine of Siena 16047:Pope Boniface VIII 15866:Benedict of Nursia 15835:Council of Ephesus 15672:Ante-Nicene period 15625:Split with Judaism 15459:Crusading movement 15253:Reformation Papacy 15247:Renaissance Papacy 15189:(1012–1044 / 1048) 15142:Ostrogothic Papacy 14235:9th–12th centuries 13556:Actes et documents 13421:Apostolic writings 13395:Fátima and Balazar 13255:Ustaše involvement 13218:conversion of Jews 12909:Summi Pontificatus 12891: 12256:Rychlak, Ronald J. 12130:Paul, Leon. 1957. 12020:Keeper of the Keys 11907:. Routledge (UK). 11497:Claudia, M. 1955. 11185:The New York Times 11020:The Jerusalem Post 10790:, 27 January 2003" 10730:American Spectator 10720:9 May 2013 at the 10696:The Pope was wrong 10630:. 9 December 2004. 10614:, 9 December 2004. 10305:McInerney, Ralph, 9769:. Catholic Culture 9593:Cavalli, Dimitri. 9584:. 13 January 2005. 9350:Dalin, 2005, p. 75 9172:; 21 October 1942. 9108:Dalin, 2005, p. 74 9073:Phayer, 2000, p. 5 8991:Dalin, 2005, p. 73 8880:Dalin, 2005, p. 70 8640:The New York Times 8396:on 27 October 2008 8200:Phayer, 2008, p. 8 8173:Phayer, 2008, p. 6 8033:Summi Pontificatus 7952:; 48; October 1939 7950:Summi Pontificatus 7885:Historical Journal 7393:Discorsi Ai Medici 7185:The New York Times 7099:. pp. xv–xvi, 143. 7020:Gannon, Robert I. 6770:Vidmar, pp. 327–31 6757:Krieg, Robert A., 6739:Volk, pp. 101, 105 6534:on 30 October 2012 6429:Phayer, 2000, p. 3 6368:Donald J. Dietrich 6071:O'Shea, pp. 86, 88 6062:Dalin, 2005, p. 47 5798:The New York Times 5745:"L'oro di Pio XII" 5550:Wannsee Conference 5373:Ardeatine massacre 5266:Summi Pontificatus 4938: 4766:The New York Times 4576: 4520: 4440: 4432: 4222: 4086:nuncio in Budapest 4022:Summi Pontificatus 3988:wrote to Reverend 3877:In 1941, Cardinal 3841:Summi Pontificatus 3787:The New York Times 3741:Summi Pontificatus 3718: 3706: 3686: 3607:occupation of Rome 3583:The New York Times 3576:voiced concern at 3524:Divini Redemptoris 3450: 3433:The New York Times 3387:Johann Georg Elser 3351:Polish Underground 3339:General Government 3302:invasion of Poland 3297:Summi Pontificatus 3290:Invasion of Poland 3254:Divini redemptoris 3230:invasion of Poland 3224:Summi Pontificatus 3218:Summi Pontificatus 3185:Summi Pontificatus 3176: 3048:Holy Face of Jesus 2927: 2871:St. Peter's Square 2839:Capital punishment 2765: 2759:Coronation of the 2695:Assumption of Mary 2685:Assumption of Mary 2654:Our Lady of Fátima 2639: 2530: 2476:Pius XII wrote in 2380: 2341:In his encyclical 2261: 2106: 2098: 2009:on 17 April 1936. 1899:Prussian Concordat 1874: 1837: 1774:Summi Pontificatus 1713:issued during the 1677: 1573: 1528:Prussian Concordat 1507: 1488: 1423: 1394: 1262: 1211:, was challenging 1199:'s success in the 1130: 1061: 895: 871:declared Pius XII 785:Assumption of Mary 649:Carlo Confalonieri 314:Opus Justitiae Pax 167:Camerlengo of the 16617: 16616: 16577:COVID-19 pandemic 16555:Pope Benedict XVI 16460:Pope John Paul II 16235:Pope Benedict XIV 16221:French Revolution 16205:Thirty Years' War 16195:Robert Bellarmine 16180:John of the Cross 16084:Pope Alexander VI 16069:Council of Vienne 15999:Francis of Assisi 15989:Pope Innocent III 15858:Early Middle Ages 15852: 15851: 15848: 15847: 15790:Arian controversy 15743: 15742: 15691:Apostolic Fathers 15342: 15341: 15306: 15305: 15198:Wandering Papacy 15161:Saeculum obscurum 15134:Under Constantine 13939:5th–8th centuries 13733:1st–4th centuries 13717:papal resignation 13621: 13620: 13534:Works on Pius XII 13380:Eastern canon law 13315:Post–World War II 13295:Foreign relations 13250:Occupied dioceses 13230:German Resistance 13105:Ad Sinarum gentem 13077:Doctor Mellifluus 12868:Illness and death 12759: 12758: 12750:Succeeded by 12718:Succeeded by 12699:Succeeded by 12667:Succeeded by 12640:Succeeded by 12613:Succeeded by 12585:Succeeded by 12557:Succeeded by 12446:Spiazzi, Raimondo 12408:Kertzer, David I. 12316:. Paulist Press. 12227:978-0-465-02229-8 12179:978-0-253-34930-9 12107:A Cross Too Heavy 11992:. Paulist Press. 11977:. Paulist Press. 11962:. Paulist Press. 11947:. Paulist Press. 11861:978-3-8442-7035-8 11847:978-3-491-72527-0 11725:Goldhagen, Daniel 11694:Friedländer, Saul 11345:978-0-8129-8995-3 10946:, 9 December 2000 10741:Dalin, 2005, p. 3 10537:, 25 January 2007 10435:Christian Century 10393:Lapide, Pinchas. 10352:on 23 August 2018 10285:A Cross Too Heavy 10120:. 20 January 2014 10098:. 19 January 2014 9883:978-0-7864-0492-6 9807:. 9 October 1958. 9595:"Pius's Children" 9517:Gilbert, Martin, 9030:Sainthood on Hold 8839:A Cross Too Heavy 8705:Dalin, David G. " 8530:Rychlak, Ronald. 8273:The Vatican Files 8155:The Vatican Files 7795:Dorothy Scallan. 7444:28, 221, 413, 574 7373:on 20 August 2017 7321:AAS, 1950, p. 753 7287:AAS, 1943, p. 305 7278:AAS, 1943, p. 297 7231:AAS, 1950, p. 657 7222:AAS, 1956, p. 357 6640:Volk, pp. 539–544 6285:Kent, 2002, p. 24 5632:Operation Seat 12 5452:Pope Benedict XVI 5416:. Then, Phayer's 5297:Gerald Steinacher 5252:A Moral Reckoning 5249:In his 2003 book 5210:Ronald J. Rychlak 5147:A Moral Reckoning 4972:'s controversial 4751: 4750: 4743: 4670:Potential miracle 4602:Pope Benedict XVI 4516:Madonna and Child 4503:Botched embalming 4482:Anima mea dominum 4452:Pascalina Lehnert 4428:Pascalina Lehnert 4418:Illness and death 4396:Pope John Paul II 4333:Alcide de Gasperi 4313:Church in Germany 4270:József Mindszenty 4254:Clemens von Galen 4242:elevated a number 4175:Post–World War II 3982:German resistance 3923:chargé d'affaires 3885:informed Pius of 3712:Pope Pius XII by 3646:Winston Churchill 3496:Aloysius Stepinac 3468:Widening conflict 3446:Bernardino Nogara 3359:Joseph L. Lichten 3172:Royal 22 Regiment 3136:Doctor evangelius 3015:Apostolic Letters 2833:Pope John Paul II 2721:Queenship of Mary 2562:Biblical research 2462:social psychology 2448:, Pius XII added 2406:Canon law reforms 2388:clerical celibacy 2345:, Pius XII links 2228:nuncio to Romania 2218:as regent of the 2090: 2089: 1867:Alfredo Ottaviani 1863:Giuseppe Pizzardo 1829:Guglielmo Marconi 1467:Gustav Stresemann 1327:Pascalina Lehnert 1266:nuncio to Bavaria 1239:regarding Italy. 1173:Winston Churchill 1142:papal chamberlain 958:Francesco Pacelli 661: 660: 657: 656: 625:13 September 1936 573:Giuseppe Pizzardo 541: 540: 410: 409: 387: 169:Apostolic Chamber 16904: 16842:Clergy from Rome 16757: 16749: 16748: 16747: 16740: 16732: 16731: 16730: 16723: 16715: 16714: 16713: 16706: 16698: 16697: 16696: 16686: 16670: 16669: 16668: 16658: 16657: 16656: 16646: 16645: 16634: 16633: 16632: 16625: 16607: 16606: 16595: 16594: 16593: 16572:Patriarch Kirill 16445:Pope John Paul I 16250:Anti-clericalism 16230:Pope Innocent XI 16150:Society of Jesus 16135:Council of Trent 16089:Age of Discovery 16034:Late Middle Ages 15936:High Middle Ages 15926:East–West Schism 15810:Pope Sylvester I 15756: 15755: 15745: 15744: 15655:General epistles 15650:Pauline epistles 15583:John the Baptist 15566:Great Commission 15528: 15527: 15479:Catholic culture 15369: 15362: 15355: 15346: 15345: 15330: 15318: 15317: 15238:Early Modern and 15148:Byzantine Papacy 15114: 15113: 13648: 13641: 13634: 13625: 13624: 13360:Social teachings 13161:Invicti athletae 13140:Laetamur admodum 13112:Ad Caeli Reginam 13098:Ecclesiae fastos 13091:Sacra virginitas 13000:Auspicia quaedam 12979:Fulgens radiatur 12916:Sertum laetitiae 12785: 12778: 12771: 12762: 12761: 12733:Preceded by 12677:Preceded by 12650:Preceded by 12623:Preceded by 12595:Preceded by 12567:Preceded by 12541:Preceded by 12531: 12530: 12471: 12427: 12083: 11878:Stimmen der Zeit 11872:Leiber, Robert. 11869:. Da Capo Press. 11827:. Random House. 11733:. Little, Brown 11639:. Paulist Press. 11633:Cushing, Richard 11605:Coppa, Frank J. 11598:Coppa, Frank J. 11534: 11493: 11469: 11468: 11455: 11449: 11448: 11435: 11429: 11428: 11426: 11424: 11409: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11398: 11382: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11356: 11350: 11349: 11325: 11319: 11318:. February 2022. 11313: 11307: 11306: 11298: 11292: 11284: 11278: 11277: 11264: 11258: 11250: 11244: 11243: 11220: 11214: 11209:. 2009, 17 June 11204: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11175: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11149: 11143: 11142: 11140: 11138: 11127: 11121: 11118: 11112: 11109: 11103: 11100: 11094: 11091: 11085: 11084: 11083:. p. 249ff. 11069: 11063: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11036:. Archived from 11034:"Catholic guilt" 11029: 11023: 11016: 11010: 11007: 11001: 10998: 10992: 10989: 10983: 10980: 10974: 10971: 10965: 10962: 10956: 10953: 10947: 10940: 10931: 10928: 10922: 10921: 10909: 10903: 10902: 10890: 10884: 10877:Richard J. Evans 10871:Nazis on the Run 10866: 10860: 10857:Andrea Torniello 10853:Daniel Goldhagen 10841: 10835: 10834: 10813: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10794: 10782: 10776: 10761: 10755: 10748: 10742: 10739: 10733: 10710: 10704: 10692: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10676: 10662: 10653: 10650: 10644: 10637: 10631: 10624:"For God's sake" 10621: 10615: 10609: 10603: 10600: 10594: 10581: 10575: 10566: 10560: 10557: 10551: 10544: 10538: 10519: 10510: 10497: 10491: 10488: 10482: 10466: 10460: 10452: 10446: 10426: 10420: 10417: 10411: 10404: 10398: 10391: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10342: 10329: 10328: 10316: 10310: 10303: 10297: 10294: 10288: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10255: 10249: 10246: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10224: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10158: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10136: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10092: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10081: 10073:Ben-zvi, Gidon. 10070: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10048: 10042: 10031: 10025: 10011: 10005: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9976: 9970: 9960: 9954: 9947: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9916: 9910: 9906:Associated Press 9901: 9888: 9887: 9867: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9829: 9823: 9822: 9815: 9809: 9808: 9797: 9788: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9763: 9757: 9754: 9748: 9739: 9733: 9726: 9720: 9719:Schneider, p. 80 9717: 9711: 9708: 9702: 9699: 9693: 9690: 9684: 9683:Ventresca, p.284 9681: 9675: 9672: 9666: 9658: 9652: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9615: 9609: 9591: 9585: 9574: 9567: 9561: 9558: 9552: 9537: 9531: 9528: 9522: 9515: 9509: 9506: 9500: 9497: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9472: 9466: 9465: 9453: 9447: 9444: 9438: 9435: 9429: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9404: 9398: 9395: 9389: 9380:Zolli, Eugenio. 9378: 9372: 9369: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9348: 9342: 9339: 9333: 9324: 9318: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9294:Associated Press 9285: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9251: 9242: 9235: 9229: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9194: 9188: 9187: 9179: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9149: 9146: 9140: 9137: 9131: 9128: 9122: 9115: 9109: 9106: 9100: 9093: 9087: 9080: 9074: 9071: 9062: 9059: 9050: 9047: 9034: 9033: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9014: 8998: 8992: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8962: 8956: 8953: 8944: 8937: 8931: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8899: 8890: 8887: 8881: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8848: 8842: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8780: 8774: 8771: 8765: 8762: 8756: 8753: 8747: 8744: 8738: 8737:; 9 October 2008 8732: 8726: 8723: 8717: 8703: 8697: 8694: 8688: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8669:on 23 March 2012 8658: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8616:on 2 August 2008 8602: 8596: 8595: 8577: 8571: 8568: 8562: 8559: 8553: 8550: 8544: 8541: 8535: 8528: 8522: 8515: 8509: 8502: 8496: 8493: 8487: 8486:; web April 2013 8478: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8453: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8428: 8422: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8390:"Hitler's Pope?" 8385: 8379: 8366:Dalin, David G. 8364: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8343: 8337: 8336:; web April 2013 8327: 8321: 8314: 8303: 8296: 8290: 8283: 8277: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8224: 8215: 8214: 8207: 8201: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8183: 8180: 8174: 8171: 8165: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8123: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8086: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8056: 8045: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8001: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7971: 7962: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7918: 7909: 7908: 7880: 7874: 7871: 7865: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7835: 7829: 7822: 7816: 7813: 7807: 7793: 7787: 7773: 7767: 7756: 7750: 7743: 7737: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7656: 7650: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7614:"Univ of Dayton" 7610: 7604: 7603: 7593: 7587: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7479:. Archived from 7473: 7467: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7421: 7415: 7402: 7396: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7359: 7353: 7346: 7340: 7339:AAS 1954, p. 625 7337: 7331: 7330:AAS 1953, p. 577 7328: 7322: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7279: 7276: 7270: 7256: 7250: 7249:AAS 1957, p. 272 7247: 7241: 7238: 7232: 7229: 7223: 7220: 7214: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7155: 7149: 7142: 7136: 7129: 7123: 7116: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7085: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7066: 7060: 7057: 7051: 7044: 7038: 7031: 7025: 7018: 7012: 7005:Francis Spellman 7001: 6995: 6984: 6978: 6975: 6969: 6962: 6956: 6953: 6947: 6940: 6934: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6890:Catholic Forum. 6888: 6882: 6879: 6873: 6858: 6852: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6832: 6826:. Archived from 6825: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6802: 6794: 6788: 6786: 6777: 6771: 6768: 6762: 6755: 6749: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6722: 6721:Volk, pp. 98–101 6719: 6713: 6706: 6700: 6699:, pp. 34f, 45–58 6693: 6687: 6680: 6674: 6653:, Bavaria 1924, 6647: 6641: 6638: 6632: 6622: 6616: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6583: 6577: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6524: 6518: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6481: 6472: 6469: 6463: 6460: 6449: 6448: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6421: 6403: 6397: 6384: 6378: 6361: 6355: 6352: 6346: 6343: 6337: 6330: 6324: 6323:Cornwell, p. 121 6321: 6315: 6301: 6295: 6294:Cornwell, p. 115 6292: 6286: 6283: 6277: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6243: 6240: 6234: 6231: 6225: 6222: 6216: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6198: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6144: 6141: 6135: 6132: 6126: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6108: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6045: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6018: 6015: 6006: 6003: 5997: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5976: 5973: 5964: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5846: 5837: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5755:on 13 April 2013 5741: 5735: 5734: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5676: 5654: 5648: 5472:Synod of Bishops 5301:Nazis on the Run 5257:Daniel Goldhagen 5244:Denis Mack Smith 5240:Michael Burleigh 5236:Cardinal Winning 5232:Clifford Longley 5143:Daniel Goldhagen 5015:campaign, named 5005:Ion Mihai Pacepa 4986:. An article in 4903:Kevin J. Madigan 4852:and Chief Rabbi 4770:and the Nazis." 4753:During the war, 4746: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4726: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4584:Pope Pius XII's 4512:The Pope of Mary 4444:Domenico Tardini 4298:elevated in 1953 4294:Stefan Wyszyński 4286:Valerian Gracias 4266:Johannes de Jong 4156:Andrea Tornielli 3971:Domenico Tardini 3908:nuncio to France 3879:Theodor Innitzer 3829:Action Française 3778:Benito Mussolini 3766:Benito Mussolini 3619:Robert A. Graham 3474:Benito Mussolini 3190:Pope Benedict XV 3128:Anthony of Padua 3109:Pope Innocent XI 2923:Pasquale Sarullo 2768:Medical theology 2745:Social teachings 2716:Ad caeli reginam 2604:Role of theology 2594:biblical studies 2446:Sedis Sapientiae 2376:Sedia gestatoria 2300:Domenico Tardini 2259: 2258: 1939 – 40 2256: 2224:Gerald P. O'Hara 2216:Joseph P. Hurley 2212:Francis Spellman 2181:Domenico Tardini 2081:Posthumous style 2048: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2027: 1992:Bishop of Passau 1845:(seated, center) 1674:Agustín P. Justo 1643:Heinrich Brüning 1616:Lateran treaties 1496:Georgi Chicherin 1360: 1285:Fatima, Portugal 1221:prisoners of war 1201:First Balkan War 1185:Pope Benedict XV 1146:domestic prelate 977:Benito Mussolini 926: 915: 859:. He was made a 797: 709:treaty with the 678: 673: 621:Maurilio Silvani 595:8 September 1932 585:14 February 1932 552: 547: 546: 537:16 December 1929 524: 486:Agostino Zampini 483: 475:Pope Benedict XV 448: 434: 429: 428: 422: 418: 412: 411: 389: 388: 341: 329: 316: 263: 250:Kingdom of Italy 241: 239: 223:Personal details 213:16 December 1929 210:Created cardinal 105:Previous post(s) 53:Pius XII in 1951 51: 21: 20: 16912: 16911: 16907: 16906: 16905: 16903: 16902: 16901: 16872:Venerated popes 16762: 16761: 16760: 16750: 16745: 16743: 16739:from Wikisource 16733: 16728: 16726: 16716: 16711: 16709: 16699: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16685:sister projects 16682:at Knowledge's 16676: 16666: 16664: 16654: 16652: 16640: 16630: 16628: 16620: 16618: 16613: 16601: 16591: 16589: 16581: 16503:World Youth Day 16481: 16470:World Youth Day 16414:Pacem in terris 16408:Pope John XXIII 16347: 16274: 16265:Edict of Nantes 16223: 16219: 16209: 16175:Teresa of Ávila 16170:Tridentine Mass 16106: 16102: 16093: 16074:Knights Templar 16028: 15930: 15886:Gregorian chant 15844: 15770: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15751: 15739: 15666: 15535: 15523: 15515: 15382: 15380:Catholic Church 15373: 15343: 15338: 15302: 15285:(1929–present) 15239: 15233: 15187:Tusculan Papacy 15179: 15173: 15154:Frankish Papacy 15119: 15103: 14917: 14631: 14230: 13934: 13728: 13661: 13659:Catholic Church 13652: 13622: 13617: 13601: 13596:The Pope's Jews 13529: 13476: 13430: 13399: 13346: 13308:Reichskonkordat 13289: 13285:Bombing of Rome 13235:Nazi euthanasia 13194: 13189:Meminisse iuvat 13175:Miranda prorsus 13147:Datis nuperrime 13126:Haurietis aquas 12993:Optatissima pax 12923:Saeculo exeunte 12900: 12898: 12892: 12881: 12832: 12801: 12794: 12789: 12755: 12746: 12738: 12723: 12714: 12704: 12695: 12689: 12682: 12672: 12663: 12655: 12645: 12636: 12628: 12626:Pietro Gasparri 12618: 12609: 12600: 12590: 12581: 12572: 12562: 12553: 12544: 12543:Giuseppe Aversa 12493: 12460: 12424: 12403: 12401:Further reading 12398: 12379:Zuccotti, Susan 12365:Before the Dawn 12273:Rota, Olivier. 12221:. Basic Books. 12152:Phayer, Michael 12081: 11892:Lapide, Pinchas 11542: 11532: 11491: 11478: 11476:Primary sources 11473: 11472: 11467:. 21 July 2024. 11457: 11456: 11452: 11447:. 21 July 2024. 11437: 11436: 11432: 11422: 11420: 11418:The Independent 11410: 11406: 11396: 11394: 11383: 11379: 11369: 11367: 11357: 11353: 11346: 11326: 11322: 11314: 11310: 11299: 11295: 11285: 11281: 11276:. 4 March 2019. 11273:TheGuardian.com 11266: 11265: 11261: 11251: 11247: 11240: 11222: 11221: 11217: 11205: 11201: 11191: 11189: 11176: 11172: 11162: 11160: 11151: 11150: 11146: 11136: 11134: 11129: 11128: 11124: 11119: 11115: 11110: 11106: 11101: 11097: 11092: 11088: 11070: 11066: 11043: 11041: 11030: 11026: 11022:. 24 July 2001. 11017: 11013: 11008: 11004: 10999: 10995: 10990: 10986: 10981: 10977: 10972: 10968: 10963: 10959: 10954: 10950: 10941: 10934: 10929: 10925: 10910: 10906: 10891: 10887: 10867: 10863: 10842: 10838: 10831: 10814: 10807: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10788:National Review 10784: 10783: 10779: 10773:Wayback Machine 10762: 10758: 10749: 10745: 10740: 10736: 10722:Wayback Machine 10711: 10707: 10693: 10684: 10674: 10672: 10664: 10663: 10656: 10651: 10647: 10639:John Cornwell, 10638: 10634: 10622: 10618: 10610: 10606: 10601: 10597: 10582: 10578: 10567: 10563: 10558: 10554: 10545: 10541: 10529:Wayback Machine 10520: 10513: 10499:Giovanni Sale, 10498: 10494: 10489: 10485: 10478:Wayback Machine 10468:Lichten, 1963, 10467: 10463: 10453: 10449: 10427: 10423: 10418: 10414: 10405: 10401: 10392: 10388: 10378: 10376: 10369: 10365: 10355: 10353: 10344: 10343: 10332: 10317: 10313: 10304: 10300: 10295: 10291: 10282: 10278: 10268: 10266: 10265:on 31 July 2010 10257: 10256: 10252: 10247: 10243: 10233: 10231: 10226: 10225: 10221: 10211: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10199: 10189: 10187: 10182: 10181: 10177: 10167: 10165: 10160: 10159: 10155: 10145: 10143: 10138: 10137: 10133: 10123: 10121: 10116: 10115: 10111: 10101: 10099: 10094: 10093: 10089: 10079: 10077: 10071: 10067: 10057: 10055: 10049: 10045: 10032: 10028: 10022:Wayback Machine 10012: 10008: 10003: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9986:on 12 June 2007 9978: 9977: 9973: 9961: 9957: 9948: 9944: 9934: 9932: 9917: 9913: 9902: 9891: 9884: 9868: 9859: 9849: 9847: 9831: 9830: 9826: 9817: 9816: 9812: 9799: 9798: 9791: 9786: 9782: 9772: 9770: 9765: 9764: 9760: 9755: 9751: 9740: 9736: 9727: 9723: 9718: 9714: 9709: 9705: 9700: 9696: 9691: 9687: 9682: 9678: 9673: 9669: 9659: 9655: 9650: 9646: 9636: 9634: 9616: 9612: 9608:. 1 April 2006. 9602:Wayback Machine 9592: 9588: 9582:Wayback Machine 9572: 9568: 9564: 9559: 9555: 9549:Wayback Machine 9538: 9534: 9529: 9525: 9516: 9512: 9507: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9484: 9482: 9474: 9473: 9469: 9454: 9450: 9445: 9441: 9436: 9432: 9427: 9423: 9413: 9411: 9406: 9405: 9401: 9396: 9392: 9382:Before the Dawn 9379: 9375: 9370: 9366: 9359: 9358: 9354: 9349: 9345: 9340: 9336: 9325: 9321: 9312: 9308: 9298: 9296: 9286: 9282: 9272: 9270: 9253: 9252: 9245: 9237:Hilberg, Raul, 9236: 9232: 9222:Hilberg, Raul, 9221: 9217: 9207: 9205: 9196: 9195: 9191: 9186:. Random House. 9180: 9176: 9168: 9164: 9156: 9152: 9147: 9143: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9125: 9116: 9112: 9107: 9103: 9094: 9090: 9081: 9077: 9072: 9065: 9060: 9053: 9048: 9037: 9026: 9022: 9012: 9010: 8999: 8995: 8990: 8986: 8976: 8974: 8963: 8959: 8954: 8947: 8938: 8934: 8925: 8921: 8911: 8909: 8907:www.30giorni.it 8901: 8900: 8893: 8888: 8884: 8879: 8875: 8867: 8863: 8849: 8845: 8836: 8832: 8822: 8820: 8808: 8807: 8803: 8793: 8791: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8772: 8768: 8763: 8759: 8754: 8750: 8745: 8741: 8733: 8729: 8724: 8720: 8714:Wayback Machine 8704: 8700: 8695: 8691: 8686: 8682: 8672: 8670: 8659: 8655: 8645: 8643: 8642:. 27 March 1942 8634: 8633: 8629: 8619: 8617: 8604: 8603: 8599: 8592: 8578: 8574: 8569: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8538: 8529: 8525: 8516: 8512: 8503: 8499: 8494: 8490: 8479: 8475: 8465: 8463: 8455: 8454: 8447: 8437: 8435: 8430: 8429: 8425: 8413: 8409: 8399: 8397: 8386: 8382: 8365: 8361: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8328: 8324: 8315: 8306: 8297: 8293: 8284: 8280: 8269: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8248: 8247: 8243: 8233: 8231: 8226: 8225: 8218: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8190: 8186: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8168: 8164:, 26 April 1940 8151: 8147: 8137: 8135: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8110: 8100: 8098: 8087: 8080: 8070: 8068: 8057: 8048: 8042:Wayback Machine 8029: 8025: 8015: 8013: 8002: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7972: 7965: 7959:Wayback Machine 7946: 7942: 7932: 7930: 7919: 7912: 7881: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7852: 7836: 7832: 7823: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7794: 7790: 7774: 7770: 7757: 7753: 7744: 7740: 7735: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7710: 7702: 7698: 7692:Sempiternus Rex 7690: 7686: 7678: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7657: 7653: 7637: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7594: 7590: 7581: 7577: 7566: 7562: 7554: 7547: 7537: 7535: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7500: 7496: 7486: 7484: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7462:Pius XII, Enc. 7461: 7457: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7438: 7422: 7418: 7412:Wayback Machine 7403: 7399: 7390: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7348:Pius XII, Enc. 7347: 7343: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7296:Pius XII, Enc. 7295: 7291: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7273: 7257: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7240:AAS 1954 p. 313 7239: 7235: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7196: 7176: 7172: 7167:. 23 July 1945. 7157: 7156: 7152: 7143: 7139: 7130: 7126: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7103: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7072: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7045: 7041: 7032: 7028: 7019: 7015: 7002: 6998: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6963: 6959: 6954: 6950: 6941: 6937: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6905: 6899:Wayback Machine 6889: 6885: 6880: 6876: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6833:on 4 March 2016 6830: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6765: 6756: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6708:Klaus Scholder 6707: 6703: 6694: 6690: 6681: 6677: 6649:They included: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6635: 6623: 6619: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6492:Wayback Machine 6482: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6452: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6424: 6414:Wayback Machine 6404: 6400: 6385: 6381: 6362: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6344: 6340: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6160: 6156: 6152:Cornwell, p. 75 6151: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6134:Cornwell, p. 73 6133: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053:Cornwell, p. 32 6052: 6048: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6021: 6016: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5979: 5974: 5967: 5963:Cornwell, p. 23 5962: 5958: 5954:Cornwell, p. 22 5953: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5847: 5840: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5790: 5786: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5717: 5713: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5598: 5587: 5561:The Pope at War 5526:of Pius XII as 5520: 5508:Wilhelm Canaris 5503:Church of Spies 5381: 5323: 5317: 5076: 5068:Main articles: 5066: 5038: 5032: 5021:moral authority 4927: 4921: 4862: 4761:totalitarianism 4747: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4716: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4672: 4582: 4568: 4560:Pope John XXIII 4555: 4540:Castel Gandolfo 4505: 4420: 4369: 4363: 4358: 4322:Catholic Action 4309:Aloisius Muench 4290:Pope John XXIII 4256:of Münster and 4207: 4177: 4168:Finaly children 4132:Pope John XXIII 4121: 4115: 3967:The Pope at War 3895:Philippe Pétain 3831:, a virulently 3821:Charles Maurras 3814:Banco do Brasil 3800:to issue 3,000 3770:Vatican Library 3702:occupied Poland 3679:Cesare Orsenigo 3672: 3656:Main articles: 3654: 3638: 3613:and the Jesuit 3544:Empire of Japan 3470: 3456:bombing by the 3375:Myron C. Taylor 3367: 3328:Kazimierz Papée 3292: 3220: 3215: 3213:Outbreak of war 3164: 3150: 3144: 3086: 3078:Main articles: 3076: 3064:Shroud of Turin 3044: 3035:Miranda Prorsus 3029:The Ideal Movie 2994:Sempiternus Rex 2909: 2901:Main articles: 2899: 2859: 2841: 2820: 2814: 2801: 2793:family planning 2784: 2770: 2753: 2747: 2739:Castel Gandolfo 2729:summarizes his 2687: 2679:Main articles: 2677: 2650: 2644: 2623: 2606: 2572:The encyclical 2570: 2564: 2559: 2507: 2501: 2450:social sciences 2439: 2418:Uniate Churches 2414: 2408: 2339: 2327:Main articles: 2325: 2323:Liturgy reforms 2320: 2257: 2247: 2241: 2208:Sebastian Tromp 2173:nuncio in Paris 2165: 2073:Religious style 2054:Reference style 2036: 2034: 2032:Papal styles of 2031: 2026: 2020: 2015: 2000: 1988:Reichskonkordat 1961:Reichskonkordat 1953:Reichskonkordat 1938:Franz von Papen 1915:Reichskonkordat 1878:Reichskonkordat 1871:Rudolf Buttmann 1859:Franz von Papen 1850:Reichskonkordat 1821: 1815:Reichskonkordat 1811: 1804:Reichskonkordat 1717:. According to 1647:Franz von Papen 1628:Catholic Action 1596:Baden Concordat 1577:Cardinal-Priest 1557: 1536:Weimar Republic 1486:in 1927 Germany 1378:Tobias Akselrod 1358: 1342:had formed the 1314:and Chancellor 1251: 1245: 1213:Austria-Hungary 1167:, accompanying 1103:Pietro Gasparri 1053: 1048: 1016:Collegio Romano 1000:First Communion 939:Ernesto Pacelli 920: 909: 907:Filippo Pacelli 887: 881: 723:Reichskonkordat 706:Reichskonkordat 681:Catholic Church 671: 643:29 October 1939 605:4 February 1934 559: 550: 522: 517: 487: 482:Co-consecrators 481: 466: 446: 441: 432: 423: 420: 419: 416: 399: 398: 397: 396: 395: 393: 390: 382: 379: 355:Catholic Church 304: 267:Castel Gandolfo 265: 261: 252: 243: 237: 235: 234: 233: 214: 201: 188: 174: 63:Catholic Church 54: 35: 32: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16910: 16900: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16837:Pacelli family 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16759: 16758: 16741: 16724: 16722:from Wikiquote 16707: 16678: 16675: 16674: 16662: 16650: 16638: 16615: 16614: 16612: 16611: 16599: 16586: 16583: 16582: 16580: 16579: 16574: 16569: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16551: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16500: 16495: 16489: 16487: 16483: 16482: 16480: 16479: 16478: 16477: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16410: 16405: 16398: 16393: 16391:Lateran Treaty 16388: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16357: 16355: 16349: 16348: 16346: 16345: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16282: 16280: 16276: 16275: 16273: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16226: 16224: 16216:Baroque period 16214: 16211: 16210: 16208: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16185:Peter Canisius 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16160:Francis Xavier 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16124:Exsurge Domine 16120: 16115: 16109: 16107: 16098: 16095: 16094: 16092: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16064:Pope Clement V 16061: 16060: 16059: 16057:Avignon Papacy 16052:Western Schism 16049: 16044: 16042:Thomas Aquinas 16038: 16036: 16030: 16029: 16027: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15940: 15938: 15932: 15931: 15929: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15896:Saint Boniface 15893: 15888: 15883: 15881:Pope Gregory I 15878: 15873: 15868: 15862: 15860: 15854: 15853: 15850: 15849: 15846: 15845: 15843: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15820:Biblical canon 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15786: 15785: 15774: 15772: 15753: 15749:Late antiquity 15741: 15740: 15738: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15716: 15715: 15710: 15709: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15696:Pope Clement I 15686:Church Fathers 15683: 15677: 15675: 15668: 15667: 15665: 15664: 15663: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15611: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15569: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15542: 15540: 15525: 15517: 15516: 15514: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15492: 15491: 15486: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15455: 15454: 15449: 15447:Biblical canon 15442:Catholic Bible 15439: 15438: 15437: 15427: 15426: 15425: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15404: 15403: 15392: 15390: 15384: 15383: 15372: 15371: 15364: 15357: 15349: 15340: 15339: 15337: 15336: 15324: 15311: 15308: 15307: 15304: 15303: 15301: 15300: 15299: 15298: 15292: 15280: 15277:Roman Question 15274: 15268: 15267:(c. 1640–1740) 15262: 15259:Baroque Papacy 15256: 15250: 15243: 15241: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15231: 15228:Western Schism 15225: 15222:Avignon Papacy 15219: 15218: 15217: 15211: 15205: 15196: 15190: 15183: 15181: 15175: 15174: 15172: 15171: 15168:Crescentii era 15165: 15157: 15151: 15145: 15139: 15138: 15137: 15124: 15122: 15111: 15105: 15104: 15102: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14974:Alexander VIII 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14925: 14923: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14639: 14637: 14633: 14632: 14630: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14357:Anastasius III 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14238: 14236: 14232: 14231: 14229: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13942: 13940: 13936: 13935: 13933: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13736: 13734: 13730: 13729: 13727: 13726: 13721: 13720: 13719: 13709: 13704: 13703: 13702: 13697: 13689: 13684: 13683: 13682: 13677: 13666: 13663: 13662: 13651: 13650: 13643: 13636: 13628: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13615: 13609: 13607: 13603: 13602: 13600: 13599: 13592: 13585: 13578: 13571: 13566: 13559: 13552: 13545: 13537: 13535: 13531: 13530: 13528: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13486: 13484: 13478: 13477: 13475: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13438: 13436: 13432: 13431: 13429: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13407: 13405: 13401: 13400: 13398: 13397: 13392: 13390:Beatifications 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13356: 13354: 13348: 13347: 13345: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13317: 13312: 13299: 13297: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13215: 13204: 13202: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13192: 13185: 13178: 13171: 13164: 13157: 13150: 13143: 13136: 13129: 13122: 13119:Musicae sacrae 13115: 13108: 13101: 13094: 13087: 13084:Fulgens corona 13080: 13073: 13066: 13059: 13052: 13045: 13042:Mirabile illud 13038: 13035:Humani generis 13031: 13028:Summi maeroris 13024: 13017: 13010: 13003: 12996: 12989: 12982: 12975: 12968: 12961: 12954: 12947: 12940: 12933: 12926: 12919: 12912: 12904: 12902: 12897:Encyclicals in 12894: 12893: 12884: 12882: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12838: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12830: 12820: 12814: 12808: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12788: 12787: 12780: 12773: 12765: 12757: 12756: 12751: 12748: 12739: 12734: 12730: 12729: 12728:Regnal titles 12725: 12724: 12719: 12716: 12706: 12705: 12700: 12697: 12683: 12678: 12674: 12673: 12668: 12665: 12656: 12651: 12647: 12646: 12643:Luigi Maglione 12641: 12638: 12629: 12624: 12620: 12619: 12614: 12611: 12604:Archpriest of 12601: 12596: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12583: 12573: 12568: 12564: 12563: 12560:Arthur Hinsley 12558: 12555: 12545: 12542: 12538: 12537: 12529: 12528: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12492: 12491:External links 12489: 12488: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12458: 12442: 12435: 12428: 12422: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12396: 12376: 12358: 12348:Pope and Devil 12344: 12325: 12307: 12300: 12293: 12278: 12271: 12253: 12238: 12213:Riebling, Mark 12210: 12196: 12189: 12182: 12167: 12149: 12135: 12128: 12118: 12103: 12096: 12079: 12064: 12049: 12042: 12027: 12016: 12001: 11986: 11971: 11956: 11941: 11934: 11916: 11901: 11889: 11882: 11870: 11863: 11849: 11835: 11821:Kertzer, David 11818: 11801: 11791: 11781: 11767: 11751: 11741: 11722: 11708: 11691: 11674: 11660: 11643:Dalin, David G 11640: 11630: 11613:Cornwell, John 11610: 11603: 11596: 11582:Chadwick, Owen 11579: 11572: 11558: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11526: 11508: 11502: 11495: 11485: 11477: 11474: 11471: 11470: 11450: 11430: 11404: 11377: 11351: 11344: 11320: 11308: 11293: 11279: 11268:"The Guardian" 11259: 11245: 11238: 11215: 11207:Jerusalem Post 11199: 11170: 11144: 11122: 11113: 11104: 11095: 11086: 11064: 11024: 11011: 11002: 10993: 10984: 10975: 10966: 10957: 10948: 10932: 10923: 10904: 10885: 10883:; 24 June 2011 10861: 10845:Michael Phayer 10836: 10829: 10805: 10777: 10756: 10743: 10734: 10726:Martin Gilbert 10714:Hitler's Pope? 10705: 10703:; 16 July 2008 10682: 10670:Britannica.com 10654: 10645: 10643:(2004), p. 193 10632: 10616: 10604: 10595: 10576: 10561: 10552: 10546:Blet, Pierre. 10539: 10511: 10492: 10483: 10461: 10447: 10421: 10412: 10399: 10386: 10363: 10330: 10311: 10298: 10289: 10276: 10250: 10241: 10219: 10197: 10175: 10153: 10131: 10109: 10087: 10065: 10043: 10026: 10006: 9997: 9971: 9955: 9942: 9911: 9889: 9882: 9873:Modern Mummies 9857: 9824: 9810: 9789: 9780: 9758: 9749: 9744:Humani generis 9734: 9721: 9712: 9703: 9694: 9685: 9676: 9667: 9653: 9644: 9610: 9586: 9562: 9553: 9551:, 24 June 2009 9532: 9523: 9510: 9501: 9492: 9467: 9448: 9439: 9430: 9421: 9399: 9390: 9373: 9364: 9352: 9343: 9334: 9319: 9315:Polish Victims 9306: 9280: 9243: 9230: 9215: 9189: 9174: 9162: 9150: 9141: 9132: 9123: 9110: 9101: 9088: 9075: 9063: 9051: 9035: 9020: 9009:on 3 July 2013 8993: 8984: 8973:on 3 July 2013 8957: 8945: 8932: 8919: 8891: 8882: 8873: 8861: 8851:Cornwell, John 8843: 8830: 8818:Britannica.com 8801: 8775: 8766: 8757: 8748: 8739: 8727: 8718: 8698: 8689: 8680: 8653: 8627: 8597: 8591:978-1258163464 8590: 8572: 8563: 8554: 8545: 8536: 8523: 8510: 8506:Unholy Trinity 8497: 8488: 8473: 8461:Britannica.com 8445: 8423: 8407: 8380: 8359: 8338: 8322: 8304: 8291: 8278: 8263: 8241: 8216: 8202: 8193: 8184: 8175: 8166: 8145: 8134:on 3 July 2013 8118: 8108: 8097:on 3 July 2013 8078: 8067:on 3 July 2013 8046: 8023: 8012:on 3 July 2013 7993: 7982:on 3 July 2013 7963: 7940: 7929:on 3 July 2013 7910: 7891:(4): 1029–48. 7875: 7866: 7857: 7850: 7830: 7817: 7808: 7788: 7768: 7751: 7738: 7729: 7725:Fulgens corona 7717: 7708: 7696: 7684: 7672: 7660: 7651: 7631: 7620:on 8 June 2010 7605: 7588: 7575: 7560: 7545: 7520: 7494: 7468: 7464:Humani generis 7455: 7453:Leiber, p. 411 7446: 7436: 7416: 7397: 7384: 7354: 7341: 7332: 7323: 7314: 7310:Humani generis 7302: 7298:Humani generis 7289: 7280: 7271: 7269:(1943), p. 305 7260:Humani generis 7251: 7242: 7233: 7224: 7215: 7206: 7170: 7150: 7137: 7124: 7111: 7101: 7080: 7070: 7061: 7052: 7039: 7026: 7013: 6996: 6979: 6970: 6957: 6948: 6935: 6922: 6913: 6903: 6883: 6874: 6853: 6844: 6812: 6803: 6789: 6772: 6763: 6750: 6741: 6732: 6723: 6714: 6701: 6688: 6675: 6663:Czechoslovakia 6642: 6633: 6617: 6604: 6578: 6565: 6555: 6545: 6519: 6510: 6500: 6473: 6464: 6450: 6431: 6422: 6398: 6379: 6356: 6347: 6338: 6325: 6316: 6296: 6287: 6278: 6259: 6244: 6235: 6233:Morsey, p. 121 6226: 6217: 6208: 6199: 6190: 6181: 6174: 6154: 6145: 6136: 6127: 6118: 6109: 6100: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6033: 6019: 6007: 5998: 5989: 5977: 5965: 5956: 5947: 5938: 5929: 5904: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5868: 5838: 5818: 5784: 5766: 5736: 5711: 5698: 5691: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5597: 5594: 5590:Marcial Maciel 5555:In June 2022, 5528:Bishop of Rome 5519: 5516: 5470:addressed the 5410:Otto Ohlendorf 5401:D'Arcy Osborne 5393:Foreign Office 5380: 5377: 5356:Peter Stanford 5319:Main article: 5316: 5313: 5176:Martin Gilbert 5129:Michael Phayer 5119:Susan Zuccotti 5065: 5056: 5034:Main article: 5031: 5026: 5013:disinformation 4994:Communist bloc 4923:Main article: 4920: 4915: 4880:Pinchas Lapide 4861: 4858: 4809:United Nations 4749: 4748: 4704: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4671: 4668: 4637:scientia certa 4578:Main article: 4567: 4564: 4554: 4551: 4504: 4501: 4471:Denis of Paris 4419: 4416: 4412:existentialism 4400:worker-priests 4392:Julius Döpfner 4365:Main article: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4176: 4173: 4117:Main article: 4114: 4111: 3904:Valerio Valeri 3893:Head of State 3835:organization. 3798:Getúlio Vargas 3750:voiced concern 3714:Peter McIntyre 3653: 3650: 3637: 3634: 3486:Foreign Office 3469: 3466: 3424:Galeazzo Ciano 3366: 3363: 3361:after others. 3310:Michael Phayer 3291: 3288: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3180:Church visible 3146:Main article: 3143: 3140: 3088:Pope Pius XII 3075: 3072: 3052:Shrove Tuesday 3043: 3040: 3020:Fulgens corona 2898: 2895: 2858: 2855: 2840: 2837: 2824:Humani generis 2818:Humani generis 2816:Main article: 2813: 2810: 2800: 2797: 2783: 2780: 2775:terminally ill 2769: 2766: 2749:Main article: 2746: 2743: 2706:Fulgens corona 2676: 2673: 2646:Main article: 2643: 2640: 2622: 2619: 2605: 2602: 2566:Main article: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2503:Main article: 2500: 2497: 2438: 2435: 2410:Main article: 2407: 2404: 2396:excommunicated 2324: 2321: 2319: 2318:Church reforms 2316: 2267:to create new 2240: 2237: 2169:Luigi Maglione 2164: 2161: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2041: 2040: 2022:Main article: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 1999: 1996: 1810: 1801: 1732:Joseph Kennedy 1663:temporal power 1569:Rio de Janeiro 1565:Getúlio Vargas 1556: 1553: 1541:David G. Dalin 1277:Sistine Chapel 1247:Main article: 1244: 1241: 1115:Queen Victoria 1067:, Pacelli was 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1008:Piazza Venezia 981:Roman Question 973:Lateran Treaty 903:Black Nobility 883:Main article: 880: 877: 861:Servant of God 825:Humani generis 820:liturgy reform 752:excommunicated 659: 658: 655: 654: 651: 645: 644: 641: 637: 636: 633: 627: 626: 623: 617: 616: 615:11 August 1935 613: 611:Saverio Ritter 607: 606: 603: 597: 596: 593: 587: 586: 583: 579: 578: 575: 569: 568: 565: 561: 560: 557: 554: 553: 543: 542: 539: 538: 535: 531: 530: 525: 519: 518: 515: 512: 511: 502: 498: 497: 494: 490: 489: 484: 478: 477: 472: 468: 467: 464: 461: 460: 457: 453: 452: 449: 443: 442: 439: 436: 435: 425: 424: 415: 408: 407: 401: 400: 391: 380: 375: 374: 373: 372: 371: 368: 367: 362: 361:Title as Saint 358: 357: 352: 348: 347: 343: 342: 335: 331: 330: 323: 319: 318: 310: 306: 305: 303: 302: 297: 292: 287: 281: 279: 275: 274: 264:(aged 82) 260:9 October 1958 258: 254: 253: 244: 231: 229: 225: 224: 220: 219: 211: 207: 206: 198: 194: 193: 185: 181: 180: 176: 175: 173: 172: 165: 160:Archpriest of 158: 155: 149: 142: 136: 130: 124: 118: 115: 108: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 80:9 October 1958 78: 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 41:Bishop of Rome 37: 36: 33: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16909: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16827:Italian popes 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16772:Pope Pius XII 16770: 16769: 16767: 16756:from Wikidata 16755: 16754: 16742: 16738: 16737: 16725: 16721: 16720: 16708: 16704: 16703: 16691: 16690: 16687: 16681: 16680:Pope Pius XII 16673: 16663: 16661: 16651: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16637: 16627: 16626: 16623: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16598: 16588: 16587: 16584: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16567: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16505: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16490: 16488: 16484: 16476: 16473: 16472: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16450:Mother Teresa 16448: 16446: 16443: 16440: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16415: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16403: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16376:Pope Pius XII 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16358: 16356: 16354: 16350: 16344: 16343: 16342:Rerum novarum 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16326:Pope Leo XIII 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16296:United States 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16286:Pope Pius VII 16284: 16283: 16281: 16277: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16125: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16101: 16096: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16058: 16055: 16054: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16039: 16037: 16035: 16031: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15969:Scholasticism 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15944:Pope Urban II 15942: 15941: 15939: 15937: 15933: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15863: 15861: 15859: 15855: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15784: 15781: 15780: 15779: 15776: 15775: 15773: 15769: 15761: 15757: 15754: 15750: 15746: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15720:Justin Martyr 15718: 15714: 15711: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15693: 15692: 15689: 15688: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15669: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15632: 15631: 15630:New Testament 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15593:Commissioning 15591: 15590: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15548: 15547: 15544: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15537:Apostolic Age 15533: 15529: 15526: 15522: 15518: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15481: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15444: 15443: 15440: 15436: 15433: 15432: 15431: 15428: 15424: 15423:Papal primacy 15421: 15420: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15402: 15399: 15398: 15397: 15394: 15393: 15391: 15389: 15385: 15381: 15377: 15370: 15365: 15363: 15358: 15356: 15351: 15350: 15347: 15335: 15334: 15329: 15325: 15323: 15322: 15313: 15312: 15309: 15296: 15293: 15290: 15287: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15278: 15275: 15272: 15269: 15266: 15263: 15260: 15257: 15254: 15251: 15248: 15245: 15244: 15242: 15236: 15229: 15226: 15223: 15220: 15215: 15212: 15209: 15206: 15203: 15200: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15191: 15188: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15178:High and Late 15176: 15169: 15166: 15163: 15162: 15158: 15155: 15152: 15149: 15146: 15143: 15140: 15135: 15132: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15125: 15123: 15121: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15106: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14994:Benedict XIII 14992: 14990: 14989:Innocent XIII 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14954:Alexander VII 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14926: 14924: 14920: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14823:Innocent VIII 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14803:Callixtus III 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14723:Boniface VIII 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14640: 14638: 14634: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14622:Celestine III 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14597:Alexander III 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14587:Anastasius IV 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14487:Sylvester III 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14472:Benedict VIII 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14239: 14237: 14233: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13996:Anastasius II 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13943: 13941: 13937: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13737: 13735: 13731: 13725: 13722: 13718: 13715: 13714: 13713: 13712:Pope emeritus 13710: 13708: 13705: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13692: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13670:List of popes 13668: 13667: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13649: 13644: 13642: 13637: 13635: 13630: 13629: 13626: 13614: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13604: 13598: 13597: 13593: 13591: 13590: 13586: 13584: 13583: 13579: 13577: 13576: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13564: 13563:Hitler's Pope 13560: 13558: 13557: 13553: 13551: 13550: 13546: 13544: 13543: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13532: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13495:Galeazzi-Lisi 13493: 13491: 13488: 13487: 13485: 13483: 13479: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13439: 13437: 13433: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13402: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13385:Canonizations 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13357: 13355: 13353: 13349: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13322: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13310: 13309: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13296: 13292: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13209: 13208:The Holocaust 13206: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13197: 13191: 13190: 13186: 13184: 13183: 13179: 13177: 13176: 13172: 13170: 13169: 13165: 13163: 13162: 13158: 13156: 13155: 13151: 13149: 13148: 13144: 13142: 13141: 13137: 13135: 13134: 13130: 13128: 13127: 13123: 13121: 13120: 13116: 13114: 13113: 13109: 13107: 13106: 13102: 13100: 13099: 13095: 13093: 13092: 13088: 13086: 13085: 13081: 13079: 13078: 13074: 13072: 13071: 13067: 13065: 13064: 13060: 13058: 13057: 13053: 13051: 13050: 13046: 13044: 13043: 13039: 13037: 13036: 13032: 13030: 13029: 13025: 13023: 13022: 13018: 13016: 13015: 13011: 13009: 13008: 13004: 13002: 13001: 12997: 12995: 12994: 12990: 12988: 12987: 12983: 12981: 12980: 12976: 12974: 12973: 12969: 12967: 12966: 12962: 12960: 12959: 12955: 12953: 12952: 12948: 12946: 12945: 12941: 12939: 12938: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12927: 12925: 12924: 12920: 12918: 12917: 12913: 12911: 12910: 12906: 12905: 12903: 12899:chronological 12895: 12888: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12835: 12828: 12824: 12821: 12818: 12815: 12812: 12809: 12806: 12803: 12802: 12797: 12793: 12792:Pope Pius XII 12786: 12781: 12779: 12774: 12772: 12767: 12766: 12763: 12754: 12745: 12744: 12737: 12731: 12726: 12722: 12713: 12712: 12707: 12703: 12702:Nicola Canali 12694: 12693: 12688: 12681: 12675: 12671: 12662: 12661: 12654: 12653:Lorenzo Lauri 12648: 12644: 12635: 12634: 12627: 12621: 12617: 12608: 12607: 12599: 12593: 12589: 12580: 12579: 12571: 12565: 12561: 12552: 12551: 12539: 12536: 12532: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12459:88-7094-018-7 12455: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12440: 12436: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12423:9780198716167 12419: 12415: 12414: 12409: 12405: 12404: 12394: 12393:0-300-08487-0 12390: 12386: 12385: 12380: 12377: 12374: 12373:0-912141-46-8 12370: 12366: 12362: 12361:Zolli, Israel 12359: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12342: 12341:3-7867-0383-3 12338: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12323: 12322:0-8091-4234-1 12319: 12315: 12311: 12308: 12305: 12301: 12298: 12294: 12291: 12290:0-8132-1081-X 12287: 12283: 12279: 12276: 12272: 12269: 12268:0-87973-217-2 12265: 12261: 12257: 12254: 12251: 12250:0-7185-0275-2 12247: 12243: 12239: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12194: 12190: 12187: 12183: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12165: 12164:0-253-33725-9 12161: 12157: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12147:0-19-517834-3 12144: 12140: 12136: 12133: 12129: 12127: 12126:9780151002443 12123: 12119: 12116: 12115:0-230-11080-0 12112: 12108: 12104: 12101: 12097: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12080: 12077: 12076:1-84706-355-1 12073: 12069: 12065: 12062: 12061:0-446-51258-3 12058: 12054: 12050: 12047: 12043: 12040: 12039:1-890318-66-3 12036: 12032: 12028: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12014: 12013:0-374-27675-7 12010: 12006: 12002: 11999: 11998:0-8091-4245-7 11995: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11983:0-8091-4181-7 11980: 11976: 11972: 11969: 11968:0-8091-4083-7 11965: 11961: 11957: 11954: 11953:0-8091-3912-X 11950: 11946: 11942: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11931:0-306-80931-1 11928: 11924: 11920: 11919:Lewy, Guenter 11917: 11914: 11913:0-415-92228-3 11910: 11906: 11902: 11899: 11898: 11893: 11890: 11887: 11883: 11880: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11868: 11864: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11816:0-7735-2326-X 11813: 11809: 11805: 11802: 11799: 11795: 11792: 11789: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11766: 11765:0-02-864529-4 11762: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11749: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11739:0-316-72446-7 11736: 11732: 11731: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11720:0-7864-2374-9 11717: 11713: 11709: 11707: 11706:0-374-92930-0 11703: 11699: 11695: 11692: 11689: 11688:3-525-34026-5 11685: 11681: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11672:0-571-09147-4 11669: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11657:0-89526-034-4 11654: 11650: 11649: 11644: 11641: 11638: 11637:Pope Pius XII 11634: 11631: 11628: 11627:0-670-87620-8 11624: 11620: 11619: 11614: 11611: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11597: 11595: 11594:0-7607-7332-7 11591: 11587: 11583: 11580: 11577: 11573: 11571: 11570:0-385-50584-1 11567: 11564:. Doubleday. 11563: 11559: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11544: 11531: 11527: 11525: 11524:1-4191-6654-9 11521: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11506: 11503: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11486: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11466: 11465: 11460: 11454: 11446: 11445: 11440: 11434: 11419: 11415: 11408: 11392: 11388: 11381: 11366: 11362: 11355: 11347: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11332: 11324: 11317: 11312: 11304: 11297: 11290: 11289: 11283: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11263: 11256: 11255: 11249: 11241: 11239:9780465061556 11235: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11219: 11212: 11208: 11203: 11187: 11186: 11181: 11174: 11158: 11154: 11148: 11132: 11126: 11117: 11108: 11099: 11090: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11068: 11061: 11060:0-297-84661-2 11057: 11053: 11050:in review of 11039: 11035: 11028: 11021: 11015: 11006: 10997: 10988: 10979: 10970: 10961: 10952: 10945: 10939: 10937: 10927: 10919: 10915: 10908: 10900: 10896: 10889: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10849:Susan Zucotti 10846: 10840: 10832: 10830:9780713990898 10826: 10822: 10818: 10812: 10810: 10791: 10789: 10781: 10774: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10760: 10753: 10747: 10738: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10716: 10715: 10709: 10702: 10701:The Spectator 10698: 10697: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10671: 10667: 10661: 10659: 10649: 10642: 10636: 10629: 10628:The Economist 10625: 10620: 10613: 10612:The Economist 10608: 10599: 10592: 10588: 10587: 10580: 10573: 10572: 10565: 10556: 10549: 10543: 10536: 10535: 10530: 10526: 10523: 10518: 10516: 10509:, 2009, I 540 10508: 10507: 10502: 10496: 10487: 10480: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10465: 10458: 10457: 10451: 10444: 10443:Joseph Bottum 10440: 10436: 10431: 10425: 10416: 10409: 10408:The Holocaust 10403: 10396: 10390: 10374: 10367: 10351: 10347: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10326: 10322: 10315: 10308: 10302: 10293: 10286: 10283:Paul O'Shea; 10280: 10264: 10260: 10254: 10245: 10229: 10223: 10207: 10201: 10185: 10179: 10163: 10157: 10142:. 27 May 2014 10141: 10135: 10119: 10113: 10097: 10091: 10076: 10069: 10054: 10047: 10040: 10036: 10030: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10010: 10001: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9968: 9964: 9959: 9952: 9946: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9908: 9907: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9885: 9879: 9875: 9874: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9820: 9814: 9806: 9802: 9796: 9794: 9784: 9768: 9762: 9753: 9746: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9728:Gerard Noel, 9725: 9716: 9707: 9698: 9689: 9680: 9671: 9664: 9663: 9657: 9648: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9590: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9566: 9557: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9536: 9527: 9520: 9519:The Holocaust 9514: 9505: 9496: 9481: 9477: 9471: 9463: 9459: 9452: 9443: 9434: 9425: 9409: 9403: 9394: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9368: 9356: 9347: 9338: 9331: 9330: 9323: 9316: 9310: 9295: 9291: 9284: 9268: 9264: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9248: 9240: 9234: 9227: 9226: 9219: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9185: 9178: 9171: 9166: 9159: 9154: 9145: 9136: 9127: 9120: 9114: 9105: 9098: 9092: 9085: 9079: 9070: 9068: 9058: 9056: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9031: 9024: 9008: 9004: 8997: 8988: 8972: 8968: 8961: 8952: 8950: 8942: 8936: 8929: 8923: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8896: 8886: 8877: 8870: 8865: 8858: 8857: 8856:Hitler's Pope 8852: 8847: 8840: 8837:Paul O'Shea; 8834: 8819: 8815: 8813: 8805: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8770: 8761: 8752: 8743: 8736: 8731: 8722: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8702: 8693: 8684: 8668: 8664: 8657: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8615: 8611: 8610:Time Magazine 8607: 8601: 8593: 8587: 8583: 8576: 8567: 8558: 8549: 8540: 8533: 8527: 8521:vol 2, p. 739 8520: 8514: 8507: 8501: 8492: 8485: 8484: 8477: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8450: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8395: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8376:0-89526-034-4 8373: 8369: 8363: 8348: 8342: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8319: 8316:John Toland; 8313: 8311: 8309: 8301: 8295: 8288: 8285:John Toland; 8282: 8275: 8274: 8267: 8251: 8245: 8229: 8223: 8221: 8212: 8206: 8197: 8188: 8179: 8170: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8156: 8149: 8133: 8129: 8122: 8112: 8096: 8092: 8085: 8083: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8027: 8011: 8007: 8000: 7998: 7981: 7977: 7970: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7944: 7928: 7924: 7917: 7915: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7879: 7870: 7864:O'Brien, p. 8 7861: 7853: 7851:9780191650796 7847: 7843: 7842: 7834: 7827: 7821: 7812: 7806: 7805:0-89555-390-2 7802: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7785:1-931709-77-7 7782: 7778: 7772: 7765: 7763: 7755: 7748: 7742: 7733: 7726: 7721: 7712: 7705: 7700: 7693: 7688: 7681: 7676: 7669: 7664: 7655: 7648: 7647:1-59474-184-0 7644: 7640: 7635: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7601: 7600: 7592: 7585: 7579: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7552: 7550: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7509: 7505: 7498: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7465: 7459: 7450: 7440: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7401: 7394: 7388: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7351: 7345: 7336: 7327: 7318: 7311: 7306: 7299: 7293: 7284: 7275: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7255: 7246: 7237: 7228: 7219: 7210: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7147: 7141: 7134: 7128: 7121: 7115: 7105: 7098: 7097:0-7607-4032-1 7094: 7090: 7084: 7074: 7065: 7056: 7049: 7043: 7036: 7030: 7023: 7017: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6993: 6992:88-7026-340-1 6989: 6983: 6974: 6967: 6961: 6952: 6945: 6939: 6932: 6926: 6917: 6907: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6887: 6878: 6871: 6870:3-525-34026-5 6867: 6863: 6857: 6848: 6829: 6822: 6816: 6807: 6799: 6793: 6782: 6776: 6767: 6760: 6754: 6745: 6736: 6727: 6718: 6711: 6705: 6698: 6692: 6686:, pp. 546–547 6685: 6679: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6637: 6631: 6630:0-8156-3029-8 6627: 6621: 6614: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6575: 6569: 6559: 6549: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6514: 6504: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6480: 6478: 6468: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6426: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6395:0-521-82692-6 6392: 6388: 6383: 6377: 6376:0-8156-3029-8 6373: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6351: 6342: 6335: 6329: 6320: 6314: 6313:0-8028-2416-1 6310: 6306: 6300: 6291: 6282: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6249: 6239: 6230: 6221: 6212: 6203: 6194: 6185: 6177: 6175:9780140296273 6171: 6167: 6166: 6158: 6149: 6140: 6131: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6050: 6043: 6042:Hitler's Pope 6037: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6002: 5996:O'Shea, p. 82 5993: 5984: 5982: 5972: 5970: 5960: 5951: 5945:O'Shea, p. 81 5942: 5933: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5902:O'Brien, p. 1 5899: 5890: 5881: 5872: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5843: 5835: 5834:0-8160-5455-X 5831: 5827: 5822: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5702: 5694: 5692:9780739158883 5688: 5684: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612:List of popes 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5585: 5583: 5582:the Holocaust 5579: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5569:anti-Catholic 5566: 5562: 5558: 5557:David Kertzer 5553: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5512:Joseph Müller 5509: 5504: 5500: 5499:Mark Riebling 5496: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5368: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5343: 5340: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5312: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5261:Mark Riebling 5258: 5254: 5253: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5159:Ralph McInery 5156: 5152: 5151:David Kertzer 5148: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5115:beatification 5111: 5109: 5108:Hitler's Pope 5105: 5104:Hitler's Pope 5100: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5085: 5084:Hitler's Pope 5081: 5080:John Cornwell 5075: 5071: 5070:Hitler's Pope 5064: 5060: 5059:Hitler's Pope 5055: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4942:Rolf Hochhuth 4936: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4899:the Holocaust 4895: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4866:Oskar Halecki 4857: 4855: 4851: 4850:Moshe Sharett 4846: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4794:Leon Poliakov 4790: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4745: 4742: 4734: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4694: 4693: 4680: 4679:to Pius XII. 4678: 4667: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4645: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4561: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4475:heart failure 4472: 4467: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4448:Robert Leiber 4445: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4408:phenomenology 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4305:Robert Leiber 4301: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4284:of China and 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4250:Joseph Frings 4247: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4229: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4103:Kaltenbrunner 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041:, and Bishop 4040: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4028:Eastern Front 4024: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3990:Robert Leiber 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963:David Kertzer 3958: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3736: 3734: 3733: 3732:Hitler's Pope 3728: 3727:John Cornwell 3724: 3715: 3710: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3611:Owen Chadwick 3608: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3574:Vatican Radio 3571: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3408:Low Countries 3403: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3391:Joseph Muller 3388: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3323:Volksdeutsche 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3117:Gemma Galgani 3114: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3102:Maria Goretti 3099: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3068:Pope Leo XIII 3065: 3061: 3060:Maria Pierina 3057: 3056:Ash Wednesday 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2886: 2881: 2880:Pius stated: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2836: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2789:rhythm method 2779: 2776: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590:Latin Vulgate 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2554: 2552: 2551:Mother of God 2548: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2536: 2527: 2526:Mother of God 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2479:Menti Nostrae 2474: 2471: 2467: 2466:psychological 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2251: 2246: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2153:Italian Popes 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2119:Pope Leo XIII 2116: 2112: 2102: 2094: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068:Your Holiness 2067: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2037:Pope Pius XII 2029: 2025: 2010: 2008: 2007: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1833:Vatican Radio 1830: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1793:Palazzo Malta 1790: 1789:King of Spain 1786: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1744:Kristallnacht 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1719:Joseph Bottum 1716: 1712: 1711: 1710:Nostra aetate 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600:Conrad Gröber 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1479:Katholikentag 1474: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:Katholikentag 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435:Robert Leiber 1432: 1428: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1297:German Empire 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1154:John Cornwell 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1073:Easter Sunday 1070: 1066: 1057: 1046:Church career 1043: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 984: 982: 978: 975:in 1929 with 974: 970: 966: 963: 959: 955: 951: 948: 944: 943:Pope Leo XIII 940: 936: 935: 930: 924: 919: 913: 908: 904: 900: 891: 886: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 826: 821: 817: 816: 811: 807: 806: 801: 796: 795: 790: 786: 782: 778: 775: 774: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 737:Allied Powers 734: 730: 725: 724: 719: 714: 712: 708: 707: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 669: 665: 664:Pope Pius XII 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 632: 628: 624: 622: 618: 614: 612: 608: 604: 602: 601:Albert Levame 598: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 577:27 April 1930 576: 574: 570: 567:29 March 1926 566: 562: 555: 548: 544: 536: 532: 529: 526: 520: 513: 510: 506: 503: 499: 495: 491: 485: 479: 476: 473: 469: 462: 458: 454: 450: 444: 437: 430: 426: 421:Pope Pius XII 413: 406: 402: 394:Recorded 1949 378: 369: 366: 363: 359: 356: 353: 349: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 311: 307: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 259: 255: 251: 247: 230: 226: 221: 218: 212: 208: 205: 202:by Pope 199: 195: 192: 186: 182: 177: 170: 166: 163: 159: 156: 153: 150: 147: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 125: 122: 119: 116: 113: 110: 109: 107: 103: 100: 97: 93: 90: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 64: 61: 57: 50: 45: 42: 38: 30: 27: 22: 19: 16751: 16734: 16717: 16705:from Commons 16700: 16679: 16672:Vatican City 16648:Christianity 16564: 16560:Pope Francis 16486:21st century 16435:Pope Paul VI 16412: 16400: 16375: 16353:20th century 16340: 16291:Pope Pius IX 16279:19th century 16255:Pope Pius VI 16122: 15994:Latin Empire 15964:Universities 15916:Pope Leo III 15783:Christianity 15768:state church 15760:Great Church 15561:Resurrection 15524:(30–325/476) 15521:Early Church 15506:Latin Church 15501:Papal States 15496:Vatican City 15331: 15319: 15289:World War II 15283:Vatican City 15159: 15130:(until 493) 15094:Benedict XVI 15089:John Paul II 15068: 15009:Clement XIII 15004:Benedict XIV 14979:Innocent XII 14913:Clement VIII 14888:Gregory XIII 14868:Marcellus II 14828:Alexander VI 14778:Innocent VII 14743:Benedict XII 14698:Nicholas III 14663:Alexander IV 14653:Celestine IV 14643:Honorius III 14627:Innocent III 14612:Gregory VIII 14572:Celestine II 14557:Callixtus II 14527:Alexander II 14452:Sylvester II 14432:Benedict VII 14392:Stephen VIII 14277:Benedict III 14131:Adeodatus II 14076:Boniface III 13930:Anastasius I 13594: 13587: 13580: 13573: 13561: 13554: 13547: 13540: 13435:Appointments 13327:Persecutions 13306: 13303:Nazi Germany 13245:Roman razzia 13200:World War II 13187: 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Regnery. 11533:(in German) 11230:Basic Books 11192:17 December 11009:Question 42 10991:Question 28 10798:17 December 9485:18 February 9360:(in French) 9299:19 February 8673:17 December 8646:17 December 8620:17 December 8116:suffering". 7815:Noel, p. 16 7538:7 September 7487:17 December 7263:(1950) and 7144:AAS, 1947, 7131:AAS, 1947, 7118:AAS, 1947, 6655:Poland 1925 6651:Latvia 1922 6597:17 November 6591:Vanity Fair 6215:Kaas, 1930. 6143:Noel, p. 34 6005:Noel, p. 10 5524:appointment 5290:Ian Kershaw 5286:Gerard Noel 5228:Eamon Duffy 5202:Pierre Blet 5196:(2000) and 5166:David Dalin 5135:(2000) and 5127:(2000) and 5044:, in 1964, 4614:Marvin Hier 4262:Nazi Empire 4234:Fidei donum 3954:Nazi Empire 3900:Léon Bérard 3857:Chief Rabbi 3833:antisemitic 3716:c.1943–1944 3698:most severe 3627:Dan Kurzman 3383:John Toland 3251:(1937) and 3094:Pope Pius X 2931:encyclicals 2615:Magisterium 2586:archaeology 2522:Virgin Mary 2493:Pope Pius X 2293:Middle East 2196:Roman Curia 2076:Holy Father 1975:Palm Sunday 1942:Ludwig Kaas 1785:Juan Carlos 1765:colonialism 1736:Third Reich 1516:Saar region 1443:Ludwig Kaas 1340:Kurt Eisner 1181:Pope Pius X 1107:apprendista 960:, became a 921: [ 910: [ 830:theologians 773:ex cathedra 523:Elevated by 516:Cardinalate 496:13 May 1917 447:Ordained by 204:Benedict XV 200:13 May 1917 171:(1935–1939) 164:(1930–1939) 154:(1930–1939) 148:(1929–1939) 141:(1926–1929) 135:(1920–1930) 129:(1917–1929) 123:(1917–1925) 114:(1912–1914) 85:Predecessor 16766:Categories 16719:Quotations 16439:coronation 16145:Pope Leo X 15730:Tertullian 15660:Revelation 15635:Background 15240:Modern Era 15170:(974–1012) 15074:John XXIII 14984:Clement XI 14959:Clement IX 14949:Innocent X 14944:Urban VIII 14939:Gregory XV 14863:Julius III 14798:Nicholas V 14763:Gregory XI 14748:Clement VI 14683:Innocent V 14673:Clement IV 14648:Gregory IX 14602:Lucius III 14582:Eugene III 14547:Paschal II 14537:Victor III 14517:Stephen IX 14502:Damasus II 14497:Clement II 14492:Gregory VI 14467:Sergius IV 14462:John XVIII 14412:Benedict V 14397:Marinus II 14322:Stephen VI 14302:Adrian III 14282:Nicholas I 14267:Sergius II 14262:Gregory IV 14242:Stephen IV 14206:Stephen II 14191:Gregory II 14111:Theodore I 14096:Honorius I 14091:Boniface V 14056:Benedict I 14046:Pelagius I 14031:Agapetus I 13991:Gelasius I 13981:Simplicius 13966:Sixtus III 13956:Boniface I 13946:Innocent I 13810:Zephyrinus 13724:Pope-elect 13700:non-extant 13542:The Deputy 13280:Yad Vashem 13213:statements 13021:Anni sacri 12848:Nunciature 12843:Early life 12823:Archpriest 12811:Camerlengo 12753:John XXIII 12721:John XXIII 12356:0674064267 12235:0465022294 12208:0340023945 11833:0812989945 11621:. Viking. 11556:1403988315 10430:Yad Vashem 10321:Commentary 10190:14 January 10168:10 January 10124:22 January 10102:22 January 10080:22 January 9850:22 January 9773:7 February 9756:Noel, p. 4 8031:Pius XII, 7948:Pius XII, 7799:. (1990); 7779:. (2003); 6837:5 December 6496:The Tablet 6275:081320920X 6040:Cornwell, 5975:Noel, p. 9 5749:archive.is 5661:References 5275:Colossians 5168:published 5042:The Deputy 5001:Securitate 4978:The Deputy 4966:The Deputy 4925:The Deputy 4918:The Deputy 4907:Golda Meir 4813:Golda Meir 4731:April 2015 4708:neutrality 4480:Magnificat 4464:Last rites 4373:abdication 4144:Abe Foxman 4136:Yad Vashem 3927:Bratislava 3868:Lithuanian 3755:Golda Meir 3723:Elio Toaff 3652:Holocaust 3548:Ken Harada 3537:Lend-Lease 3529:encyclical 3318:Wartheland 3152:See also: 3098:heterodoxy 3003:Miaphysite 2950:occupation 2936:vernacular 2875:Umberto II 2470:priesthood 2458:psychology 2426:encyclical 2265:consistory 2126:coronation 2115:Camerlengo 2111:Clement IX 1886:federalist 1882:concordats 1813:See also: 1752:encyclical 1750:The draft 1612:Yugoslavia 1602:, the new 1459:Tiergarten 1409:Reichswehr 1370:Max Levien 1312:Wilhelm II 1308:Ludwig III 1259:Wilhelm II 1227:to assist 1134:concordats 1111:Edward VII 1077:Vicegerent 954:Roman Rota 947:Franciscan 879:Early life 845:John XXIII 653:4 May 1941 238:1876-03-02 184:Ordination 99:John XXIII 16636:Biography 16455:Communism 16425:Ecumenism 15771:(380–451) 15763:(180–451) 15752:(313–476) 15674:(100–325) 15164:(904–964) 15156:(756–857) 15150:(537–752) 15144:(493–537) 15136:(312–337) 15034:Pius VIII 14964:Clement X 14898:Urban VII 14848:Adrian VI 14838:Julius II 14818:Sixtus IV 14793:Eugene IV 14738:John XXII 14733:Clement V 14703:Martin IV 14678:Gregory X 14607:Urban III 14592:Adrian IV 14577:Lucius II 14512:Victor II 14457:John XVII 14447:Gregory V 14422:John XIII 14307:Stephen V 14297:Marinus I 14292:John VIII 14287:Adrian II 14257:Valentine 14252:Eugene II 14247:Paschal I 14181:Sisinnius 14166:Sergius I 14101:Severinus 14066:Gregory I 14036:Silverius 14006:Hormisdas 14001:Symmachus 13986:Felix III 13920:Damasus I 13895:Miltiades 13870:Eutychian 13860:Dionysius 13855:Sixtus II 13850:Stephen I 13840:Cornelius 13760:Evaristus 13755:Clement I 13750:Anacletus 13680:canonised 13675:graphical 13613:Pius Wars 13472:Cardinals 13442:Tisserant 13365:Mariology 12873:Testament 12837:Biography 12299:. London. 11744:Goñi, Uki 11044:8 January 10732:; 18/8/06 10327:: 439–49. 10234:6 January 10212:6 January 9935:30 August 9845:0040-781X 9632:1072-7825 9464:(4): 448. 9095:Delpech, 8508:pp. 71–72 7905:154304692 7391:Pio XII, 7377:20 August 7367:La Stampa 7194:0362-4331 6964:Pio XII, 5922:5 January 5855:The Times 5811:14 August 5806:0362-4331 5666:Footnotes 5627:Pius Wars 4940:In 1963, 4829:Communism 4787:Jerusalem 4783:Baltimore 4719:talk page 4652:Holy Land 4598:Venerable 4123:In 2005, 4094:Hungarian 4006:Auschwitz 3984:activist 3861:Palestine 3670:Pius Wars 3508:genocidal 3458:Luftwaffe 3284:Stalinism 3280:Hitlerism 3162:Pius Wars 3106:beatified 3090:canonized 3011:Stalinist 2954:Wehrmacht 2828:evolution 2731:mariology 2454:sociology 2441:With the 2422:Canon Law 2269:cardinals 2134:Jerusalem 2085:Venerable 2006:Angelicum 1728:anti-Nazi 1693:Argentina 1683:over the 1632:canon law 1405:Freikorps 1348:Rorschach 1150:canon law 1138:minutante 1079:of Rome, 1004:altar boy 873:Venerable 840:in 1946. 779:with the 756:apostates 748:communist 365:Venerable 346:Sainthood 322:Signature 278:Education 95:Successor 26:Venerable 16465:HIV/AIDS 15959:Crusades 15713:Irenaeus 15706:Ignatius 15701:Polycarp 15551:Ministry 15539:(30–100) 15413:Timeline 15321:Category 15295:Cold War 15069:Pius XII 15049:Leo XIII 15024:Pius VII 14893:Sixtus V 14858:Paul III 14833:Pius III 14788:Martin V 14768:Urban VI 14693:John XXI 14688:Adrian V 14668:Urban IV 14542:Urban II 14477:John XIX 14437:John XIV 14417:Leo VIII 14407:John XII 14312:Formosus 14221:Adrian I 14176:John VII 14126:Vitalian 14121:Eugene I 14116:Martin I 14071:Sabinian 14051:John III 14041:Vigilius 14016:Felix IV 13976:Hilarius 13925:Siricius 13915:Liberius 13910:Julius I 13890:Eusebius 13845:Lucius I 13805:Victor I 13790:Anicetus 13770:Sixtus I 13707:Antipope 13520:Spellman 13482:Advisers 13462:Orsenigo 13447:Maglione 13404:Writings 13352:Theology 13321:Ratlines 12858:Election 12853:US visit 12468:23247127 12448:(1990). 12410:(2014). 12381:. 2000. 12363:. 1997. 12312:. 2005. 12215:. 2015. 12154:. 2000. 12100:Pius XII 12046:Pius XII 11921:. 1964. 11894:. 1967. 11874:Pius XII 11823:. 2022. 11806:. 2002. 11796:. 2000. 11727:. 2002. 11696:. 1966. 11645:. 2005. 11635:. 1959. 11615:. 1999. 11584:. 1995. 11535:; 3 vol. 11157:Archived 11075:(2003). 10819:(2015). 10769:Archived 10718:Archived 10591:Newsweek 10525:Archived 10474:Archived 10456:Pius XII 10410:, p. 623 10058:2 August 10018:Archived 9953:, p. 197 9598:Archived 9578:Archived 9545:Archived 9521:, p. 701 9228:, p. 315 9099:, p. 267 8710:Archived 8038:Archived 7955:Archived 7649:; p. 172 7513:27 April 7408:Archived 7352:, p. 110 7199:1 August 7050:, p. 371 7037:; p. 370 6994:; p. 313 6895:Archived 6761:, p. 112 6615:, p. 539 6488:Archived 6447:: 61–65. 6441:Hochland 6410:Archived 6336:, p. 157 5857:. London 5836:, p. 267 5596:See also 5565:conclave 5485:Avellino 5389:Uki Goñi 5328:Holy See 5200:(2002); 5192:(1997), 5099:Newsweek 5003:General 4876:(1949). 4839:Winnipeg 4712:disputed 4320:Italy's 3998:furnaces 3804:to "non- 3494:elevate 3245:(1931); 3121:stigmata 2611:morality 2499:Theology 2489:Boniface 2390:and the 1979:paganism 1843:Pacelli 1697:Budapest 1659:Holy See 1484:Dortmund 1302:Once in 1203:against 1193:Sarajevo 1069:ordained 950:tertiary 802:include 215:by Pope 189:by 34:Pius XII 16622:Portals 16430:Judaism 15830:Vulgate 15640:Gospels 15615:Stephen 15532:Origins 15452:Vulgate 15388:General 15378:of the 15376:History 15214:Perugia 15208:Orvieto 15202:Viterbo 15099:Francis 15079:Paul VI 15064:Pius XI 15044:Pius IX 15029:Leo XII 15019:Pius VI 14878:Pius IV 14873:Paul IV 14813:Paul II 14808:Pius II 14758:Urban V 14442:John XV 14387:Leo VII 14382:John XI 14337:John IX 14327:Romanus 14226:Leo III 14201:Zachary 14171:John VI 14106:John IV 14026:John II 13951:Zosimus 13865:Felix I 13830:Anterus 13825:Pontian 13820:Urban I 13780:Hyginus 13657:of the 13606:Related 13525:Spiazzi 13505:Lehnert 13457:Tardini 13452:Montini 13375:Liturgy 13370:Judaism 12736:Pius XI 12690:of the 12680:Pius XI 12524:of the 12520:in the 12304:Pio XII 11494:. Rome. 11188:. Italy 10724:by Sir 10675:23 June 10309:, 2001. 9925:Ozy.com 9665:. p. 56 9458:Judaism 9267:Reuters 9013:23 June 8977:23 June 8859:, 1999. 8823:23 June 8466:23 June 8438:23 June 8400:23 June 8378:; p. 76 8352:23 June 8256:23 June 8234:23 June 8138:23 June 8101:23 June 8071:23 June 8016:23 June 7986:23 June 7933:23 June 7312:, p. 21 7300:, p. 21 7148:, p. 31 7135:, p. 19 7122:, p. 18 6044:, p. 42 5308:Gestapo 5017:Seat 12 4884:Israeli 4825:Fascism 4661:Father 4654:to the 4631:" said 4553:Funeral 4426:Mother 4404:Thomism 4213:Bishop 4130:became 3946:Uruguay 3825:Lisieux 3764:leader 3762:Fascist 3617:editor 3414:, King 2806:Galileo 2735:Angelus 2723:feast. 2635:Assunta 2598:sermons 2484:heroism 2382:Bishop 2378:in 1949 2365:Creator 2347:liturgy 2157:Pius XI 1981:of the 1907:Austria 1895:Prussia 1782:Infante 1705:Hungary 1636:nullity 1608:Austria 1511:Pius XI 1420:Bamberg 1352:uditore 1325:Sister 1293:Prussia 1289:Bavaria 1275:in the 1270:titular 1217:Balkans 988:Parione 853:Paul VI 834:evolved 787:in his 783:of the 433:History 273:, Italy 217:Pius XI 89:Pius XI 16396:Nazism 16218:to the 15825:Jerome 15735:Origen 15418:Papacy 15054:Pius X 14934:Paul V 14929:Leo XI 14883:Pius V 14507:Leo IX 14372:Leo VI 14367:John X 14272:Leo IV 14211:Paul I 14156:John V 14146:Leo II 14141:Agatho 14011:John I 13835:Fabian 13785:Pius I 13695:extant 13691:Tombs 13515:Nogara 13510:Leiber 13467:Muench 13342:Russia 13337:Poland 12550:Sardes 12466: 12456: 12420: 12391: 12371: 12354: 12339: 12320: 12288: 12266: 12258:2000. 12248: 12233: 12225: 12206: 12177: 12162: 12145: 12124: 12113: 12094:981254 12092: 12074: 12059: 12037: 12011: 11996: 11981: 11966: 11951: 11929: 11911: 11859: 11845: 11831: 11814: 11779:775305 11777: 11763: 11737: 11718: 11704: 11686: 11670: 11655: 11625: 11592: 11568: 11554: 11522: 11342: 11236: 11058: 10827: 10728:; The 10146:28 May 9880: 9843: 9732:, p. 3 9637:20 May 9630: 8912:17 May 8588: 8374: 8318:Hitler 8287:Hitler 7903: 7848: 7803: 7783: 7645: 7192: 7095: 6990: 6868: 6659:France 6628: 6563:1939). 6393: 6374: 6311: 6273: 6172: 5832: 5804: 5759:17 May 5689: 5444:Ustaše 4821:Nazism 4677:novena 4532:Naples 4203:, and 4010:Dachau 3912:Slovak 3906:, the 3883:Vienna 3694:Dachau 3668:, and 3642:Allied 3500:Ustaše 3418:, and 3160:, and 3100:"—and 2658:mystic 2631:Titian 2582:Hebrew 2549:, the 2514:Fátima 2491:, and 2394:, was 2335:, and 2291:, the 2230:, and 2206:, and 2200:Jesuit 2179:) and 2013:Papacy 1923:nuncio 1723:Hitler 1571:, 1934 1524:Poland 1520:Danzig 1376:, and 1304:Munich 1233:nuncio 1225:Vienna 1209:Russia 1205:Turkey 1197:Serbia 1085:curate 822:; and 798:. 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