Pramana - Knowledge

4956:, states Lochtefeld, may be explained with the example of a traveller who has never visited lands or islands with endemic population of wildlife. He or she is told, by someone who has been there, that in those lands you see an animal that sort of looks like a cow, grazes like cow but is different from a cow in such and such way. Such use of analogy and comparison is, state the Indian epistemologists, a valid means of conditional knowledge, as it helps the traveller identify the new animal later. The subject of comparison is formally called 6394:, that the way the mind recognizes is by comparing and negating known objects from the perception. In that way, the general idea or categories of objects has to do with differences from known objects, not from identification with universal truths. So one knows that a perceived chariot is a chariot not because it is in accord with a universal form of a chariot, but because it is perceived as different from things that are not chariots. This approach became an essential feature of Buddhist epistemology. 5604: 6361:

the sense consciousnesses assume the form of the aspect (Sanskrit: Sākāravāda) of the external object and what is perceived is actually the sense consciousness which has taken on the form of the external object. By starting with aspects, a logical argument about the external world as discussed by the Hindu schools was possible. Otherwise their views would be so different as to be impossible to begin a debate. Then a logical discussion could follow.

6185: 4664: 49: 1351: 4790:(प्रत्यक्ष) means perception. It is of two types in Hindu texts: external and internal. External perception is described as that arising from the interaction of five senses and worldly objects, while internal perception is described by this school as that of inner sense, the mind. According to Matt Stefan, the distinction is between direct perception ( 5024:

Hindu schools that accept this means of knowledge state that this method is a valid means to conditional knowledge and truths about a subject and object in original premises or different premises. The schools that do not accept this method, state that postulation, extrapolation and circumstantial implication is either derivable from other

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since ancient times. It is a theory of knowledge, and encompasses one or more reliable and valid means by which human beings gain accurate, true knowledge. The focus of pramana is how correct knowledge can be acquired, how one knows, how one does not know, and to what extent knowledge pertinent about

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school and the Sautrāntika Following Scripture approach connected an external world with mental objects, and instead posited that the mental domain never connects directly with the external world but instead only perceives an aspect based upon the sense organs and the sense consciousnesses. Further,

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A key feature of Dignāga's logic is in how he treats generalities versus specific objects of knowledge. The Nyāya Hindu school made assertions about the existence of general principles, and in refutation Dignāga asserted that generalities were mere mental features and not truly existent. To do this

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as a concept which means reliable expert testimony. The schools of Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly. He must rely on

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in ancient Hindu texts is, that if "Devadatta is fat" and "Devadatta does not eat in day", then the following must be true: "Devadatta eats in the night". This form of postulation and deriving from circumstances is, claim the Indian scholars, a means to discovery, proper insight and knowledge. The

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schools of Hinduism, include in their meaning and scope "Theories of Errors". These texts explore why human beings make error and reach incorrect knowledge, how can one know if one is wrong, and, if so, how one can discover whether one's epistemic method was flawed or one's conclusion (truth) was

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The Buddha's doctrine, from the exposition of the two truths onward, unerroneously sets forth the mode of being of things as they are. And the followers of the Buddha must establish this accordingly, through the use of reasoning. Such is the unerring tradition of Śakyamuni. On the other hand, to

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suggests that knowing a negative, such as "there is no jug in this room" is a form of valid knowledge. If something can be observed or inferred or proven as non-existent or impossible, then one knows more than what one did without such means. In the two schools of Hinduism that consider

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presented a new commentary and approach to Madhyamaka, which became the normative form in Tibet. In this variant, the Madhyamaka approach of Candrakīrti was elevated instead of Bhāvaviveka's yet Tsongkhapa rejected Candrakirti's disdain of logic and instead incorporated logic further.

1289:(युक्ति) which means active application of epistemology or what one already knows, innovation, clever expedients or connections, methodological or reasoning trick, joining together, application of contrivance, means, method, novelty or device to more efficiently achieve a purpose. 1257:

forms one part of a trio of concepts, which describe the ancient Indian view on how knowledge is gained. The other two concepts are knower and knowable, each discussed in how they influence the knowledge, by their own characteristic and the process of knowing. The two are called

4830:(definite; correct perception excludes judgments of doubt, either because of one's failure to observe all the details, or because one is mixing inference with observation and observing what one wants to observe, or not observing what one does not want to observe). 6480:

claim that analytical investigation in general and the inner science of pramana, or logic, in particular are unnecessary is a terrible and evil spell, the aim of which is to prevent the perfect assimilation, through valid reasoning, of the Buddha's words

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arguments to refute the views of other tenet systems, but generally he thought a more developed use of logic and epistemology in describing the Middle Way was problematic. Bhāvaviveka's use of autonomous logical arguments was later described as the

4883:’ in modern Indian languages. In the context of classical philosophy, it is described as reaching a new conclusion and truth from one or more observations and previous truths by applying reason. Observing smoke and inferring fire is an example of 1204:

can be derived from another and the relative uniqueness of each. For example, Buddhism considers Buddha and other "valid persons", "valid scriptures" and "valid minds" as indisputable, but that such testimony is a form of perception and inference

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others, his parent, family, friends, teachers, ancestors and kindred members of society to rapidly acquire and share knowledge and thereby enrich each other's lives. This means of gaining proper knowledge is either spoken or written, but through

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as invalid or at best weak, because the boat may have gotten delayed or diverted. However, in cases such as deriving the time of a future sunrise or sunset, this method was asserted by the proponents to be reliable. Another common example for

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position that extramental objects never really occur but arise from the habitual tendencies of mind. So he begins a debate with Hindu schools positing external objects then later to migrate the discussion to how that is logically untenable.

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This approach attempts to solve how the material world connects with the mental world, but not completely explaining it. When pushed on this point, Dharmakīrti then drops a presupposition of the Sautrāntrika position and shifts to a kind of

6268:, such as from Buddha and other "valid minds" and "valid persons". This third source of valid knowledge is a form of perception and inference in Buddhist thought. Valid scriptures, valid minds and valid persons are considered in Buddhism as 7040:

L Schmithausen (1965), Maṇḍana Miśra's Vibhrama-viveka, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Phil.-hist. Klasse. Sitzungsberichte, Vol. 247; For excerpts in English: Allen Thrasher (1993), The Advaita Vedānta of Brahma-siddhi,

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in verses 10.28 through 10.63 discusses many types of comparisons and analogies, identifying when this epistemic method is more useful and reliable, and when it is not. In various ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism, 32 types of

5014:. As example, if a person left in a boat on river earlier, and the time is now past the expected time of arrival, then the circumstances support the truth postulate that the person has arrived. Many Indian scholars considered this 5066:

to four types: non-perception of the cause, non-perception of the effect, non-perception of object, and non-perception of contradiction. Only two schools of Hinduism accepted and developed the concept "non-perception" as a

4850:(a form of perception of prior processes and previous states of a 'topic of study' by observing its current state). Further, some schools of Hinduism considered and refined rules of accepting uncertain knowledge from 1187:

tradition holds that only one (perception) is a reliable source of knowledge, Buddhism holds two (perception, inference) are valid means, Jainism holds three (perception, inference and testimony), while

7090: 6536: 5369:, occupies the foremost position in the Nyaya epistemology. Perception is defined by sense-object contact and is unerring. Perception can be of two types—ordinary or extraordinary. Ordinary ( 6534:

A few Indian scholars such as Vedvyasa discuss ten, Krtakoti discusses eight, but six is most widely accepted. Some systems admit as few as three pramanas. See Andrew J. Nicholson (2013),

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established a view of Madhyamaka more consistent with Bhāvaviveka while further evolving logical assertions as a way of contemplating and developing one's viewpoint of the ultimate truth.

5345:. The mode of Pramana itself in sutra I.6 is distinguished among 5 classes of vritti/mental modification, the others including indiscrimination, verbal delusion, sleep, and memory. 7795: 7605: 4824:(does not wander; correct perception does not change, nor is it the result of deception because one's sensory organ or means of observation is drifting, defective, suspect); 4887:. In all except one Hindu philosophies, this is a valid and useful means to knowledge. The method of inference is explained by Indian texts as consisting of three parts: 5444:(when inference is not based on causation but on uniformity of co-existence). A detailed analysis of error is also given, explaining when anumāna could be false. 5377:) perception is of six types, viz., visual-by eyes, olfactory-by nose, auditory-by ears, tactile-by skin, gustatory-by tongue and mental-by mind. Extraordinary ( 7208:

Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,

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Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,

7174:

Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,

1172:). Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each school of Indian philosophies. 6373:

Note there are two differing interpretations of Dharmakīrti's approach later in Tibet, due to differing translations and interpretations. One is held by the

5169:. An absence, state the ancient scholars, is also "existent, knowable and nameable", giving the example of negative numbers, silence as a form of testimony, 6931:

Tom J. F. Tillemans (2011), Buddhist Epistemology (pramāṇavāda), The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy (Editors: William Edelglass and Jay L. Garfield),

5401:, can perceive past, present and future and have supernatural abilities, either complete or some). Also, there are two modes or steps in perception, viz., 5274:

school accepted only one valid source of knowledge—perception. It held all remaining methods as outright invalid or prone to error and therefore invalid.

1103:" and "means of knowledge". In Indian philosophies, pramana are the means which can lead to knowledge, and serve as one of the core concepts in Indian 1096: 6421:, who felt that the establishment of the ultimate way of abiding since it was beyond thought and concept was not the domain of logic. He used simple 4919:(negative examples as counter-evidence) are absent. For rigor, the Indian philosophies also state further epistemic steps. For example, they demand 6467:

The exact role of logic in Tibetan Buddhist practice and study may still be a topic of debate, but it is definitely established in the tradition.

5393:(when one sense organ can also perceive qualities not attributable to it, as when seeing a chilli, one knows that it would be bitter or hot), and 1301:

described as active process of gaining knowledge in contrast to passive process of gaining knowledge through observation/perception. The texts on

1243:

means "correct notion, true knowledge, basis, foundation, understand", with pramāṇa being a further nominalization of the word. Thus, the concept

5470:), which are the words of the four sacred Vedas, or can be more broadly interpreted as knowledge from sources acknowledged as authoritative, and 6919: 7111:

Karl Potter and Sibajiban Bhattacharya (1994), Epistemology, in The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 6, Princeton University Press,

6907: 5666: 6276:, incontrovertible, indisputable). Means of cognition and knowledge, other than perception and inference, are considered invalid in Buddhism. 6236:) means "valid cognition." In (Buddhism) practice, it refers to the tradition, principally associated with Dignāga and Dharmakīrti, of logic ( 6574: 7383:

DM Datta (1932), The Six Ways of Knowing: A Critical study of the Advaita theory of knowledge, University of Calcutta, Reprinted in 1992 as

7328:

Monier Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom - Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, Luzac & Co, London, pages 457-458

6890:

John A. Grimes (1996), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

1200:

are useful and can be reliable means to knowledge. The various schools of Indian philosophy have debated whether one of the six forms of

7023:

Gerald Larson and Ram Bhattacharya, The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies (Editor:Karl Potter), Volume 4, Princeton University Press,

1069: 5239:

of reliable sources. The disagreement between the schools of Hinduism has been on how to establish reliability. Some schools, such as

7287:

Monier Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom - Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, Luzac & Co, London, page 61

1399: 6381:

with some accommodation of universals and the other held by the other schools who held that Dharmakīrti was distinctly antirealist.

5413:, when one is able to clearly know an object. All laukika and alaukika pratyakshas are savikalpa. There is yet another stage called 6710:

P Bilimoria (1993), Pramāṇa epistemology: Some recent developments, in Asian philosophy - Volume 7 (Editor: G Floistad), Springer,

6410:. He also started with a Sautrāntika approach when discussing the way appearances appear, to debate with realists, but then took a 6837:

John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

6796:

John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

6414:

view of the ultimate nature of phenomenon. But he used logical assertions and arguments about the nature of that ultimate nature.

6495: 5204: 3571: 2162: 5428:, where one does not need any formal procedure, and at the most the last three of their five steps), and inference for others ( 4818:, according to ancient Indian scholars, where one's sensory organ relies on accepting or rejecting someone else's perception); 1231:

literally means "proof" and is also a concept and field of Indian philosophy. The concept is derived from the Sanskrit roots,

7881: 7689: 7549: 6715: 6644: 7746: 4838:

and called it internal perception, a proposal contested by other Indian scholars. The internal perception concepts included

3450: 6976:

R Narasimha (2012), Asia, Europe, and the Emergence of Modern Science: Knowledge Crossing Boundaries, Palgrave Macmillan,

6959:

R Narasimha (2012), Asia, Europe, and the Emergence of Modern Science: Knowledge Crossing Boundaries, Palgrave Macmillan,

7074: 5451:. It is produced by the knowledge of resemblance or similarity, given some pre-description of the new object beforehand. 7634: 7532: 7465: 7388: 7371: 7150: 7116: 7099: 7046: 7028: 7011: 6981: 6964: 6895: 6866: 6842: 6831: 6801: 6673: 6545: 6215: 5661: 5618: 4694: 1127:

as correct means of accurate knowledge and to truths: Three central pramanas which are almost universally accepted are

4327: 1123:

While the number of pramanas varies widely from system to system, many ancient and medieval Indian texts identify six

7876: 7807: 7742: 7617: 7490: 7435: 7410: 7354: 7313: 7276: 7259: 7230: 7213: 7196: 7179: 7133: 6614: 6594: 4773:

are discussed, Krtakoti discusses eight epistemically reliable means to correct knowledge. The most widely discussed

687: 7891: 6878: 6826:

Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge,

5177:

was further refined in four types, by the schools of Hinduism that accepted it as a useful method of epistemology:

7561:

Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2010), What the Cārvākas Originally Meant?, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 38(6): 529-542

6734:

MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Carvaka Philosophy, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 46(2): 13-16

3480: 2316: 6345:), blending it with logical discourse. Dharmakīrti, influenced by Dignāga, further developed these ideas in his 7059: 1436: 1062: 7871: 6144: 5839: 5432:, which requires a systematic methodology of five steps). Inference can also be classified into three types: 2909: 6331:) and both these masters are described as establishing the latter. Dignāga's main text on this topic is the 7349:

James Lochtefeld, "Arthapatti" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing.

6089: 5864: 5824: 3460: 3400: 1385: 7128:

Howard Coward et al, Epistemology, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 5, Motilal Banarsidass,

4899:(examples). The hypothesis must further be broken down into two parts, state the ancient Indian scholars: 2008: 7857:

Vidhabhusana, Satis Chandra (1907). History of the Mediaeval School of Indian Logic. Calcutta University.

7844: 6947: 4630: 4521: 3131: 7544:

P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer,

7430:(1995 ed.). Princeton University Press; reprint by Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 155–174, 227–255. 7308:

James Lochtefeld, "Upamana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing.

7254:

James Lochtefeld, "Anumana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing.

6589:

James Lochtefeld, "Pramana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing.

7838: 5424:, is one of the most important contributions of Nyaya. It can be of two types – inference for oneself ( 4649: 4320: 4224: 3171: 2845: 2530: 1842: 997: 626: 270: 7826: 5528: 5028:

or flawed means to correct knowledge, instead one must rely on direct perception or proper inference.

3166: 419: 7800:

The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham.

7610:

The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham.

5964: 5235:(words). The reliability of the source is important, and legitimate knowledge can only come from the 4952:(उपमान) means comparison and analogy. Some Hindu schools consider it as a proper means of knowledge. 4626: 4272: 3390: 3126: 1419: 1404: 1055: 19:

This article is about proof and epistemology in Indian philosophies. For the Journal of Physics, see

7820: 6751:

D Sharma (1966). "Epistemological negative dialectics of Indian logic — Abhāva versus Anupalabdhi".

5774: 2072: 5969: 5919: 5324:, and two sub-schools of Vedanta, the proper means of knowledge must rely on these three pramanas: 4182: 4175: 4154: 3863: 3753: 3725: 3455: 2350: 2137: 963: 958: 722: 6333: 2112: 2028: 7886: 7791: 7601: 7145:

B Matilal (1992), Perception: An Essay in Indian Theories of Knowledge, Oxford University Press,

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Modern Buddhist schools employ the 'three spheres' (Sanskrit: trimaṇḍala; Tibetan: 'khor gsum):

6129: 4397: 3610: 3515: 3440: 2626: 2548: 1441: 1409: 672: 119: 56: 7832: 7006:

EI Warrier (2012), Advaita Vedānta from 800 to 1200 (Editor: Karl Potter), Motilal Banarsidass,

5483:

In Mimamsa school of Hinduism linked to Prabhakara considered the following pramanas as proper:

2588: 6208: 5944: 5929: 5909: 5834: 5829: 5744: 5651: 4969: 4687: 4596: 4526: 4362: 3991: 3760: 3420: 2326: 2003: 6936: 5216:(शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts, specifically the 4985: 7787: 7597: 7337: 6453: 6378: 6324: 6308: 6149: 6139: 6094: 4636: 4614: 4504: 4369: 3942: 3550: 3430: 2838: 2824: 1992: 561: 541: 249: 242: 7850: 6639:

DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer,

1987: 7733:

Thub-bstan-chos-kyi-grags-pa, Chokyi Dragpa, Heidi I. Koppl, Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche (2004).

6753: 6159: 6119: 6114: 6079: 5924: 5804: 5712: 5697: 5641: 5613: 5006:(अर्थापत्ति) means postulation, derivation from circumstances. In contemporary logic, this 4927:(reason) must necessarily and separately account for the inference in "all" cases, in both 4622: 4618: 4610: 4499: 4161: 3739: 3709: 3540: 3445: 3341: 3076: 2970: 948: 886: 551: 4801:

The ancient and medieval Indian texts identify four requirements for correct perception:

8: 6422: 6169: 6124: 6062: 6002: 5939: 5884: 5879: 5634: 5623: 5162: 4808:(direct experience by one's sensory organ(s) with the object, whatever is being studied); 4747: 4654: 4547: 4383: 3914: 3776: 3520: 3410: 3395: 3301: 3241: 3206: 2691: 2603: 2222: 1881: 1492: 1394: 1365: 394: 7856: 6299:

tenets, though one can make a distinction between the Sautrāntikas Following Scripture (

2792: 1982: 450: 404: 98: 7735:

Uniting Wisdom and Compassion: Illuminating the thirty-seven practices of a bodhisattva

6950:

Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany

6154: 6134: 6074: 6069: 5957: 5859: 5852: 5779: 5769: 5676: 4576: 4562: 4281: 3806: 3702: 3530: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3106: 2872: 2743: 2355: 2241: 300: 891: 7803: 7738: 7695: 7685: 7630: 7613: 7545: 7528: 7486: 7461: 7431: 7406: 7384: 7367: 7350: 7309: 7272: 7255: 7226: 7209: 7192: 7175: 7146: 7129: 7112: 7095: 7042: 7024: 7007: 6977: 6960: 6891: 6862: 6838: 6827: 6797: 6711: 6669: 6640: 6610: 6590: 6541: 6201: 6099: 6084: 5889: 5764: 5707: 5671: 5656: 5587: 5311: 5208: 4680: 4586: 4555: 4511: 4168: 4119: 4054: 3813: 3799: 3545: 3470: 3291: 3251: 3246: 3236: 3081: 2777: 2711: 2306: 2043: 1334: 1088: 1043: 982: 953: 712: 384: 77: 32: 20: 6357: 6264:, inference). Rinbochay adds that Buddhism also considers scriptures as third valid 4750:(c. 9th–6th centuries BCE), "four means of attaining correct knowledge" are listed: 3151: 2563: 1850: 7681:

Buddhists, brahmins, and belief: epistemology in South Asian philosophy of religion

7507:

Accomplishing the Accomplished: The Vedas as a Source of Valid Knowledge in Sankara

6932: 6762: 6490: 6164: 6109: 6039: 6029: 5894: 5256: 4462: 4424: 4404: 4355: 4304: 4203: 3998: 3984: 3935: 3878: 3425: 3086: 3005: 2756: 2676: 2301: 1727: 1581: 1478: 910: 606: 596: 286: 263: 186: 40: 7271:

Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass,

6609:

Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass,

5283: 3840: 7225:

W Halbfass (1991), Tradition and Reflection, State University of New York Press,

6346: 6189: 6104: 5904: 5814: 5759: 5524: 5407:, when one just perceives an object without being able to know its features, and 4668: 4591: 4539: 4348: 4252: 4196: 4133: 3949: 3850: 3746: 3495: 3475: 3346: 3221: 3201: 3121: 2817: 2803: 2701: 2681: 2644: 2236: 2231: 1958: 1837: 1801: 1746: 1741: 1568: 1318: 1193: 576: 465: 434: 221: 196: 5754: 2365: 2117: 1818: 7527:

M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass,

6766: 6505: 6407: 6316: 6300: 6049: 5979: 5934: 5792: 5578: 4581: 4390: 4238: 3889: 3783: 3732: 3535: 3361: 3281: 3231: 3216: 3181: 3136: 3038: 2810: 2671: 2553: 2502: 2487: 2467: 2431: 2360: 2142: 2097: 2048: 1806: 1431: 1016: 571: 490: 480: 389: 228: 7162: 6427: 6418: 6403: 6296: 6295:

Dignāga and Dharmakīrti are usually categorized as expounding the view of the

6284: 5553: 5547: 5247:

is not a proper pramana. Other schools debate means to establish reliability.

2188: 1968: 1899: 1414: 1184: 7865: 7679: 6460: 6417:

His incorporation of logic into the Middle Way system was later critiqued by

6366: 5874: 5869: 5809: 4245: 4210: 4147: 4093: 4086: 4047: 4040: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3928: 3872: 3490: 3435: 3415: 3405: 3385: 3356: 3266: 3061: 3056: 3046: 2995: 2917: 2831: 2664: 2613: 2512: 2447: 2286: 2053: 1507: 1100: 1007: 943: 938: 905: 784: 717: 692: 677: 667: 521: 344: 328: 235: 7699: 7366:

Stephen Phillips (1996), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Motilal Banarsidass,

6014: 5819: 3226: 2990: 780: 424: 6686: 6549: 6510: 5914: 5799: 5717: 5603: 5011: 4972:, if a boy says "her face is like the moon in charmingness", "her face" is 4217: 4126: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4005: 3663: 3485: 3321: 3316: 3276: 3186: 3176: 3146: 3116: 3051: 2955: 2877: 2608: 2573: 2497: 2472: 2401: 2251: 2102: 1894: 1889: 1788: 1775: 1770: 1104: 987: 636: 501: 455: 293: 140: 2426: 1273:

is commonly found in various schools of Hinduism. In Buddhist literature,

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are epistemically reliable and valid means to knowledge. For example, the

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Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History

6665: 6537:

Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History

6515: 5984: 5565: 5342: 4288: 4012: 3905: 3835: 3648: 3602: 3563: 3465: 3306: 3296: 3161: 3030: 3020: 2889: 2884: 2787: 2686: 2578: 2568: 2538: 2507: 2416: 1997: 1920: 1912: 1714: 1483: 1175:

The various schools of Indian philosophies vary on how many of these six

1168: 915: 870: 823: 773: 702: 586: 511: 336: 314: 256: 204: 91: 7296:

VN Jha (1986), "The upamana-pramana in Purvamimamsa", SILLE, pages 77-91

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is then explained as "referents of negative expression" in contrast to "

5107: 7573: 6411: 6353: 5989: 5749: 5646: 5559: 5541: 5403: 5290: 5286:

school considered the following as the only proper means of knowledge:

4334: 4295: 4259: 4140: 4079: 3686: 3678: 3589: 3366: 3141: 3096: 2950: 2940: 2706: 2654: 2583: 2492: 2421: 2411: 2406: 2178: 1953: 1930: 1925: 1654: 1454: 1128: 992: 878: 506: 214: 16:

Epistemology, proof, reliable means of knowledge in Indian philosophies

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Lati Rinbochay and Elizabeth Napper (1981), Mind in Tibetan Buddhism,

6881:

Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

6280: 1158: 6034: 6009: 5409: 5300: 4876: 4444: 4376: 4313: 4231: 4063: 3634: 3594: 3525: 3371: 3336: 3286: 3256: 3191: 3111: 3015: 2985: 2965: 2649: 2593: 2558: 2543: 2462: 2457: 2439: 1765: 1679: 1610: 1549: 1147: 1139: 1002: 860: 764: 682: 616: 445: 307: 5417:, when one is able to re-recognise something on the basis of memory. 2246: 161: 6044: 6024: 6019: 5899: 5595: 5173:

theory of causation, and analysis of deficit as real and valuable.

5137: 4880: 4846:(a form of induction from perceived specifics to a universal), and 4516: 4072: 3898: 3855: 3822: 3673: 3668: 3641: 3351: 3331: 3261: 3211: 3091: 2980: 2896: 2867: 2862: 2731: 2721: 2618: 2598: 2522: 2517: 2482: 2152: 2132: 2092: 2058: 2038: 2018: 1904: 1780: 1515: 1473: 1468: 1342: 1132: 1112: 1108: 1038: 865: 800: 654: 531: 475: 278: 147: 133: 5535: 5354: 5312:

Sankhya, Yoga, Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, and Dvaita Vedanta schools

3579: 1152: 833: 7076:

A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern Schools

6341:

played a crucial role in shaping the discipline of epistemology (

5724: 5317: 5271: 5240: 4815: 4449: 4439: 4110: 4102: 3919: 3845: 3830: 3627: 3326: 3271: 3010: 2960: 2930: 2925: 2797: 2772: 2659: 2291: 2147: 2122: 2033: 2023: 1832: 1796: 1684: 1669: 1664: 1600: 1595: 1559: 1554: 1541: 1314: 1306: 1189: 1180: 1116: 977: 925: 855: 793: 741: 414: 363: 154: 105: 70: 6228:

Padmākara Translation Group (2005: p. 390) annotates that:

4485: 2336: 2331: 2157: 1322:

flawed, in order to revise oneself and reach correct knowledge.

1156:); and more contentious ones, which are comparison and analogy ( 6184: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5692: 5334: 5218: 4454: 4268: 3584: 3311: 3196: 3101: 3071: 3066: 3000: 2975: 2764: 2634: 2477: 2452: 2391: 2276: 2271: 2261: 2203: 2127: 2087: 2082: 2013: 1938: 1873: 1858: 1760: 1704: 1689: 1635: 1615: 1528: 1523: 1360: 838: 748: 649: 5568:, Abhava (non-perception, cognitive proof using non-existence) 1107:. It has been one of the key, much debated fields of study in 6500: 6374: 5974: 5518: 5467: 5440:(inferring an unperceived cause from a perceived effect) and 5223: 4471: 4341: 4106: 3618: 3156: 3025: 2935: 2782: 2736: 2716: 2396: 2381: 2321: 2311: 2296: 2281: 2256: 2107: 2077: 1963: 1863: 1694: 1659: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1605: 1533: 1024: 929: 847: 374: 84: 6279:

In Buddhism, the two most important scholars of pramāṇa are

5105:

has been discussed in ancient Hindu texts in the context of

5041:(अनुपलब्धि) means non-perception, negative/cognitive proof. 6668:, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, 5321: 2945: 2726: 2696: 2639: 2386: 2373: 2266: 1868: 1709: 1699: 1674: 1640: 1590: 1572: 1310: 757: 321: 7456:

Chris Bartley (2013). "Padartha". In Oliver Leaman (ed.).

6471:

remarked in his 19th-century commentary on Śāntarakṣita's

5436:(inferring an unperceived effect from a perceived cause), 5058:(negative) relation—both correct and valuable. Like other 7612:

Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc.

7579: 5075:

affirmed that it as valid and useful when the other five

7802:

Boston, Massachusetts, US: Shambhala Publications, Inc.

5185:(impossibility, absolute non-existence, contradiction), 5050:

as epistemically valuable, a valid conclusion is either

6406:, incorporated a logical approach when commenting upon 4911:

is predicated). The inference is conditionally true if

4834:

Some ancient scholars proposed "unusual perception" as

4743:(word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). 1813: 1350: 1235:(प्र), a preposition meaning "outward" or "forth", and 48: 7061:

The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads

6922:

Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

6910:

Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

6577:

Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

4719:

as correct means of accurate knowledge and to truths:

7684:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 3–4. 7403:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M

5361:), viz., Perception, Inference, Comparison and Word. 6402:

The contemporary of Dignāga but before Dharmakīrti,

5474:, or words and writings of trustworthy human beings. 4915:(positive examples as evidence) are present, and if 7711: 7709: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7652: 5243:, state that this is never possible, and therefore 5085:(अभाव) means non-existence. Some scholars consider 4903:(that idea which needs to proven or disproven) and 7757:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp. 38–39 7724:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp. 35–37 7668:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp. 32–39 5389:(perceiving generality from a particular object), 5357:school accepts four means of obtaining knowledge ( 1297:are discussed together in some Indian texts, with 1166:), and non-perception, negative/cognitive proof ( 7863: 7853:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7847:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7841:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7835:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7829:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7823:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7706: 7649: 7400: 4935:. A conditionally proven hypothesis is called a 4879:’ in Sanskrit, though it often is used to mean ‘ 4762:("expert testimony, historical tradition"), and 4814:(non-verbal; correct perception is not through 4739:(non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and 1162:), postulation, derivation from circumstances ( 7751: 7483:The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Vol. 5 5397:(when certain human beings, from the power of 5079:fail in one's pursuit of knowledge and truth. 4735:(postulation, derivation from circumstances), 7455: 6209: 4993:and their value in epistemology are debated. 4688: 1063: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6810: 5478: 1247:implies that which is a "means of acquiring 7428:Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. 2 7425: 6861:Daniel Perdue, Debate in Tibetan Buddhism, 6570: 6568: 6256:) as valid means to knowledge: Pratyaksha ( 5115:is defined as that which is simultaneously 4964:, while the attribute(s) are identified as 7770: 7585: 7569: 7567: 6216: 6202: 5519:Advaita Vedanta and Bhatta Mimamsa schools 5337:— testimony/word of reliable experts 5189:(mutual negation, reciprocal absence) and 4695: 4681: 1070: 1056: 7480: 7426:Karl Potter (1977). "Meaning and Truth". 7250: 7248: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6807: 6452:When Madhyamaka first migrated to Tibet, 6315:) and the Sautrāntikas Following Reason ( 5341:These are enumerated in sutra I.7 of the 1285:is also related to the Indian concept of 7715:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) p.37 7324: 7322: 7304: 7302: 6750: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6565: 5250: 7839:Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛttiṭīkā: Devanagari 7827:Pramāṇavārttika Pariśiṣṭa 1: Devanagari 7646:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) p.1 7564: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7451: 7449: 7447: 6937:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195328998.003.0022 6730: 6728: 6726: 6724: 5531:, the following pramanas are accepted: 4769:In some texts such as by Vedvyasa, ten 3572:Sources and classification of scripture 1262:(प्रमातृ, the subject, the knower) and 7864: 7677: 7245: 6850: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6585: 6583: 5385:) perception is of three types, viz., 1251:or certain, correct, true knowledge". 1196:schools of Hinduism hold that all six 1120:someone or something can be acquired. 7775:, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd. 7576:at Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia 7319: 7299: 7168: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6650: 5277: 4960:, the object of comparison is called 4858:(definite judgment, conclusion) from 2199:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) 2194:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) 1150:of past or present reliable experts ( 7512: 7444: 6953: 6721: 6605: 6603: 1266:(प्रमेय, the object, the knowable). 7401:James Lochtefeld (2002). "Abhava". 6773: 6620: 6580: 5193:(prior, antecedent non-existence). 13: 7845:Pramāṇavārttikālaṅkāra: Devanagari 7748:(accessed: February 4, 2009) p.202 7509:, University of Hawaii Press, p.29 6737: 5667:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 5662:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 14: 7903: 7814: 7773:Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy 7485:. Sahitya Akademy. p. 3958. 7481:Mohan Lal, ed. (1992). "abhava". 7458:Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy 6600: 6550:the Encyclopedia Britannica entry 6356:-based description of how in the 6329:rigs pa rjes 'brang gi mdo sde pa 6313:lung gi rjes 'brang gi mdo sde pa 5266: 5127:(nameable). Specific examples of 7771:Puligandla, Ramakrishna (1997), 7678:Arnold, Daniel Anderson (2005). 6997:, Etudes Asiatiques, 35: 185-199 6183: 5602: 5111:(पदार्थ, referent of a term). A 4662: 1349: 1239:(मा) which means "measurement". 47: 7781: 7727: 7718: 7671: 7640: 7623: 7591: 7555: 7538: 7499: 7474: 7460:. Routledge. pp. 415–416. 7419: 7405:. Rosen Publishing. p. 1. 7394: 7377: 7360: 7343: 7331: 7290: 7281: 7265: 7242:Carvaka school is the exception 7236: 7219: 7202: 7185: 7155: 7139: 7122: 7105: 7082: 7067: 7052: 7034: 7017: 7000: 6987: 6970: 6941: 6925: 6913: 6901: 6884: 6872: 6352:These two rejected the complex 6290: 5527:, and Mimamsa school linked to 5348: 5181:(termination of what existed), 4707: 2198: 2193: 7340:Encyclopædia Britannica (2012) 6704: 6679: 6528: 5031: 1437:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies 1: 7094:, Columbia University Press, 6995:Le term yukti: primiere etude 6559: 6540:, Columbia University Press, 6397: 6377:school leaning to a moderate 6321:རིགས་པ་རྗེས་འབྲང་གི་མདོ་སྡེ་པ 6305:ལུང་གི་རྗེས་འབྲང་གི་མདོ་སྡེ་པ 5010:is similar to circumstantial 4996: 4794:) and remembered perception ( 4493:Other society-related topics: 2189:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) 7882:Hindu philosophical concepts 7851:Pramāṇāntarbhāva: Devanagari 7088:Andrew J. Nicholson (2013), 6232:Strictly speaking, pramana ( 5865:Buddhist Paths to liberation 5328:Pratyakṣa — perception 5259:accept one or more of these 5149:(universal/class property), 5071:. The schools that endorsed 4780: 4604:Hinduism and other religions 3401:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati 2183: 1223: 7: 7833:Pramāṇavārttika: Devanagari 7796:Padmākara Translation Group 7606:Padmākara Translation Group 7073:S. C. Vidyabhusana (1971). 6993:CA Scherrer-Schaub (1981), 6496:Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism 6484: 6433: 6260:, perception) and Anumāṇa ( 5572: 5205:Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism 5165:of positive expression" in 4349:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram 4321:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 2054:Arishadvargas (six enemies) 1998:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) 1993:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) 1325: 1146:), and "word", meaning the 10: 7908: 7821:Pramāṇamīmāṃsā: Devanagari 7763: 7165:, Encyclopedia Britannica. 6767:10.1163/000000066790086530 6548:, pages 149-150; see also 6390:he introduced the idea of 6248:Buddhism accepts only two 5576: 5562:(postulation, presumption) 5514:(postulation, presumption) 5462:. It can be of two types, 5202: 5131:, states Bartley, include 5062:, Indian scholars refined 4942: 4923:—the requirement that the 4865: 4754:("scripture, tradition"), 4731:(comparison and analogy), 4225:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 2910:Gurus, sants, philosophers 2846:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 2034:Uparati (self-settledness) 1099:Pramāṇa) literally means " 998:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 627:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 271:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 18: 7505:Anantanand Rambachan (), 6320: 6304: 5479:Prabhakara Mimamsa school 5331:Anumāna — inference 4907:(the object on which the 3391:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati 2049:Samadhana (concentration) 1913:Three paths to liberation 1420:Tribal religions in India 1405:Historical Vedic religion 1400:Indus Valley Civilisation 1212:The science and study of 1092: 1044:Other Indian philosophies 792: 772: 756: 740: 7877:Concepts in epistemology 6521: 6384: 5196: 5093:, while others consider 4723:(evidence/ perception), 4715:Hinduism identifies six 2225:, sacrifice, and charity 688:Kamalakanta Bhattacharya 7892:Epistemology literature 7737:. Wisdom Publications. 6691:Encyclopedia Britannica 5885:Philosophical reasoning 5458:are also accepted as a 5282:Epistemologically, the 5263:as valid epistemology. 4984:. The 7th-century text 4862:(indefinite judgment). 4844:samanyalaksanapratyaksa 4398:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 3611:Timeline of Hindu texts 3516:Siddharameshwar Maharaj 2549:Pumsavana Simantonayana 2204:Śabda (word, testimony) 1442:Epic-Puranic chronology 1410:Dravidian folk religion 673:Nigamananda Paramahansa 6482: 6246: 5652:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 4980:, and charmingness is 4746:In verse 1.2.1 of the 4363:Eighteen Greater Texts 3992:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 3421:Krishnananda Saraswati 2665:Vijayadashami-Dussehra 2179:Pratyakṣa (perception) 2039:Titiksha (forbearance) 315:Shakti Vishishtadvaita 7798:(translators)(2005). 7608:(translators)(2005). 6477: 6230: 5920:Aids to Enlightenment 5745:Dependent Origination 5556:(comparison, analogy) 5508:(comparison, analogy) 5255:Different schools of 5251:Acceptance per school 5226:. Hiriyanna explains 4848:jnanalaksanapratyaksa 4806:Indriyarthasannikarsa 4479:Varna-related topics: 4370:Eighteen Lesser Texts 3943:Devi Bhagavata Purana 2839:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 2825:Achintya Bheda Abheda 2757:Philosophical schools 2059:Ahamkara (attachment) 2019:Vairagya (dispassion) 1947:Mokṣa-related topics: 562:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 542:Achintya Bheda Abheda 250:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 243:Achintya Bheda Abheda 7872:Sources of knowledge 7058:A. B. Keith (1925), 7014:, pages 512-530, 684 6754:Indo-Iranian Journal 6459:In the 14th century 6240:) and epistemology ( 5890:Devotional practices 5713:Noble Eightfold Path 4854:, so as to contrast 4611:Hinduism and Jainism 3541:Vethathiri Maharishi 3446:Nisargadatta Maharaj 2014:Viveka (discernment) 1389:(500/200 BCE–300 CE) 887:Principal Upanishads 552:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 7620:(alk. paper): p.390 6423:logical consequence 6190:Buddhism portal 6063:Buddhism by country 5825:Sanskrit literature 5447:Comparison, called 5365:Perception, called 5145:(activity/motion), 5043:Anupalabdhi pramana 4748:Taittirīya Āraṇyaka 4669:Hinduism portal 4548:Hinduism by country 4384:Iraiyanar Akapporul 4328:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 3411:Dayananda Saraswati 3396:Bhaktivinoda Thakur 3302:Sripada Srivallabha 3242:Raghunatha Siromani 3207:Narasimha Saraswati 2184:Anumāṇa (inference) 395:Raghunatha Siromani 6262:rjes dpag tshad ma 6258:mngon sum tshad ma 5677:Buddhist modernism 5420:Inference, called 5278:Vaisheshika school 4563:Caribbean Shaktism 4282:Kanakadhara Stotra 3531:U. G. Krishnamurti 3511:Satyadhyana Tirtha 3107:Gangesha Upadhyaya 2765:Six Astika schools 2009:Ānanda (happiness) 1988:Anātman (non-self) 1305:, particularly by 1277:is referred to as 7691:978-0-231-13280-0 7550:978-94-010-7810-8 6716:978-94-010-5107-1 6645:978-1-4419-8109-7 6473:Madhyamakālaṅkāra 6339:Pramāṇa-samuccaya 6334:Pramāṇa-samuccaya 6226: 6225: 5708:Four Noble Truths 5538:(word, testimony) 5502:(word, testimony) 5316:According to the 5209:Sources of dharma 5157:(individuality). 4968:. Thus, explains 4852:Pratyakṣa-pranama 4705: 4704: 4556:Balinese Hinduism 4055:Markandeya Purana 3292:Satyanatha Tirtha 3247:Raghuttama Tirtha 3237:Raghavendra Swami 3082:Ramdas Kathiababa 2163:Sources of dharma 2029:Dama (temperance) 2024:Sama (equanimity) 1390: 1080: 1079: 812: 811: 808: 807: 170: 169: 114: 113: 21:Pramana (journal) 7899: 7776: 7758: 7755: 7749: 7731: 7725: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7704: 7703: 7675: 7669: 7666: 7647: 7644: 7638: 7627: 7621: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7562: 7559: 7553: 7542: 7536: 7525: 7510: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7453: 7442: 7441: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7398: 7392: 7381: 7375: 7364: 7358: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7326: 7317: 7306: 7297: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7279: 7269: 7263: 7252: 7243: 7240: 7234: 7223: 7217: 7206: 7200: 7189: 7183: 7172: 7166: 7159: 7153: 7143: 7137: 7126: 7120: 7109: 7103: 7086: 7080: 7071: 7065: 7064:, Part II, p.482 7056: 7050: 7038: 7032: 7021: 7015: 7004: 6998: 6991: 6985: 6974: 6968: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6859: 6848: 6834:, pages 245-248; 6822: 6805: 6794: 6771: 6770: 6748: 6735: 6732: 6719: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6683: 6677: 6663: 6648: 6637: 6618: 6607: 6598: 6587: 6578: 6572: 6553: 6532: 6491:Hindu philosophy 6322: 6306: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6188: 6187: 5915:Sublime abidings 5606: 5583: 5582: 5257:Hindu philosophy 5153:(inherence) and 4895:(a reason), and 4875:(अनुमान) means ‘ 4758:("perception"), 4697: 4690: 4683: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4627:and Christianity 4597:Pilgrimage sites 4527:Reform movements 4405:Vinayagar Agaval 4356:Five Great Epics 4305:Tamil literature 4204:Sushruta Samhita 3999:Bhavishya Purana 3985:Brahmanda Purana 3936:Bhagavata Purana 3864:Other scriptures 3426:Mahavatar Babaji 3006:Satyakama Jabala 2677:Ganesh Chaturthi 2531:Rites of passage 2044:Shraddha (faith) 1462:Major traditions 1388: 1353: 1330: 1329: 1094: 1072: 1065: 1058: 911:Agama (Hinduism) 899:Other scriptures 892:Minor Upanishads 738: 737: 607:Ekasarana Dharma 451:Vāchaspati Misra 371: 370: 287:Shaiva Siddhanta 264:Ekasarana Dharma 127: 126: 64: 63: 51: 41:Hindu philosophy 28: 27: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7862: 7861: 7817: 7794:(commentator); 7784: 7779: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7752: 7732: 7728: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7707: 7692: 7676: 7672: 7667: 7650: 7645: 7641: 7628: 7624: 7604:(commentator); 7596: 7592: 7586:Puligandla 1997 7584: 7580: 7572: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7543: 7539: 7526: 7513: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7479: 7475: 7468: 7454: 7445: 7438: 7424: 7420: 7413: 7399: 7395: 7391:, pages 221-253 7382: 7378: 7365: 7361: 7348: 7344: 7336: 7332: 7327: 7320: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7282: 7270: 7266: 7253: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7224: 7220: 7216:, pages 170-172 7207: 7203: 7199:, pages 168-169 7190: 7186: 7182:, pages 160-168 7173: 7169: 7160: 7156: 7144: 7140: 7127: 7123: 7110: 7106: 7102:, pages 149-150 7087: 7083: 7072: 7068: 7057: 7053: 7039: 7035: 7031:, pages 361-362 7022: 7018: 7005: 7001: 6992: 6988: 6975: 6971: 6958: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6889: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6860: 6851: 6823: 6808: 6795: 6774: 6749: 6738: 6733: 6722: 6718:, pages 137-154 6709: 6705: 6695: 6693: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6664: 6651: 6638: 6621: 6608: 6601: 6597:, pages 520-521 6588: 6581: 6573: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6556: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6487: 6436: 6400: 6387: 6347:Pramanavarttika 6293: 6222: 6182: 6175: 6174: 6065: 6055: 6054: 6005: 5995: 5994: 5960: 5950: 5949: 5855: 5845: 5844: 5815:Mahayana Sutras 5795: 5785: 5784: 5725:Five Aggregates 5703: 5702: 5682: 5681: 5672:Later Buddhists 5637: 5581: 5575: 5529:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 5525:Advaita Vedānta 5521: 5481: 5351: 5314: 5280: 5269: 5253: 5211: 5201: 5123:(knowable) and 5036: 5001: 4970:Monier Williams 4947: 4870: 4785: 4766:("inference"). 4713: 4701: 4663: 4661: 4642: 4641: 4635: 4605: 4571: 4550: 4542: 4532: 4531: 4494: 4427: 4419: 4411: 4410: 4307: 4275: 4197:Charaka Samhita 4176:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 4134:Shilpa Shastras 4113: 4066: 3950:Naradiya Purana 3922: 3917: 3892: 3866: 3825: 3689: 3621: 3605: 3574: 3566: 3556: 3555: 3501:Shirdi Sai Baba 3496:Sathya Sai Baba 3476:Ramana Maharshi 3380: 3347:Vadiraja Tirtha 3342:Vācaspati Miśra 3222:Srinivasacharya 3202:Narahari Tirtha 3182:Matsyendranatha 3167:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 3132:Jagannatha Dasa 3122:Haridasa Thakur 3041: 2920: 2912: 2902: 2901: 2857: 2818:Vishishtadvaita 2767: 2759: 2749: 2748: 2702:Makar Sankranti 2682:Vasant Panchami 2645:Maha Shivaratri 2629: 2533: 2442: 2376: 2345: 2226: 2217: 2209: 2208: 2173: 2067: 2004:Prajña (wisdom) 2000: 1977: 1941: 1915: 1884: 1853: 1851:Meaning of life 1838:God in Hinduism 1827: 1791: 1789:Supreme reality 1766:Subtle elements 1755: 1736: 1730: 1720: 1719: 1575: 1544: 1518: 1510: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1463: 1457: 1447: 1446: 1391: 1386:Hindu synthesis 1382: 1377: 1328: 1319:Advaita Vedanta 1226: 1194:Advaita Vedanta 1076: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1012: 959:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 920: 843: 828: 827: 814: 813: 727: 697: 659: 641: 621: 601: 581: 577:Srinivasacharya 556: 536: 516: 485: 466:Vishishtadvaita 460: 429: 420:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 399: 385:Akṣapāda Gotama 368: 367: 351: 350: 322:Shiva Bhedabeda 222:Vishishtadvaita 182: 181: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7905: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7887:Buddhist logic 7884: 7879: 7874: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7816: 7815:External links 7813: 7812: 7811: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7777: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7750: 7726: 7717: 7705: 7690: 7670: 7648: 7639: 7637:, page 115-119 7635:978-0937938027 7622: 7590: 7588:, p. 228. 7578: 7563: 7554: 7537: 7533:978-8120813304 7511: 7498: 7491: 7473: 7467:978-0415862530 7466: 7443: 7436: 7418: 7411: 7393: 7389:978-8120835269 7376: 7372:978-8120814899 7359: 7342: 7330: 7318: 7298: 7289: 7280: 7264: 7244: 7235: 7218: 7201: 7184: 7167: 7154: 7151:978-0198239765 7138: 7121: 7117:978-0691073842 7104: 7100:978-0231149877 7081: 7066: 7051: 7047:978-8120809826 7033: 7029:978-0691073019 7016: 7012:978-8120830615 6999: 6986: 6984:, pages 95-105 6982:978-1137031723 6969: 6965:978-1137031723 6952: 6940: 6924: 6912: 6900: 6898:, page 237-238 6896:978-0791430675 6883: 6871: 6867:978-0937938768 6849: 6847: 6846: 6843:978-0791430675 6835: 6832:978-0815336112 6806: 6802:978-0791430675 6772: 6761:(4): 291–300. 6736: 6720: 6703: 6678: 6674:978-0521438780 6649: 6619: 6599: 6579: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552:on this topic. 6546:978-0231149877 6526: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6506:Buddhist logic 6503: 6498: 6493: 6486: 6483: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6435: 6432: 6399: 6396: 6386: 6383: 6292: 6289: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6006: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5980:Pratyekabuddha 5977: 5972: 5967: 5961: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5935:Buddhist chant 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5793:Buddhist texts 5791: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5608: 5607: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5579:Buddhist logic 5577:Main article: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5452: 5445: 5442:Sāmānyatodṛṣṭa 5418: 5387:Sāmānyalakṣana 5350: 5347: 5339: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5298: 5279: 5276: 5268: 5267:Carvaka school 5265: 5252: 5249: 5200: 5195: 5187:anyonya-abhava 5183:atyanta-abhava 5103:Abhava-pramana 5101:as different. 5089:to be same as 5054:(positive) or 5035: 5030: 5000: 4995: 4976:, the moon is 4946: 4941: 4939:(conclusion). 4891:(hypothesis), 4869: 4864: 4832: 4831: 4828:Vyavasayatmaka 4825: 4819: 4809: 4784: 4779: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4633: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4500:Discrimination 4496: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4391:Abirami Antati 4387: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4277: 4276: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4239:Ramcharitmanas 4235: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4190:Pramana Sutras 4186: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4162:Mimamsa Sutras 4158: 4155:Samkhya Sutras 4151: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4120:Dharma Shastra 4115: 4114: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3876: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3803: 3795: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3754:Shvetashvatara 3750: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3726:Brihadaranyaka 3721: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3698: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3536:Upasni Maharaj 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3362:Vedanta Desika 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3282:Samarth Ramdas 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3232:Purandara Dasa 3229: 3224: 3219: 3217:Nimbarkacharya 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3137:Jayanta Bhatta 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2672:Raksha Bandhan 2669: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2554:Simantonnayana 2551: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2503:Carnatic music 2500: 2495: 2490: 2488:Bhagavata Mela 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2432:Kundalini yoga 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1882:Stages of life 1880: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1843:God and gender 1840: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1776:Gross elements 1773: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1577: 1576: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1432:Itihasa-Purana 1423: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1355: 1354: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1327: 1324: 1225: 1222: 1183:school of the 1078: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1060: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1017:Secular ethics 1011: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 974: 973: 971:Pramana Sutras 967: 966: 961: 956: 951: 949:Mimamsa Sutras 946: 944:Samkhya Sutras 941: 935: 934: 919: 918: 913: 908: 902: 901: 895: 894: 889: 883: 882: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 852: 851: 842: 841: 836: 830: 829: 821: 820: 819: 816: 815: 810: 809: 806: 805: 804: 803: 796: 790: 789: 788: 787: 776: 770: 769: 768: 767: 760: 754: 753: 752: 751: 744: 734: 733: 729: 728: 726: 725: 720: 715: 709: 706: 705: 699: 698: 696: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 664: 661: 660: 658: 657: 652: 646: 643: 642: 640: 639: 633: 630: 629: 623: 622: 620: 619: 613: 610: 609: 603: 602: 600: 599: 593: 590: 589: 583: 582: 580: 579: 574: 568: 565: 564: 558: 557: 555: 554: 548: 545: 544: 538: 537: 535: 534: 528: 525: 524: 518: 517: 515: 514: 509: 504: 498: 495: 494: 487: 486: 484: 483: 481:Vedanta Desika 478: 472: 469: 468: 462: 461: 459: 458: 453: 448: 442: 439: 438: 431: 430: 428: 427: 422: 417: 411: 408: 407: 401: 400: 398: 397: 392: 390:Jayanta Bhatta 387: 381: 378: 377: 369: 358: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 340: 339: 333: 332: 325: 318: 311: 304: 297: 290: 282: 281: 275: 274: 267: 260: 253: 246: 239: 232: 225: 218: 210: 209: 207: 201: 200: 192: 191: 189: 183: 177: 176: 175: 172: 171: 168: 167: 166: 165: 158: 151: 144: 137: 123: 122: 116: 115: 112: 111: 110: 109: 102: 95: 88: 81: 74: 60: 59: 53: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7904: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7858: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7809: 7808:1-59030-241-9 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7774: 7769: 7768: 7754: 7747: 7744: 7743:0-86171-377-X 7740: 7736: 7730: 7721: 7712: 7710: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7683: 7682: 7674: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7643: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7619: 7618:1-59030-241-9 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7594: 7587: 7582: 7575: 7570: 7568: 7558: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7508: 7502: 7494: 7492:81-260-1221-8 7488: 7484: 7477: 7469: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7439: 7437:81-208-0309-4 7433: 7429: 7422: 7414: 7412:0-8239-2287-1 7408: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7374:, pages 41-63 7373: 7369: 7363: 7356: 7355:0-8239-2287-1 7352: 7346: 7339: 7334: 7325: 7323: 7315: 7314:0-8239-2287-1 7311: 7305: 7303: 7293: 7284: 7278: 7277:81-208-0779-0 7274: 7268: 7261: 7260:0-8239-2287-1 7257: 7251: 7249: 7239: 7232: 7231:0-7914-0362-9 7228: 7222: 7215: 7214:81-208-0309-4 7211: 7205: 7198: 7197:81-208-0309-4 7194: 7188: 7181: 7180:81-208-0309-4 7177: 7171: 7164: 7161:Matt Stefan, 7158: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7136:, pages 51-62 7135: 7134:81-208-0426-0 7131: 7125: 7119:, pages 53-68 7118: 7114: 7108: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7062: 7055: 7049:, pages 20-38 7048: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7013: 7009: 7003: 6996: 6990: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6967:, pages 95-97 6966: 6962: 6956: 6949: 6944: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6921: 6916: 6909: 6904: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6880: 6875: 6869:, pages 19-20 6868: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6707: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6617:, pages 25-26 6616: 6615:81-208-0779-0 6612: 6606: 6604: 6596: 6595:0-8239-2287-1 6592: 6586: 6584: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6564: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6462: 6461:Je Tsongkhapa 6457: 6455: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6431: 6429: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6343:pramāṇaśāstra 6340: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6219: 6214: 6212: 6207: 6205: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5954: 5953: 5946: 5945:Vegetarianism 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5900:Recollections 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5870:Five precepts 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5849: 5848: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5835:Chinese canon 5833: 5831: 5830:Tibetan canon 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5430:Parāthānumāna 5427: 5426:Svārthānumāna 5423: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5344: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5228:Sabda-pramana 5225: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5171:asatkaryavada 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5135:(substance), 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5029: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4994: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4860:anadhyavasaya 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4842:(intuition), 4841: 4837: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4727:(inference), 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4686: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4638: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4570:Hindu culture 4568: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4522:Organisations 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4246:Yoga Vasistha 4243: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4211:Natya Shastra 4208: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4148:Brahma Sutras 4145: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4094:Sthapatyaveda 4091: 4089: 4088: 4087:Gandharvaveda 4084: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4048:Varaha Purana 4045: 4043: 4042: 4041:Skanda Purana 4038: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4008: 4007: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3978:Brahma Purana 3975: 3973: 3972: 3971:Garuda Purana 3968: 3966: 3965: 3964:Matsya Purana 3961: 3959: 3958: 3957:Vāmana Purana 3954: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3929:Vishnu Purana 3926: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3873:Bhagavad Gita 3870: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3456:Radhakrishnan 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3436:Narayana Guru 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3416:Jaggi Vasudev 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3406:Chinmayananda 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3267:Ramprasad Sen 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3117:Gorakshanatha 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3062:Allama Prabhu 3060: 3058: 3057:Akka Mahadevi 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3047:Abhinavagupta 3045: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2996:Prashastapada 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2856:Other schools 2854: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2832:Shuddhadvaita 2829: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2513:Kalaripayattu 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2448:Bharatanatyam 2446: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2327:Nritta-Nritya 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 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1265: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1008:Shiva Samhita 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 975: 972: 969: 968: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 939:Brahma Sutras 937: 936: 933: 932: 931: 927: 922: 921: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 906:Bhagavad Gita 904: 903: 900: 897: 896: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 881: 880: 876: 875: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 850: 849: 845: 844: 840: 837: 835: 832: 831: 826: 825: 818: 817: 802: 799: 798: 797: 795: 791: 786: 785:Prashastapada 782: 779: 778: 777: 775: 771: 766: 763: 762: 761: 759: 755: 750: 747: 746: 745: 743: 739: 736: 735: 731: 730: 724: 723:Radhakrishnan 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 708: 707: 704: 701: 700: 694: 693:Anandamayi Ma 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 678:Ramprasad Sen 676: 674: 671: 669: 668:Abhinavagupta 666: 665: 663: 662: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 645: 644: 638: 635: 634: 632: 631: 628: 625: 624: 618: 615: 614: 612: 611: 608: 605: 604: 598: 595: 594: 592: 591: 588: 585: 584: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 567: 566: 563: 560: 559: 553: 550: 549: 547: 546: 543: 540: 539: 533: 530: 529: 527: 526: 523: 522:Shuddhadvaita 520: 519: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 497: 496: 492: 489: 488: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 471: 470: 467: 464: 463: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 441: 440: 436: 433: 432: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 410: 409: 406: 403: 402: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 380: 379: 376: 373: 372: 365: 361: 355: 354: 347: 346: 345:Integral yoga 342: 341: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 329:Shiva Advaita 326: 324: 323: 319: 317: 316: 312: 310: 309: 305: 303: 302: 298: 296: 295: 291: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 268: 266: 265: 261: 259: 258: 254: 252: 251: 247: 245: 244: 240: 238: 237: 236:Shuddhadvaita 233: 231: 230: 226: 224: 223: 219: 217: 216: 212: 211: 208: 206: 203: 202: 199: 198: 194: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 180: 174: 173: 164: 163: 159: 157: 156: 152: 150: 149: 145: 143: 142: 138: 136: 135: 131: 130: 129: 128: 125: 124: 121: 118: 117: 108: 107: 103: 101: 100: 96: 94: 93: 89: 87: 86: 82: 80: 79: 75: 73: 72: 68: 67: 66: 65: 62: 61: 58: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 7810:(alk. paper) 7799: 7788:Śāntarakṣita 7782:Bibliography 7772: 7753: 7734: 7729: 7720: 7680: 7673: 7642: 7625: 7609: 7598:Śāntarakṣita 7593: 7581: 7557: 7552:, pages 1-30 7540: 7506: 7501: 7482: 7476: 7457: 7427: 7421: 7402: 7396: 7379: 7362: 7345: 7333: 7292: 7283: 7267: 7262:, page 46-47 7238: 7233:, page 26-27 7221: 7204: 7187: 7170: 7157: 7141: 7124: 7107: 7089: 7084: 7075: 7069: 7060: 7054: 7036: 7019: 7002: 6994: 6989: 6972: 6955: 6943: 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D. Ranade 3322:Śyāma Śastri 3317:Swaminarayan 3277:Rupa Goswami 3187:Morya Gosavi 3147:Jiva Goswami 3052:Adi Shankara 2878:Pratyabhijña 2844: 2837: 2830: 2823: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2609:Samavartanam 2589:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ 2574:Annaprashana 2498:Dandiya Raas 2473:Mohiniyattam 2366:Nididhyāsana 2171:Epistemology 2170: 2103:Brahmacharya 1983:Ātman (self) 1946: 1890:Brahmacharya 1819:Saccidānanda 1771:Panchikarana 1647: 1580: 1571: / 1567:Other major 1491: 1425: 1424: 1379: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1176: 1174: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1143: 1136: 1124: 1122: 1105:epistemology 1083: 1082: 1081: 1015: 988:Arthashastra 983:Dharmaśāstra 970: 954:Nyāya Sūtras 924: 923: 898: 877: 846: 822: 637:Swaminarayan 502:Madhvacharya 493:(Tattvavada) 456:Adi Shankara 359: 343: 327: 320: 313: 306: 299: 294:Pratyabhijna 292: 285: 269: 262: 255: 248: 241: 234: 227: 220: 213: 195: 178: 160: 153: 146: 139: 132: 104: 97: 90: 83: 76: 69: 25: 6666:Gavin Flood 6516:Metaphysics 6428:Svātantrika 6419:Candrakīrti 6404:Bhāvaviveka 6297:Sautrāntika 6285:Dharmakīrti 6270:Avisamvadin 6130:New Zealand 5985:Bodhisattva 5970:Four Stages 5925:Monasticism 5905:Mindfulness 5875:Perfections 5805:Early Texts 5566:Anupalabdhi 5550:(inference) 5496:(inference) 5343:Yoga Sutras 5141:(quality), 5048:Anupalabdhi 5039:Anupalabdhi 5033:Anupalabdhi 5012:implication 4986:Bhaṭṭikāvya 4822:Avyabhicara 4812:Avyapadesya 4737:Anupalabdhi 4623:and Judaism 4619:and Sikhism 4587:Iconography 4512:Nationalism 4505:Persecution 4289:Shiva Stuti 4183:Yoga Sutras 4013:Agni Purana 3915:Other texts 3906:Mahabharata 3649:Atharvaveda 3546:Vivekananda 3471:Rama Tirtha 3466:Ramakrishna 3441:Nigamananda 3431:Mahesh Yogi 3307:Sripadaraja 3297:Siddheshwar 3192:Mukundarāja 3172:Madhusūdana 3162:Kanaka Dasa 3087:Chakradhara 3031:Yajnavalkya 3021:Vishvamitra 2890:Pancharatra 2788:Vaisheshika 2744:Ratha Yatra 2692:Janmashtami 2687:Rama Navami 2604:Ritushuddhi 2579:Chudakarana 2569:Nishkramana 2539:Garbhadhana 2508:Pandav Lila 2417:Bhakti yoga 2302:Prāyaścitta 2073:Niti śastra 1921:Bhakti yoga 1900:Vānaprastha 1715:Vishvakarma 1648:Post-Vedic: 1484:Vaishnavism 1426:Traditional 1279:Pramāṇavāda 1169:anupalabdhi 1137:pratyakṣa), 964:Yoga Sutras 916:Vachanamrut 871:Atharvaveda 824:Major texts 774:Vaisheshika 713:Vivekananda 703:Neo-Vedanta 597:Chakradhara 587:Mahanubhava 512:Vyasatirtha 337:Neo-Vedanta 308:Pramanavada 301:Panchartika 257:Mahanubhava 205:Vaishnavite 179:Sub-schools 92:Vaisheshika 7866:Categories 7790:(author); 7745:. Source: 7600:(author); 7338:Arthapatti 7316:, page 721 7163:pratyaksha 6845:, page 238 6804:, page 238 6676:, page 225 6647:, page 172 6560:References 6430:approach. 6412:Middle Way 6398:Madhyamaka 6358:Vaibhāṣika 6354:Abhidharma 6238:rtags rigs 6003:Traditions 5940:Pilgrimage 5880:Meditation 5840:Post-canon 5820:Pāli Canon 5750:Middle Way 5647:The Buddha 5560:Arthāpatti 5512:Arthapatti 5404:Nirvikalpa 5383:Asādhārana 5291:Perception 5203:See also: 5095:Anupalabdi 5087:Anupalabdi 5073:Anupalabdi 5064:Anupalabdi 5021:arthapatti 5004:Arthāpatti 4998:Arthāpatti 4733:Arthāpatti 4463:Varna-less 4335:Tiruppukal 4296:Vayu Stuti 4260:Panchadasi 4253:Swara yoga 4141:Kama Sutra 4080:Dhanurveda 3740:Taittiriya 3718:Yajurveda: 3710:Kaushitaki 3687:Upanishads 3679:Upanishads 3603:Scriptures 3451:Prabhupada 3367:Vidyaranya 3252:Ram Charan 3227:Prabhākara 3142:Jayatīrtha 3097:Dadu Dayal 3092:Chāngadeva 2951:Bharadwaja 2941:Ashtavakra 2707:Kumbh Mela 2655:Durga Puja 2584:Karnavedha 2564:Nāmakaraṇa 2493:Yakshagana 2422:Karma yoga 2412:Jnana yoga 2407:Hatha yoga 2344:Meditation 2317:Tirthadana 2098:Aparigraha 1954:Paramātman 1939:Liberation 1931:Karma yoga 1926:Jnana yoga 1655:Dattatreya 1455:Traditions 1380:Historical 1216:is called 1164:arthāpatti 1129:perception 993:Kama Sutra 879:Upanishads 507:Jayatirtha 437:(Mayavada) 425:Prabhākara 215:Bhedabheda 7535:, page 43 7357:, page 55 6687:"Pramana" 6469:Ju Mipham 6408:Nāgārjuna 6274:mi slu ba 6150:Sri Lanka 6140:Singapore 6095:Indonesia 6035:Vajrayāna 6010:Theravāda 5965:Awakening 5853:Practices 5810:Tripiṭaka 5780:Cosmology 5755:Emptiness 5735:Suffering 5542:Pratyakṣa 5488:Pratyakṣa 5454:Word, or 5410:Savikalpa 5375:Sādhārana 5367:Pratyakṣa 5301:Inference 5295:Pratyakṣa 5284:Vaiśeṣika 5191:pragavasa 5163:referents 4897:drshtanta 4877:inference 4788:Pratyakṣa 4782:Pratyakṣa 4756:pratyakṣa 4721:Pratyakṣa 4637:Criticism 4631:and Islam 4592:Mythology 4445:Kshatriya 4377:Athichudi 4314:Tirumurai 4232:Tirumurai 3841:Vyākaraṇa 3777:Chandogya 3769:Samaveda: 3657:Divisions 3635:Yajurveda 3595:Ātmatuṣṭi 3551:Yogananda 3526:Trailanga 3521:Sivananda 3386:Aurobindo 3372:Vyasaraja 3337:Tyagaraja 3287:Sankardev 3257:Ramananda 3152:Jñāneśvar 3127:Harivansh 3112:Gaudapada 3077:Chaitanya 3016:Vashistha 2986:Patanjali 2966:Jamadagni 2885:Vaishnava 2873:Pashupata 2650:Navaratri 2627:Festivals 2594:Upanayana 2559:Jatakarma 2544:Pumsavana 2463:Kuchipudi 2458:Kathakali 2427:Rāja yoga 2361:Samādhāna 2242:Prarthana 2216:Practices 2143:Svādhyāya 1747:Mythology 1742:Cosmology 1735:Worldview 1680:Kartikeya 1611:Prajapati 1550:Saraswati 1269:The term 1224:Etymology 1148:testimony 1140:inference 1003:Tirumurai 861:Yajurveda 765:Patanjali 718:Aurobindo 683:Bamakhepa 617:Sankardev 446:Gaudapada 120:Heterodox 7700:57316839 6485:See also 6434:In Tibet 6367:Yogācāra 6254:tshad ma 6242:blo rigs 6234:tshad ma 6160:Thailand 6120:Mongolia 6115:Malaysia 6080:Cambodia 6045:Navayana 6025:Hinayana 6020:Mahāyāna 5930:Lay life 5760:Morality 5740:Not-self 5698:Concepts 5657:Councils 5642:Timeline 5614:Glossary 5596:Buddhism 5588:a series 5586:Part of 5573:Buddhism 5434:Pūrvavat 5379:Alaukika 5261:pramanas 5167:Padartha 5155:vishesha 5151:samavaya 5129:padartha 5121:Jneyatva 5113:Padartha 5108:Padārtha 5077:pramanas 5056:asadrupa 5026:pramanas 4978:upamanam 4974:upameyam 4962:upamanam 4958:upameyam 4937:nigamana 4933:vipaksha 4929:sapaksha 4917:vipaksha 4913:sapaksha 4889:pratijna 4840:pratibha 4792:anubhava 4775:pramanas 4771:pramanas 4717:pramanas 4710:pramanas 4650:Glossary 4582:Calendar 4517:Hindutva 4440:Brahmana 4111:samhitas 4103:Shastras 4073:Ayurveda 4064:Upavedas 3899:Ramayana 3890:Itihasas 3856:Jyotisha 3823:Vedangas 3807:Mandukya 3703:Aitareya 3695:Rigveda: 3674:Aranyaka 3669:Brahmana 3642:Samaveda 3357:Valluvar 3352:Vallabha 3332:Tulsidas 3262:Ramanuja 3212:Nayanars 3197:Namadeva 3039:Medieval 2981:Kashyapa 2897:Charvaka 2868:Kapalika 2732:Puthandu 2722:Vaisakhi 2619:Antyesti 2599:Keshanta 2523:Adimurai 2518:Silambam 2483:Sattriya 2468:Manipuri 2153:Mitahara 2133:Santosha 2093:Achourya 1905:Sannyasa 1895:Gṛhastha 1754:Ontology 1728:Concepts 1516:Trimurti 1479:Smartism 1474:Shaktism 1469:Shaivism 1343:Hinduism 1335:a series 1333:Part of 1326:Hinduism 1214:pramanas 1207:pramanas 1198:pramanas 1177:pramanas 1133:Sanskrit 1125:pramanas 1113:Buddhism 1109:Hinduism 1089:Sanskrit 1039:Hinduism 926:Shastras 866:Samaveda 801:Valluvar 572:Nimbarka 532:Vallabha 476:Ramanuja 364:Acharyas 360:Teachers 279:Shaivite 187:Smartist 148:Buddhism 134:Charvaka 57:Orthodox 33:a series 31:Part of 7764:Sources 7574:Pramana 6920:prameya 6908:pramAtR 6696:16 June 6575:pramANa 6448:action. 6445:object, 6442:subject 6379:realism 6317:Tibetan 6301:Tibetan 6281:Dignāga 6266:pramana 6250:pramana 6170:Vietnam 6125:Myanmar 6040:Tibetan 6030:Chinese 5958:Nirvāṇa 5775:Saṃsāra 5770:Rebirth 5635:History 5624:Outline 5554:Upamāṇa 5548:Anumāṇa 5506:Upamāṇa 5494:Anumāṇa 5472:Laukika 5464:Vaidika 5460:pramāṇa 5449:Upamāna 5438:Śeṣavat 5422:Anumāna 5371:Laukika 5359:pramāṇa 5318:Sankhya 5305:Anumāna 5272:Carvaka 5241:Carvaka 5179:dhvamsa 5117:Astitva 5069:pramana 5060:pramana 5052:sadrupa 5016:pramana 5008:pramana 4991:Upamāna 4982:samanya 4966:samanya 4954:Upamana 4950:Upamāna 4944:Upamāna 4885:Anumana 4873:Anumāna 4867:Anumāna 4856:nirnaya 4836:pramana 4816:hearsay 4764:anumāna 4760:aitihya 4729:Upamāṇa 4725:Anumāṇa 4655:Outline 4450:Vaishya 4418:Society 4269:Stotras 3920:Puranas 3846:Nirukta 3836:Chandas 3831:Shiksha 3814:Prashna 3800:Mundaka 3664:Samhita 3628:Rigveda 3491:Samarth 3327:Tukaram 3272:Ravidas 3011:Valmiki 2961:Jaimini 2931:Angiras 2926:Agastya 2918:Ancient 2804:Advaita 2798:Vedanta 2793:Mīmāṃsā 2773:Samkhya 2660:Ramlila 2402:Sādhanā 2292:Tarpana 2277:Kīrtana 2272:Bhajana 2223:Worship 2148:Shaucha 2123:Akrodha 1969:Saṃsāra 1833:Ishvara 1802:Nirguna 1797:Brahman 1761:Tattvas 1685:Krishna 1670:Hanuman 1665:Ganesha 1601:Chandra 1596:Ashvins 1560:Parvati 1555:Lakshmi 1542:Tridevi 1508:Deities 1415:Śramaṇa 1395:History 1376:Origins 1366:History 1315:Mimamsa 1307:Samkhya 1303:Pramana 1295:Pramana 1283:Pramana 1275:Pramana 1271:Pramana 1264:Prameya 1260:Pramātŗ 1255:Pramāṇa 1245:Pramāṇa 1229:Pramāṇa 1202:pramana 1190:Mimamsa 1185:Śramaṇa 1181:Carvaka 1159:upamāna 1144:anumāna 1117:Jainism 1084:Pramana 978:Puranas 856:Rigveda 794:Secular 742:Samkhya 435:Advaita 415:Jaimini 405:Mīmāṃsā 197:Advaita 155:Jainism 141:Ājīvika 106:Vedanta 99:Mīmāṃsā 71:Samkhya 7806: 7792:Mipham 7741: 7698: 7688: 7633: 7616: 7602:Mipham 7548: 7531: 7489: 7464: 7434: 7409: 7387: 7370: 7353: 7312: 7275: 7258: 7229: 7212: 7195: 7178: 7149: 7132: 7115: 7098: 7079:, p.23 7045: 7027: 7010: 6980: 6963: 6894: 6865: 6841: 6830: 6800: 6714: 6672: 6643: 6613: 6593: 6544: 6155:Taiwan 6135:Russia 6075:Brazil 6070:Bhutan 5990:Buddha 5910:Wisdom 5693:Dharma 5395:Yogaja 5219:shruti 5175:Abhava 5159:Abhava 5133:dravya 5099:Abhava 5091:Abhava 5083:Abhava 4921:Vyapti 4909:sadhya 4905:paksha 4901:sadhya 4796:smriti 4455:Shudra 4273:stutis 4109:, and 4107:sutras 3761:Maitri 3486:Ramdas 3379:Modern 3312:Surdas 3177:Madhva 3102:Eknath 3072:Basava 3067:Alvars 3001:Raikva 2991:Pāṇini 2976:Kapila 2971:Kanada 2956:Gotama 2863:Shaiva 2811:Dvaita 2712:Pongal 2635:Diwali 2614:Vivaha 2478:Odissi 2453:Kathak 2392:Yogini 2356:Dhyana 2307:Tirtha 2262:Bhakti 2252:Temple 2247:Śrauta 2128:Arjava 2088:Ahimsa 2083:Niyama 2066:Ethics 1874:Moksha 1859:Dharma 1807:Saguna 1705:Shakti 1690:Kubera 1636:Varuna 1616:Pushan 1529:Vishnu 1524:Brahma 1361:Hindus 1093:प्रमाण 930:Sutras 839:Smriti 781:Kaṇāda 749:Kapila 732:Others 655:Shakta 650:Tantra 491:Dvaita 229:Dvaita 162:Ajñana 6948:yukti 6879:प्रमा 6522:Notes 6501:Nyaya 6392:Apoha 6385:Apoha 6375:Gelug 6325:Wylie 6309:Wylie 6165:Tibet 6105:Korea 6100:Japan 6090:India 6085:China 6050:Newar 5975:Arhat 5765:Karma 5619:Index 5536:Śabda 5500:Śabda 5468:Vedic 5456:Śabda 5355:Nyāya 5335:Śabda 5245:Sabda 5237:Sabda 5233:Sabda 5224:Vedas 5214:Śabda 5198:Śabda 5143:karma 4881:guess 4777:are: 4752:smṛti 4741:Śabda 4472:Dalit 4425:Varna 4342:Kural 3880:Agama 3851:Kalpa 3747:Katha 3619:Vedas 3590:Ācāra 3585:Smṛti 3580:Śruti 3564:Texts 3157:Kabir 3026:Vyasa 2936:Aruni 2783:Nyaya 2737:Vishu 2717:Ugadi 2397:Asana 2382:Sadhu 2351:Tapas 2322:Matha 2312:Yatra 2297:Vrata 2282:Yajna 2257:Murti 2138:Tapas 2113:Damah 2108:Satya 2078:Yamas 1964:Karma 1864:Artha 1781:Guṇas 1695:Radha 1660:Durga 1631:Ushas 1626:Surya 1621:Rudra 1606:Indra 1582:Vedic 1573:Devis 1569:Devas 1534:Shiva 1299:Yukti 1291:Yukti 1287:Yukti 1249:prama 1241:Pramā 1218:Nyaya 1153:Śabda 1101:proof 1097:IAST: 1025:Kural 848:Vedas 834:Śruti 375:Nyaya 85:Nyaya 7804:ISBN 7739:ISBN 7696:OCLC 7686:ISBN 7631:ISBN 7614:ISBN 7546:ISBN 7529:ISBN 7487:ISBN 7462:ISBN 7432:ISBN 7407:ISBN 7385:ISBN 7368:ISBN 7351:ISBN 7310:ISBN 7273:ISBN 7256:ISBN 7227:ISBN 7210:ISBN 7193:ISBN 7176:ISBN 7147:ISBN 7130:ISBN 7113:ISBN 7096:ISBN 7043:ISBN 7025:ISBN 7008:ISBN 6978:ISBN 6961:ISBN 6892:ISBN 6863:ISBN 6839:ISBN 6828:ISBN 6798:ISBN 6712:ISBN 6698:2020 6670:ISBN 6641:ISBN 6611:ISBN 6591:ISBN 6542:ISBN 6283:and 6110:Laos 6015:Pāli 5399:Yoga 5353:The 5322:Yoga 5207:and 5138:guna 5097:and 4931:and 4925:hetu 4893:hetu 4708:Six 4486:Jāti 4271:and 3784:Kena 3733:Isha 2946:Atri 2778:Yoga 2727:Bihu 2697:Onam 2640:Holi 2440:Arts 2387:Yogi 2374:Yoga 2337:Sevā 2332:Dāna 2287:Homa 2267:Japa 2237:Ārtī 2232:Puja 2158:Dāna 2118:Dayā 1976:Mind 1959:Maya 1869:Kama 1710:Sita 1700:Rama 1675:Kali 1641:Vayu 1591:Agni 1493:List 1317:and 1311:Yoga 1293:and 1192:and 1115:and 928:and 758:Yoga 78:Yoga 6933:doi 6763:doi 6244:). 5523:In 5381:or 5373:or 4798:). 1826:God 1233:pra 7868:: 7708:^ 7694:. 7651:^ 7566:^ 7514:^ 7446:^ 7321:^ 7301:^ 7247:^ 6852:^ 6809:^ 6775:^ 6757:. 6739:^ 6723:^ 6689:. 6652:^ 6622:^ 6602:^ 6582:^ 6567:^ 6475:: 6349:. 6327:: 6323:, 6319:: 6311:: 6307:, 6303:: 6287:. 6145:US 5590:on 5320:, 5222:, 4105:, 1814:Om 1337:on 1313:, 1309:, 1281:. 1237:mā 1220:. 1209:. 1135:: 1111:, 1095:; 1091:: 783:, 35:on 7702:. 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