101:. These types of selection also operate by favoring a specific allele and influencing the population's future phenotypic ratio. Disruptive selection favors both extreme phenotypes while the moderate trait will be selected against. The frequency of both extreme alleles will increase while the frequency of the moderate allele will decrease, differing from the trend in directional selection when only one extreme allele is favored. Stabilizing selection favors the moderate phenotype and will select against both extreme phenotypes. Directional selection can be observed in finch beak size, peppered moth color, African cichlid mouth types, and sockeye salmon migration periods.
126:) effects has been used to examine the impact of directional selection in phenotypic diversification. QTL is a region of a gene that corresponds to a specific phenotypic trait, and the measuring the statistical frequencies of the traits can be helpful in analyzing phenotypic trends. In one study, the analysis showed that directional changes in QTLs affecting various traits were more common than expected by chance among diverse species. This was an indication that directional selection is a primary cause of the phenotypic diversification that can eventually result in speciation.
164:
years, small seeds were more common than large seeds, and because of the large supply of small seeds the finches rarely ate large seeds. During the dry years, neither the small or large seeds were in great abundance, and the birds trended towards eating larger seeds. The changes in diet of the finches based on the environmental wet and dry seasons affected the depth of the birds’ beaks in future generations. The beaks most beneficial to the more plentiful type of seed would be selected for because the birds were able to feed themselves and reproduce.
173:
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The Egegik population experienced stronger selection and the migration date shifted four days. The paper suggests that fisheries can be a factor driving this selection because fishing occurs more in the later periods of migration (especially in the Egegik district), preventing those fish from reproducing. This discovery also goes to show that in addition to environmental changes, human behaviors can also have massive effects on the selection of species around them.
45:
217:(terminal mouth for suction feeding) allowed for mapping of QTLs affecting feeding morphology. Using the QTL sign test, definitive evidence was used to support the existence of directional selection in the oral jaw apparatus in African cichlids. However, this was not the case for the suspensorium or skull QTLs, suggesting genetic drift or stabilizing selection as mechanisms for the speciation.
105:
trend toward one specific phenotype. This selection is an important mechanism in the selection of complex and diversifying traits, and is also a primary force of speciation. Changes in a genotype and consequently a phenotype can either be advantageous, harmful, or neutral and depend on the environment in which the phenotypic shift is happening.
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and he details how the size of the finches beak differs based on environmental factors. On the Galápagos
Islands west of the coast of Ecuador, there were groups of finches displaying different beak phenotypes. In one group, the beaks ranged from large and tough to small and smooth. Throughout the wet
129:
There are different statistical tests that can be run to test for the presence of directional selection in a population. A highly indicative test of changes in allele frequencies is the QTL sign test, and other tests include the Ka/Ks ratio test and the relative rate test. The QTL sign test compares
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and endangered species because of the large impact one mutation can have on the entire population if there are only a few specific genes present throughout. It is important to note the impact that humans have on genetic diversity as well, and be aware of the ways to reduce harmful impacts on natural
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were divided into five sets of seven years and plotted for average arrival to the fishery. After analyzing the data, it was determined that in both populations average migration date was earlier and the populations were undergoing directional selection as a result of changing ecological conditions.
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to shift toward the chosen extreme over time as allele ratios change from generation to generation. The advantageous extreme allele will increase as a consequence of survival and reproduction differences among the different present phenotypes in the population. The allele fluctuations as a result of
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Three different types of genetic selection. On each graph, the x-axis variable is the type of phenotypic trait and the y-axis variable is the amount of organisms. Group A is the original population and Group B is the population after selection. Top (Graph 1) represents directional selection with one
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as the trees become darker with soot, the moths with the darker phenotype were able to blend in and avoid predators better than their white counterparts. As time went on, the darker moths were positively, directional selected for and the allele frequencies start to shift with the increase in number
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in the 1800s. During the industrial revolution, environmental conditions were rapidly changing with the newfound emission of dark, black smoke from factories that would change the color of trees, rocks, and other niches of moths. Before the industrial revolution, the most prominent phenotype in the
138:
test compares the number of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions, and a ratio that is greater than 1 indicates directional selection. The relative ratio test looks at the accumulation of advantageous traits against a neutral model, but needs a phylogenetic tree for comparison. This can prove
104:
If there is continuous allele frequencies changes as a result of directional selection generation to generation, there will be observable changes in the phenotypes of the entire population over time. Directional selection can change the genotypic and phenotypic variation of a population and cause a
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Directional selection can quickly lead to vast changes in allele frequencies in a population because of the cumulative nature of reproduction of the fittest. Because the main cause for directional selection is different and changing environmental pressures, rapidly changing environments, such as
205:, especially pertaining to the mouth and jaw. Experiments pertaining the cichlid jaw phenotypes was tested by Albertson and others in 2003 by crossing two species of African cichlids with very different mouth morphologies. The cross between
232:, in which individuals migrate to the same rivers in which they were born to reproduce. These migrations happen around the same time every year, but a 2007 study shows that sockeye salmon found in the waters of the
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Creevey, Christopher J.; McInerney, James O. (2002). "An algorithm for detecting directional and non-directional positive selection, neutrality and negative selection in protein coding DNA sequences".
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Directional selection most often occurs during environmental changes or population migrations to new areas with different environmental pressures. Directional selection allows for swift changes in
1147:
Quinn, Thomas P.; Hodgson, Sayre; Flynn, Lucy; Hilborn, Ray; Rogers, Donald E. (2007). "Directional
Selection by Fisheries and the Timing of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus Nerka) Migrations".
185:
peppered moth population was the lighter, speckled moths. They thrived on the light birch trees and their phenotype would provide them with better camouflage from predators. After the
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extreme favored. Middle (Graph 2) represents stabilizing selection with the moderate trait favored. Bottom (Graph 3) represents disruptive selection with both extremes being favored.
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are known to be a diverse fish species and evidence indicates that they evolved extremely quickly. These fish evolved within the same habitat, but have a variety of
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Mitchell-Olds, Thomas; Willis, John H.; Goldstein, David B. (2007). "Which evolutionary processes influence natural genetic variation for phenotypic traits?".
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Typically directional selection acts strongly for short bursts and is not sustained over long periods of time. If it was sustained, a population might hit
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Limiting the number of genotypes in a certain population can be deleterious to the ecosystem as a whole by shrink the potential genetic
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that can accompany rapidly changing environmental factors and plays a major role in speciation. Analysis on quantitative trait locus (
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Hoekstra, H. E.; Hoekstra, J. M.; Berrigan, D.; Vignieri, S. N.; Hoang, A.; Hill, C. E.; Beerli, P.; Kingsolver, J. G. (2001-07-24).
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such that it no longer responds to selection. However, it is possible for directional selection to take a very long time to find a
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have recently undergone directional selection on the timing of migration. In this study, two populations of sockeye salmon,
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On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life
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A significant example of directional selection in populations is the fluctuations of light and dark phenotypes in
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79:
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directional selection can be independent of the dominance of the allele, and in some cases if the allele is
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the number of antagonistic QTL to a neutral model, and allows for testing of directional selection against
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779:"Testing Natural Selection vs. Genetic Drift in Phenotypic Evolution Using Quantitative Trait Locus Data"
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difficult if the full phylogenic history is not known or is not specific enough for the test comparison.
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Foy, Scott G.; Wilson, Benjamin A.; Bertram, Jason; Cordes, Matthew H. J.; Masel, Joanna (April 2019).
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1406:"Young genes are highly disordered as predicted by the preadaptation hypothesis of de novo gene birth"
1118:"Directional selection by fisheries and the timing of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus Nerka) Migrations"
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Peppered moth with dark phenotype that was positively selected for during the
Industrial Revolution.
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all cause environmental selection and could potentially result in changes in allele frequencies.
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is favored over both the other extreme and moderate phenotypes. This genetic selection causes the
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30:"Positive selection" redirects here. For positive selection of thymocytes during maturation, see
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1466:"A Shift in Aggregation Avoidance Strategy Marks a Long-Term Direction to Protein Evolution"
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1192:"Effects of Genetic Drift and Gene Flow on the Selective Maintenance of Genetic Variation"
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Hurst, Laurence D (2002). "The Ka/Ks ratio: diagnosing the form of sequence evolution".
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Rieseberg, Loren H.; Widmer, Alex; Arntz, A. Michele; Burke, John M. (September 2002).
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Another example of directional selection is the beak size in a specific population of
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Rieseberg, Loren H.; Widmer, Alex; Arntz, A. Michele; Burke, John M. (2002-09-17).
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Sabeti PC; et al. (2006). "Positive
Natural Selection in the Human Lineage".
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1564:"Signals of recent positive selection in a worldwide sample of human populations"
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over time, and to have their hydrophobic amino acids more interspersed along the
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Wilson, Benjamin A.; Foy, Scott G.; Neme, Rafik; Masel, Joanna (24 April 2017).
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
531:"Directional selection can drive the evolution of modularity in complex traits"
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1051:"Directional selection has shaped the oral jaws of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes"
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published in 1859. He identified it as a type of natural selection along with
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302:. A possible example of long-term directional selection is the tendency of
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1008:"Selection and gene flow on a diminishing cline of melanic peppered moths"
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720:"Directional selection is the primary cause of phenotypic diversification"
585:"Directional selection is the primary cause of phenotypic diversification"
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Thiltgen, Grant; dos Reis, Mario; Goldstein, Richard A. (December 2016).
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Powder, Kara E. (March 2024). "Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Mapping".
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Directional selection was first identified and described by naturalist
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395:"Directional Positive Selection on an Allele of Arbitrary Dominance"
681:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 2082. pp. 211–229.
1357:"Computational Complexity as an Ultimate Constraint on Evolution"
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Albertson, R. C.; Streelman, J. T.; Kocher, T. D. (2003-04-18).
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156:. Darwin first observed this in the publication of his book,
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Pickrell JK, Coop G, Novembre J, et al. (May 2009).
1290:"Strength and tempo of directional selection in the wild"
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914:"For Darwin's finches, beak shape goes beyond evolution"
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Type of genetic selection favoring one extreme phenotype
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Teshima, Kosuke M.; Przeworski, Molly (January 2006).
937:(6th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. pp. 450–451.
248:, were observed. Data from 1969–2003 provided by the
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278:environments. Major roads, waterway pollution, and
266:, can cause drastic changes within populations.
211:(subterminal mouth for biting algae off rocks) and
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444:"First editions of Darwin's 'Origin of Species'"
1294:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1190:Star, Bastiaan; Spencer, Hamish G. (May 2013).
1055:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1012:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
628:"Finding Direction in the Search for Selection"
589:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
529:Melo, Diogo; Marroig, Gabriel (January 2015).
273:. Low amount of genetic variation can lead to
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228:are one of the many species of fish that are
37:For theories of goal-directed evolution, see
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339:Frequency-dependent foraging by pollinators
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1241:"The human impact on biological diversity"
931:Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2002).
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1006:Saccheri, Ilik J. (October 2008).
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1713:Models of nucleotide substitution
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380:Ecology Concepts and Applications
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486:(11). Springer Nature: 845–856.
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382:. McGraw-Hill Higher Learning.
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1239:Hunter, Philip (April 2007).
918:Harvard School of Engineering
883:10.1016/s0378-1119(02)01039-9
840:10.1016/s0168-9525(02)02722-1
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1615:Modern Theories of Evolution
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448:National Library of Medicine
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1482:10.1534/genetics.118.301719
1373:10.1534/genetics.119.302000
1208:10.1534/genetics.113.149781
877:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 43–51.
834:(9). Elsevier BV: 486–487.
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411:10.1534/genetics.105.044065
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644:10.1007/s00239-016-9765-5
208:Labeotropheus fuelleborni
1257:10.1038/sj.embor.7400951
159:On the Origin of Species
91:On the Origin of Species
1764:Synonymous substitution
1708:Models of DNA evolution
1539:10.1126/science.1124309
1425:10.1038/s41559-017-0146
1149:Ecological Applications
1122:Ecological Applications
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1025:10.1073/pnas.0803785105
548:10.1073/pnas.1322632112
480:Nature Reviews Genetics
354:Peppered moth evolution
1315:10.1073/pnas.161281098
963:globalchange.umich.edu
745:10.1073/pnas.192360899
602:10.1073/pnas.192360899
467:. London: John Murray.
292:biological constraints
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1672:Directional selection
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1155:(3). Wiley: 731–739.
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349:Stabilizing selection
190:of the darker moths.
187:Industrial Revolution
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95:stabilizing selection
65:in which one extreme
59:directional selection
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1651:Molecular evolution
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378:Molles, MC (2010).
329:Balancing selection
82:in the population.
55:population genetics
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1605:Types of Selection
828:Trends in Genetics
777:Orr, H.A. (1998).
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1610:Natural Selection
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308:hydrophobic
234:Bristol Bay
136:Ka/Ks ratio
1728:Tajima's D
992:2024-03-24
968:2024-03-24
365:References
230:anadromous
1790:Selection
1324:0027-8424
1169:1051-0761
1085:0027-8424
891:0378-1119
848:0168-9525
500:1471-0056
286:Timescale
271:gene pool
76:recessive
67:phenotype
32:Thymocyte
1784:Category
1598:19307593
1555:10809290
1547:16778047
1500:30692195
1470:Genetics
1451:28642936
1391:30833289
1361:Genetics
1342:11470913
1275:17401404
1226:23457235
1196:Genetics
1177:17494392
1103:12704237
899:12468084
856:12175810
783:Genetics
764:12221290
705:31849018
662:27913840
567:25548154
516:14914998
508:17943192
429:16219788
399:Genetics
318:See also
312:sequence
304:proteins
143:Examples
109:Evidence
1589:2675971
1527:Bibcode
1519:Science
1491:6456324
1442:5476217
1382:6499524
1302:Bibcode
1266:1852758
1217:3632471
1063:Bibcode
1035:2571026
934:Biology
813:9691061
804:1460271
732:Bibcode
653:5253163
558:4299217
420:1456198
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154:finches
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238:Alaska
1551:S2CID
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512:S2CID
298:on a
80:fixed
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