796:
Cascade Range. In eastern
Washington and other dry areas, it is restricted to protected valleys and canyon bottoms, along streambanks, and edges of ponds and meadows. It grows on a variety of soils from moist silts, gravels, and sands to rich humus, loams, and occasionally clays. Black cottonwood is a pioneer species that grows best in full sunlight and commonly establishes on recently disturbed alluvium. Seeds are numerous and widely dispersed because of their cottony tufts, enabling the species to colonize even burn sites, if conditions for establishment are met. Seral communities dominated or codominated by cottonwood are maintained by periodic flooding or other types of soil disturbance. Black cottonwood has low drought tolerance; it is flood-tolerant but cannot tolerate brackish water or stagnant pools.
430:
448:
546:
51:
33:
718:
422:
707:
1043:
214:
844:. Black cottonwood thrives by colonizing disturbed sites, but can be replaced by conifers. The wood is relatively weak and waterlogged, often splitting during freezes. It is susceptible to rot as well. Woodpeckers create cavities which various animals can use for nests. Larger birds nest in the large upper branches. Beavers use the trees as food and dam-building material.
893:
The tree had medicinal value as well. The
Squaxin used the bark for sore throats and for the treatment of tuberculosis, as well as water and the bruised leaves as an antiseptic mixture. The Klallam used the buds for an eye treatment. For the Quinault, they extracted gum from the burls and applied it
795:
Black cottonwood grows on alluvial sites, riparian habitats, and moist woods on mountain slopes, from sea level to elevations of 2,100–2,750 m (6,890–9,020 ft). It often forms extensive stands on bottomlands of major streams and rivers at low elevations along the
Pacific Coast, west of the
537:
The seed ripens and is disseminated by late May to late June in Oregon and
Washington, but frequently not until mid-July in Idaho and Montana. Abundant seed crops are usually produced every year. Attached to its cotton, the seed is light and buoyant and can be transported long distances by wind and
1198:
is the first woody plant genome to be sequenced. Considering the economic importance of wood and wood products, the availability of a tree genome was necessary. The sequence also allows evolutionary comparisons and the elucidation of basic molecular differences between herbaceous and woody plants.
872:
The tree was and is significant for many Native
American tribes of the Western United States. Some Native Americans consumed cottonwood inner bark and sap, feeding their horses the inner bark and foliage. The wood, roots and bark have been used for firewood, canoe making, rope, fish traps, baskets
562:
Moist seedbeds are essential for high germination, and seedling survival depends on continuously favorable conditions during the first month. Wet bottomlands of rivers and major streams frequently provide such conditions, particularly where bare soil has been exposed or new soil laid down.
575:
unless special measures are taken to prepare the bare, moist seedbeds required for initial establishment. Where seedlings become established in great numbers, they thin out naturally by age five because the weaker seedlings of this shade-intolerant species are suppressed.
1261:
trees reveals significant genetic differences between the roots and the leaves and branches of the same tree. The variation within a specimen is as much as found between unrelated trees. These results may be important in resolving debate in evolutionary biology regarding
856:, valued for its fast growth and scented foliage in spring, detectable from over 100 m distance. The roots are however invasive, and it can damage the foundations of buildings on shrinkable clay soils if planted nearby (Mitchel 1996).
588:
sprouts readily. After logging operations, it sometimes regenerates naturally from rooting of partially buried fragments of branches or from stumps. Sprouting from roots also occurs. The species also has the ability to
398: in) long and may be produced on stump sprouts and very vigorous young trees. The leaves are alternate, elliptical with a crenate margin and an acute tip, and reticulate venation. The petiole is reddish. The
593:
shoots complete with green leaves. These shoots drop to the ground and may root where they fall or may be dispersed by water transport. In some situations, abscission may be one means of colonizing exposed
944:
in Great
Britain have reached 18 m (59 ft) tall in 11 years, and 34 m (112 ft) tall in 28 years. It can reach suitable size for pulp production in 10–15 years and about 25 years for
337:, becoming thick and deeply fissured on old trees. The bark can become hard enough to cause sparks when cut with a chainsaw. The stem is grey in the older parts and light brown in younger parts. The
326:, holds the national and world records. Last measured in April 2008, this black cottonwood was found to be standing at 47 m (155 ft) tall, 8.8 m (29 ft) around, with 527 points.
1547:
1509:
Doty, S. L., Sher, A. W., Fleck, N. D., Khorasani, M., Bumgarner, R. E., Khan, Z., ... & DeLuca, T. H. (2016). Variable nitrogen fixation in wild
Populus. PLOS ONE, 11(5), e0155979.
1029:
believed that the tree was intelligent and had a form of special physical agency, moving on its own without the need of wind. Due to this belief, they refused to use it for firewood.
408:
has an extensive and aggressive root system, which can invade and damage drainage systems. Sometimes, the roots can even damage the foundations of buildings by drying out the soil.
1808:
2279:
2254:
2264:
1551:
1424:
318:
species in the
American Forests Champion Tree Registry. It is normally fairly short-lived, but some trees may live up to 400 years. A cottonwood in
2058:
1026:
2110:
776:, western Montana, and north-to-central Idaho. Scattered small populations have been noted in southeastern Alberta, eastern Montana, western
1395:
384: in) long with a glossy, dark green upper side and glaucous, light grey-green underside; larger leaves may be up to 30 cm (
2006:
1333:
1107:
2249:
2071:
2019:
1833:
1079:
2133:
1286:
1472:
1649:
1625:
Pojar, J. & MacKinnon, A. Plants of the
Pacific Northwest Coast. Vancouver, British Columbia: Lone Pine Publishing, 2004.
1602:
2076:
1086:
1060:
1742:
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1970:
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wood is light-weight and although not particularly strong, is strong for its weight. The wood material has short, fine
1823:
1448:
1324:
1126:
1093:
50:
760:
62° 30° N., through
British Columbia and the forested areas of Washington and Oregon, to the mountains in southern
300:
It is a large tree, growing to a height of 30 to 50 m (98 to 164 ft) and a trunk diameter over 2 m (
2115:
2045:
1075:
542:
seed under natural conditions may be as short as two weeks to a month. This can be increased with cold storage.
2138:
1064:
2190:
2097:
1889:
1266:(that evolution can occur within individuals, not solely among populations), with a variety of implications.
1168:
319:
1548:"That white cottony stuff blowing around in the air is not snow... - Family Allergy Asthma & Sinus Care"
1998:
1923:
1361:
429:
1913:
1908:
2024:
1233:
Number of putative genes: 45,555, the largest number of genes ever recorded (estimate in September 2008)
2185:
2274:
2259:
2125:
1985:
1519:
1674:
Tuskan GA, Difazio S, Jansson S, Bohlmann J, Grigoriev I, Hellsten U, et al. (September 2006).
1799:
156:
1642:
Ethnobotany of Western Washington: The knowledge and use of indigenous plants by Native Americans
1403:
1290:
1100:
1053:
475:
1425:"Largest Black Cottonwood Tree in the United States - Marion County, Oregon - Exceptional Trees"
341:
is usually roughly conical and quite dense. In large trees, the lower branches droop downwards.
2063:
1993:
1851:
1152:
995:
2089:
2269:
834:
727:
447:
183:
1767:
1473:"Black cottonwood 'Willamette Mission Cottonwood' in Willamette Mission State Park in Salem"
802:
has been one of the most successful introductions of trees to the otherwise almost treeless
402:
are conical, long, narrow, and sticky, with a strong balsam scent in spring when they open.
1944:
1691:
1675:
1183:
966:
882:
2164:
8:
623:
610:" is Greek for "hairy fruits". These scientific names are now considered synonymous with
564:
2177:
1788:
1695:
881:
made the base (hearth board) of their fire-making tool, a bow drill, with its wood. The
2221:
1723:
1594:
1500:
Ewing, Susan. The Great Alaska Nature Factbook. Portland: Alaska Northwest Books, 1996.
1156:
522:
226:
45:
1830:
2159:
1931:
1842:.....................................................................................
1819:
1715:
1707:
1645:
1644:(2nd ed.). Seattle and London: University of Washington Press (published 1973).
1608:
1598:
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1151:
in Washington, where the specimen was collected. The sequencing was performed at the
830:
822:
415:
2284:
2226:
1936:
1727:
1699:
1365:
1263:
745:
483:
452:
2146:
1837:
1588:
1216:
1148:
874:
853:
841:
769:
765:
88:
2213:
2102:
902:
Commercial extracts are produced from the fragrant buds for use as a perfume in
545:
2172:
999:
983:
878:
338:
285:
273:
75:
1612:
837:; all four have similar appearances and provide habitats for various animals.
813:
in 1944 and has since become one of the most widespread trees in the country.
2243:
2084:
1975:
1874:
1236:
1172:
964:
Model genome size (although significantly larger than the other model plant,
873:
and structures. The gum-like sap was used as a glue or as waterproofing. The
826:
803:
749:
741:
330:
323:
289:
277:
1703:
32:
2203:
1719:
1014:
922:
777:
124:
1590:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
213:
2151:
2032:
1900:
1883:
1245:
1220:
199:
421:
2011:
1768:"Somatic mosaicism in Populus trichocarpa leads to evolutionary change"
1227:
1191:
1159:
method. The depth of the sequencing was about 7.5 x (meaning that each
1067: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
941:
761:
753:
717:
590:
511:
342:
134:
706:
474:
age around 10 years. Flowers may appear in early March to late May in
411:
In 2016, the first direct evidence was published indicating that wild
2037:
1957:
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1209:
1160:
934:
918:
903:
503:
471:
463:
270:
1845:
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960:
has several qualities that makes it a good model species for trees:
2198:
1868:
1793:
1007:
768:(31°N). It is also found inland, generally on the west side of the
757:
507:
334:
203:
101:
2050:
1962:
1337:
990:
For these reasons, the species has been extensively studied. Its
930:
810:
781:
773:
595:
572:
491:
315:
144:
1949:
1396:"Ascending the Giants - Chronicles Of Measuring Champion Trees"
1144:
1011:
991:
946:
789:
571:
seedlings do not usually become established in abundance after
519:
499:
495:
479:
467:
353:
281:
114:
525:
fruits 5 to 8 mm long. Each capsule contains many minute
926:
859:
Branches can be added to potted plants to stimulate rooting.
550:
515:
487:
482:, and sometimes as late as mid-June in northern and interior
62:
1765:
1673:
1240:
1187:
785:
526:
346:
1449:"Willamette Mission Cottonwood - Oregon Travel Experience"
1766:
Olds, Brett P.; P.J. Mulrooney; K.N. Paige (2012-08-07).
399:
1772:
97th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America
825:, it hybridizes with the region's three other species:
451:
Male (pollen-producing) catkin and leaf buds in March.
1305:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
1182:
genome the only available plant genomes were those of
1167:
was done primarily by the Joint Genome Institute, the
1743:"Tree's leaves genetically different from its roots"
532:
2280:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
1496:
1494:
1492:
1002:from it. The wide range of topics studied by using
994:sequence was published in 2006. More than 121,000
514:catkins at maturity are 8 to 20 cm long with
470:are borne on separate trees. The species reaches
2241:
1489:
1587:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
929:. The wood is also excellent for production of
885:cut young branches for building sweat lodges.
821:Although the most populous cottonwood of the
2255:Trees of the West Coast of the United States
1586:
1281:
1279:
584:Due to its high levels of rooting hormones,
538:water. Although highly viable, longevity of
696:
349:has a light coloring and a straight grain.
2265:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
1285:
940:This species grows very quickly; trees in
579:
212:
31:
1796:: The Populus Genome Integrative Explorer
1276:
1127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1017:, drought tolerance, and wood formation.
442:
1334:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
1147:specimen "Nisqually-1", named after the
1020:
809:The species was imported from Alaska to
544:
446:
428:
420:
1639:
976:Reaches reproductive maturity 4–6 years
557:
549:Seeds and fluff of cottonwood in July.
502:, elongated to 2 to 3 cm, and are
2242:
1667:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
243:(Torr. & A.Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw
1850:
1849:
1809:Morrisey Old Growth Cottonwood Forest
1635:
1633:
1631:
1619:
1317:
1303:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1257:Genome-wide analysis of 11 clumps of
1171:, the Umeå Plant Science Centre, and
1163:was sequenced on average 7.5 times).
952:
2126:51ef0322-6f28-4646-821e-c99b0a900aec
1740:
1323:
1252:
1212:(human genome: 3 billion base pairs)
1065:adding citations to reliable sources
1036:
772:, in British Columbia, southwestern
1565:
925:for high-quality book and magazine
13:
1782:
1628:
1202:
14:
2301:
1789:Populus genome at the JGI website
1676:"The genome of black cottonwood,
1593:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
740:covers large sections of western
533:Seed production and dissemination
529:with long, white, cottony hairs.
2191:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:208350-2
1816:Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain
1041:
716:
705:
49:
1759:
1734:
1658:
1540:
1512:
1503:
1248:: 157,000 base pairs, 101 genes
1052:needs additional citations for
437:
2250:Garden plants of North America
1465:
1441:
1417:
1388:
1379:
1354:
867:
847:
356:are usually 7–20 centimetres (
295:
1:
1269:
1169:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
320:Willamette Mission State Park
1831:Cottonwood and Balsam Poplar
1178:Prior to the publication of
888:
7:
1293:Populus balsamifera
933:. Living trees are used as
877:used it for post wood. The
601:
314: ft). It ranks 3rd in
10:
2306:
816:
730:, and the bark at its base
618:
276:species native to western
2290:Trees of Northern America
1858:
1362:"Champion Trees Registry"
1239:: 803,000 base pairs, 52
1143:is that of an individual
1032:
973:Rapid growth (for a tree)
909:
897:
498:catkins contain 30 to 60
333:is grey and covered with
232:
225:
220:
211:
189:
182:
46:Scientific classification
44:
39:
30:
23:
1829:Davis, T. Neil. (1981).
1814:Mitchell, A. F. (1996).
921:fibres that are used in
697:Distribution and habitat
1741:Yong, Ed (2012-08-10).
1704:10.1126/science.1128691
1006:include the effects of
996:expressed sequence tags
862:
580:Vegetative reproduction
506:. The pollen can be an
1807:Forbes, R. D. (2006).
1640:Gunther, Erna (1940).
1453:Ortravelexperience.com
1400:Ascendingthegiants.com
1153:Joint Genome Institute
979:Economically important
554:
456:
443:Flowering and fruiting
434:
433:female catkins opening
426:
284:, and is notable as a
1800:Plants for a Future:
1076:"Populus trichocarpa"
1021:Cultural significance
894:to cuts on the skin.
835:narrowleaf cottonwood
728:Diamond Ridge, Alaska
548:
450:
432:
425:emerging male catkins
424:
263:western balsam-poplar
1597:. pp. 196–202.
1237:Mitochondrial genome
1190:, both of which are
1061:improve this article
967:Arabidopsis thaliana
736:The native range of
726:A large specimen in
558:Seedling development
1890:Populus trichocarpa
1860:Populus trichocarpa
1802:Populus trichocarpa
1696:2006Sci...313.1596T
1680:(Torr. & Gray)"
1678:Populus trichocarpa
1527:Stagrallergymap.com
1477:Monumentaltrees.com
1297:trichocarpa
1259:P. trichocarpa
1196:P. trichocarpa
1004:P. trichocarpa
958:Populus trichocarpa
612:P. trichocarpa
586:P. trichocarpa
569:P. trichocarpa
540:P. trichocarpa
413:P. trichocarpa
254:Populus trichocarpa
236:Populus balsamifera
193:Populus trichocarpa
175:P. trichocarpa
25:Populus trichocarpa
1836:2010-06-20 at the
1690:(5793): 1596–604.
1595:Mountaineers Books
1520:"Black Cottonwood"
1246:Chloroplast genome
1208:Size: 485 million
953:As a model species
852:It is grown as an
744:. It extends from
555:
466:; male and female
457:
435:
427:
2237:
2236:
2160:Open Tree of Life
1852:Taxon identifiers
1651:978-0-295-95258-1
1604:978-1-68051-329-5
1253:Somatic mosaicism
1165:Genome annotation
1137:
1136:
1129:
1111:
831:plains cottonwood
823:Pacific Northwest
694:
693:
280:. It is used for
267:California poplar
250:
249:
40:Black cottonwood
2297:
2275:Ornamental trees
2260:Trees of Alberta
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2103:NHMSYS0000461974
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1550:. Archived from
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1402:. Archived from
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1372:
1366:American Forests
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1336:. Archived from
1331:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1283:
1264:somatic mutation
1139:The sequence of
1132:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1069:
1045:
1037:
982:It represents a
842:shade intolerant
840:Cottonwoods are
746:Southeast Alaska
720:
709:
617:
616:
567:(above ground).
484:British Columbia
453:Sherwood, Oregon
397:
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382:
378:
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369:
368:
364:
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345:are common. The
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259:black cottonwood
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2147:Observation.org
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1838:Wayback Machine
1785:
1783:Further reading
1780:
1779:
1774:. Portland, OR.
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1284:
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1272:
1255:
1217:heterochromatin
1205:
1203:Characteristics
1149:Nisqually River
1133:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1070:
1068:
1058:
1046:
1035:
1023:
955:
912:
900:
891:
870:
865:
854:ornamental tree
850:
819:
770:Rocky Mountains
766:Baja California
734:
733:
732:
731:
723:
722:
721:
712:
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604:
582:
563:Germination is
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48:
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16:Species of tree
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2227:wfo-0000928244
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1880:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1827:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1758:
1733:
1666:
1657:
1650:
1627:
1618:
1603:
1564:
1539:
1511:
1502:
1488:
1464:
1440:
1429:Waymarking.com
1416:
1387:
1378:
1353:
1326:BSBI List 2007
1316:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1215:Proportion of
1213:
1204:
1201:
1180:P. trichocarpa
1141:P. trichocarpa
1135:
1134:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1022:
1019:
988:
987:
984:phenotypically
980:
977:
974:
971:
954:
951:
915:P. trichocarpa
911:
908:
899:
896:
890:
887:
869:
866:
864:
861:
849:
846:
818:
815:
800:P. trichocarpa
738:P. trichocarpa
725:
724:
715:
714:
713:
704:
703:
702:
701:
700:
698:
695:
692:
691:
690:
689:
683:P. trichocarpa
680:
674:P. trichocarpa
669:
668:
667:
661:P. trichocarpa
658:
652:P. trichocarpa
647:
646:
645:
640:
634:P. balsamifera
631:
624:P. balsamifera
603:
600:
581:
578:
559:
556:
534:
531:
460:P. trichocarpa
444:
441:
439:
436:
416:fixes nitrogen
406:P. trichocarpa
297:
294:
286:model organism
274:broadleaf tree
248:
247:
246:
245:
230:
229:
223:
222:
218:
217:
209:
208:
198:
187:
186:
180:
179:
172:
170:
166:
165:
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2302:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:0-00-219213-6
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1664:Mitchell 1996
1661:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1554:on 2020-10-07
1553:
1549:
1543:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1406:on 2016-09-11
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1343:on 2015-06-26
1339:
1335:
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1304:
1300:
1298:
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1173:Genome Canada
1170:
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1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1131:
1128:
1120:
1117:November 2019
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078: –
1077:
1073:
1072:Find sources:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1050:This section
1048:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:diverse genus
985:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
968:
963:
962:
961:
959:
950:
948:
943:
938:
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932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
907:
905:
895:
886:
884:
880:
876:
860:
857:
855:
845:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
827:balsam poplar
824:
814:
812:
807:
805:
804:Faroe Islands
801:
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:and northern
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:Kodiak Island
747:
743:
742:North America
739:
729:
719:
708:
688:
684:
681:
679:
675:
672:
671:
670:
666:
662:
659:
657:
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639:
635:
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621:
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619:
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597:
592:
587:
577:
574:
570:
566:
552:
547:
543:
541:
530:
528:
524:
521:
520:tricarpellate
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
454:
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431:
423:
419:
417:
414:
409:
407:
403:
401:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
324:Salem, Oregon
321:
317:
293:
291:
290:plant biology
287:
283:
279:
278:North America
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
241:
237:
234:
233:
231:
228:
224:
219:
215:
210:
205:
201:
196:
194:
188:
185:
184:Binomial name
181:
177:
176:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
159:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
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119:
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113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:Tracheophytes
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2270:Plant models
1859:
1815:
1801:
1771:
1761:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:
1736:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1660:
1641:
1621:
1589:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:the original
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:
1514:
1505:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:
1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:
1419:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:the original
1399:
1390:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1356:
1345:. Retrieved
1338:the original
1325:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1302:
1296:
1292:
1258:
1256:
1195:
1179:
1177:
1140:
1138:
1123:
1114:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1071:
1059:Please help
1054:verification
1051:
1024:
1015:biosynthesis
1003:
989:
965:
957:
956:
949:production.
939:
914:
913:
901:
892:
871:
858:
851:
839:
820:
808:
799:
798:
794:
778:North Dakota
737:
735:
686:
682:
677:
673:
664:
660:
655:
651:
642:
637:
633:
628:
622:
611:
607:
605:
585:
583:
568:
561:
539:
536:
516:rotund-ovate
462:is normally
459:
458:
438:Reproduction
412:
410:
405:
404:
351:
328:
299:
266:
262:
258:
253:
252:
251:
239:
235:
192:
190:
174:
173:
161:
157:
145:
125:Malpighiales
108:
95:
82:
69:
24:
18:
2178:kew-5000272
2033:iNaturalist
1884:Wikispecies
1818:. Collins.
1747:Nature News
1532:January 21,
1385:Forbes 2006
1228:chromosomes
1221:euchromatin
1184:thale cress
942:plantations
868:Traditional
848:Cultivation
638:californica
629:trichocarpa
608:Trichocarpa
343:Spur shoots
296:Description
240:trichocarpa
89:Angiosperms
2244:Categories
2173:Plant List
1921:Calflora:
1811:(pdf file)
1752:2012-08-14
1613:1141235469
1558:2021-04-04
1482:2016-07-03
1458:2016-07-03
1434:2016-07-03
1410:2016-07-03
1347:2014-10-17
1309:31 January
1287:USDA, NRCS
1270:References
1226:Number of
1210:base pairs
1192:herbaceous
1155:using the
1087:newspapers
998:have been
935:windbreaks
780:, western
762:California
754:Cook Inlet
643:P. hastata
523:subsessile
512:Pistillate
476:Washington
162:Tacamahaca
135:Salicaceae
1999:250094662
1161:base pair
1000:sequenced
919:cellulose
904:cosmetics
889:Medicinal
504:deciduous
496:Staminate
472:flowering
464:dioecious
335:lenticels
271:deciduous
206:ex. Hook.
169:Species:
153:Section:
59:Kingdom:
2211:VASCAN:
2204:28300256
2199:Tropicos
2090:61960204
2064:10425368
2051:776891-1
1898:BioLib:
1869:Wikidata
1834:Archived
1794:Popgenie
1720:16973872
1371:8 August
1289:(n.d.).
1027:Chehalis
1008:ethylene
875:Quinault
758:latitude
678:cupulata
602:Taxonomy
596:sandbars
553:, Idaho.
508:allergen
269:, is a
227:Synonyms
131:Family:
102:Eudicots
2285:Populus
2012:6362904
1986:popbalt
1950:1276830
1875:Q149382
1728:7717980
1692:Bibcode
1684:Science
1295:subsp.
1157:shotgun
1101:scholar
931:plywood
883:Squaxin
879:Cowlitz
817:Ecology
811:Iceland
782:Wyoming
774:Alberta
687:ingrata
665:hastata
656:hastata
654:subsp.
627:subsp.
591:abscise
573:logging
565:epigeal
500:stamens
492:Montana
468:catkins
393:⁄
379:⁄
365:⁄
309:⁄
257:, the
238:subsp.
158:Populus
146:Populus
141:Genus:
121:Order:
63:Plantae
2123:NZOR:
2077:195735
2025:317245
1983:FEIS:
1976:182682
1914:254510
1822:
1726:
1718:
1712:901819
1710:
1648:
1611:
1601:
1145:female
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1033:Genome
1012:lignin
992:genome
947:timber
910:Lumber
898:Modern
833:, and
790:Nevada
788:, and
490:, and
480:Oregon
354:leaves
316:poplar
282:timber
221:Range
204:A.Gray
202:&
160:sect.
115:Rosids
2152:17176
2134:NZPCN
2059:IRMNG
2038:78699
1971:EUNIS
1963:POPTC
1937:4LVR5
1924:11946
1901:38961
1724:S2CID
1523:(PDF)
1341:(xls)
1330:(xls)
1241:genes
1223:: 3:7
1108:JSTOR
1094:books
927:paper
685:var.
676:var.
663:var.
636:var.
551:Boise
527:seeds
488:Idaho
339:crown
322:near
200:Torr.
109:Clade
96:Clade
83:Clade
70:Clade
2214:9045
2186:POWO
2165:8861
2139:3099
2116:3694
2111:NCBI
2085:IUCN
2072:ITIS
2046:IPNI
2020:GRIN
2007:GBIF
1958:EPPO
1909:BOLD
1820:ISBN
1716:PMID
1708:OSTI
1646:ISBN
1609:OCLC
1599:ISBN
1534:2022
1373:2023
1311:2016
1230:: 19
1188:rice
1186:and
1080:news
1025:The
923:pulp
863:Uses
786:Utah
752:and
478:and
400:buds
352:The
347:wood
331:bark
329:The
2222:WFO
2098:NBN
1994:FNA
1945:EoL
1932:CoL
1700:doi
1688:313
1219:to
1063:by
756:to
748:'s
292:.
288:in
265:or
2246::
2224::
2201::
2188::
2175::
2162::
2149::
2136::
2113::
2100::
2087::
2074::
2061::
2048::
2035::
2022::
2009::
1996::
1973::
1960::
1947::
1934::
1911::
1886::
1871::
1770:.
1745:.
1722:.
1714:.
1706:.
1698:.
1686:.
1682:.
1630:^
1607:.
1567:^
1525:.
1491:^
1475:.
1451:.
1427:.
1398:.
1364:.
1332:.
1301:.
1278:^
1194:.
1175:.
1010:,
937:.
906:.
829:,
806:.
792:.
784:,
614::
598:.
518:,
510:.
494:.
486:,
418:.
386:11
261:,
111::
98::
85::
72::
1826:.
1755:.
1730:.
1702::
1694::
1654:.
1615:.
1561:.
1536:.
1485:.
1461:.
1437:.
1413:.
1375:.
1350:.
1313:.
1299:"
1291:"
1130:)
1124:(
1119:)
1115:(
1105:·
1098:·
1091:·
1084:·
1057:.
970:)
606:"
455:.
395:4
391:3
388:+
381:4
377:3
374:+
372:7
370:–
367:4
363:3
360:+
358:2
311:2
307:1
304:+
302:6
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