29:
326:
527:
400:
647:
381:
470:
revealed
Pottoks are most likely to crossbreed with the Basque Mountain Horses, less so with other breeds. Although some genetic markers of other European horse breeds were found, overall the genetic distance to the other European breeds is large. One marker previously only found in certain British
800:
for the Pottok were set up in 1970. Crossbreds, covered under Book B, must have at least 50% Pottok blood, while Book A covers those of higher purity. Horses in Book A are divided into two types, the
Mountain Pottok and the Plains Pottok. Only horses which live for a minimum of nine months in the
702:
901:
In 2005 Switzerland was the only other country holding a studbook recognised by the French breed standard and regulations. This has been kept since 2000 by the Swiss Pottok
Society, which since 2004 is a member of the Swiss Society for Ponies and Small Horses SVPK.
737:
Efforts are now being made to ensure the continued survival of purebred
Pottoks. The Pottok was the first Basque horse breed to be included in the list of indigenous Basque breeds requiring conservation efforts in June 1995. Its status was classified as endangered.
491:
Pottoks north of the
Pyrenees and approximately 2.000 purebreds to the south, a considerable drop from historic populations, linked to an overall drop in the number of horses being bred and used commercially. Competition with sheep and more recently commercial
627:. They are able to predict the weather conditions, moving into the valleys in anticipation of bad weather and upland when high pressure builds. During the autumn, the herd breaks up into smaller groups of 5–10 horses and re-unite in spring.
897:
According to an atlas of Basque breeds compiled by IKT Nekazal
Ikerketa eta Teknologia (Agricultural Research and Technology), there were 986 Pottoks in the Basque Autonomous Community in 1997; 40 in Álava, 849 in Biscay and 97 in Gipuzkoa.
753:
have been set up to protect the pony and its environment. There is much debate about how best to increase numbers – whether to focus only on the purebreds or to employ selective crossbreeding to build greater numbers of Pottok-like ponies.
348:
Many opinions exist on the origins of the Pottok. It is deemed by the scientific community to have lived in the area for at least several thousand years. It displays signs of genetic isolation and is genetically closest to breeds like the
637:
become fertile at age 2, normally mate at age 3 and give birth at age 4, which is also the age of maturity for males. Foals, like those of other breeds, are born after 11 months during spring/early summer and are weaned after 6–7 months.
581:
carried out research into some 250 horses of the Pottok population of Biscay, both wild and stabled, in 1996–97. The census revealed that the majority of semi-feral
Pottoks in Biscay live in the far northwest of the province, in the
586:. These semi-feral herds are rounded up twice a year, once in March before birthing and once in October after weaning. The survey also concluded that the main characteristics of the Biscayan population were:
561:
There are noticeable differences between mountain herds of Pottok and valley or flatland herds, with mountain horses generally being smaller. The official French breed standard distinguishes two types, the
1701:
thought to originate wholly or partly within
Portugal and Spain. Some have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively Iberian.
459:), less so. This variability in the Pottok and the Basque Mountain Horse appears to be related to the fact males range more widely and mate with more females in these feral or semi-feral herds.
519:) in height, and weighs between 300 and 350 kilograms (661 and 772 lb). It has a large, square head, small ears, short neck and long back with short but slim legs, and small, sturdy
317:
In French sources, the spelling Pottok predominates. In
English, both Pottoka and Pottok are encountered but the term Basque Pony can occasionally also be encountered.
542:) is one of the key characteristics of the Pottok and can reach up to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length on young horses. The archetypal coat colorations are in
1554:
1548:
918:
1832:
1606:
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1802:
1520:
2091:
1612:
1582:
1304:
853:
height of 1.15–1.32 m (11.1–13.0 h) at the withers for the
Mountain Pottok, and 1.20–1.47 m (11.3–14.2 h) for the Plains Pottok
1822:
1890:
1570:
1503:
484:
97:
Ingurumen, Lurralde Plangintza, Nekazaritza Eta Arrantza Saila; Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Planificación Territorial, Agricultura y Pesca
1618:
814:
333:
2166:
2122:
2086:
2161:
1680:
810:
337:
388:
Some claim the Pottok's origins derive from the horses on ancient cave paintings in the area and thus claim to descend from the
2156:
1172:
256:
It is considered an ancient breed of horse, particularly well adapted to the harsh mountain areas it traditionally inhabits.
1297:
1883:
1246:
1149:
984:
651:
416:
1290:
242:
96:
63:
2002:
806:
463:
1025:
887:
Type A: Purebreds with original coat types in black or bay with a height of 1.30 m (12.3 h) or less.
1876:
1997:
1689:
1673:
1202:
801:
year in semi-feral conditions in a harem containing mares, foals and stallions in the mountainous areas of
1899:
1313:
271:
but efforts are increasingly made to safeguard the future of this breed. It is considered iconic by the
1628:
1933:
440:
1720:
1184:
1026:"Caracterización genética del caballo monchino y su relación con otras razas autóctonas españolas"
717:
in former times. From the 16th century onwards, they became popular as circus horses but also as
658:
Pottok numbers have been severely reduced by habitat loss and crossbreeding. In the 20th century,
1666:
1229:
Schweizerischer Verband für Ponys und Kleinpferde; Fédération Suisse des Poneys et Petits Chevaux
1156:
Les Haras Nationaux 2005 (in French) Accessed August 2011 "Official standard of the Pottok breed"
597:
Height range 1.15 to 1.30 metres (11.1 to 12.3 h), average height 1.256 m (12.1 h)
374:
370:
102:
Schweizerischer Verband für Ponys und Kleinpferde; Fédération Suisse des Poneys et Petits Chevaux
1559:
568:
or Mountain Pottok, with a height range of 1.15–1.32 m (11.1–13.0 h), and the larger
34:
2151:
2146:
2018:
1732:
558:
first appeared in Biscay in the 1850s and have spread to parts of Navarre and Labourd since.
444:
424:
101:
893:
Type C: Crossbreds with at least 50% Pottok blood up to 1.40 m (13.3 h) in height.
1851:
1649:
963:
729:. Today, they are in demand as children's ponies because they adapt well to domestication.
456:
1807:
8:
1982:
1564:
785:
1658:
1129:
1102:
369:
horses. Tests have revealed considerable genetic differences between populations in the
1486:
1405:
865:
547:
2112:
1787:
286:
is the Basque language name for this horse, both north and south of the mountains. In
1623:
1514:
1508:
1242:
980:
758:
706:
671:
467:
1992:
1757:
1455:
1045:
1715:
1594:
1531:
1355:
1347:
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932:
781:
578:
574:
or Plains Pottok, which has a height range of 1.20–1.47 m (11.3–14.2 h).
507:
from about 1.500m upwards, generally on poor acidic soil and limestone formations.
392:
horses of 14,000–7000 BC. Other link its origins to an influx of horses during the
178:
140:
1752:
1638:
1911:
1837:
1536:
1491:
1430:
1153:
869:
439:
in the Basque Country have examined their relationship to other horses. Based on
303:
287:
225:
217:
1868:
1792:
1425:
2096:
2065:
2023:
1817:
1742:
1737:
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1576:
1445:
1410:
1395:
1375:
1360:
1337:
890:
Type B: Purebreds with any coat type up to 1.40 m (13.3 h) in height.
771:
726:
448:
432:
396:. However, neither of these theories has to date been scientifically verified.
466:
showed this non-native alternation is very rare in purebred Pottoks. Tests of
2140:
1856:
1481:
1476:
1460:
1400:
1385:
1380:
857:
844:
746:
682:
678:
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358:
272:
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Their adaptation to mountain life and coloration made them ideal for use by
2070:
2028:
1767:
1762:
1420:
1415:
1390:
1367:
922:
877:
831:
750:
690:
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use. Stockier ponies for agricultural work were bred by crossbreeding with
452:
404:
354:
260:
1782:
1146:
619:
Semi-feral Pottoks tend to be shy and live in small, territorial herds or
91:
1987:
1698:
1497:
1282:
956:
873:
861:
667:
591:
555:
543:
516:
436:
389:
329:
28:
1727:
2049:
1710:
1588:
1435:
718:
686:
520:
447:, are genetically the most distant from other breeds. The others, the
428:
393:
325:
230:
1966:
1961:
1440:
1327:
913:
765:
526:
399:
299:
1956:
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493:
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420:
366:
350:
238:
1827:
1747:
928:
835:
689:. This cross-breeding has left perhaps no more than 150 purebred
659:
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500:
362:
1206:
701:
646:
1951:
1943:
1925:
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802:
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663:
408:
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246:
2117:
1914:
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634:
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250:
116:
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1332:
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tests, of the four Basque horse breeds, the Pottok and the
234:
208:
184:
167:
155:
1277:
479:
Its traditional range extends west as far as the Biscayan
310:
is "pony". Ultimately the name is linked to words such as
196:
149:
1688:
1269:
193:
1203:"Euskal Herriko Bertako Arrazak-Razas Autóctonas Vascas"
298:
are generic terms for colts and young horses whereas in
487:
area. A census carried out in 1970 found roughly 3.500
1228:
883:
In the Southern Basque Country, the criteria specify:
768:(Labourd) on the last Tuesday and Wednesday in January
590:
black or blackish coats dominating (73%), followed by
546:
range with no patterning, but today various shades of
515:
The Pottok measures 1.15 to 1.47 metres (11.1 to 14.2
205:
199:
164:
158:
496:
has also infringed on the Pottok's natural habitat.
190:
181:
152:
146:
1917:
considered to be wholly or partly of Basque origin.
187:
143:
774:(Biscay) on the second Saturday in October at the
499:The traditional core habitat are the mountains of
1898:
377:, leading some to consider them separate breeds.
2138:
1363:- Trait Picard - Bourbourien - Petit Boulonnais)
1200:IKT Nekazal Ikerketa eta Teknologia S.A.: 1997;
1012:Estudio zoométrico en la raza poni vasco-pottoka
1014:Archivos de zootecnica Vol 47 Num 178–179, 1998
1023:
1884:
1674:
1298:
962:, edited for web publication by Max Wheeler,
905:
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1078:
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1074:
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1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1891:
1877:
1681:
1667:
1312:
1305:
1291:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
27:
1044:
530:Pottoks with the heavy winter coat, (the
1164:
1162:
1059:
700:
645:
525:
398:
379:
324:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1108:
1017:
952:
950:
948:
471:breeds has also been found in Pottoks.
2139:
1171:Boletín N. 2002014 – 21 January 2002,
1010:Moro, P. & Intxausti de Casal, JI
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
259:Once common, it is endangered through
1872:
1690:Horse breeds of the Iberian peninsula
1662:
1286:
1159:
1100:Pottoka: Liraina, librea, aintzinakoa
935:has 'pottoka' as its official mascot.
705:A Pottok used by the military in the
670:, also often with a large variety of
224:
1135:
1024:Tupac-Yupanqui; et al. (2011),
945:
796:In the Northern Basque Country, two
681:following guidelines of pony clubs,
662:Pottoks were bred, particularly for
78:small, large head, heavy winter coat
1241:(2002), Yasna Maznik, Hachette UK.
1147:Standard officiel de la race Pottok
989:
13:
2167:Horse breeds originating in France
1262:French National Pottok Association
1178:
911:Pottoks featured in the 1935 film
510:
14:
2178:
2162:Horse breeds originating in Spain
1252:
979:Klaudio Harluxet Fundazioa: 1998
960:Etymological Dictionary of Basque
817:are considered Mountain Pottoks.
784:(Gipuzkoa) on 13 December at the
776:Euskal Herriko Arrazen Erakusketa
741:Various reserves, for example in
641:
600:long, slim legs with black hooves
417:University of the Basque Country
384:Pottoks bred by the ZAPE Society
177:
139:
1222:
1190:
1185:Association Nationale du Pottok
1046:10.4321/S0004-05922011000300027
778:("Basque Country Breeds' Show")
732:
483:and east roughly as far as the
2003:Villanuco de Las Encartaciones
969:
820:The breed standard specifies:
677:They have also been bred with
554:exist in Pottok herds. Pottok
464:single-nucleotide polymorphism
1:
2157:Basque domestic animal breeds
1900:Basque domestic animal breeds
939:
1998:Villano de Las Encartaciones
791:
623:numbering between 10 and 30
278:
92:Les Haras Nationaux (France)
7:
749:or the ZAPE Society in the
614:
332:paintings of horses in the
10:
2183:
906:Pottoks in popular culture
872:. Colour may also include
827:short, forward-facing ears
474:
320:
2105:
2079:
2058:
2042:
2011:
1975:
1942:
1934:Asno de las Encartaciones
1924:
1906:
1846:
1706:
1696:
1647:
1469:
1320:
1278:Basque Pottoka Federation
977:Euskara Ingelese Hiztegia
824:robust, intelligent horse
757:Pottok are shown both at
606:a heavy winter coat (the
435:amongst the 4 indigenous
110:
87:
82:
74:
69:
59:
42:
26:
1910:These are the principal
830:short neck with a thick
650:Cross-bred pottoks near
431:department into various
415:Genetic research by the
1629:Trait de Saône-et-Loire
1198:Razas Autóctonas Vascas
693:north of the Pyrenees.
375:Southern Basque Country
371:Northern Basque Country
75:Distinguishing features
1560:Demi-sang de la Dombes
1314:Horse breeds of France
1231:, retrieved 19.11.2009
1187:, accessed August 2011
1175:; retrieved 18.11.2009
1132:, retrieved 16.11.2009
1127:Euskal Herriko zaldiak
1105:, retrieved 16.11.2009
840:broad chest, long back
710:
696:
655:
570:
564:
535:
462:Research into a known
412:
385:
345:
221:
35:Pagoeta Nature Reserve
2019:Basque Mountain Horse
1733:Basque Mountain Horse
1173:Government of Euskadi
1152:24 April 2012 at the
704:
649:
529:
445:Basque Mountain Horse
425:Physical Anthropology
402:
383:
328:
229:), is an endangered,
1852:List of horse breeds
1650:List of horse breeds
1219:retrieved 21.11.2009
964:University of Sussex
761:and town festivals:
579:Government of Biscay
117:Equus ferus caballus
1983:Basque Shepherd Dog
1833:Spanish Sport Horse
1565:Demi-sang du Centre
1351:(Cheval de Vercors)
485:Saint-Jean-le-Vieux
23:
1555:Demi-sang de l'Ain
1549:Chevaux d'Ouessant
1527:Carrossier Normand
1406:French Saddle Pony
1239:The Basque Country
850:small, hard hooves
759:agricultural shows
711:
656:
603:large, heavy heads
565:Pottok de Montagne
536:
455:(today considered
413:
386:
346:
21:
2131:
2130:
1866:
1865:
1808:Pónei da Terceira
1656:
1655:
1624:Trait de la Loire
1470:Extinct or merged
1401:French Anglo-Arab
1372:
1371:(Trait - Postier)
1364:
1352:
847:with a thick tail
786:Santa Lutzi Feria
707:Third Carlist War
571:Pottok de Prairie
468:mitochondrial DNA
314:"chubby, tubby".
226:[poˈcoka]
127:
126:
60:Country of origin
2174:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1370:
1358:
1350:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1205:. Archived from
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1166:
1157:
1144:
1133:
1123:
1106:
1096:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1039:(231): 425–428,
1030:
1021:
1015:
1008:
987:
973:
967:
954:
933:Aviron Bayonnais
633:mature quickly.
573:
567:
538:The winter fur (
228:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
202:
201:
198:
195:
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183:
174:
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145:
119:
31:
24:
20:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2113:Basco-Béarnaise
2101:
2092:Chato Vitoriano
2075:
2054:
2038:
2007:
1971:
1938:
1920:
1912:domestic animal
1902:
1897:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1842:
1838:Spanish Trotter
1803:Pirinenc Catalá
1702:
1692:
1687:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1465:
1316:
1311:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1210:
1209:on 29 June 2009
1201:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1169:Decree 373/2001
1167:
1160:
1154:Wayback Machine
1145:
1136:
1124:
1109:
1097:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1009:
990:
974:
970:
955:
946:
942:
931:'s rugby club,
908:
843:short, sloping
794:
735:
699:
644:
617:
513:
511:Characteristics
477:
433:genetic markers
323:
306:the meaning of
304:Lower Navarrese
288:Upper Navarrese
281:
204:
180:
176:
163:
142:
138:
123:
115:
106:
83:Breed standards
55:
38:
33:Pottoka in the
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
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2115:
2109:
2107:
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2100:
2099:
2097:Euskal Txerria
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2089:
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2081:
2077:
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2073:
2068:
2066:Euskal Antzara
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2055:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:Pachón Navarro
1990:
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1810:
1805:
1800:
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1785:
1780:
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1765:
1760:
1758:Hispano-Bretón
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1678:
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1634:Trait du Maine
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1458:
1456:Selle Français
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:French Trotter
1408:
1403:
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1388:
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1378:
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1353:
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1309:
1302:
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1254:
1253:External links
1251:
1250:
1249:
1234:
1233:
1221:
1189:
1177:
1158:
1134:
1107:
1058:
1035:(in Spanish),
1016:
988:
968:
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937:
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926:
907:
904:
895:
894:
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828:
825:
793:
790:
789:
788:
779:
772:Markina-Xemein
769:
734:
731:
698:
695:
683:Arabian horses
679:Iberian horses
668:draught horses
643:
642:Cross-breeding
640:
616:
613:
612:
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441:microsatellite
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243:Basque Country
237:native to the
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16:Breed of pony
2152:Feral horses
2147:Horse breeds
2133:
2071:Euskal Oiloa
2033:
2029:Jaca Navarra
1812:
1763:Jaca Navarra
1699:Horse breeds
1504:Bidet Breton
1487:Anglo-Norman
1450:
1359:(Mareyeur -
1275:(in English)
1238:
1224:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1197:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1130:Zientzia.net
1126:
1103:Zientzia.net
1099:
1098:Aizpuru, ML
1050:, retrieved
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923:Louis Jouvet
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751:Aralar Range
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736:
733:Conservation
712:
687:Welsh ponies
676:
672:coat colours
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453:Jaca Navarra
437:horse breeds
414:
405:coat of arms
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261:habitat loss
258:
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134:
130:
128:
114:
18:
1988:Erbi Txakur
1515:Bourguignon
1509:Bourbonnais
1348:Barraquand
1267:(in French)
1259:(in French)
1213:21 November
975:Morris, M.
457:meat breeds
427:and Animal
390:Magdalenian
330:Paleolithic
43:Other names
2141:Categories
2050:Azpi Gorri
1778:Mallorquín
1721:Carthusian
1716:Andalusian
1711:Alter Real
1589:Merlerault
1532:Charentais
1436:Norman Cob
1356:Boulonnais
1270:Pottok.com
1196:Gómez, M.
1052:19 October
940:References
815:Artzamendi
719:pit ponies
594:with (19%)
429:Physiology
394:Bronze Age
365:, and the
336:cave near
334:Ekainberri
231:semi-feral
2123:Sasi Ardi
2087:Baztanesa
1962:Pirenaica
1818:Retuertas
1788:Menorquín
1783:Marismeño
1607:Rochefort
1537:Charolais
1492:Berrichon
1441:Percheron
1431:Nivernais
1328:Ardennais
957:Trask, L.
914:Ramuntcho
798:studbooks
792:Studbooks
782:Zumarraga
766:Espelette
715:smugglers
300:Lapurdian
279:Etymology
233:breed of
2024:Burguete
1957:Monchina
1798:Monchino
1773:Lusitano
1738:Burguete
1728:Asturcón
1619:Tarbésan
1613:Solognot
1601:Navarrin
1577:Limousin
1543:Cotentin
1446:Poitevin
1396:Corsican
1376:Camargue
1361:Cauchois
1338:Auvergne
1150:Archived
876:but not
870:chestnut
856:coat in
807:Baïgorry
803:la Rhune
743:Bidarray
615:Behavior
494:forestry
489:purebred
451:and the
421:Genetics
373:and the
367:Monchino
359:Galician
351:Asturcón
239:Pyrenees
2059:Poultry
2034:Pottoka
1967:Terreña
1828:Sorraia
1823:Serrano
1748:Garrano
1743:Gallego
1639:Vendéen
1583:Lorrain
1482:Augeron
1477:Angevin
1421:Landais
1386:Comtois
929:Bayonne
836:withers
834:to the
727:Britain
660:piebald
635:Fillies
505:Navarre
501:Labourd
475:Habitat
363:Landais
321:Origins
312:pottolo
308:pottoka
296:pottoka
284:Pottoka
241:of the
222:pottoka
135:Pottoka
52:Pottock
49:Pottoka
2012:Horses
1952:Betizu
1944:Cattle
1915:breeds
1813:Pottok
1793:Mérens
1768:Losino
1595:Morvan
1571:Dombes
1521:Bresse
1451:Pottok
1426:Mérens
1416:Henson
1391:Corlay
1368:Breton
1343:Auxois
1321:Extant
1245:
983:
811:Ursuya
723:France
664:circus
652:Ainhoa
621:harems
556:pintos
521:hooves
409:Zestoa
361:, the
357:, the
355:Losino
353:, the
342:Zestoa
247:France
218:Basque
131:Pottok
70:Traits
22:Pottok
2118:Latxa
2106:Sheep
1498:Bidet
1029:(PDF)
921:with
874:pinto
866:brown
858:black
845:croup
691:mares
631:Foals
625:mares
608:borra
552:black
548:brown
540:borra
532:borra
517:hands
340:, in
338:Ekain
292:potto
251:Spain
2080:Pigs
2043:Goat
1976:Dogs
1333:AQPS
1243:ISBN
1215:2009
1054:2011
981:ISBN
966:2008
878:gray
832:mane
813:and
725:and
685:and
592:bays
577:The
550:and
503:and
302:and
294:and
267:and
249:and
235:pony
129:The
1926:Ass
1041:doi
917:by
868:or
864:or
862:bay
745:in
721:in
697:Use
544:bay
419:'s
407:in
245:in
175:or
133:or
2143::
1161:^
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1037:60
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674:.
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263:,
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203:,-
162:,-
1892:e
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212:/
209:ə
206:k
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197:ɒ
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182:p
179:/
171:/
168:ə
165:k
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156:ə
153:t
150:ɒ
147:p
144:ˈ
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137:(
37:.
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