899:", urban sprawl has caused post-industrialism to become environmentally and socially regressive. Of the former, environmental degradation results from encroachment as cities meet demands on low-density habitation; the wider spread of population consumes more of the environment while necessitating more energy consumption to facilitate travel within the ever-growing city, incurring greater pollution. This process evokes the neo-Malthusian concerns of overpopulation and resource scarcity that inevitably lead to environmental deterioration. Of the latter, "post-industrialism's doctrine of … mobility and malleability" encourage a disconnect between communities where social belonging falls into the category of things considered by the "post-Fordist disposable consumer" attitude as interchangeable, expendable, and replaceable.
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which this shift occurs become more open to exchanges of information. This is necessitated by the demands of a tertiary and quaternary sector: in order to better service an industry focused on finance, education, communication, management, training, engineering, and aesthetic design, the city must become points of exchange capable of providing the most updated information from across the globe. Conversely, as cities become a convergence of international ideas, the tertiary and quaternary sector can be expected to grow.
978:
the post-industrial nation, there would be little recourse for the latter to ensure that supply chains were not disrupted. Since the society based on ideas would have diminished real product output, the industrial society would be in a position to dictate terms to its counterpart. The response from the "more advanced" nation might be eventually effective or damaging, however it would be hard pressed to bridge the gap until domestic industry could makeup for the lack of imported manufactured goods.
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themselves become oriented around these places of knowledge production and production of experts as their new foci. Consequently, the greatest beneficiaries in the post-industrial society are young urban professionals. As a new, educated, and politicized generation, more impassioned by liberalism, social justice, and environmentalism, comes into being; the shift of power into their hands, as a result of their knowledge endowments, is often cited as a good thing.
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industries of good production decrease in precedence, the way is paved for artists, musicians, and other such types, whose skills are better used by the tertiary and quaternary sector. Urban geographer Trevor Barnes, in his work outlining the
Vancouver experience in post-war development, evokes the post-industrial condition, citing the emergence and consolidation of a significant video games industry as a constituent of the elite service sector.
47:
719:'s presumption as to how economic employment patterns will evolve in such societies. He asserts employment will grow faster in the tertiary (and quaternary) sector relative to employment in the primary and secondary sector and that the tertiary (and quaternary) sectors will take precedence in the economy. This will continue to occur such that the "impact of the expert" will expand and power will be monopolized by knowledge.
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for self-actualization, creativity, and self-expression, successive generations become more endowed with the ability to contribute to and perpetuate such industries. This change in education, as well among the emerging class of young professionals, is initiated by what James D Wright identifies as an "unprecedented economic affluence and the satiation of basic material needs".
871:(UD) in the context of post-industrialism is also a point of contention. In opposition to the view that the new leaders of post-industrial society are increasingly environmentally aware, this critique asserts that UD rather leads to environmental degradation, which is rooted in the patterns of development.
799:
Post-industrialism is criticized for the amount of real fundamental change it produces in society, if any at all. A mild view held by Alan Banks and Jim Foster contends that representations of post-industrial society by advocates assume professional, educated elites were previously less relevant than
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Similarly, post-industrial society has serviced the creative culture. Many of those most well-equipped to thrive in an increasingly technological society are young adults with tertiary education. As education itself becomes more and more oriented towards producing people capable of answering the need
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Further concerns can be raised regarding the difference in mindset and objectives between those in an industrial society, and those in a post-industrial one. For instance, if the industrial society (producing the raw materials and goods consumed by its peer) were for some reason to cut off supply to
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This increased faculty of the post-industrialist society with respects to the creative industry is reflected by the economic history of post-industrial societies. As economic activities shift from primarily primary and secondary sector-based to tertiary, and later quaternary, sector-based, cities in
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has suggested that "the post-industrial period may well be remembered as one of the most irresponsible in history", although he follows this comment with "the hope that humanity at the dawn of the twenty-first century will be remembered for having generously shouldered its grave responsibilities".
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The post-industrial society is stressed to be one where knowledge is power and technology is the instrument. Naturally, where one is creatively inclined, they are advantaged by such a society. The doctrine of "speed, mobility, and malleability" is well suited to a dynamic creative industry and as
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Veneris, Yannis. The
Informational Revolution, Cybernetics and Urban Modelling, PhD Thesis, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 1984. This thesis explored trends and theories (general economic and regional), and developed a large scale dynamic simulation model of the transition from an
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positions are essentially knowledge-oriented, this will result in a restructuring of education, at least in its nuances. The "new power… of the expert" consequently gives rise to the growing role of universities and research institutes in post-industrial societies. Post-industrial societies
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The increasing importance of knowledge in post-industrial societies results in a general increase in expertise through the economy and throughout society. In this manner, it eliminates what Alan Banks and Jim Foster identify as "undesirable work as well as the grosser forms of poverty and
738:, adding value to material capital, such as a factory or a truck. Speaking along the same lines of their argument, the addition or 'production' of knowledge, could become the basis of what would undoubtedly be considered 'post-industrial' policies meant to deliver economic growth.
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completes the analysis by stating that "all societies are moving in the direction of technocracies". From this, the foremost "suave technocracies" reside in the West, whereas all others are successively graded in descending order: "vulgar technocracies",
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technocracies", and finally "comic opera technocracies". This view importantly presumes one transition and furthermore one path of transition for societies to undergo, i.e. the one that
Western societies are slated to complete. Much like the
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Golden, Miriam & Michael
Wallerstein. “Domestic and International Causes for the Rise of Pay Inequality: Post-Industrialism, Globalization, and Labor Market Institutions.” The Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UCLA
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When historians and sociologists considered the revolution that followed the agricultural society they did not call it a "post-agricultural society". "Post-industrial society" signifies only a departure, not a positive description.
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The valuation of specifically scientific knowledge and technology can paradoxically be devalued by individuals in a post-industrial society as they still expect its benefits but are more sensitized to moral trade-offs and risks.
967:) argue that industry remains at the center of the whole process of capitalist accumulation, with services not only becoming increasingly industrialized and automated but also remaining highly dependent on industrial growth.
643:, unionized work, including manual labor (e.g., assembly-line work) decline, and those of professional workers (e.g., scientists, creative-industry professionals, and IT professionals) grow in value and prevalence.
914:" to extend to "almost all people in Western societies" and only "some in Eastern societies". This prediction is treated elsewhere by contentions that the post-industrial society merely perpetuates capitalism.
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In line with the view that nothing fundamental has changed in the transition from industrial societies to post-industrial societies is the insistence of lingering problems from past development periods.
906:-centric. Theoretically and effectively, it is only possible in the Global West, which its proponents assume to be solely capable of fully realizing industrialization and then post-industrialization.
785:, has argued the economic case for the arts in terms of providing jobs and being of greater importance in exports than manufacturing (as well as an educational role) in a guest column he wrote for
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as opposed to practical goods and is determined privately instead of socially. This view is complemented by the assertion that "the characteristic feature of a modern society is that it is a
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Barnes, T et al. "Vancouver: Restructuring narratives in the transnational metropolis.” Canadian urban regions: trajectories of growth and change. Eds. L Bourne et al. (2011): 291–327.
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Criticism of Bell's analysis of the role of information and knowledge in relation to contemporary social change and the extent of these changes. Technology essays, 2005.
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optimistically predicted the "economic growth, expanded production and growing efficiency" of post-industrial societies and the resultant "material abundance and… high
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879:, malls, strips, condo clusters, corporate campuses, and gated communities", is singled out as the main issue. Resulting from a post-industrialist culture of "
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inequality". This effect is supplemented by the aforementioned movement of power into the hands of young educated people concerned with social justice.
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A cult of 'creatives' have sprung up embodying and often describing and defending the post-industrial ethos. They argue that businesses that create
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Veneris, Yannis. Modeling the transition from the
Industrial to the Informational Revolution, Environment and Planning A 22(3):399–416, 1990.
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The post-industrialized society is marked by an increased valuation of knowledge. This itself is unsurprising, having been foreshadowed in
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and Ofer
Sharone. U.S. President Bill Clinton used the term to describe Chinese growth in a round-table discussion in Shanghai in 1998.
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Targ, Harry R. (September 1976). "Global
Dominance and Dependence, Post-Industrialism, and International Relations Theory: A Review".
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published in 1969 the first major work on the post-industrial society. The term was also used extensively by social philosopher
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This article is about a shift from a manufacturing to a services economy. For societal effects of the
Industrial Revolution, see
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as well observes this feature of post-industrial society where "abundant goods equitably distributed laborless leisure and
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model, this prediction does not entertain the idea of an
Eastern or other alternative models of transitional development.
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Banks, Alan and Jim Foster."The
Mystifications of Post-Industrialism. Appalachian Journal . 10. 4 (1983): 372–378.
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Wright, James D."The Political Consciousness of Post-Industrialism." Contemporary Sociology. 7. 3 (1978): 270–273.
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Dunham-Jones, Ellen. "New Urbanism as a Counter-Project to Post-Industrialism ." Places. 13. 2 (2000): 26–31.
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in essence, this outlook focuses on post-industrial society's continuing struggle with issues of resource
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Gibson, Donald E. "Post-Industrialism: Prosperity or Decline?” Sociological Focus. 26. 2 (1993): 147–163.
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The term has grown and changed as it became mainstream. The term is now used by marketers such as
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As the term has been used, a few common themes, including the ones below have begun to emerge.
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The economy undergoes a transition from the production of goods to the provision of services.
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Bell, Daniel. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. New York: Harper Colophon Books, 1974.
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Behavioral and information sciences and technologies are developed and implemented (e.g.,
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sector model for US economy 1850–2009. The graph illustrates the predominance of
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http://www.russellsage.org/publications/workingpapers/workpostindcalif/document
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Boeckelman, Keith (1995). "The American States in the Postindustrial Economy".
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Recalling the critical assertion that all modern societies are technocracies,
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and appears occasionally in Leftist texts throughout the mid-to-late 1960s.
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and is closely related to similar sociological theoretical concepts such as
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Society whose service sector provides more economic value than manufacturing
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1999 Forward to "The Coming of the Post-Industrial Society" by Daniel Bell
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have taken a more prominent role in the wake of manufacturing's decline.
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Economists at Berkeley have studied the value of knowledge as a form of
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Work in the Postindustrial Economy of California. (2002) On the web,
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816:". Such societies then become notable for their ability to subvert
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The Market Valuation of Knowledge Assets in US and European Firms.
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Czarnitzki, Dirk; Hall Bronwyn H. (Berkeley); Oriani Raffaele;
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For example, James Weinstein, 'Studies on the Left: R.I.P.',
1116:"Who Makes It? Clark's Sector Model for US Economy 1850–2009"
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Producing ideas is the main way to grow the economy.
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71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
865:more derisively refers to it, "subsidized waste".
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1424:Kevin Spacey makes an economic case for the arts
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621:Knowledge becomes a valued form of capital; see
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902:Post-industrialism as a concept is highly
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131:Learn how and when to remove this message
34:. For offshoots of industrial music, see
777:Actor and then-artistic director of the
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1464:industrial to an informational economy.
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680:The Coming of Post-Industrial Society
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69:adding citations to reliable sources
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524:Outline of prehistoric technology
431:History of electrical engineering
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1164:Radical America: An SDS Magazine
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1263:International Studies Quarterly
959:A group of scholars (including
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572:generates more wealth than the
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36:List of industrial music genres
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466:History of nuclear technology
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800:they have become in the new
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446:History of materials science
426:History of computer hardware
383:Arab Agricultural Revolution
298:Fourth Industrial Revolution
258:Second Industrial Revolution
7:
1338:Nisbet, Matthew C. (2019).
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248:First Industrial Revolution
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851:environmental degradation
499:Complete list by category
461:History of simple machine
80:"Post-industrial society"
652:information architecture
494:Technological revolution
436:History of manufacturing
421:History of communication
416:History of biotechnology
1426:(subscription required)
1059:Sociocultural evolution
597:post-industrial economy
566:post-industrial society
242:Proto-industrialization
1624:Postindustrial society
1014:Information revolution
929:demographic transition
824:rather than powers of
711:Valuation of knowledge
693:Tools for Conviviality
451:History of measurement
411:History of agriculture
378:Medieval Islamic world
288:Digital transformation
165:
1576:Agricultural/Agrarian
1049:Post-scarcity economy
631:Through processes of
519:Outline of technology
405:By type of technology
332:By historical regions
320:Emerging technologies
180:By technological eras
172:History of technology
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32:Industrial Revolution
897:banking deregulation
855:corporate liberalism
818:social consciousness
648:behavioral economics
574:manufacturing sector
483:Technology timelines
471:History of transport
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65:improve this article
1644:Information economy
1009:Information society
989:Deindustrialization
759:" can be consumed.
589:information society
456:History of medicine
441:History of maritime
348:Indian subcontinent
162:tertiary industries
1525:Types of societies
1356:on 6 December 2019
1350:Center for Inquiry
1345:Skeptical Inquirer
1222:2011-07-27 at the
1146:Ahead of the curve
1087:Heinz von Foerster
1004:Industrial society
820:through powers of
757:self-determination
753:Ellen Dunham-Jones
746:Creativity culture
690:in his 1973 paper
664:information theory
564:In sociology, the
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1639:Stages of history
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949:Convivial Society
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863:Christopher Lasch
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54:This article
52:
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1358:. Retrieved
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1119:. Retrieved
1110:
1074:Future Shock
1039:Post-Marxism
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901:
889:post-Fordist
877:office parks
873:Urban sprawl
867:
835:
830:Pope Francis
822:manipulation
802:social order
798:
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783:Kevin Spacey
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368:Roman Empire
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185:Premodern /
142:
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63:Please help
58:verification
55:
1551:Circumpolar
1438:Laudato si'
1121:29 December
1069:Urban decay
965:Edward Soja
961:Allen Scott
945:Ivan Illich
908:Herman Kahn
893:consumerism
891:disposable
859:false needs
814:technocracy
810:commodities
772:intangibles
717:Daniel Bell
688:Ivan Illich
676:Daniel Bell
660:game theory
656:cybernetics
641:blue-collar
263:Machine Age
194:Prehistoric
1618:Categories
1598:Industrial
1360:6 December
1103:References
806:capitalism
701:Seth Godin
637:automation
268:Atomic Age
219:Bronze Age
214:Copper Age
91:newspapers
1556:Subarctic
1422:The Times
935:Neologism
919:T. Roszak
861:", or as
795:Criticism
788:The Times
278:Space Age
199:Stone Age
158:secondary
1566:Pastoral
1220:Archived
1177:Linchpin
982:See also
924:teratoid
843:scarcity
826:coercion
224:Iron Age
1586:Complex
1561:Nomadic
1546:Montane
1412:(2006).
1283:2600095
1203:4355128
904:Western
736:capital
671:Origins
273:Jet Age
229:Ancient
154:primary
150:Clark's
105:scholar
1581:Feudal
1281:
1201:
1179:(2010)
1081:People
883:, the
849:, and
603:, and
309:Future
235:Modern
203:lithic
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
1279:JSTOR
1199:JSTOR
112:JSTOR
98:books
1362:2019
1123:2011
963:and
895:and
662:and
635:and
160:and
84:news
1271:doi
67:by
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