Shaivism - Knowledge

4870: 4651: 5463:, while the Agamas are sacred texts of specific sub-traditions. The surviving Vedic literature can be traced to the 1st millennium BCE and earlier, while the surviving Agamas can be traced to 1st millennium of the common era. The Vedic literature, in Shaivism, is primary and general, while Agamas are special treatise. In terms of philosophy and spiritual precepts, no Agama that goes against the Vedic literature, states Mariasusai Dhavamony, will be acceptable to the Shaivas. According to David Smith, "a key feature of the Tamil Saiva Siddhanta, one might almost say its defining feature, is the claim that its source lies in the Vedas as well as the Agamas, in what it calls the Vedagamas". This school's view can be summed as, 7205: 4963: 7035: 5836:) which is considered identical to Shiva in Shaivism. The texts differ in the relation between the two. Some assert the dualistic philosophy of the individual Self and Ultimate Reality being different, while others state a Oneness between the two. Kashmir Shaiva Agamas posit absolute oneness, that is God (Shiva) is within man, God is within every being, God is present everywhere in the world including all non-living beings, and there is no spiritual difference between life, matter, man and God. While Agamas present diverse theology, in terms of philosophy and spiritual precepts, no Agama that goes against the Vedic literature, states Dhavamony, has been acceptable to the Shaivas. 7292: 6491: 6867:

Durga, who has been popular since ancient times, and she too has a complex character with benevolent and fierce manifestations, each visualized with different names such as Uma, Sri, Kali and others. Shiva has been called Sadasiva, Paramasiva, Mahadeva in benevolent forms, and Kala, Bhairava, Mahakala in his fierce forms. The Indonesian Hindu texts present the same philosophical diversity of Shaivism traditions found on the subcontinent. However, among the texts that have survived into the contemporary era, the more common are of those of Shaiva Siddhanta (locally also called Siwa Siddhanta, Sridanta).

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Avalokiteshvara is linked to Shiva in many of these arts, but in others Shiva is linked to Bodhisattva Maitreya with him shown as carrying his own water pot like Vedic priests. According to Richard Blurton, the ancient works show that the Bodhisattva of Compassion in Buddhism has many features in common with Shiva in Shaivism. The Shaiva Hindu and Buddhist syncretism continues in the contemporary era in the island of Bali, Indonesia. In Central Asian Buddhism, and its historic arts, syncretism and a shared expression of Shaivism, Buddhism and Tantra themes has been common. This is evdient in the

18995: 6803: 4474:, "the formation of Śaiva traditions as we understand them begins to occur during the period from 200 BC to 100 AD." Shiva was originally probably not a Brahmanical god, but eventually came to be incorporated into the Brahmanical fold. The pre-Vedic Shiva acquired a growing prominence as its cult assimilated numerous "ruder faiths" and their mythologies, and the Epics and Puranas preserve pre-Vedic myths and legends of these traditions assimilated by the Shiva-cult. Shiva's growing prominence was facilitated by identification with a number of Vedic deities, such as 4833: 6065: 7303: 7389: 4440: 4330: 17625: 6056: 20301: 18149: 6191: 20371: 20311: 18159: 5921: 20290: 7026: 7271:. In southeast Asia, the two traditions were not presented in competitive or polemical terms, rather as two alternate paths that lead to the same goals of liberation, with theologians disagreeing which of these is faster and simpler. Scholars disagree whether a syncretic tradition emerged from Buddhism and Shaivism, or it was a coalition with free borrowing of ideas, but they agree that the two traditions co-existed peacefully. 6910: 4352: 6007:. The path started as a life near a Shiva temple and silent meditation, then a stage when the ascetic left the temple and did karma exchange (be cursed by others, but never curse back). He then moved to the third stage of life where he lived like a loner in a cave or abandoned places or Himalayan mountains, and towards the end of his life he moved to a cremation ground, surviving on little, peacefully awaiting his death. 4598: 5845: 18741: 20359: 20321: 7774: 7731: 7560: 7143: 64: 7844: 7819: 7810: 7801: 7792: 7765: 7756: 7747: 7957: 7941: 20347: 8005: 7989: 6596: 4030: 655: 7973: 7373:, for example, equates Padmavati of Jainism with Tripura-bhairavi of Shaivism and Shaktism. Among the major goddesses of Jainism that are rooted in Hindu pantheon, particularly Shaiva, include Lakshmi and Vagishvari (Sarasvati) of the higher world in Jain cosmology, Vidyadevis of the middle world, and Yakshis such as Ambika, Cakreshvari, Padmavati and Jvalamalini of the lower world according to Jainism. 18733: 7828: 7887: 7512: 7448: 7923: 7853: 7699: 7651: 7610: 7544: 7414: 29: 7869: 7683: 7674: 7665: 7642: 7594: 7905: 7528: 7480: 7396: 7626: 7578: 7430: 7496: 7464: 7715: 6280: 6271:

Siddhanta tradition had no ritual offering or consumption of "alcoholic drinks, blood or meat". Their practices focussed on abstract ideas of spirituality, worship and loving devotion to Shiva as SadaShiva, and taught the authority of the Vedas and Shaiva Agamas. This tradition diversified in its ideas over time, with some of its scholars integrating a non-dualistic theology.

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Indonesia in the modern era, where Buddha is considered the younger brother of Shiva. In the pre-Islamic Java, Shaivism and Buddhism were considered very close and allied religions, though not identical religions. This idea is also found in the sculptures and temples in the eastern states of India and the Himalayan region. For example, Hindu temples in these regions show

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naked, drank liquor in public, and used a human skull as his begging bowl for food. The Lakula Shaiva ascetic recognized no act nor words as forbidden, he freely did whatever he felt like, much like the classical depiction of his deity Rudra in ancient Hindu texts. However, according to Alexis Sanderson, the Lakula ascetic was strictly celibate and did not engage in sex.

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realizing the state of being one with Shiva within and everywhere. It has extensive literature, and a fivefold path of spiritual practice that starts with external practices, evolving into internal practices and ultimately meditative yoga, with the aim of overcoming all suffering (Dukkha) and reaching the state of bliss (Ananda).

6931:(Shiva). The goddess Shakti in eastern states of India is considered the inseparable partner of God Shiva. According to Galvin Flood, the closeness between Shaivism and Shaktism traditions is such that these traditions of Hinduism are at times difficult to separate. Some Shaiva worship in Shiva and Shakti temples. 4978:(devotionalism), to monistic non-theism dedicated to yoga and a meditative lifestyle. This sometimes involves renouncing household life for monastic pursuits of spirituality. The Yoga practice is particularly pronounced in nondualistic Shaivism, with the practice refined into a methodology such as four-fold 6140:

and influenced each other. The tantra texts reflect this, where the collection contains both dualistic and non-dualistic theologies. The theism in the tantra texts parallel those found in Vaishnavism and Shaktism. Shaiva Siddhanta is a major subtradition that emphasized dualism during much of its history.

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Shaiva-Shakti iconography is found in major Jain temples. For example, the Osian temple of Jainism near Jodhpur features Chamunda, Durga, Sitala, and a naked Bhairava. While Shaiva and Jain practices had considerable overlap, the interaction between the Jain community and Shaiva community differed on

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The syncretism between Buddhism and Shaivism was particularly marked in southeast Asia, but this was not unique, rather it was a common phenomenon also observed in the eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent, the south and the Himalayan regions. This tradition continues in predominantly Hindu Bali

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mentions 85 Saura texts, almost all of which are believed to have been lost during the Islamic invasion and rule period, except for large excerpts found embedded in Shaiva manuscripts discovered in the Himalayan mountains. Shaivism incorporated Saura ideas, and the surviving Saura manuscripts such as

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is closely related to Shaivism. In many regions of India, not only did the ideas of Shaivism influence the evolution of Shaktism, but Shaivism also itself was influenced by it and progressively subsumed the reverence for the divine feminine (Devi) as an equal and essential partner of divine masculine

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The Pashupatas derive their Sanskrit name from two words: Pashu (beast) and Pati (lord), where the chaotic and ignorant state, one imprisoned by bondage and assumptions, is conceptualized as the beast, and the Atman (Self, Shiva) that is present eternally everywhere as the Pati. The tradition aims at

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The Shaivist and Buddhist traditions overlapped significantly in southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia, Cambodia, and Vietnam between the 5th and the 15th century. Shaivism and Shiva held the paramount position in ancient Java, Sumatra, Bali, and neighboring islands, though the sub-tradition that

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The historic Shaiva Siddhanta literature is an enormous body of texts. The tradition includes both Shiva and Shakti (goddess), but with a growing emphasis on metaphysical abstraction. Unlike the experimenters of Atimarga tradition and other sub-traditions of Mantramarga, states Sanderson, the Shaiva

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and Shaiva tantra (technique) texts. This literature presented new forms of ritual, yoga and mantra. This literature was highly influential not just to Shaivism, but to all traditions of Hinduism, as well as to Buddhism and Jainism. Mantramarga had both theistic and monistic themes, which co-evolved

6973:(i.e., a personal God with form), rather than as distinct beings. The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, then follow a philosophical and meditative path to understanding the oneness of Atman (Self) and Brahman (metaphysical Ultimate Reality) – as "That art Thou". 4929:

Shaivism centers around Shiva, but it has many sub-traditions whose theological beliefs and practices vary significantly. They range from dualistic devotional theism to monistic meditative discovery of Shiva within oneself. Within each of these theologies, there are two sub-groups. One sub-group is

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Sanderson, Alexis; "Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions." In The World's Religions, edited by S. Sutherland, L. Houlden, P. Clarke and F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1988), pp. 660–704. Reprinted in The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, edited by F. Hardy. London: Routledge and

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Sanderson, Alexis; "Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions." In The World's Religions, edited by S. Sutherland, L. Houlden, P. Clarke and F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1988), pp. 665–666, context: pp. 660–704. Reprinted in The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, edited by F. Hardy.

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monks, and it is this sub-tradition that experimented with a great diversity of rites, deities, rituals, yogic techniques and mantras. Both the Mantramarga and Atimarga are ancient traditions, more ancient than the date of their texts that have survived, according to Sanderson. Mantramārga grew to

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Along with the Himalayan region stretching from Kashmir through Nepal, the Shaiva tradition in South India has been one of the largest sources of preserved Shaivism-related manuscripts from ancient and medieval India. The region was also the source of Hindu arts, temple architecture, and merchants

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Kapalikas are alleged to smear their body with ashes from the cremation ground, revered the fierce Bhairava form of Shiva, engage in rituals with blood, meat, alcohol, and sexual fluids. However, states David Lorenzen, there is a paucity of primary sources on Kapalikas, and historical information

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According to Galvin Flood, Shaivism and Shaktism traditions are difficult to separate, as many Shaiva Hindus revere the goddess Shakti regularly. The denominations of Hinduism, states Julius Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with

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period, that is in the first half of the 1st millennium CE. In Indonesia, temples at archaeological sites and numerous inscription evidence dated to the early period (400 to 700 CE), suggest that Shiva was the highest god. This co-existence of Shaivism and Buddhism in Java continued through about

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Other scholars state that the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered, and the interpretation of the Pashupati seal is uncertain. According to Srinivasan, the proposal that it is proto-Shiva may be a case of projecting "later practices into archeological findings". Similarly, Asko Parpola states

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is an ancient deity of Hinduism, and several ancient Hindu kingdoms particularly in the northwest and eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent revered Surya. These devotees called Sauras once had a large corpus of theological texts, and Shaivism literature reverentially acknowledges these. For

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in Indonesian Hindu texts, mirroring the Dakshinamurti aspect of Shiva in the Indian subcontinent. However, the Bhattara Guru has more aspects than the Indian Shiva, as the Indonesian Hindus blended their spirits and heroes with him. Bhattara Guru's wife in southeast Asia is the same Hindu deity

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The tradition may have originated in Kashmir where it developed a sophisticated theology propagated by theologians Sadyojoti, Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇakaṇṭha and his son Bhaṭṭa Rāmakaṇṭha (c. 950–1000). However, after the arrival of Islamic rulers in north India, it thrived in the south. The philosophy of

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This second division of the Atimarga developed from the Pashupatas. Their fundamental text too was the Pashupata Sutras. They differed from Pashupata Atimargi in that they departed radically from the Vedic teachings, respected no Vedic or social customs. He would walk around, for example, almost

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of Vaishnavism, mention several Shaiva sects, particularly the four groups: Pashupata, Lakulisha, tantric Shaiva and Kapalika. The description is conflicting, with some texts stating the tantric, puranik and Vedic traditions of Shaivism to be hostile to each other while others suggest them to be

4231:, and some Shaivas worship in both Shiva and Shakti temples. It is the Hindu tradition that most accepts ascetic life and emphasizes yoga, and like other Hindu traditions encourages an individual to discover and be one with Shiva within. The followers of Shaivism are called Shaivas or Shaivites. 5859:

Shaivism is ancient, and over time it developed many sub-traditions. These broadly existed and are studied in three groups: theistic dualism, nontheistic monism, and those that combine features or practices of the two. Sanderson presents the historic classification found in Indian texts, namely

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Shaivism is a major tradition within Hinduism with a theology that is predominantly related to the Hindu god Shiva. Shaivism has many different sub-traditions with regional variations and differences in philosophy. Shaivism has a vast literature with different philosophical schools ranging from

7172:, yoga – which literally means "union" – to this tradition has meant the "realisation of our true inherent nature which is inherently greater than our thoughts can ever conceive", and that the goal of yoga is to be the "free, eternal, blissful, perfect, infinite spiritually conscious" one is. 5034:

epic. The tantric sub-tradition in this category is traceable to post-8th to post-11th century depending on the region of Indian subcontinent, paralleling the development of Buddhist and Jain tantra traditions in this period. Among these are the dualistic Shaiva Siddhanta and Bhairava Shaivas

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The earliest evidence of a close relationship between Shaivism and Buddhism comes from the archaeological sites and damaged sculptures from the northwest Indian subcontinent, such as Gandhara. These are dated to about the 1st-century CE, with Shiva depicted in Buddhist arts. The Buddhist

9820:, UNESCO World Heritage Sites; Quote: "It is known especially for its rathas (temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave sanctuaries), giant open-air reliefs such as the famous 'Descent of the Ganges', and the temple of Rivage, with thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva." 7266:

Buddhism and Shaivism have interacted and influenced each other since ancient times in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Their Siddhas and esoteric traditions, in particular, have overlapped to an extent where Buddhists and Hindus worshipped in the same temple such as in the

5954:) are the Shaivite sub-tradition with the oldest heritage, as evidenced by Indian texts dated to around the start of the common era. It is a monist tradition, that considers Shiva to be within oneself, in every being and everything observed. The Pashupata path to liberation is one of 4899:

developed creatively integrated more ancient beliefs that pre-existed. In the centuries that followed, the merchants and monks who arrived in Southeast Asia, brought Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Buddhism, and these developed into a syncretic, mutually supporting form of traditions.

6819:, with many Shaiva and Vaishnava adherents recognizing Sri (Lakshmi), Parvati, Saraswati and other aspects of the goddess Devi. Similarly, Shakta Hindus revere Shiva and goddesses such as Parvati, Durga, Radha, Sita and Saraswati important in Shaiva and Vaishnava traditions. 8210:. Other texts mention five Kedras (Kedarnatha, Tunganatha, Rudranatha, Madhyamesvara and Kalpeshvara), five Badri (Badrinatha, Pandukeshvara, Sujnanien, Anni matha and Urghava), snow lingam of Amarnatha, flame of Jwalamukhi, all of the Narmada River, and others. Kashi ( 4958:

Scholars such as Alexis Sanderson discuss Shaivism in three categories: Vedic, Puranik and non-Puranik (esoteric, tantric). They place Vedic and Puranik together given the significant overlap, while placing Non-Puranik esoteric sub-traditions as a separate category.

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The reverence for Shiva is one of the pan-Hindu traditions found widely across South Asia predominantly in Southern India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. While Shiva is revered broadly, Hinduism itself is a complex religion and a way of life, with a diversity of ideas on

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and traditions. It has no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic, or humanist.

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Reverential inclusion of Shaiva ideas and iconography are very common in major Vaishnava temples, such as Dakshinamurti symbolism of Shaiva thought is often enshrined on the southern wall of the main temple of major Vaishnava temples in peninsular India.

6573:. For example, one sub-tradition of Kashmir Shaivism adopts Goddess worship (Shaktism) by stating that the approach to god Shiva is through goddess Shakti. This tradition combined monistic ideas with tantric practices. Another idea of this school was 5962:, aims for a spiritual state of consciousness where the Pashupata yogi "abides in one's own unfettered nature", where the external rituals feel unnecessary, where every moment and every action becomes an internal vow, a spiritual ritual unto itself. 5451:(nondualistic, monistic) Shaivism persuasion such as the 8th/9th century Vasugupta, the 10th century Abhinavagupta and 11th century Kshemaraja, particularly the scholars of the Pratyabhijna, Spanda and Kashmiri Shaivism schools of theologians. 13897:; Quote: "The Lingayats are a Hindu sect concentrated in the state of Karnataka (a southern provincial state of India), which covers 191,773 square kilometers. The Lingayats constitute around 20 percent of the total population in that state." 10007:

Wendy Doniger (2009), An Alternative Historiography for Hinduism, Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pages 17–26, Quote: "Numerous Sanskrit texts and ancient sculptures (such as the Gudimallam linga from the third century BCE) define

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Shaivism was highly influential in southeast Asia from the late 6th century onwards, particularly the Khmer and Cham kingdoms of Indochina, and across the major islands of Indonesia such as Sumatra, Java and Bali. This influence on classical

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mentions Shaiva ascetics, such as in chapters 4.13 and 13.140. Other evidence that is possibly linked to the importance of Shaivism in ancient times are in epigraphy and numismatics, such as in the form of prominent Shiva-like reliefs on

5443:. According to Gavin Flood – a professor at Oxford University specializing in Shaivism and phenomenology, Shaiva scholars developed a sophisticated theology, in its diverse traditions. Among the notable and influential commentaries by 6628:

traditions. Their unconventional ways challenged all orthodox premises, exploring dark and shunned practices of society as a means to understanding theology and gaining inner powers. The tradition traces itself to 9th or 10th century

6243:. The tradition teaches ethical living, service to the community and through one's work, loving worship, yoga practice and discipline, continuous learning and self-knowledge as means for liberating the individual Self from bondage. 4705:

declined and fragmented, ultimately collapsing completely, with the effect of discrediting Vaishnavism, the religion it had been so ardently promoting. The newly arising regional powers in central and northern India, such as the

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that other archaeological finds such as the early Elamite seals dated to 3000–2750 BCE show similar figures and these have been interpreted as "seated bull" and not a yogi, and the bull interpretation is likely more accurate.

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Shaivism arrived in a major way in southeast Asia from south India, and to much lesser extent into China and Tibet from the Himalayan region. It co-developed with Buddhism in this region, in many cases. For example, in the

6710:, which the adherents wear. Large communities of Lingayats are found in the south Indian state of Karnataka and nearby regions. Lingayatism has its own theological literature with sophisticated theoretical sub-traditions. 4816:

The Mantramarga of Shaivism, according to Alexis Sanderson, provided a template for the later though independent and highly influential Pancaratrika treatises of Vaishnavism. This is evidenced in Hindu texts such as the

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temples in and outside the Indian subcontinent have historically combined Shiva and Vishnu, such as at the Lingaraj Mahaprabhu temple in Bhubaneshwar, Odisha. According to Julius Lipner, Vaishnavism traditions such as

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of the Chaulukya, Ganga and Rashtrakuta dynasties. In late 1st millennium CE, Jainism too developed a Shaiva-like tantric ritual culture with Mantra-goddesses. These Jain rituals were aimed at mundane benefits using

4950:(neuter abstraction), wherein the theology integrates the goddess (Shakti) and the god (Shiva) with Tantra practices and Agama teachings. There is a considerable overlap between these Shaivas and the Shakta Hindus. 6521:

Kashmir Shaivism has been a nondualistic school, and is distinct from the dualistic Shaiva Siddhānta tradition that also existed in medieval Kashmir. A notable philosophy of monistic Kashmiri Shaivism has been the

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is an influential tradition within Shaivism that emerged in Kashmir in the 1st millennium CE and thrived in early centuries of the 2nd millennium before the region was overwhelmed by the Islamic invasions from the

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characterizes these views as "speculative", saying that it is not clear from the seal if the figure has three faces, or is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure.

5794:, epistemology, philosophical doctrines, precepts on meditation and practices, four kinds of yoga, mantras, meanings and manuals for Shaiva temples, and other elements of practice. These canonical texts exist in 4268:. The term Shiva also connotes "liberation, final emancipation" and "the auspicious one", this adjective sense of usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic layers of literature. The term evolved from the Vedic 6147:(Self) of every being is identical to Shiva, its various practices and pursuits directed at understanding and being one with the Shiva within. This monism is close but differs somewhat from the monism found in 15861: 15859: 8314:

The Dunhuang caves in north China built from the 4th century onwards are predominantly about the Buddha, but some caves show the meditating Buddha with Hindu deities such as Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha and Indra.

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embrace Shiva, Ganesha and others, not as distinct deities of polytheism, but as polymorphic manifestation of the same supreme divine principle, providing the devotee a polycentric access to the spiritual.

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is the oldest known lingam and has been dated to between 3rd to 1st-century BCE. It is a carved five feet high stone lingam with an anthropomorphic image of Shiva on one side. This ancient lingam is in

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amicable sub-traditions. Some texts state that Kapalikas reject the Vedas and are involved in extreme experimentation, while others state the Shaiva sub-traditions revere the Vedas but are non-Puranik.

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According to Alexis Sanderson, the link and development of Shaiva goddesses into Jaina goddess is more transparent than a similar connection between Shaivism and Buddhism. The 11th-century Jain text

13256:, Quote: "After the demise of the Trika as a lineage in Kashmir in the late 13th century, due in large measure to the invasion of Islam, a few rare manuscripts of this important and complex text..." 16293:

Bisschop, Peter C. (2020), "Early Śaivism - From Mantramārga Back to Atimārga: Atimārga as a Self-referential Term", in Goodall, Dominic; Hatley, Shaman; Isaacson, Harunaga; Raman, Srilata (eds.),

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theology, and their practices include an interim step that incorporates simultaneous reverence for five deities, which includes Shiva along with Vishnu, Surya, Devi and Ganesha. This is called the

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For more on the subject of Shaivite influence on Indonesia, one could read N.J.Krom, Inleiding tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst/Introduction to Hindu-Javanese Art, The Hague, Martinus Nijhof, 1923

6468:(self lordship, a yogi is always free). More broadly, the tantric sub-traditions sought nondual knowledge and enlightening liberation by abandoning all rituals, and with the help of reasoning ( 6437:. The cult of Yoginis aimed to gain special powers through esoteric worship of the Shakti or the feminine aspects of the divine. The groups included sisterhoods that participated in the rites. 5035:(non-Saiddhantika), based on whether they recognize any value in Vedic orthopraxy. These sub-traditions cherish secrecy, special symbolic formulae, initiation by a teacher and the pursuit of 5024:

sub-traditions include Pashupatas and Lakula. According to Sanderson, the Pashupatas have the oldest heritage, likely from the 2nd century CE, as evidenced by ancient Hindu texts such as the

5447:(dualistic) theistic Shaivism scholars were the 8th century Sadyajoti, the 10th century Ramakantha, 11th century Bhojadeva. The dualistic theology was challenged by the numerous scholars of 5904:, in contrast to Shaiva householders whose path was described as Mantramarga and who sought both salvation as well as the yogi-siddhi powers and pleasures in life. The Atimarga revered the 4809:

developed a philosophical and organizational framework that helped Vaishnavism expand. Though both traditions of Hinduism have ancient roots, given their mention in the epics such as the

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Shaivism sub-traditions subscribe to various philosophies, are similar in some aspects and differ in others. These traditions compare with Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Smartism as follows:

6091:: मन्त्रमार्ग, "the path of mantras") has been the Shaiva tradition for both householders and monks. It grew from the Atimarga tradition. This tradition sought not just liberation from 8959:, page 8; Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be 6980:, but archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara. Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the 4921:

into five – Kemenuh, Keniten, Mas, Manuba and Petapan. This classification was to accommodate the observed marriage between higher caste Brahmana men with lower caste women.

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A Kunst, Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 31, Issue 02, June 1968, pages 309–314;

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Yoga and meditation have been an integral part of Shaivism, and it has been a major innovator of techniques such as those of Hatha Yoga. Many major Shiva temples and Shaiva

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Over its history, Shaivism has been nurtured by numerous texts ranging from scriptures to theological treatises. These include the Vedas and Upanishads, the Agamas, and the

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For the Tirumantiram as the tenth book of the Shaiva Siddhanta canon see Brooks, Douglas Renfrew. "Auspicious Fragments and Uncertain Wisdom", in: Harper and Brown, p. 63.

6882:. Shaivism was adopted by several ruling Hindu dynasties as the state religion (though other Hindu traditions, Buddhism and Jainism continued in parallel), including the 6755:

There are no census data available on demographic history or trends for the traditions within Hinduism. Large Shaivite communities exist in the Southern Indian states of

4974:. The majority within Shaivism follow the Vedic-Puranik traditions. They revere the Vedas and the Puranas and hold beliefs that span from dualistic theism, such as Shiva 4890:, a few caves include Shaivism ideas. The epigraphical and cave arts evidence suggest that Shaiva Mahesvara and Mahayana Buddhism had arrived in Indo-China region in the 18674: 6213:(tradition, lineage) of Tantric Shaivism, dating from the 5th century. The tradition emphasizes loving devotion to Shiva, uses 5th to 9th-century Tamil hymns called 4942:(trident), as well as anthropomorphic statues of Shiva in temples to help focus their practices. Another sub-group is called esoteric, which fuses it with abstract 14728: 6654:

They formed monastic organisations, and some of them metamorphosed into warrior ascetics to resist persecution during the Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent.

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Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102-122.

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Asia shortly thereafter, leading to the construction of thousands of Shaiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with

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the acceptance of ritual animal sacrifices before goddesses. Jain remained strictly vegetarian and avoided animal sacrifice, while Shaiva accepted the practice.

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Shaivism-inspired scholars authored 14 Shiva-focussed Upanishads that are called the Shaiva Upanishads. These are considered part of 95 minor Upanishads in the

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Many of the Shiva-related pilgrimage sites such as Varanasi, Amarnath, Kedarnath, Somnath, and others are broadly considered holy in Hinduism. They are called

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There are tens of thousands of Hindu temples where Shiva is either the primary deity or reverentially included in anthropomorphic or aniconic form (lingam, or

4417:, an influential hymn with embedded hundred epithets for Rudra, that is cited in many medieval era Shaiva texts as well as recited in major Shiva temples of 14067: 5039:(special powers). Some of these traditions also incorporate theistic ideas, elaborate geometric yantra with embedded spiritual meaning, mantras and rituals. 4757:. Between the 5th and 11th century CE, major Shaiva temples had been built in central, southern and eastern regions of the subcontinent, including those at 6376:) is considered by Tattwananda to be the earliest exponent of Shaivism in Tamil areas. Tirumular is dated as 7th or 8th century by Maurice Winternitz. The 5500:

Upanishadic corpus of Hindu literature. The earliest among these were likely composed in 1st millennium BCE, while the last ones in the late medieval era.

4367:, which reached its peak around 2500–2000 BCE. Archeological discoveries show seals that suggest a deity that somewhat appears like Shiva. Of these is the 4526:

in section 5.2.76. Patanjali, while explaining Panini's rules of grammar, states that this term refers to a devotee clad in animal skins and carrying an

14093: 4539:

mentions terms such as Rudra, Shiva, and Maheshwaram, but its interpretation as a theistic or monistic text of Shaivism is disputed. The dating of the

7154:(pilgrimage) centers, as well as Shaiva texts, depict anthropomorphic iconography of Shiva as a giant statue wherein Shiva is a lone yogi meditating. 15533: 10726: 9193: 4337:

The origins of Shaivism are unclear and a matter of debate among scholars, as it is an amalgam of pre-Vedic cults and traditions and Vedic culture.

18684: 14046: 8287:

The ithyphallic representation of the erect shape connotes the very opposite in this context. It contextualize "seminal retention" and practice of

6038:

Secondary literature, such as those written by Kashmiri Ksemaraja, suggest that the Lakula had their canons on theology, rituals and literature on

7008:. Large temples often present multiple deities in the same temple complex, while some explicitly include dual representations of deities such as 10158:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 4–6, 14–16, 94–96, 160–161, 253

4601:

Shiva (middle) is the supreme being of Shaivism, accompanied by his son Ganesha (left) and consort Parvati (right). Painting by Raja Ravi Varma.

4570:. According to Flood, coins dated to the ancient Greek, Saka and Parthian kings who ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent after the arrival of 17096: 11765: 4506:, among others. The followers of Shiva were gradually accepted into the Brahmanical fold, becoming allowed to recite some of the Vedic hymns. 6906:. In the Himalayan Hindu kingdom of Nepal, Shaivism remained a popular form of Hinduism and co-evolved with Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. 7353:

Jainism co-existed with Shaiva culture since ancient times, particularly in western and southern India where it received royal support from

7230:

Dancing Shiva as a metaphor for celebrating life and arts is very common in ancient and medieval Hindu temples. For example, it is found in

4930:

called Vedic-Puranic, who use the terms such as "Shiva, Mahadeva, Maheshvara and others" synonymously, and they use iconography such as the

14471: 14240:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 16, 123, 494–495, 550–552

12012:

Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press.

11637: 10703: 8860: 7157:

In several Shaiva traditions such as the Kashmir Shaivism, anyone who seeks personal understanding and spiritual growth has been called a

15805: 15210: 15129: 14801: 14762: 14219: 13622: 13310: 13020: 12703: 12617: 12490: 12404: 11422: 10185: 4208:

Both devotional and monistic Shaivism became popular in the 1st millennium CE, rapidly becoming the dominant religious tradition of many

15942: 14849: 14372: 13948: 13778: 13571: 12742: 9905: 9008:, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu." 6026:. The community is found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent. In the late medieval era, Pashupatas Shaiva ascetics became extinct. 4371:, which early scholars interpreted as someone seated in a meditating yoga pose surrounded by animals, and with horns. This "Pashupati" ( 17035:

Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity

16091: 16015: 15090: 13739: 11239: 8116:

has many temples, including one or more major ones. These temples and its location attracts pilgrimage called tirtha (or tirthayatra).

6433:, ritual feasts, would sometimes be held in cemeteries and cremation grounds and featured possession by powerful female deities called 17239:

Sanderson, Alexis (2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Shingo Einoo (ed.).

9443:

Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 400–406 with footnotes

17487: 4421:

in contemporary times. Yet, the Vedic literature only present scriptural theology, but does not attest to the existence of Shaivism.

4346: 4291:

means "relating to the god Shiva", while the related beliefs, practices, history, literature and sub-traditions constitute Shaivism.

765: 8796: 12314: 10942:

John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

9001: 6558:

have also been influential to this and other Shaiva sub-traditions, but it is probable that much older Shaiva texts once existed.

18620: 18195: 17307:Śaiva Siddhānta: An Indian School of Mystical Thought : Presented as a System and Documented from the Original Tamil Sources 16394: 14290:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 155–157, 462–463

14249:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 130–131, 550–552

14958: 11716:

Dakshinamurti stotra of Sri Sankaracharya and Dakshinamurti Upanishad with Sri Sureswaracharya's Manasollasa and Pranava Vartika

8295:), and represents Lakulisha as "he stands for complete complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation". 2937: 1528: 13334:

Saṃvidullāsaḥ: manifestation of divine consciousness: Swami Lakshman Joo, saint-scholar of Kashmir Śaivism, a centenary tribute

12866: 12856: 17456: 10133: 8231:

poets of Shaivism composed poems about pilgrimage and temples, using these sites as metaphors for internal spiritual journey.

6702:(loving devotion) to Shiva, with philosophical foundations similar to those of the 11th–12th-century South Indian philosopher 18722: 18372: 18087: 17963: 17365: 17334: 17315: 17230: 17187: 17166: 17145: 17115: 17042: 17023: 17002: 16981: 16941: 16908: 16878: 16857: 16836: 16796: 16775: 16754: 16735: 16670: 16647: 16607: 16517: 16485: 16462: 16375: 16330: 16270: 16251: 16231: 16122: 15975: 15936: 15897: 15799: 15760: 15721: 15682: 15401: 15362: 15335: 15290: 15248: 15204: 15162: 15123: 15084: 15045: 14986: 14928: 14886: 14795: 14756: 14709: 14574: 14508: 14438: 14411: 14213: 14165: 14129: 13981: 13942: 13878: 13772: 13616: 13565: 13437: 13341: 13304: 13237: 13014: 12975: 12802: 12775: 12736: 12697: 12655: 12611: 12484: 12398: 12308: 12112: 12095: 12078: 12061: 12044: 12017: 11871: 11499:

Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, New York University Press,

11272: 11233: 11144: 11105: 11039: 11000: 10915: 10876: 10837: 10771: 10682: 10564: 10525: 10486: 10447: 10401: 10179: 10103: 10076: 9980: 9941: 9899: 9744: 9690: 9629: 9530: 9506: 9401: 9144: 8956: 8677: 8657: 8631: 8592: 5507:-style theistic dualism themes to a synthesis of Shaiva ideas with Advaitic (nondualism), Yoga, Vaishnava and Shakti themes. 4869: 16914: 16802: 15981: 15903: 15766: 15727: 15688: 15557: 15368: 15296: 15254: 15168: 15051: 14992: 14934: 14892: 14580: 14541: 14444: 14135: 13987: 13884: 13443: 13243: 12981: 12244: 12024: 11738: 11679: 11607: 11534: 11461: 11278: 11150: 11111: 11045: 11006: 10921: 10882: 10843: 10777: 10609: 10570: 10531: 10492: 10453: 10407: 10252: 9986: 9947: 9750: 9536: 9353: 8770: 8523: 4873:

An image collage of 1st millennium CE Shaivism icons and temples from Southeast Asia (top left): Shiva in yoga pose, Nandi,

15520:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 94–96, 253

14011:

Leela Prasad (2012), Poetics of Conduct: Oral Narrative and Moral Being in a South Indian Town, Columbia University Press,

12818:

A Topographical List Of The Inscriptions Of The Madras Presindency (collected Till 1915) With Notes And References Volume I

12661: 7100:

Similarly, Shaiva traditions have reverentially embraced other gods and goddesses as manifestation of the same divine. The

6613:. The Nath consider Shiva as "Adinatha" or the first guru, and it has been a small but notable and influential movement in 4650: 2816: 13126: 20396: 18362: 17968: 14301: 12090:

Richard Davis (2014), Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Siva in Medieval India, Princeton University Press,

6776: 15494:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 160–165

14725: 7175:

Many Yoga-emphasizing Shaiva traditions emerged in medieval India, who refined yoga methods in ways such as introducing

6806:

Shaivism and Buddhism have co-developed in many regions. Above a syncretic image of Yoni-Linga with four reliefs of the

17389: 17294: 17209: 16689: 15851: 15556:. Vol. Bibliotheca Indonesica, Volumes 9–10. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. pp. 1–3. 14366: 14016: 13854: 13715: 13695: 12516: 11929: 11846: 11821: 11796: 11724: 11673: 11601: 11577: 11560: 11528: 11504: 11487: 11455: 11416: 11385: 11355: 11335: 10976: 10947: 10657: 10635: 9658: 9485: 9431: 9421: 9177: 8985: 4060: 19386: 14865:

Alexis Sanderson (1999), Yoga in Śaivism: The Yoga Section of the Mṛgendratantra, University of Oxford, pages 4, 22–25

14281:

R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 15–17

4745:(Huen Tsang) visited India and wrote a memoir in Chinese that mentions the prevalence of Shiva temples all over North 3693: 17409: 16716: 16562: 15479: 14535: 13837: 12238: 11997: 11904: 11078: 10603: 10246: 10216: 8764: 8517: 683: 20218: 13534: 8697: 8148:), along with high mountains such as Kailasha with Mansovar Lake are particularly revered spots in Shaivism. Twelve 7130:

acknowledge the influence of Shaivism, according to Alexis Sanderson, assigning "itself to the canon of Shaiva text

15017: 10971:

Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge,

7221:, which typically shows Shiva dancing in one of the poses in the ancient Hindu text on performance arts called the 4797:

Shaivism was the predominant tradition in South India, co-existing with Buddhism and Jainism, before the Vaishnava

14262: 11992:(2004), Hinduism: the way of the banyan, in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, 8133:(pilgrimage travel guides) to numerous geographical points, but also includes a chapter stating that a temple and 20406: 20206: 19737: 16994:

The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects: A Typological Analysis of Ritual and Associational Patterns in the Śūnyasaṃpādane

16415:

Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1951). "The Syncretism of Religions in Southeast Asia, Especially in the Khmer Empire".

15830: 14063: 13849:

Jan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism, Motilal Banarsidass,

11966: 9813: 8154:

sites across India have been particularly important pilgrimage sites in Shaivism representing the radiant light (

6042:(epistemology). However, their primary texts are believed to be lost, and have not survived into the modern era. 4585:

suggest that Shaivism (particularly Pāśupata) was established in this region by the 5th century, during the late

2846: 1682: 17399: 17052:

Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001). "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition".

16155: 10209:

The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597–1972: Dynamic Perspectives in Marriage and Caste, Politics and Religion

7204: 4852:). Numerous historic Shaiva temples have survived in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. 20324: 20035: 18562: 18204: 18062: 13810: 11408: 6965:, a means to realizing the abstract Ultimate Reality called nirguna Brahman. The five or six icons are seen by 802: 13690:

Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press,

13409: 13276: 9017:

For an overview of the Shaiva Traditions, see Flood, Gavin, "The Śaiva Traditions", Flood (2003), pp. 200–228.

6943:, sometimes referred to as Smartism, another tradition of Hinduism. The Smarta Hindus are associated with the 5790:

The Agama texts of Shaivism are another important foundation of Shaivism theology. These texts include Shaiva

4895:

1500 CE when both Hinduism and Buddhism were replaced with Islam, and persists today in the province of Bali.

20164: 18532: 17480: 16767:

The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective

9132: 6992:

era (pre-300 CE). According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE commonly embedded the

6440:

Some traditions defined special powers differently. For example, the Kashmiri tantrics explain the powers as

4887: 4613:

literature developed in India, and many of these Puranas contain extensive chapters on Shaivism – along with

2275: 14089: 8626:

David Smith (1996), The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge University Press,

6976:

Panchayatana puja that incorporates Shiva became popular in medieval India and is attributed to 8th century

6617:

whose devotees were called "Yogi" or "Jogi", given their monastic unconventional ways and emphasis on Yoga.

4253:) literally means kind, friendly, gracious, or auspicious. As a proper name, it means "The Auspicious One". 20401: 20213: 18552: 18377: 18329: 17948: 17915: 14316:

Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta. "A Historical Sketch of Saivism", in: Bhattacharyya (1956), Volume IV pages 63 -78.

8214:) is declared as particularly special in numerous Shaiva texts and Upanishads, as well as in the pan-Hindu 7239: 4774: 2826: 2766: 751: 9056:

For dating as fl. 2300–2000 BCE, decline by 1800 BCE, and extinction by 1500 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 24.

7388: 7034: 5999:. The Pashupatha monastic path was available to anyone of any age, but it required renunciation from four 4171:

texts as important sources of theology. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, Shaivism is the

4144: 1374: 20228: 18645: 18542: 18188: 16954:(2012). "Nāth Sampradāya". In Knut A. Jacobsen; Helene Basu; Angelika Malinar; Vasudha Narayanan (eds.). 15530: 10735: 9190: 8020: 6743:, the author of the scripture of Lingayatism, for example asserted, "Virashaivism fully conformed to the 6178:

region. His Shaiva Advaita doctrine is inscribed on the walls of Kalakanthesvara temple in Adaiyappalam (

4563:

era gold coins. However, this is controversial, as an alternate hypothesis for these reliefs is based on

4314: 4223:

Shaivite theology ranges from Shiva being the creator, preserver, and destroyer to being the same as the

3996: 3887: 2497: 14043: 9622:

Sraddh njali, studies in Ancient Indian History. D.C. Sircar Commemoration: Puranic tradition of Krishna

6717:

that reversed the territorial gains of Muslim rulers, after the invasions of the Deccan region first by

6511: 6155:

as Shakti, or energy and creative primordial power that explains and propels the existential diversity.

4962: 4185:

traditions and philosophies, which were assimilated in the non-Vedic Shiva-tradition. In the process of

20337: 20255: 19747: 19324: 18780: 18753: 18474: 18324: 18031: 17910: 16591:

While the Gods Play: Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and the Destiny of Mankind

8191: 7600: 7106:, for example in section 6.254.100 states, "He who is Shiva is Vishnu, he who is Vishnu is Sadashiva." 4840:

at Mahabalipuram is a UNESCO World Heritage site. It features thousands of Shaivism-related sculptures.

4015: 3686: 3590: 2537: 2211: 1896: 1208: 11264:

The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices Associated with Kashmir Shaivism

6136: 5931:, 7th century CE). His 5th–10th century ithyphallic statues are also found in seated yogi position in 4143:. One of the largest Hindu denominations, it incorporates many sub-traditions ranging from devotional 2532: 339: 20275: 19201: 18715: 18605: 18557: 18448: 18382: 18006: 17953: 17663: 17248:

Sanderson, Alexis (1988). "Saivism and the Tantric Traditions". In S Sutherland; et al. (eds.).

16350:

Universal Śaivism: The Appeasement of All Gods and Powers in the Śāntyadhyāya of the Śivadharmaśāstra

16153:

Singing of a place: pilgrimage as metaphor and motif in the Tēvāram songs of the Tamil Śaivite saints

8171: 7437: 6143:

Shaivism has had strong nondualistic (advaita) sub-traditions. Its central premise has been that the

5713: 4730:. Vaishnavism remained strong mainly in the territories which had not been affected by these events: 4364: 4356: 4276:

in the Epics and the Puranas, as an auspicious deity who is the "creator, reproducer and dissolver".

3992: 3638: 2756: 2492: 785: 770: 193: 18854: 17708: 11761: 11555:

Ignatius Viyagappa (1980), G.W.F. Hegel's Concept of Indian Philosophy, Gregorian University Press,

8123:

literature embed tourism guide to Shaivism-related pilgrimage centers and temples. For example, the

5880:) in Shaivism. Sub-traditions of Shaivas did not exclusively focus on Shiva, but others such as the 4780:

Major scholars of competing Hindu traditions from the second half of the 1st millennium CE, such as

1438: 20069: 19727: 19651: 19357: 19139: 19114: 18001: 17642: 17473: 16951: 8167: 7420: 6490: 5479: 4719: 4541: 4535: 4121: 3548: 3541: 3520: 3229: 3119: 3091: 2821: 1716: 1503: 208: 18889: 12056:

Indira Peterson (1992), Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints, Princeton University Press,

9574:"Early Strata of Śaivism in the Kathmandu Valley, Śivaliṅga Pedestal Inscriptions from 466–645 CE" 7283:, where there are numerous caves that depict Shiva in the buddhist shrines through wall paintings 7217:

Shiva is the lord of dance and dramatic arts in Hinduism. This is celebrated in Shaiva temples as

4726:

preferred adopting Shaivism instead, giving a strong impetus to the development of the worship of

1478: 1394: 19905: 19765: 19436: 18976: 18919: 18688: 18468: 18041: 17515: 17015:

Triadic Heart of Siva, The: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-dual Shaivism of Kashmir

15503:

J.L. Moens, Het Buddhisme Java en Sumatra in Zijn laatste boeiperiods, T.B.G., pp. 522–539, 550;

14148:, Quote: "it is often impossible to meaningfully distinguish between Saiva and Sakta traditions". 8395:

Answer: Shiva did not teach this discipline (sādhanam) for individuals who are not disaffected.

8187: 6506:

region. The Kashmir Shaivism traditions contracted due to Islam except for their preservation by

6179: 5624: 5607: 5569: 5552: 4574:

also show Shiva iconography; however, this evidence is weak and subject to competing inferences.

4178:

Shaivism developed as an amalgam of pre-Vedic religions and traditions derived from the southern

3763: 2976: 2881: 2806: 1992: 1914: 807: 775: 306: 19800: 17432:

Religion in Andhra: A Survey of Religious Developments in Andhra from Early Times Upto A.D. 1325

17425:

Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.

15471: 15465: 15327: 12300: 7345:– a "festival of silence", the observations are officiated by both Buddhist and Shaiva priests. 7291: 6739:, but they did not outright reject the Vedic knowledge. The 13th-century Telugu Virashaiva poet 6668: 1954: 20248: 20201: 19411: 19134: 18484: 18367: 18181: 18036: 18011: 17958: 14468: 14403: 11896: 11630: 10695: 8857: 8199: 8195: 8033:

Shaiva Puranas, Agamas and other regional literature refer to temples by various terms such as

7534: 7470: 7247: 6380:

is a primary source for the system of Shaiva Siddhanta, being the tenth book of its canon. The

5848: 5692: 5675: 5586: 5004:) into a specific cult they prefer. Their goals vary, ranging from liberation in current life ( 4462:, his mount, as in Shaivism. The deity was described by the later Kushans in their coinage as " 4053: 3962: 3892: 3728: 3357: 3126: 2786: 1692: 1369: 641: 77: 18700: 17286:

Mélanges tantriques à la mémoire d'Hélène Brunner: Tantric Studies in Memory of Hélène Brunner

15789: 15194: 15113: 14856:, James Mallinson (2011), Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3, Brill Academic, pp. 407–428. 14785: 14746: 14701: 14500: 14203: 13606: 13294: 13004: 12687: 12601: 12474: 12388: 11482:

Chester G Starr (1991), A History of the Ancient World, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press,

11402: 11377: 10169: 9391: 8792: 7201:. The texts of these Yoga emphasizing Hindu traditions present their ideas in Shaiva context. 6802: 6174:(1520–1592), an Advaita scholar, proposed pure monism, and his ideas influenced Shaiva in the 20270: 20223: 20196: 20159: 19416: 18547: 18489: 18092: 18021: 15926: 14846: 14356: 13932: 13800: 13762: 13555: 12726: 10093: 9889: 9680: 8203: 7584: 7518: 6951:. The Smartas thus accept the primary deity of Shaivism as a means to their spiritual goals. 6862:

which means "noble lord". He is conceptualized as a kind spiritual teacher, the first of all

5908:

sources of Shaivism, and sometimes referred to in ancient Indian texts as Raudra (from Vedic

5747: 5658: 4002: 3980: 3870: 3735: 3308: 2916: 2796: 2204: 2190: 1358: 676: 525: 161: 19732: 17257:

Sanderson, Alexis (1995). "Meaning of a Tantric Ritual". In AM Blondeau; K Schipper (eds.).

16708: 16085: 16009: 15074: 13733: 12876: 11888: 11369: 11223: 9646: 4913: 1353: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20154: 19631: 19124: 19109: 18761: 18708: 18630: 18512: 18354: 17940: 17743: 17715: 17580: 15658:

Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press

10112: 9578: 9202: 4581:. The inscriptions found in the Himalayan region, such as those in the Kathmandu valley of 3988: 3984: 3976: 3865: 3527: 3105: 3075: 2906: 2811: 2707: 2442: 2336: 494: 213: 128: 16788:

Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia

16639:

Love of God according to Śaiva Siddhānta: a study in the mysticism and theology of Śaivism

8652:

Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press,

8393:

How can a person whose awareness is overwhelmed by sensual experience stabilize his mind?

7083:

list a thousand attributes and epithets of Vishnu. The list identifies Shiva with Vishnu.

8: 20293: 20260: 20139: 20030: 19965: 19815: 19674: 19554: 19426: 19254: 19191: 19144: 18610: 18517: 18494: 18463: 18415: 18400: 18278: 17991: 17986: 17649: 17506: 16509: 9231:

Perkins, J. (2007). Three-headed Śiva on the Reverse of Vima Kadphises's Copper Coinage.

8440:

Medieval Hindu texts of Indonesia equate Buddha with Siwa (Shiva) and Janardana (Vishnu).

8250: 8245: 8215: 7502: 7231: 6740: 6714: 6637:. They combined both theistic practices such as worshipping goddesses and their historic 5488:(400–200 BCE) is the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. 4758: 4746: 4571: 4516: 4190: 4132: 4020: 3913: 3749: 3280: 3142: 2886: 2776: 2761: 2667: 2607: 2572: 2057: 1969: 1588: 1247: 858: 760: 731: 578: 156: 18943: 18803: 14352: 13764:

Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the present

9839: 6112:

become a dominant form of Shaivism in this period. It also spread outside of India into

4589:

era. These inscriptions have been dated by modern techniques to between 466 and 645 CE.

4168: 2158: 1348: 241: 20095: 20054: 19346: 19159: 19104: 18678: 18453: 18410: 18339: 18016: 17925: 17772: 17750: 17271: 17090: 17069: 16659: 16595: 16576: 16550: 16531: 16432: 16381: 16336: 15846:

Knut A. Jacobsen (2012), Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space, Routledge,

15511:, Quote: “He Janardana is the excellent Dewa in the form of Buddha, the Kula Bhairava." 15446: 15320: 14694: 14396: 13673: 12511:

Antonio Rigopoulos (2013), Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 5, Brill Academic,

12293: 10035: 8998: 8509:

The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography

8090: 7995: 7894: 7268: 6288: 5943: 5825:) Agama texts. The Bhairava Shastras are monistic, while Shiva Shastras are dualistic. 5730: 5641: 5531: 4578: 3942: 3928: 3647: 3172: 3068: 2896: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2472: 2238: 2109: 1721: 1607: 588: 392: 188: 19319: 19294: 12817: 5896:

The Atimarga branch of Shaivism emphasizes liberation (salvation) – or the end of all

451: 20391: 20310: 20304: 20184: 20174: 20040: 19975: 19368: 19309: 19164: 19154: 18650: 18615: 18600: 18479: 18405: 18212: 18158: 18152: 18134: 18072: 17722: 17614: 17405: 17385: 17378: 17361: 17330: 17311: 17290: 17226: 17205: 17183: 17162: 17141: 17111: 17038: 17019: 16998: 16977: 16937: 16904: 16874: 16853: 16832: 16792: 16771: 16750: 16731: 16712: 16699:

Gray, David B. (2016). "Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism".

16685: 16666: 16643: 16613: 16603: 16580: 16568: 16558: 16535: 16523: 16513: 16481: 16458: 16385: 16371: 16340: 16326: 16282: 16266: 16247: 16227: 16118: 15971: 15932: 15893: 15847: 15795: 15756: 15717: 15678: 15504: 15475: 15438: 15397: 15358: 15331: 15286: 15244: 15200: 15158: 15119: 15080: 15041: 14982: 14955: 14924: 14882: 14791: 14752: 14705: 14570: 14531: 14504: 14493: 14434: 14407: 14362: 14209: 14161: 14125: 14012: 13977: 13938: 13874: 13850: 13833: 13806: 13768: 13691: 13612: 13561: 13433: 13337: 13300: 13233: 13010: 12971: 12798: 12771: 12732: 12693: 12651: 12607: 12512: 12480: 12394: 12304: 12234: 12108: 12091: 12074: 12057: 12040: 12013: 11993: 11972: 11962: 11925: 11900: 11889: 11867: 11842: 11817: 11792: 11730: 11720: 11669: 11597: 11573: 11556: 11524: 11500: 11483: 11451: 11412: 11381: 11370: 11351: 11331: 11268: 11229: 11140: 11101: 11074: 11035: 10996: 10972: 10943: 10911: 10872: 10833: 10767: 10678: 10653: 10631: 10599: 10560: 10521: 10482: 10443: 10397: 10242: 10212: 10175: 10099: 10072: 10039: 9976: 9937: 9895: 9740: 9686: 9654: 9625: 9526: 9502: 9481: 9427: 9417: 9397: 9173: 9140: 8981: 8952: 8760: 8673: 8653: 8627: 8588: 8513: 8323:

There is an overlap in this approach with those found in non-puranik tantric rituals.

8305:

about them is available from fictional works and other traditions who disparage them.

8265: 8240: 7486: 6948: 6887: 6561:

A notable feature of Kashmir Shaivism was its openness and integration of ideas from

6077:) with a red mark on forehead is a revered mark across Shaiva traditions symbolizing 4908: 4853: 4754: 4372: 4246: 4160: 4112: 4046: 3952: 3921: 3877: 3534: 3485: 3420: 3179: 3165: 2911: 2836: 2657: 2617: 2612: 2602: 2447: 2143: 2077: 1672: 1409: 700: 281: 47: 19775: 18825: 16495: 13070:

For dating of Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar as 7th century see: Tattwananda, p. 55.

12933: 12853: 10630:

Stephen H Phillips (1995), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Columbia University Press,

6984:

period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from

5958:

that is traditionally restricted to Brahmin males. Pashupata theology, according to

4832: 4301: 2517: 1929: 1216: 20045: 19955: 19846: 19446: 19441: 19406: 19381: 19267: 19224: 18911: 18771: 18640: 18585: 18527: 18420: 18392: 18334: 18082: 18077: 18067: 17996: 17920: 17872: 17814: 17804: 17794: 17787: 17767: 17694: 17061: 16704: 16599: 16554: 16424: 16361: 16357: 16316: 16306: 16302: 15430: 15190: 14157: 13665: 12426: 11185: 10808: 10130: 10071:. British Museum Publications for the Trustees of the British Museum. p. 162. 10027: 9587: 9465: 9426:

R G Bhandarkar (2001), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge,

9218:

Bopearachchi, O. (2007). Some observations on the chronology of the early Kushans.

8948: 8384:

Whatever reality he reaches through the Yoga whose sequence I have just explained,

8260: 8220: 8179: 7616: 7079:

and Shiva and asserts that they are one with Vishnu. The Vishnu Sahasranama in the

7051:

river site. As in India, the site also co-features Vaishnavism-related iconography.

6940: 6917:

symbolically presenting the feminine Shakti as inseparable part of masculine Shiva.

6780: 6731:. Lingayat (Veerashaiva) thinkers rejected the custodial hold of Brahmins over the 6695: 6507: 6498: 6485: 6248: 6206: 6171: 6144: 5928: 5829: 5806: 5768: 5757: 5265: 4671: 4618: 4261: 4224: 4182: 4148: 4079: 3828: 3790: 3770: 3721: 3670: 3569: 3364: 3350: 3301: 3244: 2791: 2452: 2371: 2122: 2042: 1667: 1093: 947: 844: 669: 621: 598: 460: 456: 436: 424: 334: 184: 19229: 17105: 16141:, History of Religions, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 22, No. 4, pages 338–360 16139:

Lives of the wandering singers: Pilgrimage and poetry in Tamil Śaivite hagiography

13296:

The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics

8390:

Then once he has transcended all lower realities, he should seek the Shiva level.

4455: 3206: 20375: 20351: 20314: 20179: 20132: 20114: 20064: 19998: 19980: 19923: 19873: 19692: 19596: 19469: 19431: 19401: 19239: 19129: 18968: 18961: 18808: 18522: 18263: 18162: 18057: 17887: 17835: 17575: 17431: 17355: 17305: 17284: 17220: 17177: 17156: 17135: 17013: 16992: 16931: 16898: 16868: 16847: 16786: 16765: 16637: 16589: 16544: 16499: 16159: 15965: 15887: 15834: 15750: 15711: 15672: 15551: 15537: 15391: 15352: 15280: 15238: 15152: 15035: 15021: 14976: 14962: 14918: 14876: 14853: 14732: 14564: 14525: 14475: 14428: 14266: 14119: 14050: 13971: 13868: 13719: 13538: 13427: 13413: 13280: 13227: 12965: 12860: 12792: 12765: 12645: 12228: 12073:

DS Sharma (1990), The Philosophy of Sadhana, State University of New York Press,

12028: 12021: 11714: 11663: 11591: 11518: 11445: 11262: 11134: 11095: 11070:

Tantra, Yoga of Ecstasy: the Sadhaka's Guide to Kundalinin and the Left-Hand Path

11068: 11029: 10990: 10905: 10866: 10827: 10761: 10593: 10554: 10515: 10476: 10437: 10391: 10236: 10137: 10066: 9970: 9931: 9817: 9734: 9522:

Discourses on Siva: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Nature of Religious Imagery

9520: 9341: 9197: 9005: 8864: 8754: 8507: 8228: 8094: 7876: 7186: 7169: 7093: 6944: 6914: 6903: 6871: 6718: 6621: 6609:: a Shaiva subtradition that emerged from a much older Siddha tradition based on 6303:

with a focus on Shiva, comparable to that of the Vaisnava Alvars. The devotional

6284: 6240: 6163: 6152: 6148: 6000: 5975: 5231: 4982:: being pathless (anupaya, iccha-less, desire-less), being divine (sambhavopaya, 4802: 4766: 4679: 4186: 4034: 3957: 3905: 3714: 3618: 3562: 3499: 3315: 3216: 3112: 2861: 2841: 2712: 2587: 2567: 2487: 2183: 2169: 2067: 2047: 2010: 1602: 1597: 1324: 1203: 1167: 1112: 1107: 934: 659: 344: 268: 203: 18894: 17127:

History of Śaiva Cults in Northern India from Inscriptions, 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D

16730:. SUNY Series in Religious Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press. 13170: 13168: 10763:

The Yoga of Spiritual Devotion: A Modern Translation of the Narada Bhakti Sutras

8024:

Red markers denote important Shaiva temples in the mainland Indian subcontinent.

6874:

ideas spread in South India, Shaivite devotionalism became a potent movement in

6816: 6064: 4172: 1731: 1483: 1184: 20149: 20085: 19928: 19272: 19149: 19119: 18954: 18595: 18438: 18026: 17633: 16295:Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: Essays in Honour of Alexis G.J.S. Sanderson 14205:

Buddhist Remains in Āndhra and the History of Āndhra Between 225 & 610 A.D.

14160:(2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, 13832:

Fredrick Bunce (2010), Hindu deities, demi-gods, godlings, demons, and heroes,

13120: 12832: 8951:(2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, 8388:

Leaving aside what remains outside he should use his vision to penetrate all .

8377:

be impossible to accomplish one's functions unless one is a master of oneself.

8163: 7403: 7194: 6970: 6772: 6672:

A necklace with pendant containing linga symbol of Shiva are worn by Lingayats.

6630: 6387: 6322: 6314: 6304: 6113: 5799: 4447: 4368: 4213: 4201:

and other Vedic deities, incorporating the non-Vedic Shiva-traditions into the

3947: 3756: 3604: 3255: 3149: 3098: 2901: 2727: 2647: 2597: 2582: 2547: 2502: 2404: 2176: 2037: 1919: 1868: 1853: 1833: 1797: 1726: 1508: 1463: 1414: 1172: 797: 568: 18818: 17357:

The Aphorisms of Siva: The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara's Commentary, the Varttika

16311: 12689:

The Golden Letters: The Three Statements of Garab Dorje, First Dzogchen Master

11190: 11173: 10031: 9794: 9792: 9592: 9573: 9469: 6219:. A key philosophical text of this sub-tradition was composed by 13th-century 4996:. These are esoteric, minority sub-traditions wherein devotees are initiated ( 4621:

of Brahmins and other topics – suggesting the importance of Shaivism by then.

1554: 1334: 1265: 780: 20385: 20265: 20169: 19948: 19722: 19460: 19351: 19262: 19196: 18625: 18537: 18344: 18316: 17930: 17902: 17809: 17533: 16820:

Medieval Religious Literature in Sanskrit. A History of Indian Literature 2.1

16187:

Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp.162-184.

15668: 15442: 14816: 14672: 14670: 14595: 13165: 11989: 11976: 11864:

Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India

11734: 10829:

Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions

10677:

Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press,

9887: 8386:

he realizes there a state of consciousness whose object is all that pervades.

8125: 7912: 7363: 7251: 7223: 7102: 7059: 6989: 6796: 6723: 6679:, also known as Veera Shaivism is a distinct Shaivite religious tradition in 6538:. Their extensive texts established the Shaiva theology and philosophy in an 6531: 6151:

of Adi Shankara. Unlike Shankara's Advaita, Shaivism monist schools consider

5936: 5828:

The Agama texts of Shaiva and Vaishnava schools are premised on existence of

5206: 4632: 4560: 4443: 3611: 3576: 3513: 3459: 3452: 3413: 3406: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3294: 3238: 2856: 2801: 2781: 2771: 2751: 2722: 2632: 2427: 2422: 2412: 2361: 2283: 2197: 2030: 1979: 1878: 1813: 1652: 1419: 873: 593: 548: 18580: 17443: 16617: 16572: 16527: 15580:

Buddhism in Ceylon and studies on religious syncretism in Buddhist countries

14631: 13802:

Lingayat Religion – Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements, Jayant Lele

13712: 11174:"The Impact of Inscriptions on the Interpretation of Early Śaiva Literature" 6307:

poems of the Nayanars are divided into eleven collections together known as

4439: 2592: 2356: 1564: 1559: 20363: 19820: 19785: 19682: 19299: 18655: 17855: 17830: 17729: 17701: 17656: 17624: 16888:

Lorenzen, David N. (1987). "Śaivism: An Overview". In Mircea Eliade (ed.).

15872:

The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called

14748:

Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson

14689: 13467: 13350: 13195: 12794:

Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India

12767:

Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India

9789: 9416:

Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,

8960: 8427:

Similarly, in Vaishnavism Hindu tradition, Buddha is considered one of the

8207: 8183: 8159: 7963: 7947: 7632: 7302: 7235: 7198: 6981: 6977: 6728: 6634: 6523: 6515: 6382: 6368: 6117: 5852: 5284: 5025: 4935: 4878: 4845:

who helped spread Shaivism into southeast Asia in early 1st millennium CE.

4837: 4781: 4770: 4702: 4659: 4638: 4626: 4606: 4586: 4459: 4333:

The development of various schools of Shaivism from early worship of Rudra.

3583: 3492: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3371: 3029: 2851: 2687: 2682: 2642: 2552: 2542: 2512: 2482: 2417: 2321: 2243: 1974: 1939: 1863: 1838: 1767: 1617: 1468: 1260: 1255: 1154: 1141: 1136: 472: 441: 411: 291: 16845: 16473: 16366: 14667: 14328: 14171: 10118: 9891:

Puja and Piety: Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Art from the Indian Subcontinent

9845: 9105: 8355: 6361: 6355: 6299:, a tradition of poet-saints in the bhakti tradition developed in ancient 5948: 5480: 4998: 4514: 4500: 4492: 4380: 4329: 4280: 4240: 4126: 1792: 20127: 19960: 19888: 19878: 19790: 19780: 19755: 19396: 19391: 19282: 19076: 19060: 19003: 18938: 18874: 18664: 18590: 18430: 18296: 18291: 18240: 18230: 18220: 17978: 17864: 17799: 17736: 17197: 15508: 14956:

Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Chola period, c. 10th/11th century

13531: 13041:

For the emergence of the Nayanars by the 7th century and comparison with

12159: 12157: 11031:

The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages into an Order

10812: 8964: 8672:

Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass,

8175: 8150: 8011: 7781: 7454: 7312: 7276: 7255: 7243: 6891: 6792: 6676: 6663: 6566: 6351: 6252: 6055: 5359: 5256: 5108: 5030: 4731: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4614: 4564: 4554: 4471: 4387: 3654: 3378: 3271: 3201: 3014: 2968: 2929: 2831: 2672: 2662: 2527: 2396: 2386: 2255: 2250: 2153: 2052: 1944: 1934: 1904: 1873: 1782: 1549: 1363: 1286: 1278: 1080: 849: 636: 505: 501: 464: 17275: 16163:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 102, No. 1, pages 69–90 15667: 15014: 10018:

Srinivasan, Doris (1984). "Unhinging Śiva from the Indus civilization".

8587:

Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass,

5900:– as the primary goal of spiritual pursuits. It was the path for Shaiva 4597: 4577:

In the early centuries of the common era is the first clear evidence of

20025: 19993: 19938: 19795: 19504: 19341: 19314: 19096: 18869: 18660: 18301: 18268: 18117: 17892: 17845: 17558: 17266:

Alexis Sanderson (2004). "The Śaiva Religion among the Khmers Part I".

17073: 16628:

A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 5: The Southern Schools of Śaivism

16321: 15450: 15419:"The Origins and Development of the Pensive Bodhisattva Images of Asia" 15418: 14259: 10517:

Advaita Vedanta and Vaisnavism: The Philosophy of Madhusudana Sarasvati

9888:

Pratapaditya Pal; Stephen P. Huyler; John E. Cort; et al. (2016).

7979: 7354: 7176: 7048: 6879: 6784: 6756: 6535: 6527: 6503: 6464:(control, realize that one always has power to do whatever one wants), 6430: 6300: 6210: 5955: 5901: 5818: 5335: 4916: 4750: 4686: 4667: 4546: 4413:("Roarer") in its hymns 2.33, 1.43 and 1.114. The text also includes a 4386:) seal has been interpreted by these scholars as a prototype of Shiva. 4318: 4227:(Self) within oneself and every living being. It is closely related to 4209: 4202: 4194: 3700: 3661: 3625: 3506: 3445: 3052: 3044: 2955: 2732: 2507: 2462: 2316: 2306: 2072: 2020: 1949: 1858: 1787: 1777: 1772: 1544: 1319: 1296: 1291: 1020: 820: 558: 301: 296: 109: 16436: 16152: 15827: 13677: 12154: 11959:

The Śaiva-Upanishads with the commentary of Sri Upanishad-Brahma-Yogin

10359: 9871: 9869: 9836:, Journal of Indological Studies, Kyoto, Nos. 24 & 25, pages 1–113 9810: 6413:

A notable feature of some "left tantra" ascetics was their pursuit of

6190: 5855:

in Hawaii is the only Hindu Monastery(shaivaite) in the United States.

5497: 5016:

or "outer higher path" versus those whose means are recitation-driven

20144: 19933: 19883: 19856: 19805: 19770: 19760: 19712: 19611: 19579: 19524: 19421: 19376: 19050: 18635: 18458: 18443: 18286: 18258: 18248: 18225: 17882: 17670: 17597: 17553: 17360:. Translated by Mark Dyczkowski. State University of New York Press. 14566:

Cultural Interface of India with Asia: Religion, Art and Architecture

8750: 7930: 7567: 7550: 7246:

and others. The Shaiva link to the performance arts is celebrated in

7001: 6899: 6898:. A similar trend was witnessed in early medieval Indonesia with the 6875: 6764: 6760: 6727:, which was completed in 1369 during the reign of Vijayanagara ruler 6721:

and later other Sultanates. Lingayats consider their scripture to be

6599: 6578: 6570: 6551: 6337: 6309: 6287:

in Shaivism. It included three women saints, such as the 6th-century

6264: 6256: 6220: 6215: 6194: 6175: 6074: 6015: 5970: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5876: 5791: 5596: 5227: 4874: 4849: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4683: 4663: 4509: 4491: 3810: 3742: 3679: 3597: 3429: 3000: 2960: 2891: 2737: 2702: 2652: 2622: 2557: 2477: 2381: 2351: 2331: 2015: 1959: 1924: 1909: 1828: 1823: 1805: 1131: 1045: 976: 915: 573: 553: 543: 446: 397: 329: 246: 236: 198: 151: 17175: 17065: 16087:

Traditions of Tirthas in India: The Anthropology of Hindu Pilgrimage

16011:

Traditions of Tirthas in India: The Anthropology of Hindu Pilgrimage

15434: 15150: 14031: 13912: 13479: 13464:

Wallis, Christopher; Tantra Illuminated, Chapter 2, Kashmir Shaivism

11136:

A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals

6452:(heaviness, realize one's limit is beyond one's own consciousness), 5667:

Rosary, japa, mantras, Om, Shiva, symbolism in Shaivism iconography

1612: 515: 20370: 20189: 20008: 20003: 19893: 19830: 19810: 19641: 19477: 19304: 19277: 19244: 19186: 19086: 19081: 19055: 18980: 18864: 18736: 18306: 18253: 17877: 17840: 17777: 17602: 17563: 17548: 17538: 17528: 17283:

Alexis Sanderson (2010). Dominic Goodall & Andre Padoux (ed.).

16428: 15889:

Pilgrims in Hindu Holy Land: Sacred Shrines of the Indian Himalayas

13669: 13406: 13273: 12770:. University of California Press. pp. 11–12, 209–211 note 28. 10020:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland

9866: 8288: 8211: 8102: 7327: 7316: 7280: 7218: 7190: 7088: 7044: 7009: 6927: 6848: 6840: 6832: 6703: 6625: 6562: 6345: 6296: 6260: 6159: 6088: 6039: 5885: 5870: 5795: 5702: 5541: 5460: 5158: 4939: 4858: 4806: 4785: 4742: 4451: 4376: 4257: 4228: 4217: 3882: 3438: 3264: 3221: 3188: 3039: 3034: 3007: 2717: 2697: 2627: 2577: 2457: 2346: 2262: 2233: 2097: 2087: 1984: 1964: 1888: 1883: 1848: 1518: 1498: 1458: 1424: 1404: 1384: 1270: 1146: 881: 839: 708: 563: 402: 99: 94: 19018: 17434:. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of A.P., 1993 13637: 13510: 12539: 10046: 8980:

Lester Kurtz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict,

8379:

Therefore strive for self-mastery, seeking to win the way upwards.

8332:

Pashupatas have both Vedic-Puranik and non-Puranik sub-traditions.

8028:

Green markers represent the ancient Pancha Ishwarams of Sri Lanka.

7025: 6909: 5371: 4351: 2945: 20090: 19943: 19861: 19851: 19626: 19616: 19589: 19584: 19574: 19529: 19514: 19509: 19289: 19234: 19219: 19211: 19178: 19045: 18948: 18923: 18899: 18798: 18788: 18668: 18129: 17592: 17585: 16501:

The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism

13656:

Lorenzen, David N. (1978). "Warrior Ascetics in Indian History".

11350:

Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions, New York University Press,

10734:. Veerashaiva Samaja of North America. p. 83. Archived from 10305: 9396:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 277–278, 58 with note on Guleri. 8968: 8756:

Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions

8345:(Monistic) Shaivism sub-traditions to be their spiritual founder. 8342: 8120: 7072: 7005: 6966: 6962: 6954:

Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all idols (

6844: 6788: 6736: 6688: 6539: 6414: 6403: 6328: 6167: 6019: 6011: 5979:, a foundational text of this tradition. Other texts include the 5844: 5833: 5822: 5805:

The Agamas present a diverse range of philosophies, ranging from

5289: 5261: 4735: 4655: 4475: 4405: 4310: 4197:, these pre-Vedic traditions became aligned with the Vedic deity 3815: 3805: 3555: 3476: 3468: 3285: 3211: 3196: 2993: 2692: 2637: 2376: 2326: 2296: 2291: 2163: 2138: 2025: 1657: 1536: 1513: 1488: 1399: 1389: 1198: 1162: 1050: 1035: 1030: 966: 961: 925: 920: 907: 603: 510: 468: 324: 146: 123: 18884: 18740: 18173: 13500: 13498: 13496: 13494: 13390: 13388: 13386: 13185: 13183: 12967:Śaiva Siddhānta Theology: A Context for Hindu-Christian Dialogue 12923: 12921: 12919: 12529: 12527: 12525: 12456: 12454: 12452: 12446:

For Pāśupata as an ascetic movement see: Michaels (2004), p. 62.

12188: 12186: 12184: 10595:

Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives

10559:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. p. 221. 8668: 8666: 7185:

Yogis, a Shaivism sub-tradition that integrated philosophy from

7142: 6851:

continued when Mahayana Buddhism arrived with the same Indians.

6651:) state of realizing oneness of self and everything with Shiva. 3851: 1702: 1697: 1523: 20122: 20100: 19913: 19866: 19825: 19707: 19697: 19636: 19544: 19487: 19482: 19336: 19023: 18859: 18845: 18830: 18730: 18124: 18112: 17782: 17685: 17681: 17570: 17543: 16353: 16298: 14619: 13866: 13586: 13045: 13042: 12913:, Sterling Publishers Private Limited, New Delhi, 1987, pp.1 12368: 12334: 12332: 12039:

Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue, Rodopi,

10825: 10274: 10272: 10270: 8719: 8428: 8255: 7331: 7168:(aphorisms) of Shaivism teach yoga in many forms. According to 7076: 7068: 7064: 6997: 6895: 6807: 6768: 6699: 6684: 6683:. It was founded by the 12th-century philosopher and statesman 6643: 6595: 6543: 6434: 6399: 6317: 5980: 5897: 5814: 5810: 5504: 5439: 5202: 5181: 5137: 4975: 4798: 4762: 4682:(Vikramaditya) (375–413 CE) were known as Parama Bhagavatas or 4610: 4418: 4179: 4156: 3820: 3634: 2950: 2677: 2562: 2467: 2437: 2432: 2366: 2341: 2130: 2000: 1843: 1818: 1757: 1642: 1637: 1627: 1569: 1493: 1453: 1448: 1379: 1304: 1239: 1224: 1126: 1070: 1055: 1001: 981: 894: 889: 726: 631: 626: 583: 520: 366: 362: 353: 116: 16546:

Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus

11938: 11694: 11087: 10171:

Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia

10068:

Caves of the Thousand Buddhas: Chinese Art from the Silk Route

8140:

Major rivers of the Indian subcontinent and their confluence (

7208:

Dancing Shiva Nataraja at the 6th century Badami cave temples.

7057:

Vaishnava texts reverentially mention Shiva. For example, the

6854:

In Shaivism of Indonesia, the popular name for Shiva has been

6641:

in temples, as well monistic goals of achieving liberation or

63: 20018: 20013: 19717: 19687: 19621: 19601: 19539: 19519: 19492: 19331: 19033: 18933: 18879: 18835: 18813: 17607: 17523: 16505: 16171: 16169: 15924: 15640: 15628: 15616: 15354:

India in the Chinese Imagination: Myth, Religion, and Thought

15322:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

15024:, Journal of South Asian Literature, Vol. 21, No. 2, page 215 13731: 13491: 13394:

Flood, Gavin. D. 1996. An Introduction to Hinduism. P.164-167

13383: 13180: 13141: 12945: 12916: 12581: 12522: 12449: 12269: 12181: 12169: 9038: 8663: 7342: 7335: 7164: 7116: 6985: 6955: 6883: 6744: 6680: 6614: 6448:(lightness, be free from presumed diversity or differences), 6341: 6333: 6236: 6129: 6045: 6023: 5909: 5905: 5379: 5367: 5235: 4931: 4891: 4805:

in the 7th century, and influential Vedanta scholars such as

4727: 4624:

The most important Shaiva Purāṇas of this period include the

4582: 4567: 4530:(iron spear, trident lance) as an icon representing his god. 4487: 4479: 4463: 4434: 4430: 4410: 4265: 4198: 4136: 3837: 3707: 3472: 2984: 2522: 2391: 2301: 2148: 2102: 2082: 1762: 1747: 1687: 1677: 1662: 1647: 1622: 1473: 1443: 1329: 1229: 1060: 1025: 996: 991: 986: 971: 899: 349: 263: 258: 179: 133: 104: 87: 33: 28: 16190: 15752:

The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths

15594: 15592: 15590: 15588: 14562: 13900: 12390:

The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths

12356: 12329: 11293: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11094:

Kim Skoog (1996). Andrew O. Fort; Patricia Y. Mumme (eds.).

10337: 10335: 10322: 10320: 10267: 9856: 9854: 9309: 9297: 9287: 9285: 8882: 8870: 8707: 7319:, China. The two are at the bottom right of the bottom image 6279: 5777:

Shiva, Pashupata theology, significance of ash and body art

20059: 19988: 19970: 19918: 19702: 19646: 19606: 19566: 19549: 19534: 19499: 18928: 18840: 17465: 17133: 14822: 14787:

Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement

14183: 13362: 13207: 12882: 12130: 10371: 10295: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10287: 9556: 9554: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9062: 7181: 7158: 6863: 6828: 6732: 6638: 6610: 6606: 6590: 6407: 6125: 6121: 5881: 5616:

Meaning of Tripundra (three lines tilaka), Ritual Shaivism

5375: 4499: 4483: 4164: 4152: 4100: 4088: 2311: 2092: 2062: 2005: 1752: 1739: 1632: 1234: 1075: 1065: 1040: 1006: 956: 938: 489: 358: 286: 138: 17451: 17349:(First Revised ed.), Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd. 16166: 15350: 15076:

The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India

14655: 14643: 14607: 13416:, David Peter Lawrence, University of Manitoba, IEP (2010) 13225: 10174:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 261–275. 9704: 9702: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8562: 8560: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8137:

is ultimately a state of mind and virtuous everyday life.

6577:, or modal triads of Shakti and cosmology as developed by 5701:

Shiva, sacred ash, body art, iconography, why rituals and

5503:

The Shaiva Upanishads present diverse ideas, ranging from

4085: 18732: 17179:

Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha

16287:. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. 15585: 15393:

India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods

14828: 14524:

Frederick Asher (1981). Joanna Gottfried Williams (ed.).

12572: 12198: 12142: 12118: 11198: 10347: 10332: 10317: 9851: 9714: 9321: 9282: 9255: 8835: 8098: 6456:(attain, be restful and at peace with one's own nature), 6398:

The main element of all Shaiva Tantra is the practice of

5969:

The tradition is attributed to a sage from Gujarat named

5043: 4140: 4094: 16749:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 15033: 14569:. National Museum Institute. pp. 159 with note 13. 13229:

A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana

13153: 12894: 12647:

The Tantric Body: The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion

12344: 12226: 11924:. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 110–114. 11841:. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 165–192. 11816:. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). pp. 193–199. 10284: 10119:

Ann R. Kinney, Marijke J. Klokke & Lydia Kieven 2003

9846:

Ann R. Kinney, Marijke J. Klokke & Lydia Kieven 2003

9777: 9765: 9551: 9499:

Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy

9480:

D Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill,

9446: 9214: 9212: 9059: 8731: 8453: 8089:

and others. In Southeast Asia Shaiva temples are called

6223:. This theology presents three universal realities: the 6197:, the great Tamil Śaivasiddhānta poet and mystic saint ( 4953: 4777:, Bhuvaneshwara, Chidambaram, Madurai, and Conjeevaram. 18793: 16849:

Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java

16846:

Ann R. Kinney; Marijke J. Klokke; Lydia Kieven (2003).

16785:

Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (2010).

16457:(Second Revised ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 13232:. State University of New York Press. pp. ix–xiv. 12849: 12847: 12107:

JS Vasugupta (2012), Śiva Sūtras, Motilal Banarsidass,

11572:

H Glasenapp (1974), Die Philosophie der Inder, Kröner,

9699: 9373: 9371: 9272: 9270: 9245: 9243: 9241: 8598: 8557: 8538: 8484: 6835:) have been influential on all traditions of Hinduism. 6750: 6166:. In this theology, Atman (Self) is not identical with 6078: 5722:

Shiva, Bhairava, Rudraksha beads and mantra recitation

4741:

In the early 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim

1179: 716: 17303: 16784: 16744: 15467:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1&2

13976:. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110, 213–215. 12939: 12820:, V. Rangacharya, Madras Government Press, pages 47–48 12797:. University of California Press. pp. 9–12, 220. 11267:. State University of New York Press. pp. 17–25. 10052: 9525:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 274–276. 9150: 9114: 9035:

Gavin Flood (1997), An Introduction to Hinduism, p.152

8923: 8921: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8360:

Upanishad as a systematic philosophy of Shaivism see:

6706:. Its worship is notable for the iconographic form of 6526:

ideas, particularly those by the 10th century scholar

6209:("the established doctrine of Shiva") is the earliest 5817:) Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism ( 20335: 17404:(First ed.). Delhi: B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd. 17384:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 16976:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 15671:; Hariani Santiko; Hasan Djafar; et al. (2013). 15582:, Vol. 133, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 146–177 15578:

Jacob Ensink (1978), Siva-Buddhism in Java and Bali,

14745:

Paul E Muller-Ortega (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.).

14269:, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 209–226 12685: 12560: 11260: 11221: 10953: 10474: 10091: 9739:. University of California Press. pp. xii, 4–5. 9209: 6402:, a ceremonial initiation in which divinely revealed 6095:(suffering, unsatisfactoriness), but special powers ( 5973:(~2nd century CE). He is the purported author of the 4175:, constituting about 252 million or 26.6% of Hindus. 4097: 16635: 15357:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 79–80. 14744: 14347: 14345: 14343: 13549: 13547: 13114: 13112: 12844: 12838: 12217:

London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1990), pp. 128–72.

10864: 10591: 10389: 9736:

The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects

9368: 9267: 9238: 8906: 8828: 8826: 4091: 18994: 16014:. N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation. pp. 5–7, 12. 15885: 15604: 15549: 15285:. Harvard University Press. pp. 29–30, 84–85. 14974: 14916: 14495:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

13429:

Pratyabhijnahrdayam: The Secret of Self-recognition

12290: 11311:

For dating to 400–200 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 86.

11027: 10871:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 182–183. 10230: 10228: 8918: 8894: 8811: 8465: 6514:in the 20th century due especially to influence of 6010:The Pashupatas have been particularly prominent in 5684:Rudra-Uma, Male-Female are inseparable, nondualism 5633:Dakshinamurti as an aspect of Shiva, Atman, monism 5343:

Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita

4813:, Shaivism flourished in South India much earlier. 4450:(2nd century CE), with a possible Shiva, holding a 4409:(~1500–1200 BCE) has the earliest clear mention of 4103: 4082: 17377: 16680:Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). "The Śaiva Traditions". 16658: 15319: 15278: 15274: 15272: 15236: 15232: 15230: 15228: 14981:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 236–238, 247–258. 14693: 14492: 14395: 14113: 14111: 13402: 13400: 13331: 13057:For eleven collections, with the first seven (the 12292: 11866:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 134, 371. 11791:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 133–134, 201–202. 11321: 11319: 11317: 10124: 10095:Exploring the Life, Myth, and Art of Ancient China 9894:. University of California Press. pp. 61–62. 9828: 9826: 9518: 9191:The Stūpa of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great 8381:To have self-mastery is to be a yogin (yogitvam). 8026:Orange markers denote UNESCO World Heritage Sites. 6460:(forbearance, grasp and accept cosmic diversity), 5459:The Vedas and Upanishads are shared scriptures of 5012:). Their means also vary, ranging from meditative 4966:Two female Shaiva ascetics (18th century painting) 4522:, dated to the 2nd century BCE, mentions the term 16745:Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002). 16244:The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism 16090:. N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation. pp. 36–41. 15677:. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. pp. 4–15. 15243:. Harvard University Press. pp. 84–85, 191. 15111: 14790:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 161–163. 14527:Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India 14486: 14484: 14340: 14201: 13557:Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice 13544: 13109: 12963: 12286: 12284: 11305: 10585: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10383: 9732: 9183: 9137:Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice 8823: 6170:, but shares with the Supreme all its qualities. 5832:(Self) and the existence of an Ultimate Reality ( 5739:Ganesha, Shiva, Brahman, Atman, Om, Satcitananda 5454: 4286: 20383: 17423:. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 17282: 17265: 16990: 16866: 16348:Bisschop, Peter C. (2018), "Universal Śaivism", 16263:Vaisnavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems 15531:Iconography of Surya in the Temple Art of Odisha 15463: 15199:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 328–329. 15189: 14625: 14351: 14195: 14032:Velcheru Narayana Rao & Gene H. Roghair 2014 13918: 13708: 13706: 13704: 13380:Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.61-66 13292: 13174: 10799:Frazier, J. (2013). "Bhakti in Hindu Cultures". 10241:. Princeton University Press. pp. 215–217. 10225: 10168:Andrea Acri (2015). D Christian Lammerts (ed.). 9925: 9923: 9875: 9610:pp. 2-5. BRILL Academic. ISBN 978-90-04-27714-4. 8785: 8144:), natural springs, origin of Ganges River (and 7330:(half Shiva, half Vishnu) flanked by a standing 6332:and are regarded by Tamils as equivalent to the 5927:at Sangameshvara Temple at Mahakuta, Karnataka ( 4990:, action-full) and being individual (anavopaya). 17176:Velcheru Narayana Rao; Gene H. Roghair (2014). 17154: 17103: 16763: 16054: 15865: 15716:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 31–36. 15269: 15225: 15151:Anita M. Leopold; Jeppe Sinding Jensen (2005). 14523: 14517: 14300:General, India Office of the Registrar (1974). 14108: 14007: 14005: 13906: 13397: 13268: 13266: 13264: 13262: 12872: 12681: 12679: 11983: 11895:. State University of New York Press. pp. 11394: 11314: 11132: 9823: 9653:. 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In Shaivism, there are ten dualistic ( 4961: 4924: 4868: 4831: 4678:Most of the Gupta kings, beginning with 4649: 4596: 4438: 4424: 4350: 4328: 18651:Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago) 17243:. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture. 16478:: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings 15326:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15196:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia 14907: 14878:Iconography of Śiva in Pahāṛī Paintings 14563:Anupa Pande; Parul Pandya Dhar (2004). 14299: 12472: 12003: 11661: 11589: 11516: 11443: 11400: 11100:. SUNY Press. pp. 63–84, 236–239. 11067:Hurley, Leigh; Hurley, Phillip (2012). 10807:(2). Oxford University Press: 101–113. 10798: 10143: 9936:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 47–48. 9619: 9352:. 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Yale University Press. pp. 14469:The Four Denominations of Hinduism 14222:from the original on 15 March 2017 13625:from the original on 17 March 2017 13446:from the original on 15 March 2017 13313:from the original on 15 March 2017 13246:from the original on 15 March 2017 12745:from the original on 25 March 2017 12706:from the original on 24 March 2017 12493:from the original on 13 March 2020 12407:from the original on 30 March 2017 12317:from the original on 16 March 2020 12233:. 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Sundeep Prakashan. p. 36. 9539:from the original on 27 June 2019 7922: 7852: 7730: 7698: 7650: 7609: 7559: 7543: 7413: 7137: 6858:, which is derived from Sanskrit 6107:were particularly the pursuit of 5760:, Atman, Brahman, self-knowledge 5698:Late medieval, post-12th century 5595:Shiva, sacred ash, prayer beads, 5592:Late medieval, post-12th century 4864: 4689:and had been ardent promoters of 4398: 4193:, starting in the last centuries 20369: 20357: 20345: 20319: 20309: 20300: 20299: 20288: 18993: 18739: 18731: 18621:Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswaram 18325:Emarald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu 18157: 18148: 18147: 17623: 16956:Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism 16277:Third AES reprint edition, 1995. 16144: 16131: 16106: 16077: 16060: 15957: 15918: 15879: 15840: 15820: 15781: 15742: 15703: 15661: 15652: 15572: 15543: 15523: 15514: 15497: 15488: 15457: 15410: 15383: 15344: 15311: 15183: 15154:Syncretism in Religion: A Reader 15144: 15105: 15066: 15027: 15007: 14968: 14949: 14859: 14840: 14823:Indira Viswanathan Peterson 2014 14777: 14738: 14718: 14700:. 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(2010). 16684:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 16625:Dasgupta, Surendranath (1955). 16036: 14168:, pages 40–41, 302–315, 371–375 13934:A History of Kannada Literature 12692:. Shambhala. pp. 243–244. 12431:Śaivism among the Khmers Part I 11862:Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1984). 10868:Plants of Life, Plants of Death 10573:from the original on 3 May 2016 10481:. Fortress Press. p. 182. 10478:Introduction to World Religions 10161: 10085: 10058: 10011: 10001: 9972:Hinduism and the Religious Arts 9962: 9933:Hinduism and the Religious Arts 9881: 9804: 9726: 9638: 9613: 9600: 9566: 9512: 9491: 9458: 9437: 9410: 9383: 9342:"Silk Road Art and Archaeology" 9333: 9225: 9162: 9126: 9084: 9050: 9029: 9020: 9011: 8991: 8974: 8942: 8856:Monier Monier-Williams (1899), 8743: 8683: 8308: 8298: 7904: 7527: 7479: 7395: 6406:are given to the initiate by a 5509: 20214:Relations with other religions 17401:Meditation: Any Time Any Where 17329:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 17225:, Cambridge University Press, 17222:The Origins of Yoga and Tantra 17182:. Princeton University Press. 17140:. Princeton University Press. 16958:. Vol. 3. Brill Academic. 16873:. Princeton University Press. 16852:. University of Hawaii Press. 16284:The Cultural Heritage of India 15396:. Concept Publishing Company. 14735:, Oxford University, pages 1-7 14361:. BRILL Academic. p. 60. 13735:Contributions to Asian Studies 13299:. Springer. pp. 402–408. 12686:John Myrdhin Reynolds (1996). 12650:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 58–61. 12393:. Penguin Books. p. 206. 12266:Kegan Paul (1990), pp. 128–72. 11409:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 11261:Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1987). 11222:Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare (2002). 10725:Munavalli, Somashekar (2007). 10475:Christopher Partridge (2013). 10092:Edward L. Shaughnessy (2009). 9620:Ganguli, Kalyan Kumar (1988). 9608:The World of the Skandapurāṇa, 9206:, No. 227 (July 2012); page 11 9172:, Cambridge University Press, 8696:. January 2012. Archived from 7625: 7577: 7429: 7193:traditions. It was founded by 7015: 6657: 6510:. The tradition experienced a 5756:Shiva, Sadashiva, nondualism, 5455:Vedas and Principal Upanishads 4792: 4363:Some trace the origins to the 4355:The "Pashupati" seal from the 803:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies 1: 16636:Mariasusai Dhavamony (1971). 16631:. Cambridge University Press. 16453:Chakravarti, Mahadev (1994), 16444:Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986), 15794:. MOCA Bangkok. p. 222. 15755:. Penguin Books. p. 24. 15390:Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (2007). 14978:Elements of Hindu Iconography 14920:Elements of Hindu Iconography 13738:. Brill Academic. p. 5. 13476:, pp. 15–16, 43–45, 118. 13272:David Peter Lawrence (2012), 12942:, pp. 1–7, 29–37, 44–49. 11961:. The Adyar Library, Madras. 10865:Frederick J. Simoons (1998). 10592:Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002). 10520:. Routledge. pp. 65–71. 10390:Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999). 9501:, Columbia University Press, 8963:or monotheistic, monistic or 8447: 7495: 7463: 6417:(supernatural abilities) and 6251:, is particularly popular in 5839: 4888:Caves of the Thousand Buddhas 4609:(c. 320–500 CE) the genre of 3859:Other society-related topics: 1555:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) 18606:Kadhalishwaram ruins (China) 17495: 17421:History of Indian Literature 17419:Winternitz, Maurice (1972). 17204:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 17107:Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism 17104:Parmeshwaranand, S. (2004). 17033:Rigopoulos, Antonio (1998). 16890:The Encyclopedia of Religion 16818:Gonda, Jan (1977). "10-13". 16471:Courtright, Paul B. (1985). 16222:Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965). 16048: 15886:Geoffrey Waring Maw (1997). 15550:Christiaan Hooykaas (1974). 15470:. Rosen Publishing. p. 14975:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1997). 14917:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1997). 13177:, pp. 260–262, 329–333. 12476:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 12291:James G. Lochtefeld (2002). 12166:, pp. 663–670, 690–693. 11665:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 11593:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 11520:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 11447:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 11028:Matthew James Clark (2006). 10801:The Journal of Hindu Studies 10368:, pp. 660–663, 681–690. 10314:, pp. 205–207, 215–221. 9393:Pāṇini: A Survey of Research 9170:Deciphering the Indus Script 8660:, pages 31–34 with footnotes 8341:Vasugupta is claimed by two 7714: 7334:on its right and a standing 6822: 5082:Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas 5079:Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas 4902: 4861:district of Andhra Pradesh. 4466:", a possibly kushan deity. 4260:, as an epithet for several 3970:Hinduism and other religions 2767:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati 7: 17376:Kramrisch, Stella (1994a), 17345:Tattwananda, Swami (1984), 16770:. Oxford University Press. 16703:. Oxford University Press. 16661:An Introduction to Hinduism 16474: 16399:, Oxford University Press, 16393:Bisschop, Peter C. (2011), 15928:Tagore at Home in the World 15279:T. Richard Blurton (1993). 15237:T. Richard Blurton (1993). 14398:An Introduction to Hinduism 13870:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia 13088:Winternitz, p. 588, note 1. 12940:Hilko Wiardo Schomerus 2000 11760:Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). 11629:Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). 11225:The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy 11034:. Brill. pp. 177–225. 10832:. Lantern. pp. 27–36. 10700:Overview Of World Religions 9649:. In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). 9519:Michael W. Meister (1984). 9488:, pages 96–97 and Chapter 9 9139:, Oxford University Press, 9106: 8795:. Himalayan Academy. 2009. 8356: 8234: 7261: 7012:(half Shiva, half Vishnu). 6921: 6581:in the early 10th century. 6476:) and the initiating Guru. 6362: 6356: 6274: 5949: 5521: 5515: 5481: 5421:Others (Devanagiri) = 2,000 5326:5. Negative/cognitive proof 4999: 4515: 4501: 4493: 4381: 4294: 4287: 4281: 4241: 4127: 3715:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram 3687:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 1420:Arishadvargas (six enemies) 1364:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) 1359:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) 10: 20423: 20397:Theistic Indian philosophy 17325:Sharma, Ram Karan (1988). 16974:Hinduism: Past and Present 16728:Ganapati: Song of the Self 16214: 16113:Olivelle, Patrick (1992). 15157:. Routledge. p. 303. 15112:Frank Burch Brown (2014). 15013:Gomathi Narayanan (1986), 14306:. Manager of Publications. 13407:Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy 13274:Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy 12964:Rohan A. Dunuwila (1985). 12841:, pp. 14–22, 257–258. 11891:Ganapati: Song of the Self 11368:Olivelle, Patrick (1998). 11172:Sanderson, Alexis (2013). 10648:Olivelle, Patrick (1992). 10238:Hinduism: Past and Present 9733:David N. Lorenzen (1972). 9647:"Vaishnavism: an overview" 8793:"Introduction to Hinduism" 8158:) of infiniteness, as per 7348: 6661: 6588: 6483: 5524: 5518: 5392:Jivanmukta, Advaita, Yoga, 5386:champions householder life 5349:Advaita, qualified advaita 5324:4. Postulation, derivation 4428: 4344: 4235:Etymology and nomenclature 3591:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 2276:Gurus, sants, philosophers 2212:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 1400:Uparati (self-settledness) 20286: 20113: 20078: 19904: 19839: 19746: 19673: 19666: 19565: 19468: 19459: 19367: 19253: 19210: 19177: 19095: 19069: 19041: 19032: 19011: 19002: 18991: 18910: 18779: 18770: 18749: 18571: 18513:275 Paadal Petra Sthalams 18503: 18429: 18391: 18353: 18345:Art/Chithiram, Courtallam 18315: 18277: 18239: 18211: 18143: 18105: 18050: 17977: 17939: 17901: 17863: 17854: 17824:Festivals and observances 17823: 17760: 17680: 17664:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta 17632: 17621: 17514: 17503: 17430:B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao, 17219:Samuel, Geoffrey (2008), 16991:R. Blake Michael (1992). 16867:Stella Kramrisch (1993). 16831:. New York: Grove Press. 16543:Daniélou, Alain (1984) . 16312:10.1163/9789004432802_003 15833:12 September 2016 at the 15464:James Lochtefeld (2002). 15020:28 September 2018 at the 14724:Alexis Sanderson (1999), 13767:. Routledge. p. 83. 13293:Stanley D. Brunn (2015). 12839:Mariasusai Dhavamony 1971 11191:10.1163/15728536-13560308 10032:10.1017/s0035869x00166134 9832:Alexis Sanderson (2014), 9593:10.1163/15728536-05904001 9497:Stephen Phillips (2009), 9470:10.1017/S0041977X00146531 7338:(Hindu Sun god) on left. 7197:and further developed by 7121:example, the Shaiva text 6158:Srikantha, influenced by 5892:Sannyasi Shaiva: Atimarga 5714:Rudrakshajabala Upanishad 5322:3. Comparison and analogy 4365:Indus Valley civilization 4357:Indus Valley civilisation 4341:Indus Valley Civilisation 4250: 4173:second-largest Hindu sect 4116: 2757:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati 1415:Samadhana (concentration) 1279:Three paths to liberation 786:Tribal religions in India 771:Historical Vedic religion 766:Indus Valley Civilisation 26: 19358:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 18689:Kamphaeng Phet province 18675:Hx thewalay kestr phiman 18641:Sivan temple (Singapore) 18611:Kethishwaram (Sri Lanka) 18586:Fire temple (Azerbaijan) 18083:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar 17643:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 17398:Venugopalam, R. (2003). 17155:A. K. Ramanujan (1973). 16900:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 16764:Ariel Glucklich (2008). 16726:Grimes, John A. (1995). 16588:Daniélou, Alain (1987). 16150:Indira Peterson (1982), 16137:Indira Peterson (1983), 14961:15 February 2017 at the 14258:Hariani Santiko (1997), 13519:, pp. 169–170, 308. 12548:, pp. 664, 667–668. 11887:Grimes, John A. (1995). 11139:. Concept. p. 375. 11133:Rajendra Prasad (2008). 9816:23 November 2019 at the 9196:20 December 2016 at the 8863:27 February 2017 at the 8271: 7043:Shaivism iconography in 6394:Tantra Diksha traditions 6295:By the 7th century, the 6003:into the fifth stage of 5993:Pañchārtha bhāshyadipikā 5864:of the Shaiva monks and 5423:Bali and SE Asia = Many 5402: 4536:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 4163:. It considers both the 1591:, sacrifice, and charity 19437:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 18636:Shivagraham (Indonesia) 18616:Koneshwaram (Sri Lanka) 18591:Ganga Talao (Mauritius) 18581:Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam) 18373:Thiruvanaikaval (Water) 18340:Copper/Thamiram, Nellai 17445:Encyclopædia Britannica 17310:. Motilal Banarsidass. 17083:Die Religion des Rgveda 16997:. Motilal Banarsidass. 16972:Michaels, Axel (2004). 16930:Lipner, Julius (2012). 16903:. Infobase Publishing. 15788:Jack M. Clontz (2016). 15536:10 October 2016 at the 14731:19 October 2016 at the 14491:James C. Harle (1994). 14394:Gavin D. Flood (1996). 14049:9 February 2020 at the 13931:Edward P. Rice (1982). 13805:. Brill Archive. 1981. 13718:2 February 2017 at the 13646:, pp. 99–104, 218. 13554:Mark Singleton (2010). 13048:see: Flood (1996), 131. 12725:Braj B. Kachru (1981). 10989:McDaniel, June (2004). 10638:, page 332 with note 68 10442:. Bloomsbury Academic. 9969:Heather Elgood (2000). 9930:Heather Elgood (2000). 9390:George Cardona (1997). 9340:Laura Giuliano (2004). 9189:Loeschner, Hans (2012) 8999:The Essence of Hinduism 8402:Bhatta Narayanakantha, 8112:(Sanskrit: क्षेत्र). A 7248:Indian classical dances 6939:Shiva is a part of the 6902:empire and pre-Islamic 6694:Lingayatism emphasizes 6584: 6231:(lord, Shiva), and the 6227:(individual Self), the 6180:Tiruvannamalai district 5719:After the 10th century 5625:Dakshinamurti Upanishad 5608:Kalagni Rudra Upanishad 5570:Atharvashikha Upanishad 5553:Atharvashiras Upanishad 5540:Shiva, Atman, Brahman, 5492:Shaiva minor Upanishads 5394:champions monastic life 5271:Brahman (Vishnu), Atman 4877:temple, Yoni-Linga and 4836:The 7th to 8th-century 4784:of Advaita Vedanta and 3764:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 2977:Timeline of Hindu texts 2882:Siddharameshwar Maharaj 1915:Pumsavana Simantonayana 1570:Śabda (word, testimony) 808:Epic-Puranic chronology 776:Dravidian folk religion 20407:Monotheistic religions 19412:Eighteen Greater Texts 17964:Tiruvanaikaval (Water) 17129:. Motilal Banarsidass. 17125:Pathak, V. S. (1960). 16822:. Harrassowitz Verlag. 16115:The Samnyasa Upanisads 15710:Fredrik Barth (1993). 14875:Saroj Panthey (1987). 14265:22 August 2018 at the 13605:Romila Thapar (2008). 13488:, pp. 7–8, 17–32. 13426:Jaideva Singh (1982). 12791:Elaine Fisher (2017). 12764:Elaine Fisher (2017). 12473:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11920:Ayyangar, TRS (1953). 11837:Ayyangar, TRS (1953). 11812:Ayyangar, TRS (1953). 11662:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11590:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11517:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11444:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11401:Deussen, Paul (1997). 11326:Ayyangar, TRS (1953). 10650:The Samnyasa Upanisads 10598:. Rodopi. p. 63. 10235:Axel Michaels (2004). 10065:S. J. Vainker (1990). 9094:: Flood (1996), p. 29. 8988:, Academic Press, 2008 8409: 7381:Temples and pilgrimage 7371:Bhairavapadmavatikalpa 7213:Hindu performance arts 7209: 7147: 6918: 6811: 6810:in a Vajrayana temple. 6673: 6603: 6495: 6292: 6202: 5940: 5856: 5693:Bhasmajabala Upanishad 5676:Rudrahridaya Upanishad 5587:Brihajjabala Upanishad 5475: 5426: 4967: 4882: 4841: 4675: 4670:, 7th–8th century CE. 4646:Post-Gupta development 4602: 4467: 4360: 4334: 4203:Vedic-Brahmanical fold 4131:) is one of the major 3729:Eighteen Greater Texts 3358:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 2787:Krishnananda Saraswati 2031:Vijayadashami-Dussehra 1545:Pratyakṣa (perception) 1405:Titiksha (forbearance) 20165:Hindu gurus and sants 19417:Eighteen Lesser Texts 18661:Thewasathan Bot Phram 18631:Pashupatinath (Nepal) 18368:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 18335:Silver/Velli, Madurai 17959:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 17250:The World's Religions 17081:Oberlies, T. (1998). 16657:Flood, Gavin (1996). 16367:10.1163/9789004384361 16158:30 March 2017 at the 15964:Diana L. Eck (1998). 15749:Roshen Dalal (2010). 15417:Lee, Junghee (1993). 15318:Peter Harvey (1990). 14626:Stella Kramrisch 1993 14474:28 March 2017 at the 14427:Diana L. Eck (1998). 14053:, Pew Research (2012) 13919:R. Blake Michael 1992 13873:. Gale. p. 475. 13517:Jones & Ryan 2006 13412:12 March 2017 at the 13279:12 March 2017 at the 13175:Alexis Sanderson 2010 13003:Julia Leslie (1992). 12952:Jones & Ryan 2006 12859:18 March 2017 at the 12433:, pp. 349—462 in the 12387:Roshen Dalal (2010). 11302:, pp. 11, 51–52. 10904:K. Sivaraman (1973). 10760:Prem Prakash (1998). 10136:17 April 2019 at the 9876:Alexis Sanderson 2004 9606:Bakker, Hans (2014). 8552:Jones & Ryan 2006 8374: 8129:deals primarily with 8119:Many of the historic 8105:and nearby regions). 7207: 7145: 6912: 6805: 6671: 6598: 6493: 6366:), the author of the 6282: 6193: 5923: 5849:Kauai Hindu monastery 5847: 5753:About 7th century CE 5748:Pancabrahma Upanishad 5736:16th or 17th century 5659:Akshamalika Upanishad 5465: 5407: 5328:6. Reliable testimony 5315:3. Reliable testimony 5308:3. Reliable testimony 5299:3. Reliable testimony 5274:Brahman (Devi), Atman 4965: 4946:(feminine energy) or 4925:Beliefs and practices 4872: 4835: 4773:(Kailasha, cave 16), 4653: 4600: 4442: 4425:Emergence of Shaivism 4354: 4332: 4191:formation of Hinduism 3845:Varna-related topics: 3736:Eighteen Lesser Texts 3309:Devi Bhagavata Purana 2205:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 2191:Achintya Bheda Abheda 2123:Philosophical schools 1425:Ahamkara (attachment) 1385:Vairagya (dispassion) 1313:Mokṣa-related topics: 20155:Anti-Hindu sentiment 18646:Sthūlādri (Thailand) 18601:Katas Raj (Pakistan) 18596:Iraivan temple (USA) 18378:Chidambaram (Ether) 18355:Panchabhuta Sthalams 17941:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam 17380:The Presence of Śiva 17259:Essais sur le Rituel 17110:. Sarup & Sons. 16963:Mate, M. S. (1988). 16870:The Presence of Siva 15866:Ariel Glucklich 2008 15073:David Smith (2003). 15037:Indian Art in Detail 14784:Lise McKean (1996). 14503:–142, 191, 201–203. 14118:Gavin Flood (2008). 14090:"Shaivism in Tamils" 13970:Bill Aitken (1999). 13907:A. K. Ramanujan 1973 13761:Aya Ikegame (2013). 13713:Lingayat: Hindu sect 13537:4 March 2017 at the 13119:Gavin Flood (2007). 12873:Parmeshwaranand 2004 12644:Gavin Flood (2006). 12600:Guy L. Beck (1995). 12027:7 March 2017 at the 11178:Indo-Iranian Journal 9834:The Saiva Literature 9579:Indo-Iranian Journal 9203:Sino-Platonic Papers 9168:Asko Parpola(2009), 9004:24 July 2015 at the 8021:class=notpageimage| 7110:Sauraism (Sun deity) 6554:and his ideas about 6162:, formulated Shaiva 5874:) and householders ( 5511:Shaivism Upanishads 5431:The Saiva Literature 5389:Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga 5220:Recommends, Optional 5211:Recommends, Optional 5088:Vedas and Upanishads 5085:Vedas and Upanishads 5076:Scriptural authority 5062:Vaishnava Traditions 4693:. But following the 4458:state and next to a 3977:Hinduism and Jainism 2907:Vethathiri Maharishi 2812:Nisargadatta Maharaj 1380:Viveka (discernment) 755:(500/200 BCE–300 CE) 214:Siddhanta Shikhamani 174:Scriptures and texts 20402:Hindu denominations 20261:Hinduism by country 19427:Iraiyanar Akapporul 19387:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 18626:Mt. Kailash (Tibet) 18431:Jyotirlinga Sthalas 18383:Srikalahasthi (Air) 18363:Kanchipuram (Earth) 18279:Pancharama Kshetras 17969:Kanchipuram (Earth) 17954:Tirukalahasti (Air) 17949:Chidambaram (Ether) 17650:Shivarahasya Purana 17261:. Louvain: Peeters. 16827:Keay, John (2000). 16747:The Roots of Tantra 16642:. Clarendon Press. 16510:Motilal Banarsidass 16084:B Sarawati (1985). 16008:B Sarawati (1985). 15649:, pp. 245–249. 15637:, pp. 245–246. 15625:, pp. 243–244. 14852:17 May 2017 at the 14652:, pp. 319–333. 14616:, pp. 319–320. 13973:Divining the Deccan 13921:, pp. 168–175. 13507:, pp. 407–421. 13336:. D.K. Printworld. 13192:, pp. 671–673. 13150:, pp. 124–125. 13106:Tattwananda, p. 56. 13079:Tattwananda, p. 55. 12954:, pp. 375–376. 12930:, pp. 668–669. 12728:Kashmiri Literature 12590:, pp. 662–663. 12536:, pp. 667–668. 12463:, pp. 665–666. 12365:, pp. 124–129. 12341:, pp. 120–123. 12278:, pp. 140–141. 12195:, pp. 664–665. 12178:, pp. 660–663. 12127:, pp. 154–162. 11957:Sastri, AM (1950). 11212:, pp. 223–224. 10553:Lai Ah Eng (2008). 10356:, pp. 210–213. 10344:, pp. 208–209. 10329:, pp. 221–223. 10302:, pp. 206–207. 10281:, pp. 660–704. 10207:James Boon (1977). 9878:, pp. 349–352. 9863:, pp. 230–249. 9786:, pp. 206–214. 9774:, pp. 212–213. 9455:, pp. 153–154. 9233:South Asian Studies 9103:For translation of 9081:, pp. 204–205. 9026:Tattwananda, p. 54. 8740:, pp. 208–214. 8728:, p. 1, 66-70. 8703:on 20 October 2013. 8612:, pp. 202–204. 8569:, pp. 162–167. 8251:History of Shaivism 8246:Hindu denominations 8216:Sannyasa Upanishads 7232:Badami cave temples 7114:The sun god called 6996:architecture, from 6777:Jammu & Kashmir 6747:and the shastras." 6741:Palkuriki Somanatha 6715:Vijayanagara Empire 5575:1st millennium BCE 5558:1st millennium BCE 5537:1st millennium BCE 5512: 5429:—Alexis Sanderson, 5419:South India = 8,600 5413:(post-8th century) 5053: 4759:Badami cave temples 4749:, including in the 4747:Indian subcontinent 4572:Alexander the Great 4325:Origins and history 4159:non-theism such as 4035:Hinduism portal 3914:Hinduism by country 3750:Iraiyanar Akapporul 3694:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 2777:Dayananda Saraswati 2762:Bhaktivinoda Thakur 2668:Sripada Srivallabha 2608:Raghunatha Siromani 2573:Narasimha Saraswati 1550:Anumāṇa (inference) 660:Hinduism portal 23: 18679:Sukhothai province 18068:Kailash Mansarovar 17773:Pashupata Shaivism 17751:Hara Hara Mahadeva 17457:Alexis sanderson, 17354:Vasugupta (1992). 17270:. 90/91: 349–462. 16596:Rochester, Vermont 16551:Rochester, Vermont 16305:, pp. 14–32, 16061:Vivekananda Vol. 4 13593:Muller-Ortega 2010 13486:Muller-Ortega 2010 13474:Muller-Ortega 2010 12891:, pp. 209–210 12437:90—91 (2003—2004). 12375:Muller-Ortega 2010 11947:, p. 187-188. 11787:Beck, Guy (1995). 11713:AM Sastri (2001). 11703:, p. 274-286. 10813:10.1093/jhs/hit028 10436:Jan Gonda (1970). 10393:Hindu Spirituality 8832:Macdonell, p. 314. 7269:Seto Machindranath 7210: 7148: 7123:Srikanthiyasamhita 6919: 6812: 6674: 6604: 6571:Vajrayana Buddhism 6518:and his students. 6496: 6293: 6289:Karaikkal Ammaiyar 6203: 5941: 5916:Pashupata Atimargi 5857: 5731:Ganapati Upanishad 5650:Shiva as Sharabha 5642:Sharabha Upanishad 5532:Kaivalya Upanishad 5510: 5384:Videhamukti, Yoga, 5051: 4968: 4883: 4842: 4827:Paramesvarasamhita 4701:circa 500 CE, the 4676: 4603: 4468: 4361: 4335: 4279:The Sanskrit word 4220:in these regions. 3929:Caribbean Shaktism 3648:Kanakadhara Stotra 2897:U. G. Krishnamurti 2877:Satyadhyana Tirtha 2473:Gangesha Upadhyaya 2131:Six Astika schools 1375:Ānanda (happiness) 1354:Anātman (non-self) 431:Non - Saiddhantika 21: 20333: 20332: 20109: 20108: 19662: 19661: 19455: 19454: 19369:Sangam literature 19325:Yājñavalkya Smṛti 19173: 19172: 18989: 18988: 18698: 18697: 18330:Gold/Pon, Thillai 18213:Trilinga Kshetras 18171: 18170: 18101: 18100: 17367:978-0-7914-1264-0 17336:978-81-208-0544-6 17317:978-81-208-1569-8 17232:978-0-521-69534-3 17189:978-1-4008-6090-6 17168:978-0-14-044270-0 17147:978-1-4008-6006-7 17117:978-81-7625-427-4 17044:978-0-7914-3696-7 17025:978-1-4384-1385-3 17004:978-81-208-0776-1 16983:978-0-691-08953-9 16943:978-1-135-24061-5 16910:978-0-8160-7564-5 16880:978-0-691-01930-7 16859:978-0-8248-2779-3 16838:978-0-8021-3797-5 16798:978-9-8123-0937-2 16777:978-0-19-971825-2 16756:978-0-7914-5306-3 16737:978-0-7914-2440-7 16672:978-0-521-43878-0 16649:978-0-19-826523-8 16609:978-1-59477-736-3 16519:978-81-208-3638-9 16487:978-0-19-505742-3 16464:978-81-208-0053-3 16377:978-90-04-38246-6 16332:978-90-04-43266-6 16272:978-81-206-0122-2 16253:978-0-19-507349-2 16233:978-81-208-0567-5 16199:, pp. 11–12. 16124:978-0-19-507045-3 15977:978-0-231-11265-9 15938:978-81-321-1149-8 15899:978-1-85072-190-1 15801:978-1-78301-872-7 15762:978-0-14-341517-6 15723:978-0-226-03834-6 15684:978-602-17669-3-4 15403:978-81-8069-457-8 15364:978-0-8122-4560-8 15337:978-0-521-31333-9 15292:978-0-674-39189-5 15250:978-0-674-39189-5 15206:978-0-521-66369-4 15164:978-0-415-97361-8 15125:978-0-19-517667-4 15086:978-0-521-52865-8 15047:978-0-674-02691-9 14988:978-81-208-0877-5 14930:978-81-208-0877-5 14888:978-81-7099-016-1 14825:, pp. 96–97. 14797:978-0-226-56009-0 14758:978-81-208-3232-9 14711:978-81-208-1706-7 14576:978-81-246-0262-1 14510:978-0-300-06217-5 14440:978-0-231-11265-9 14413:978-0-521-43878-0 14215:978-81-206-0444-5 14166:978-0-415-45677-7 14131:978-0-470-99868-7 13983:978-0-19-564711-2 13944:978-81-206-0063-8 13880:978-0-684-80617-4 13774:978-1-136-23909-0 13618:978-0-14-306468-8 13595:, pp. 36–38. 13567:978-0-19-974598-2 13439:978-81-208-0323-7 13371:, pp. 16–17. 13343:978-81-246-0414-4 13306:978-94-017-9376-6 13239:978-0-7914-0180-4 13216:, pp. 45–47. 13016:978-81-208-1036-5 12977:978-0-89581-675-7 12804:978-0-52029-301-4 12777:978-0-52029-301-4 12738:978-3-447-02129-6 12699:978-1-55939-868-8 12657:978-1-84511-011-6 12613:978-81-208-1261-1 12486:978-81-208-1467-7 12400:978-0-14-341517-6 12377:, pp. 31–38. 12310:978-0-8239-3180-4 12139:, pp. 16–21. 12113:978-81-208-0407-4 12096:978-0-691-60308-7 12079:978-0-7914-0347-1 12062:978-81-208-0784-6 12045:978-90-420-1510-4 12018:978-0-7914-3068-2 11873:978-0-88920-158-3 11274:978-0-88706-431-9 11235:978-81-208-1892-7 11146:978-81-8069-544-5 11107:978-0-7914-2706-4 11041:978-90-04-15211-3 11002:978-0-19-534713-5 10917:978-81-208-1771-5 10878:978-0-299-15904-7 10839:978-1-59056-281-9 10773:978-0-89281-664-4 10683:978-0-521-43878-0 10566:978-981-230-754-5 10527:978-1-134-15774-7 10488:978-0-8006-9970-3 10449:978-1-4742-8080-8 10403:978-88-7652-818-7 10380:, pp. 17–18. 10181:978-981-4519-06-9 10105:978-1-4358-5617-2 10078:978-0-7141-1447-7 9982:978-0-304-70739-3 9943:978-0-304-70739-3 9901:978-0-520-28847-8 9746:978-0-520-01842-6 9692:978-94-93194-00-7 9645:Dandekar (1977). 9631:978-81-85067-10-0 9532:978-0-8122-7909-2 9507:978-0-231-14485-8 9403:978-81-208-1494-3 9318:, pp. 70–71. 9145:978-0-19-539534-1 9123:, pp. 28–29. 9047:, p. 66-106. 8957:978-0-415-45677-7 8678:978-81-208-0595-8 8658:978-88-7652-818-7 8632:978-0-521-48234-9 8593:978-81-208-1892-7 8462:, pp. 15–16. 8291:(illustration of 8266:Kashmiri Shaivism 8241:Chaturdasa Devata 7132:Vathula-Kalottara 7075:, but it praises 6949:Panchayatana puja 6546:) framework. The 6530:and 11th century 6516:Swami Lakshmanjoo 6099:) and pleasures ( 5987:by Kaudinya, the 5783: 5782: 5544:, Self-knowledge 5519:Composition date 5516:Shaiva Upanishad 5400: 5399: 5130:Brahman principle 5068:Smarta Traditions 5065:Shakta Traditions 5059:Shaiva Traditions 4914:Siwa (shaivaites) 4909:Balinese Hinduism 4619:Smarta Traditions 4579:Pāśupata Shaivism 4161:Kashmiri Shaivism 4135:, which worships 4125: 4071: 4070: 3922:Balinese Hinduism 3421:Markandeya Purana 2658:Satyanatha Tirtha 2613:Raghuttama Tirtha 2603:Raghavendra Swami 2448:Ramdas Kathiababa 1529:Sources of dharma 1395:Dama (temperance) 1390:Sama (equanimity) 756: 694: 693: 41: 40: 20414: 20374: 20373: 20362: 20361: 20360: 20350: 20349: 20348: 20341: 20323: 20322: 20313: 20303: 20302: 20292: 20291: 20202:Pilgrimage sites 19956:Ganesh Chaturthi 19671: 19670: 19466: 19465: 19447:Vedarthasamgraha 19442:Vinayagar Agaval 19407:Five Great Epics 19382:Divya Prabandham 19295:Minor Upanishads 19039: 19038: 19009: 19008: 18997: 18996: 18777: 18776: 18743: 18735: 18725: 18718: 18711: 18702: 18701: 18685:Hx Phar Ishvaran 18469:Kashi Vishvanath 18198: 18191: 18184: 18175: 18174: 18161: 18151: 18150: 17861: 17860: 17805:Siddha Siddhanta 17768:Shaiva Siddhanta 17695:Om Namah Shivaya 17627: 17490: 17483: 17476: 17467: 17466: 17424: 17415: 17394: 17383: 17371: 17350: 17340: 17321: 17300: 17279: 17262: 17253: 17244: 17235: 17215: 17193: 17172: 17158:Speaking of Śiva 17151: 17130: 17121: 17100: 17094: 17086: 17077: 17054:Social Scientist 17048: 17029: 17008: 16987: 16968: 16959: 16952:Mallinson, James 16947: 16926: 16924: 16922: 16893: 16884: 16863: 16842: 16829:India: A History 16823: 16814: 16812: 16810: 16781: 16760: 16741: 16722: 16695: 16676: 16664: 16653: 16632: 16621: 16600:Inner Traditions 16584: 16555:Inner Traditions 16539: 16491: 16477: 16467: 16449: 16440: 16411: 16410: 16408: 16388: 16369: 16358:Brill Publishers 16343: 16324: 16314: 16303:Brill Publishers 16288: 16276: 16257: 16237: 16209: 16206: 16200: 16194: 16188: 16185: 16179: 16173: 16164: 16148: 16142: 16135: 16129: 16128: 16110: 16104: 16103: 16101: 16099: 16081: 16075: 16074:, pp. 92–95 16072:Venugopalam 2003 16069: 16063: 16058: 16052: 16046: 16040: 16034: 16028: 16027: 16025: 16023: 16005: 15994: 15993: 15991: 15989: 15961: 15955: 15954: 15952: 15950: 15922: 15916: 15915: 15913: 15911: 15883: 15877: 15863: 15854: 15844: 15838: 15824: 15818: 15817: 15815: 15813: 15785: 15779: 15778: 15776: 15774: 15746: 15740: 15739: 15737: 15735: 15707: 15701: 15700: 15698: 15696: 15665: 15659: 15656: 15650: 15644: 15638: 15632: 15626: 15620: 15614: 15608: 15602: 15596: 15583: 15576: 15570: 15569: 15567: 15565: 15547: 15541: 15529:Rk Sahu (2011), 15527: 15521: 15518: 15512: 15501: 15495: 15492: 15486: 15485: 15461: 15455: 15454: 15429:(3/4): 311–357. 15414: 15408: 15407: 15387: 15381: 15380: 15378: 15376: 15348: 15342: 15341: 15325: 15315: 15309: 15308: 15306: 15304: 15276: 15267: 15266: 15264: 15262: 15234: 15223: 15222: 15220: 15218: 15191:Nicholas Tarling 15187: 15181: 15180: 15178: 15176: 15148: 15142: 15141: 15139: 15137: 15109: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15098: 15070: 15064: 15063: 15061: 15059: 15031: 15025: 15011: 15005: 15004: 15002: 15000: 14972: 14966: 14953: 14947: 14946: 14944: 14942: 14914: 14905: 14904: 14902: 14900: 14872: 14866: 14863: 14857: 14844: 14838: 14832: 14826: 14820: 14814: 14813: 14811: 14809: 14781: 14775: 14774: 14772: 14770: 14742: 14736: 14722: 14716: 14715: 14699: 14686: 14680: 14674: 14665: 14659: 14653: 14647: 14641: 14635: 14629: 14623: 14617: 14611: 14605: 14599: 14593: 14592: 14590: 14588: 14560: 14554: 14553: 14551: 14549: 14521: 14515: 14514: 14498: 14488: 14479: 14466: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14452: 14424: 14418: 14417: 14401: 14391: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14380: 14353:Gudrun Bühnemann 14349: 14338: 14332: 14326: 14323: 14317: 14314: 14308: 14307: 14297: 14291: 14288: 14282: 14279: 14270: 14256: 14250: 14247: 14241: 14238: 14232: 14231: 14229: 14227: 14199: 14193: 14190:Chakravarti 1986 14187: 14181: 14175: 14169: 14158:Julius J. Lipner 14155: 14149: 14147: 14145: 14143: 14115: 14106: 14105: 14103: 14101: 14086: 14080: 14079: 14077: 14075: 14060: 14054: 14041: 14035: 14029: 14020: 14009: 14000: 13999: 13997: 13995: 13967: 13961: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13928: 13922: 13916: 13910: 13904: 13898: 13896: 13894: 13892: 13864: 13858: 13847: 13841: 13830: 13824: 13823: 13821: 13819: 13797: 13791: 13790: 13788: 13786: 13758: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13747: 13729: 13723: 13710: 13699: 13688: 13682: 13681: 13653: 13647: 13641: 13635: 13634: 13632: 13630: 13602: 13596: 13590: 13584: 13583: 13581: 13579: 13551: 13542: 13529: 13520: 13514: 13508: 13502: 13489: 13483: 13477: 13471: 13465: 13462: 13456: 13455: 13453: 13451: 13423: 13417: 13404: 13395: 13392: 13381: 13378: 13372: 13366: 13360: 13354: 13348: 13347: 13329: 13323: 13322: 13320: 13318: 13290: 13284: 13270: 13257: 13255: 13253: 13251: 13223: 13217: 13211: 13205: 13199: 13193: 13187: 13178: 13172: 13163: 13157: 13151: 13145: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13116: 13107: 13104: 13098: 13095: 13089: 13086: 13080: 13077: 13071: 13068: 13062: 13055: 13049: 13039: 13033: 13032: 13030: 13028: 13000: 12994: 12993: 12991: 12989: 12961: 12955: 12949: 12943: 12937: 12931: 12925: 12914: 12907: 12901: 12898: 12892: 12886: 12880: 12870: 12864: 12854:Shaiva Siddhanta 12851: 12842: 12836: 12830: 12827: 12821: 12815: 12809: 12808: 12788: 12782: 12781: 12761: 12755: 12754: 12752: 12750: 12722: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12711: 12683: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12669: 12641: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12625: 12597: 12591: 12585: 12579: 12576: 12570: 12564: 12558: 12555: 12549: 12543: 12537: 12531: 12520: 12509: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12470: 12464: 12458: 12447: 12444: 12438: 12427:Alexis Sanderson 12423: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12412: 12384: 12378: 12372: 12366: 12360: 12354: 12348: 12342: 12336: 12327: 12326: 12324: 12322: 12298: 12288: 12279: 12273: 12267: 12263: 12257: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12224: 12218: 12214: 12208: 12202: 12196: 12190: 12179: 12173: 12167: 12161: 12152: 12146: 12140: 12134: 12128: 12122: 12116: 12115:, pages 252, 259 12105: 12099: 12088: 12082: 12071: 12065: 12054: 12048: 12037: 12031: 12010: 12001: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11954: 11948: 11942: 11936: 11935: 11917: 11911: 11910: 11894: 11884: 11878: 11877: 11859: 11853: 11852: 11834: 11828: 11827: 11809: 11803: 11802: 11784: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11757: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11746: 11710: 11704: 11698: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11687: 11659: 11653: 11652: 11650: 11648: 11642: 11635: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11587: 11581: 11570: 11564: 11553: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11542: 11514: 11508: 11497: 11491: 11480: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11441: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11430: 11398: 11392: 11391: 11375: 11365: 11359: 11348: 11342: 11341: 11323: 11312: 11309: 11303: 11297: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11286: 11258: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11247: 11219: 11213: 11207: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11169: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11158: 11130: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11091: 11085: 11084: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11053: 11025: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 10986: 10980: 10969: 10963: 10957: 10951: 10940: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10901: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10862: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10796: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10757: 10751: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10740: 10733: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10692: 10686: 10675: 10664: 10663: 10645: 10639: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10589: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10511: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10433: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10387: 10381: 10375: 10369: 10363: 10357: 10351: 10345: 10339: 10330: 10324: 10315: 10309: 10303: 10297: 10282: 10276: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10260: 10232: 10223: 10222: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10193: 10165: 10159: 10156: 10141: 10128: 10122: 10121:, p. 21-25. 10116: 10110: 10109: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10062: 10056: 10050: 10044: 10043: 10015: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9966: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9927: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9885: 9879: 9873: 9864: 9858: 9849: 9843: 9837: 9830: 9821: 9808: 9802: 9796: 9787: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9730: 9724: 9721:Tattwananda 1984 9718: 9712: 9706: 9697: 9696: 9676: 9665: 9664: 9642: 9636: 9635: 9617: 9611: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9570: 9564: 9563:, pp. 6–20. 9558: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9516: 9510: 9495: 9489: 9478: 9472: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9441: 9435: 9424:, pages 301–304; 9414: 9408: 9407: 9387: 9381: 9375: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9337: 9331: 9328:Chakravarti 1986 9325: 9319: 9316:Chakravarti 1994 9313: 9307: 9306:, p. 66-69. 9304:Chakravarti 1986 9301: 9295: 9292:Chakravarti 1986 9289: 9280: 9274: 9265: 9262:Chakravarti 1986 9259: 9253: 9247: 9236: 9229: 9223: 9216: 9207: 9187: 9181: 9166: 9160: 9154: 9148: 9130: 9124: 9118: 9112: 9109: 9101: 9095: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9057: 9054: 9048: 9045:Chakravarti 1986 9042: 9036: 9033: 9027: 9024: 9018: 9015: 9009: 8995: 8989: 8978: 8972: 8949:Julius J. Lipner 8946: 8940: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8891:, p. 21-23. 8889:Chakravarti 1994 8886: 8880: 8879:, p. 21-22. 8877:Chakravarti 1994 8874: 8868: 8854: 8845: 8842:Chakravarti 1994 8839: 8833: 8830: 8821: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8726:Chakravarti 1986 8723: 8717: 8716:, p. 66-70. 8714:Chakravarti 1986 8711: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8695: 8687: 8681: 8670: 8661: 8650: 8635: 8624: 8613: 8607: 8596: 8585: 8570: 8564: 8555: 8549: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8503: 8494: 8491:Chakravarti 1986 8488: 8482: 8476: 8463: 8457: 8441: 8438: 8432: 8425: 8419: 8416: 8410: 8407: 8371: 8365: 8362:Chakravarti 1994 8359: 8352: 8346: 8339: 8333: 8330: 8324: 8321: 8315: 8312: 8306: 8302: 8296: 8285: 8261:Shaiva Siddhanta 8221:Jabala Upanishad 8131:Tirtha Mahatmyas 8007: 8006: 7991: 7990: 7975: 7974: 7959: 7958: 7943: 7942: 7925: 7924: 7907: 7906: 7889: 7888: 7871: 7870: 7855: 7854: 7846: 7845: 7830: 7829: 7821: 7820: 7812: 7811: 7803: 7802: 7794: 7793: 7776: 7775: 7767: 7766: 7758: 7757: 7749: 7748: 7733: 7732: 7717: 7716: 7701: 7700: 7685: 7684: 7676: 7675: 7667: 7666: 7653: 7652: 7644: 7643: 7628: 7627: 7612: 7611: 7596: 7595: 7580: 7579: 7562: 7561: 7546: 7545: 7530: 7529: 7514: 7513: 7498: 7497: 7482: 7481: 7466: 7465: 7450: 7449: 7432: 7431: 7416: 7415: 7398: 7397: 7391: 7305: 7294: 7037: 7028: 6941:Smarta Tradition 6935:Smarta Tradition 6781:Himachal Pradesh 6696:qualified monism 6508:Kashmiri Pandits 6499:Kashmir Shaivism 6486:Kashmir Shaivism 6480:Kashmir Shaivism 6365: 6359: 6249:Shaiva Siddhanta 6186:Shaiva Siddhanta 6172:Appayya Dikshita 6067: 6058: 5997:Rāśikara-bhāshya 5983:(commentary) on 5952: 5807:theistic dualism 5769:Jabali Upanishad 5513: 5484: 5473: 5433: 5107:None (Considers 5054: 5050: 5002: 4672:Hermitage Museum 4658:, worshipped in 4593:Puranic Shaivism 4520: 4504: 4496: 4384: 4290: 4284: 4262:Rigvedic deities 4252: 4244: 4212:. It arrived in 4183:Shaiva Siddhanta 4149:Shaiva Siddhanta 4145:dualistic theism 4133:Hindu traditions 4130: 4128:Śaivasampradāyaḥ 4120: 4118: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4033: 4032: 4031: 3993:and Christianity 3963:Pilgrimage sites 3893:Reform movements 3771:Vinayagar Agaval 3722:Five Great Epics 3671:Tamil literature 3570:Sushruta Samhita 3365:Bhavishya Purana 3351:Brahmanda Purana 3302:Bhagavata Purana 3230:Other scriptures 2792:Mahavatar Babaji 2372:Satyakama Jabala 2043:Ganesh Chaturthi 1897:Rites of passage 1410:Shraddha (faith) 828:Major traditions 754: 719: 696: 695: 686: 679: 672: 658: 657: 656: 437:Kashmir Shaivism 231:Three Components 66: 43: 42: 31: 24: 20: 20422: 20421: 20417: 20416: 20415: 20413: 20412: 20411: 20382: 20381: 20380: 20368: 20358: 20356: 20346: 20344: 20336: 20334: 20329: 20296: 20282: 20105: 20074: 20065:Vasant Panchami 19999:Pahela Baishakh 19981:Makar Sankranti 19900: 19835: 19742: 19658: 19561: 19451: 19432:Abhirami Antati 19402:Kamba Ramayanam 19363: 19249: 19206: 19169: 19091: 19065: 19028: 18998: 18985: 18969:Vishishtadvaita 18906: 18766: 18745: 18729: 18699: 18694: 18567: 18499: 18471: 18425: 18387: 18349: 18311: 18273: 18264:Madhyamaheshwar 18235: 18207: 18202: 18172: 18167: 18139: 18097: 18093:Vadakkum Nathan 18046: 17973: 17935: 17897: 17888:Madhyamaheshwar 17850: 17836:Maha Shivaratri 17819: 17756: 17709:Mahāmrityunjaya 17676: 17628: 17619: 17576:Ardhanarishvara 17510: 17499: 17494: 17440: 17428: 17412: 17392: 17368: 17341:Second edition. 17337: 17318: 17297: 17233: 17212: 17190: 17169: 17148: 17118: 17088: 17087: 17066:10.2307/3518337 17045: 17026: 17005: 16984: 16944: 16920: 16918: 16911: 16881: 16860: 16839: 16808: 16806: 16799: 16778: 16757: 16738: 16719: 16692: 16673: 16650: 16610: 16565: 16520: 16496:Daniélou, Alain 16488: 16465: 16406: 16404: 16378: 16333: 16273: 16254: 16234: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16203: 16197:Kramrisch 1994a 16195: 16191: 16186: 16182: 16176:Kramrisch 1994a 16174: 16167: 16160:Wayback Machine 16149: 16145: 16136: 16132: 16125: 16111: 16107: 16097: 16095: 16082: 16078: 16070: 16066: 16059: 16055: 16047: 16043: 16037:Lochtefeld 2002 16035: 16031: 16021: 16019: 16006: 15997: 15987: 15985: 15978: 15962: 15958: 15948: 15946: 15939: 15923: 15919: 15909: 15907: 15900: 15884: 15880: 15868:, p. 146, 15864: 15857: 15845: 15841: 15835:Wayback Machine 15825: 15821: 15811: 15809: 15802: 15786: 15782: 15772: 15770: 15763: 15747: 15743: 15733: 15731: 15724: 15713:Balinese Worlds 15708: 15704: 15694: 15692: 15685: 15666: 15662: 15657: 15653: 15645: 15641: 15633: 15629: 15621: 15617: 15609: 15605: 15597: 15586: 15577: 15573: 15563: 15561: 15548: 15544: 15538:Wayback Machine 15528: 15524: 15519: 15515: 15502: 15498: 15493: 15489: 15482: 15462: 15458: 15435:10.2307/3250524 15415: 15411: 15404: 15388: 15384: 15374: 15372: 15365: 15349: 15345: 15338: 15316: 15312: 15302: 15300: 15293: 15277: 15270: 15260: 15258: 15251: 15235: 15226: 15216: 15214: 15207: 15188: 15184: 15174: 15172: 15165: 15149: 15145: 15135: 15133: 15126: 15110: 15106: 15096: 15094: 15087: 15071: 15067: 15057: 15055: 15048: 15032: 15028: 15022:Wayback Machine 15012: 15008: 14998: 14996: 14989: 14973: 14969: 14963:Wayback Machine 14954: 14950: 14940: 14938: 14931: 14915: 14908: 14898: 14896: 14889: 14873: 14869: 14864: 14860: 14854:Wayback Machine 14847:Nath Sampradaya 14845: 14841: 14837:, pp. 7–8. 14833: 14829: 14821: 14817: 14807: 14805: 14798: 14782: 14778: 14768: 14766: 14759: 14743: 14739: 14733:Wayback Machine 14726:YOGA IN ŚAIVISM 14723: 14719: 14712: 14687: 14683: 14675: 14668: 14662:Kramrisch 1994a 14660: 14656: 14648: 14644: 14636: 14632: 14624: 14620: 14612: 14608: 14600: 14596: 14586: 14584: 14577: 14561: 14557: 14547: 14545: 14538: 14522: 14518: 14511: 14489: 14482: 14476:Wayback Machine 14467: 14460: 14450: 14448: 14441: 14425: 14421: 14414: 14392: 14388: 14378: 14376: 14369: 14350: 14341: 14333: 14329: 14324: 14320: 14315: 14311: 14298: 14294: 14289: 14285: 14280: 14273: 14267:Wayback Machine 14257: 14253: 14248: 14244: 14239: 14235: 14225: 14223: 14216: 14200: 14196: 14188: 14184: 14176: 14172: 14156: 14152: 14141: 14139: 14132: 14116: 14109: 14099: 14097: 14092:. 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Self-evident 5300: 5298: 5296: 5287: 5046: 4956: 4927: 4905: 4867: 4803:Bhakti movement 4795: 4767:Elephanta Caves 4753:region such as 4680:Chandragupta II 4648: 4595: 4524:Shiva-bhagavata 4437: 4427: 4401: 4373:Lord of Animals 4349: 4343: 4327: 4297: 4237: 4187:Sanskritisation 4081: 4077: 4067: 4029: 4027: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3971: 3937: 3916: 3908: 3898: 3897: 3860: 3793: 3785: 3777: 3776: 3673: 3641: 3563:Charaka Samhita 3542:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 3500:Shilpa Shastras 3479: 3432: 3316:Naradiya Purana 3288: 3283: 3258: 3232: 3191: 3055: 2987: 2971: 2940: 2932: 2922: 2921: 2867:Shirdi Sai Baba 2862:Sathya Sai Baba 2842:Ramana Maharshi 2746: 2713:Vadiraja Tirtha 2708:Vācaspati Miśra 2588:Srinivasacharya 2568:Narahari Tirtha 2548:Matsyendranatha 2533:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 2498:Jagannatha Dasa 2488:Haridasa Thakur 2407: 2286: 2278: 2268: 2267: 2223: 2184:Vishishtadvaita 2133: 2125: 2115: 2114: 2068:Makar Sankranti 2048:Vasant Panchami 2011:Maha Shivaratri 1995: 1899: 1808: 1742: 1711: 1592: 1583: 1575: 1574: 1539: 1433: 1370:Prajña (wisdom) 1366: 1343: 1307: 1281: 1250: 1219: 1217:Meaning of life 1204:God in Hinduism 1193: 1157: 1155:Supreme reality 1132:Subtle elements 1121: 1102: 1096: 1086: 1085: 941: 910: 884: 876: 866: 865: 862: 829: 823: 813: 812: 757: 752:Hindu synthesis 748: 743: 690: 654: 652: 647: 646: 617: 609: 608: 539: 531: 530: 479: 407: 382: 380: 372: 371: 345:Maha Shivaratri 320: 312: 311: 271: 227: 219: 218: 175: 167: 166: 143: 83:(Supreme being) 81: 74: 37: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20420: 20410: 20409: 20404: 20399: 20394: 20379: 20378: 20366: 20354: 20331: 20330: 20328: 20327: 20317: 20307: 20287: 20284: 20283: 20281: 20280: 20279: 20278: 20273: 20263: 20258: 20253: 20252: 20251: 20246: 20241: 20236: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20211: 20210: 20209: 20199: 20194: 20193: 20192: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20157: 20152: 20147: 20142: 20137: 20136: 20135: 20130: 20119: 20117: 20111: 20110: 20107: 20106: 20104: 20103: 20098: 20093: 20088: 20082: 20080: 20076: 20075: 20073: 20072: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20051: 20050: 20049: 20048: 20043: 20038: 20033: 20023: 20022: 20021: 20016: 20011: 20006: 20001: 19996: 19991: 19983: 19978: 19973: 19968: 19963: 19958: 19953: 19952: 19951: 19946: 19941: 19931: 19929:Raksha Bandhan 19926: 19921: 19916: 19910: 19908: 19902: 19901: 19899: 19898: 19897: 19896: 19891: 19886: 19881: 19871: 19870: 19869: 19864: 19859: 19854: 19843: 19841: 19837: 19836: 19834: 19833: 19828: 19823: 19818: 19813: 19808: 19803: 19798: 19793: 19788: 19783: 19778: 19773: 19768: 19763: 19758: 19752: 19750: 19744: 19743: 19741: 19740: 19735: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19710: 19705: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19679: 19677: 19668: 19664: 19663: 19660: 19659: 19657: 19656: 19649: 19644: 19639: 19634: 19629: 19624: 19619: 19614: 19609: 19604: 19599: 19594: 19593: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19571: 19569: 19563: 19562: 19560: 19559: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19496: 19495: 19490: 19485: 19474: 19472: 19463: 19457: 19456: 19453: 19452: 19450: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19414: 19409: 19404: 19399: 19394: 19389: 19384: 19379: 19373: 19371: 19365: 19364: 19362: 19361: 19354: 19349: 19344: 19339: 19334: 19329: 19328: 19327: 19322: 19317: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19292: 19287: 19286: 19285: 19280: 19270: 19265: 19259: 19257: 19251: 19250: 19248: 19247: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19227: 19222: 19216: 19214: 19208: 19207: 19205: 19204: 19199: 19194: 19189: 19183: 19181: 19175: 19174: 19171: 19170: 19168: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19142: 19140:Shvetashvatara 19137: 19132: 19127: 19122: 19117: 19115:Brihadaranyaka 19112: 19107: 19101: 19099: 19093: 19092: 19090: 19089: 19084: 19079: 19073: 19071: 19067: 19066: 19064: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19042: 19036: 19030: 19029: 19027: 19026: 19021: 19015: 19013: 19012:Classification 19006: 19000: 18999: 18992: 18990: 18987: 18986: 18984: 18983: 18974: 18973: 18972: 18965: 18958: 18946: 18941: 18936: 18931: 18926: 18916: 18914: 18908: 18907: 18905: 18904: 18903: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18877: 18872: 18867: 18862: 18851: 18850: 18849: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18822: 18821: 18816: 18811: 18806: 18801: 18796: 18791: 18785: 18783: 18774: 18768: 18767: 18765: 18764: 18759: 18756: 18750: 18747: 18746: 18728: 18727: 18720: 18713: 18705: 18696: 18695: 18693: 18692: 18682: 18672: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18577: 18575: 18569: 18568: 18566: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18518:Brihadeeswaram 18515: 18509: 18507: 18501: 18500: 18498: 18497: 18492: 18487: 18482: 18477: 18472: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18435: 18433: 18427: 18426: 18424: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18403: 18397: 18395: 18393:Pancheshwarams 18389: 18388: 18386: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18359: 18357: 18351: 18350: 18348: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18321: 18319: 18313: 18312: 18310: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18283: 18281: 18275: 18274: 18272: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18245: 18243: 18241:Pancha Kedaras 18237: 18236: 18234: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18217: 18215: 18209: 18208: 18201: 18200: 18193: 18186: 18178: 18169: 18168: 18166: 18165: 18155: 18144: 18141: 18140: 18138: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18121: 18120: 18109: 18107: 18106:Related topics 18103: 18102: 18099: 18098: 18096: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18063:Brihadeeswarar 18060: 18054: 18052: 18048: 18047: 18045: 18044: 18039: 18034: 18029: 18024: 18022:Ramanathaswamy 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17989: 17983: 17981: 17975: 17974: 17972: 17971: 17966: 17961: 17956: 17951: 17945: 17943: 17937: 17936: 17934: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17907: 17905: 17899: 17898: 17896: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17869: 17867: 17858: 17852: 17851: 17849: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17827: 17825: 17821: 17820: 17818: 17817: 17815:Shaiva Smartas 17812: 17807: 17802: 17800:Veera Shaivism 17797: 17795:Trika Shaivism 17792: 17791: 17790: 17785: 17775: 17770: 17764: 17762: 17758: 17757: 17755: 17754: 17747: 17740: 17733: 17726: 17719: 17712: 17705: 17698: 17690: 17688: 17678: 17677: 17675: 17674: 17667: 17660: 17653: 17646: 17638: 17636: 17630: 17629: 17622: 17620: 17618: 17617: 17612: 17611: 17610: 17605: 17595: 17590: 17589: 17588: 17583: 17578: 17568: 17567: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17520: 17518: 17512: 17511: 17504: 17501: 17500: 17493: 17492: 17485: 17478: 17470: 17464: 17463: 17454: 17449: 17439: 17438:External links 17436: 17427: 17426: 17416: 17410: 17395: 17391:978-0691019307 17390: 17372: 17366: 17351: 17342: 17335: 17322: 17316: 17301: 17296:978-2855396668 17295: 17280: 17263: 17254: 17245: 17236: 17231: 17216: 17211:978-3447025225 17210: 17194: 17188: 17173: 17167: 17152: 17146: 17131: 17122: 17116: 17101: 17078: 17060:(3/4): 19–50. 17049: 17043: 17030: 17024: 17009: 17003: 16988: 16982: 16969: 16960: 16948: 16942: 16927: 16909: 16894: 16885: 16879: 16864: 16858: 16843: 16837: 16824: 16815: 16797: 16782: 16776: 16761: 16755: 16742: 16736: 16723: 16717: 16696: 16691:978-1405132510 16690: 16677: 16671: 16654: 16648: 16633: 16622: 16608: 16585: 16563: 16540: 16518: 16492: 16486: 16468: 16463: 16450: 16441: 16429:10.2307/596106 16423:(4): 230–249. 16412: 16390: 16376: 16345: 16331: 16290: 16278: 16271: 16258: 16252: 16239: 16232: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16210: 16201: 16189: 16180: 16178:, p. 164. 16165: 16143: 16130: 16123: 16105: 16076: 16064: 16053: 16041: 16029: 15995: 15976: 15956: 15937: 15917: 15898: 15878: 15855: 15852:978-0415590389 15839: 15819: 15800: 15780: 15761: 15741: 15722: 15702: 15683: 15660: 15651: 15647:Sanderson 2009 15639: 15635:Sanderson 2009 15627: 15623:Sanderson 2009 15615: 15603: 15601:, p. 243. 15599:Sanderson 2009 15584: 15571: 15542: 15522: 15513: 15496: 15487: 15480: 15456: 15409: 15402: 15382: 15363: 15343: 15336: 15310: 15291: 15268: 15249: 15224: 15205: 15182: 15163: 15143: 15124: 15104: 15085: 15065: 15046: 15026: 15006: 14987: 14967: 14948: 14929: 14906: 14887: 14867: 14858: 14839: 14835:Vasugupta 1992 14827: 14815: 14796: 14776: 14757: 14737: 14717: 14710: 14681: 14677:Sanderson 2009 14666: 14664:, p. 438. 14654: 14642: 14630: 14618: 14606: 14594: 14575: 14555: 14536: 14516: 14509: 14480: 14458: 14439: 14419: 14412: 14386: 14368:978-9004129023 14367: 14339: 14335:Sanderson 2009 14327: 14318: 14309: 14292: 14283: 14271: 14251: 14242: 14233: 14214: 14194: 14192:, p. 171. 14182: 14178:Sanderson 2009 14170: 14150: 14130: 14107: 14081: 14055: 14036: 14021: 14017:978-0231139212 14001: 13982: 13962: 13943: 13923: 13911: 13899: 13879: 13859: 13855:978-8120812383 13842: 13825: 13811: 13792: 13773: 13753: 13724: 13700: 13696:978-0813540689 13683: 13670:10.2307/600151 13648: 13636: 13617: 13597: 13585: 13566: 13543: 13521: 13509: 13505:Mallinson 2012 13490: 13478: 13466: 13457: 13438: 13418: 13396: 13382: 13373: 13369:Sanderson 1995 13361: 13357:Sanderson 2009 13349: 13342: 13324: 13305: 13285: 13258: 13238: 13218: 13214:Sanderson 1995 13206: 13202:Vasugupta 1992 13194: 13190:Sanderson 1988 13179: 13164: 13160:Sanderson 1995 13152: 13148:Sanderson 2009 13140: 13108: 13099: 13090: 13081: 13072: 13063: 13050: 13034: 13015: 12995: 12976: 12956: 12944: 12932: 12928:Sanderson 1988 12915: 12909:S. Arulsamy, 12902: 12893: 12881: 12865: 12843: 12831: 12822: 12810: 12803: 12783: 12776: 12756: 12737: 12717: 12698: 12675: 12656: 12631: 12612: 12592: 12588:Sanderson 1988 12580: 12571: 12569:, p. 171. 12559: 12550: 12546:Sanderson 1988 12538: 12534:Sanderson 1988 12521: 12517:978-9004178960 12504: 12485: 12465: 12461:Sanderson 1988 12448: 12439: 12418: 12399: 12379: 12367: 12355: 12343: 12328: 12309: 12280: 12276:Vasugupta 1992 12268: 12258: 12239: 12219: 12209: 12207:, p. 664. 12205:Sanderson 1988 12197: 12193:Sanderson 1988 12180: 12176:Sanderson 1988 12168: 12164:Sanderson 1988 12153: 12151:, p. 663. 12149:Sanderson 1988 12141: 12137:Sanderson 1995 12129: 12117: 12100: 12083: 12066: 12049: 12032: 12002: 11982: 11967: 11949: 11937: 11931:978-0895819819 11930: 11912: 11905: 11879: 11872: 11854: 11848:978-0895819819 11847: 11829: 11823:978-0895819819 11822: 11804: 11798:978-8120812611 11797: 11779: 11752: 11726:978-8185208091 11725: 11705: 11693: 11675:978-8120814677 11674: 11654: 11621: 11603:978-8120814677 11602: 11582: 11578:978-3520195036 11565: 11561:978-8876524813 11548: 11530:978-8120814677 11529: 11509: 11505:978-0814736500 11492: 11488:978-0195066289 11475: 11457:978-8120814677 11456: 11436: 11418:978-8120814677 11417: 11393: 11387:978-0192835765 11386: 11360: 11356:978-0814736500 11343: 11337:978-0895819819 11336: 11313: 11304: 11292: 11273: 11253: 11234: 11214: 11197: 11164: 11145: 11125: 11106: 11086: 11079: 11059: 11040: 11020: 11001: 10981: 10977:978-0815336112 10964: 10962:, p. 225. 10952: 10948:978-0791430675 10935: 10916: 10896: 10877: 10857: 10838: 10818: 10791: 10772: 10752: 10717: 10687: 10665: 10659:978-0195070453 10658: 10640: 10636:978-0812692983 10623: 10604: 10584: 10565: 10545: 10526: 10506: 10487: 10467: 10448: 10421: 10402: 10382: 10378:Sanderson 1988 10370: 10366:Sanderson 1988 10358: 10346: 10331: 10316: 10304: 10283: 10279:Sanderson 1988 10266: 10247: 10224: 10217: 10199: 10180: 10160: 10142: 10123: 10111: 10104: 10084: 10077: 10057: 10045: 10010: 10000: 9981: 9961: 9942: 9919: 9900: 9880: 9865: 9850: 9838: 9822: 9803: 9799:Sanderson 2009 9788: 9776: 9764: 9745: 9725: 9713: 9711:, p. 128. 9698: 9691: 9666: 9660:978-0028657332 9659: 9637: 9630: 9612: 9599: 9565: 9550: 9531: 9511: 9490: 9486:978-9004107588 9473: 9457: 9445: 9436: 9432:978-8121509992 9422:978-8120814684 9409: 9402: 9382: 9380:, p. 154. 9367: 9332: 9320: 9308: 9296: 9281: 9279:, p. 150. 9266: 9254: 9252:, p. 205. 9237: 9235:, 23(1), 31–37 9224: 9220:Res Orientales 9208: 9182: 9178:978-0521795661 9161: 9149: 9133:Mark Singleton 9125: 9113: 9096: 9083: 9058: 9049: 9037: 9028: 9019: 9010: 8990: 8986:978-0123695031 8973: 8941: 8939:Keay, p.xxvii. 8932: 8917: 8915:, p. 149. 8905: 8903:, p. 927. 8893: 8881: 8869: 8846: 8834: 8822: 8820:, p. 919. 8810: 8784: 8765: 8742: 8730: 8718: 8706: 8682: 8662: 8636: 8614: 8597: 8571: 8556: 8554:, p. 474. 8537: 8518: 8495: 8483: 8464: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8433: 8420: 8411: 8399: 8375: 8366: 8347: 8334: 8325: 8316: 8307: 8297: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8236: 8233: 8019: 8018: 8010: 8009: 8002: 8001: 7994: 7993: 7986: 7985: 7978: 7977: 7970: 7969: 7962: 7961: 7954: 7953: 7946: 7945: 7938: 7937: 7928: 7927: 7920: 7919: 7910: 7909: 7902: 7901: 7892: 7891: 7884: 7883: 7874: 7873: 7866: 7865: 7858: 7857: 7850: 7849: 7841: 7840: 7833: 7832: 7825: 7824: 7816: 7815: 7807: 7806: 7798: 7797: 7789: 7788: 7779: 7778: 7771: 7770: 7762: 7761: 7753: 7752: 7744: 7743: 7736: 7735: 7728: 7727: 7720: 7719: 7712: 7711: 7704: 7703: 7696: 7695: 7688: 7687: 7680: 7679: 7671: 7670: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7655: 7648: 7647: 7639: 7638: 7631: 7630: 7623: 7622: 7615: 7614: 7607: 7606: 7599: 7598: 7591: 7590: 7583: 7582: 7575: 7574: 7565: 7564: 7557: 7556: 7549: 7548: 7541: 7540: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7524: 7517: 7516: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7500: 7493: 7492: 7485: 7484: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7468: 7461: 7460: 7453: 7452: 7445: 7444: 7435: 7434: 7427: 7426: 7419: 7418: 7411: 7410: 7401: 7400: 7393: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7350: 7347: 7310: 7309: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7263: 7260: 7214: 7211: 7195:Matsyendranath 7139: 7138:Yoga movements 7136: 7111: 7108: 7042: 7041: 7032: 7031: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7014: 6971:Saguna Brahman 6936: 6933: 6923: 6920: 6824: 6821: 6775:as well as in 6773:Andhra Pradesh 6752: 6749: 6662:Main article: 6659: 6656: 6631:Matsyendranath 6589:Main article: 6586: 6583: 6484:Main article: 6481: 6478: 6395: 6392: 6388:Manikkavacagar 6372:(also spelled 6354:(also spelled 6323:Periya Puranam 6276: 6273: 6207:Śaivasiddhānta 6187: 6184: 6114:Southeast Asia 6072: 6071: 6062: 6061: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6031: 6028: 6005:Siddha-Ashrama 5939:and elsewhere. 5917: 5914: 5893: 5890: 5841: 5838: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5754: 5751: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705:are important 5699: 5696: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5593: 5590: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5538: 5535: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5493: 5490: 5469: 5456: 5453: 5415: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5387: 5382: 5363: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346:Shakti-advaita 5344: 5341: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5293: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5277:Brahman, Atman 5275: 5272: 5269: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5040: 4991: 4955: 4952: 4926: 4923: 4904: 4901: 4866: 4865:Southeast Asia 4863: 4794: 4791: 4647: 4644: 4594: 4591: 4542:Shvetashvatara 4448:Vima Kadphises 4426: 4423: 4400: 4399:Vedic elements 4397: 4369:Pashupati seal 4345:Main article: 4342: 4339: 4326: 4323: 4296: 4293: 4236: 4233: 4210:Hindu kingdoms 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4005: 3999: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3866:Discrimination 3862: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3757:Abirami Antati 3753: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3643: 3642: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3605:Ramcharitmanas 3601: 3594: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3556:Pramana Sutras 3552: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3528:Mimamsa Sutras 3524: 3521:Samkhya Sutras 3517: 3510: 3503: 3496: 3489: 3486:Dharma Shastra 3481: 3480: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3417: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3319: 3312: 3305: 3298: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3123: 3120:Shvetashvatara 3116: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3092:Brihadaranyaka 3087: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2902:Upasni Maharaj 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2728:Vedanta Desika 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2648:Samarth Ramdas 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2598:Purandara Dasa 2595: 2590: 2585: 2583:Nimbarkacharya 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2503:Jayanta Bhatta 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2187: 2180: 2173: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2038:Raksha Bandhan 2035: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1920:Simantonnayana 1917: 1912: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1869:Carnatic music 1866: 1861: 1856: 1854:Bhagavata Mela 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1798:Kundalini yoga 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1248:Stages of life 1246: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1209:God and gender 1206: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1142:Gross elements 1139: 1134: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 953: 952: 943: 942: 932: 929: 928: 923: 918: 912: 911: 906: 903: 902: 897: 892: 886: 885: 880: 877: 872: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 856: 853: 852: 847: 842: 837: 831: 830: 827: 824: 819: 818: 815: 814: 811: 810: 805: 800: 798:Itihasa-Purana 789: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 744: 741: 740: 737: 736: 735: 734: 729: 721: 720: 712: 711: 705: 704: 692: 691: 689: 688: 681: 674: 666: 663: 662: 649: 648: 645: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 607: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 569:Manikkavacakar 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 499: 498: 497: 486: 485: 478: 477: 476: 475: 454: 449: 444: 428: 427: 416: 415: 406: 405: 400: 395: 389: 388: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 356: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 278: 277: 273: 272: 266: 261: 255: 254: 253:Three bondages 250: 249: 244: 239: 233: 232: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 182: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 159: 157:Forms of Shiva 154: 149: 142: 141: 136: 131: 126: 120: 119: 113: 112: 107: 102: 97: 91: 90: 75: 72: 71: 68: 67: 59: 58: 52: 51: 39: 38: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20419: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20393: 20390: 20389: 20387: 20377: 20372: 20367: 20365: 20355: 20353: 20343: 20342: 20339: 20326: 20318: 20316: 20312: 20308: 20306: 20298: 20297: 20295: 20285: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20268: 20267: 20266:Hindu temples 20264: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20254: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20242: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20216: 20215: 20212: 20208: 20205: 20204: 20203: 20200: 20198: 20195: 20191: 20188: 20187: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20170:Hindu studies 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20143: 20141: 20140:Denominations 20138: 20134: 20131: 20129: 20126: 20125: 20124: 20121: 20120: 20118: 20116: 20112: 20102: 20099: 20097: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20083: 20081: 20077: 20071: 20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20052: 20047: 20044: 20042: 20039: 20037: 20034: 20032: 20029: 20028: 20027: 20024: 20020: 20017: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20007: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19986: 19984: 19982: 19979: 19977: 19974: 19972: 19969: 19967: 19964: 19962: 19959: 19957: 19954: 19950: 19949:Vijayadashami 19947: 19945: 19942: 19940: 19937: 19936: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19911: 19909: 19907: 19903: 19895: 19892: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19876: 19875: 19872: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19850: 19849: 19848: 19845: 19844: 19842: 19838: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19802: 19799: 19797: 19794: 19792: 19789: 19787: 19784: 19782: 19779: 19777: 19774: 19772: 19769: 19767: 19766:Simantonayana 19764: 19762: 19759: 19757: 19754: 19753: 19751: 19749: 19745: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19680: 19678: 19676: 19672: 19669: 19665: 19655: 19654: 19650: 19648: 19645: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19635: 19633: 19630: 19628: 19625: 19623: 19620: 19618: 19615: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19577: 19576: 19573: 19572: 19570: 19568: 19564: 19558: 19557: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19481: 19480: 19479: 19476: 19475: 19473: 19471: 19467: 19464: 19462: 19458: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19400: 19398: 19395: 19393: 19390: 19388: 19385: 19383: 19380: 19378: 19375: 19374: 19372: 19370: 19366: 19360: 19359: 19355: 19353: 19352:Yoga Vasistha 19350: 19348: 19345: 19343: 19340: 19338: 19335: 19333: 19330: 19326: 19323: 19321: 19318: 19316: 19313: 19312: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19275: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19263:Bhagavad Gita 19261: 19260: 19258: 19256: 19252: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19238: 19236: 19233: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19217: 19215: 19213: 19209: 19203: 19202:Sthapatyaveda 19200: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19185: 19184: 19182: 19180: 19176: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19118: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19102: 19100: 19098: 19094: 19088: 19085: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19074: 19072: 19068: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19043: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19031: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19016: 19014: 19010: 19007: 19005: 19001: 18982: 18978: 18975: 18971: 18970: 18966: 18964: 18963: 18959: 18957: 18956: 18952: 18951: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18937: 18935: 18932: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18921: 18918: 18917: 18915: 18913: 18909: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18863: 18861: 18858: 18857: 18856: 18853: 18852: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18828: 18827: 18824: 18823: 18820: 18817: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18786: 18784: 18782: 18778: 18775: 18773: 18769: 18763: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18751: 18748: 18742: 18738: 18734: 18726: 18721: 18719: 18714: 18712: 18707: 18706: 18703: 18690: 18686: 18683: 18680: 18676: 18673: 18670: 18666: 18665:sao ching cha 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18578: 18576: 18574: 18570: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18538:Kudalasangama 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18510: 18508: 18506: 18502: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18475:Trimbakeshwar 18473: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18449:Mahakaleshwar 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18436: 18434: 18432: 18428: 18422: 18421:Thondeshwaram 18419: 18417: 18416:Naguleshwaram 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18398: 18396: 18394: 18390: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18360: 18358: 18356: 18352: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18322: 18320: 18318: 18317:Pancha Sabhas 18314: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18284: 18282: 18280: 18276: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18246: 18244: 18242: 18238: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18218: 18216: 18214: 18210: 18206: 18205:Shiva temples 18199: 18194: 18192: 18187: 18185: 18180: 18179: 18176: 18164: 18160: 18156: 18154: 18146: 18145: 18142: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18119: 18116: 18115: 18114: 18111: 18110: 18108: 18104: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18055: 18053: 18049: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18032:Trimbakeshwar 18030: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18007:Mahakaleshwar 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17984: 17982: 17980: 17976: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17946: 17944: 17942: 17938: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17908: 17906: 17904: 17903:Pancha Sabhai 17900: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17870: 17868: 17866: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17856:Shiva temples 17853: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17828: 17826: 17822: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17810:Shiva Advaita 17808: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17780: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17769: 17766: 17765: 17763: 17759: 17753: 17752: 17748: 17746: 17745: 17744:Shiva Mahimna 17741: 17739: 17738: 17734: 17732: 17731: 17727: 17725: 17724: 17720: 17718: 17717: 17716:Shiva Tandava 17713: 17711: 17710: 17706: 17704: 17703: 17699: 17697: 17696: 17692: 17691: 17689: 17687: 17683: 17679: 17673: 17672: 17668: 17666: 17665: 17661: 17659: 17658: 17654: 17652: 17651: 17647: 17645: 17644: 17640: 17639: 17637: 17635: 17631: 17626: 17616: 17613: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17600: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17573: 17572: 17569: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17534:Dakshinamurti 17532: 17530: 17527: 17526: 17525: 17522: 17521: 17519: 17517: 17513: 17509: 17508: 17502: 17498: 17491: 17486: 17484: 17479: 17477: 17472: 17471: 17468: 17461: 17460: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17448: 17446: 17442: 17441: 17435: 17433: 17422: 17417: 17413: 17411:81-8056-373-1 17407: 17403: 17402: 17396: 17393: 17387: 17382: 17381: 17373: 17369: 17363: 17359: 17358: 17352: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17332: 17328: 17323: 17319: 17313: 17309: 17308: 17302: 17298: 17292: 17288: 17287: 17281: 17277: 17273: 17269: 17264: 17260: 17255: 17251: 17246: 17242: 17237: 17234: 17228: 17224: 17223: 17217: 17213: 17207: 17203: 17199: 17195: 17191: 17185: 17181: 17180: 17174: 17170: 17164: 17160: 17159: 17153: 17149: 17143: 17139: 17138: 17132: 17128: 17123: 17119: 17113: 17109: 17108: 17102: 17098: 17092: 17084: 17079: 17075: 17071: 17067: 17063: 17059: 17055: 17050: 17046: 17040: 17036: 17031: 17027: 17021: 17017: 17016: 17010: 17006: 17000: 16996: 16995: 16989: 16985: 16979: 16975: 16970: 16966: 16961: 16957: 16953: 16949: 16945: 16939: 16936:. Routledge. 16935: 16934: 16928: 16916: 16912: 16906: 16902: 16901: 16895: 16891: 16886: 16882: 16876: 16872: 16871: 16865: 16861: 16855: 16851: 16850: 16844: 16840: 16834: 16830: 16825: 16821: 16816: 16804: 16800: 16794: 16790: 16789: 16783: 16779: 16773: 16769: 16768: 16762: 16758: 16752: 16748: 16743: 16739: 16733: 16729: 16724: 16720: 16718:9780199340378 16714: 16710: 16706: 16702: 16697: 16693: 16687: 16683: 16678: 16674: 16668: 16663: 16662: 16655: 16651: 16645: 16641: 16640: 16634: 16630: 16629: 16623: 16619: 16615: 16611: 16605: 16601: 16597: 16593: 16592: 16586: 16582: 16578: 16574: 16570: 16566: 16564:0-89281-374-1 16560: 16556: 16552: 16548: 16547: 16541: 16537: 16533: 16529: 16525: 16521: 16515: 16511: 16507: 16503: 16502: 16497: 16493: 16489: 16483: 16479: 16476: 16469: 16466: 16460: 16456: 16451: 16447: 16442: 16438: 16434: 16430: 16426: 16422: 16418: 16413: 16402: 16398: 16397: 16391: 16387: 16383: 16379: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16359: 16355: 16351: 16346: 16342: 16338: 16334: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16304: 16300: 16296: 16291: 16289:Four volumes. 16286: 16285: 16279: 16274: 16268: 16264: 16259: 16255: 16249: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16229: 16225: 16220: 16219: 16205: 16198: 16193: 16184: 16177: 16172: 16170: 16162: 16161: 16157: 16154: 16147: 16140: 16134: 16126: 16120: 16116: 16109: 16093: 16089: 16088: 16080: 16073: 16068: 16062: 16057: 16051:, pp. 158-158 16050: 16045: 16039:, pp. 324-325 16038: 16033: 16017: 16013: 16012: 16004: 16002: 16000: 15983: 15979: 15973: 15969: 15968: 15960: 15944: 15940: 15934: 15930: 15929: 15921: 15905: 15901: 15895: 15891: 15890: 15882: 15875: 15871: 15867: 15862: 15860: 15853: 15849: 15843: 15836: 15832: 15829: 15823: 15807: 15803: 15797: 15793: 15792: 15784: 15768: 15764: 15758: 15754: 15753: 15745: 15729: 15725: 15719: 15715: 15714: 15706: 15690: 15686: 15680: 15676: 15675: 15670: 15669:Edi Sedyawati 15664: 15655: 15648: 15643: 15636: 15631: 15624: 15619: 15613:, p. 17. 15612: 15607: 15600: 15595: 15593: 15591: 15589: 15581: 15575: 15559: 15555: 15554: 15546: 15539: 15535: 15532: 15526: 15517: 15510: 15506: 15500: 15491: 15483: 15481:0-8239-2287-1 15477: 15473: 15469: 15468: 15460: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15440: 15436: 15432: 15428: 15424: 15423:Artibus Asiae 15420: 15413: 15405: 15399: 15395: 15394: 15386: 15370: 15366: 15360: 15356: 15355: 15347: 15339: 15333: 15329: 15324: 15323: 15314: 15298: 15294: 15288: 15284: 15283: 15275: 15273: 15256: 15252: 15246: 15242: 15241: 15233: 15231: 15229: 15212: 15208: 15202: 15198: 15197: 15192: 15186: 15170: 15166: 15160: 15156: 15155: 15147: 15131: 15127: 15121: 15117: 15116: 15108: 15092: 15088: 15082: 15078: 15077: 15069: 15053: 15049: 15043: 15039: 15038: 15030: 15023: 15019: 15016: 15010: 14994: 14990: 14984: 14980: 14979: 14971: 14964: 14960: 14957: 14952: 14936: 14932: 14926: 14922: 14921: 14913: 14911: 14894: 14890: 14884: 14880: 14879: 14871: 14862: 14855: 14851: 14848: 14843: 14836: 14831: 14824: 14819: 14803: 14799: 14793: 14789: 14788: 14780: 14764: 14760: 14754: 14750: 14749: 14741: 14734: 14730: 14727: 14721: 14713: 14707: 14703: 14698: 14697: 14691: 14685: 14678: 14673: 14671: 14663: 14658: 14651: 14646: 14639: 14634: 14628:, p. 57. 14627: 14622: 14615: 14610: 14603: 14598: 14582: 14578: 14572: 14568: 14567: 14559: 14543: 14539: 14537:90-04-06498-2 14533: 14529: 14528: 14520: 14512: 14506: 14502: 14497: 14496: 14487: 14485: 14477: 14473: 14470: 14465: 14463: 14446: 14442: 14436: 14432: 14431: 14423: 14415: 14409: 14405: 14400: 14399: 14390: 14374: 14370: 14364: 14360: 14359: 14354: 14348: 14346: 14344: 14336: 14331: 14322: 14313: 14305: 14304: 14296: 14287: 14278: 14276: 14268: 14264: 14261: 14255: 14246: 14237: 14221: 14217: 14211: 14207: 14206: 14198: 14191: 14186: 14179: 14174: 14167: 14163: 14159: 14154: 14137: 14133: 14127: 14123: 14122: 14114: 14112: 14095: 14091: 14085: 14069: 14065: 14059: 14052: 14048: 14045: 14040: 14033: 14028: 14026: 14018: 14014: 14008: 14006: 13989: 13985: 13979: 13975: 13974: 13966: 13950: 13946: 13940: 13936: 13935: 13927: 13920: 13915: 13908: 13903: 13886: 13882: 13876: 13872: 13871: 13863: 13856: 13852: 13846: 13839: 13838:9788124601457 13835: 13829: 13814: 13808: 13804: 13803: 13796: 13780: 13776: 13770: 13766: 13765: 13757: 13741: 13737: 13736: 13728: 13721: 13717: 13714: 13709: 13707: 13705: 13697: 13693: 13687: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13659: 13652: 13645: 13640: 13624: 13620: 13614: 13610: 13609: 13601: 13594: 13589: 13573: 13569: 13563: 13559: 13558: 13550: 13548: 13540: 13536: 13533: 13528: 13526: 13518: 13513: 13506: 13501: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13487: 13482: 13475: 13470: 13461: 13445: 13441: 13435: 13431: 13430: 13422: 13415: 13411: 13408: 13403: 13401: 13391: 13389: 13387: 13377: 13370: 13365: 13358: 13353: 13345: 13339: 13335: 13328: 13312: 13308: 13302: 13298: 13297: 13289: 13282: 13278: 13275: 13269: 13267: 13265: 13263: 13245: 13241: 13235: 13231: 13230: 13222: 13215: 13210: 13203: 13198: 13191: 13186: 13184: 13176: 13171: 13169: 13162:, p. 24. 13161: 13156: 13149: 13144: 13128: 13124: 13123: 13115: 13113: 13103: 13094: 13085: 13076: 13067: 13060: 13054: 13047: 13044: 13038: 13022: 13018: 13012: 13008: 13007: 12999: 12983: 12979: 12973: 12969: 12968: 12960: 12953: 12948: 12941: 12936: 12929: 12924: 12922: 12920: 12912: 12906: 12897: 12890: 12885: 12878: 12874: 12869: 12862: 12858: 12855: 12850: 12848: 12840: 12835: 12826: 12819: 12814: 12806: 12800: 12796: 12795: 12787: 12779: 12773: 12769: 12768: 12760: 12744: 12740: 12734: 12730: 12729: 12721: 12705: 12701: 12695: 12691: 12690: 12682: 12680: 12663: 12659: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12640: 12638: 12636: 12619: 12615: 12609: 12605: 12604: 12596: 12589: 12584: 12575: 12568: 12563: 12554: 12547: 12542: 12535: 12530: 12528: 12526: 12518: 12514: 12508: 12492: 12488: 12482: 12478: 12477: 12469: 12462: 12457: 12455: 12453: 12443: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12422: 12406: 12402: 12396: 12392: 12391: 12383: 12376: 12371: 12364: 12363:Daniélou 1987 12359: 12352: 12351:Dasgupta 1955 12347: 12340: 12339:Daniélou 1987 12335: 12333: 12316: 12312: 12306: 12302: 12297: 12296: 12287: 12285: 12277: 12272: 12262: 12246: 12242: 12240:90-04-10789-4 12236: 12232: 12231: 12223: 12213: 12206: 12201: 12194: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12177: 12172: 12165: 12160: 12158: 12150: 12145: 12138: 12133: 12126: 12121: 12114: 12110: 12104: 12097: 12093: 12087: 12080: 12076: 12070: 12064:, pages 11–18 12063: 12059: 12053: 12047:, pages 54–56 12046: 12042: 12036: 12030: 12026: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12009: 12007: 12000:, pages 27–28 11999: 11998:0-415-21527-7 11995: 11991: 11990:Julius Lipner 11986: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11964: 11960: 11953: 11946: 11941: 11933: 11927: 11923: 11916: 11908: 11906:0-7914-2440-5 11902: 11898: 11893: 11892: 11883: 11875: 11869: 11865: 11858: 11850: 11844: 11840: 11833: 11825: 11819: 11815: 11808: 11800: 11794: 11790: 11783: 11767: 11763: 11756: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11722: 11718: 11717: 11709: 11702: 11697: 11681: 11677: 11671: 11667: 11666: 11658: 11639: 11632: 11625: 11609: 11605: 11599: 11595: 11594: 11586: 11579: 11575: 11569: 11563:, pages 24-25 11562: 11558: 11552: 11536: 11532: 11526: 11522: 11521: 11513: 11507:, pages 85–86 11506: 11502: 11496: 11489: 11485: 11479: 11463: 11459: 11453: 11449: 11448: 11440: 11424: 11420: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11405: 11397: 11389: 11383: 11379: 11374: 11373: 11364: 11358:, pages 60–88 11357: 11353: 11347: 11339: 11333: 11329: 11322: 11320: 11318: 11308: 11301: 11296: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11266: 11265: 11257: 11241: 11237: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11218: 11211: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11192: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11168: 11152: 11148: 11142: 11138: 11137: 11129: 11113: 11109: 11103: 11099: 11098: 11090: 11082: 11080:9780983784722 11076: 11072: 11071: 11063: 11047: 11043: 11037: 11033: 11032: 11024: 11008: 11004: 10998: 10994: 10993: 10985: 10978: 10974: 10968: 10961: 10956: 10949: 10945: 10939: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10900: 10884: 10880: 10874: 10870: 10869: 10861: 10845: 10841: 10835: 10831: 10830: 10822: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10795: 10779: 10775: 10769: 10765: 10764: 10756: 10737: 10730: 10729: 10721: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10691: 10684: 10680: 10674: 10672: 10670: 10661: 10655: 10651: 10644: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10611: 10607: 10605:90-420-1510-1 10601: 10597: 10596: 10588: 10572: 10568: 10562: 10558: 10557: 10549: 10533: 10529: 10523: 10519: 10518: 10510: 10494: 10490: 10484: 10480: 10479: 10471: 10455: 10451: 10445: 10441: 10440: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10409: 10405: 10399: 10395: 10394: 10386: 10379: 10374: 10367: 10362: 10355: 10350: 10343: 10338: 10336: 10328: 10323: 10321: 10313: 10308: 10301: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10280: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10254: 10250: 10248:0-691-08952-3 10244: 10240: 10239: 10231: 10229: 10220: 10218:0-521-21398-3 10214: 10210: 10203: 10187: 10183: 10177: 10173: 10172: 10164: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10139: 10135: 10132: 10127: 10120: 10115: 10107: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10088: 10080: 10074: 10070: 10069: 10061: 10054: 10049: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10014: 10004: 9988: 9984: 9978: 9974: 9973: 9965: 9949: 9945: 9939: 9935: 9934: 9926: 9924: 9907: 9903: 9897: 9893: 9892: 9884: 9877: 9872: 9870: 9862: 9857: 9855: 9848:, p. 17. 9847: 9842: 9835: 9829: 9827: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9807: 9800: 9795: 9793: 9785: 9780: 9773: 9768: 9752: 9748: 9742: 9738: 9737: 9729: 9723:, p. 46. 9722: 9717: 9710: 9709:Daniélou 1987 9705: 9703: 9694: 9688: 9684: 9683: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9662: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9641: 9633: 9627: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9603: 9594: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9569: 9562: 9561:Lorenzen 1987 9557: 9555: 9538: 9534: 9528: 9524: 9523: 9515: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9494: 9487: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9467: 9461: 9454: 9449: 9440: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9405: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9386: 9379: 9374: 9372: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9336: 9330:, p. 70. 9329: 9324: 9317: 9312: 9305: 9300: 9294:, p. 69. 9293: 9288: 9286: 9278: 9273: 9271: 9264:, p. 66. 9263: 9258: 9251: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9234: 9228: 9221: 9215: 9213: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9195: 9192: 9186: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9165: 9158: 9153: 9147:, pages 25–34 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9122: 9117: 9110: 9108: 9100: 9093: 9087: 9080: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9053: 9046: 9041: 9032: 9023: 9014: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8994: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8945: 8936: 8930:, p. 17. 8929: 8924: 8922: 8914: 8909: 8902: 8897: 8890: 8885: 8878: 8873: 8866: 8862: 8859: 8853: 8851: 8844:, p. 28. 8843: 8838: 8829: 8827: 8819: 8814: 8798: 8794: 8788: 8772: 8768: 8766:90-04-04330-6 8762: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8746: 8739: 8734: 8727: 8722: 8715: 8710: 8699: 8692: 8686: 8680:, pages 43–44 8679: 8675: 8669: 8667: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8611: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8595:, pages 16–19 8594: 8590: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8568: 8563: 8561: 8553: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8525: 8521: 8519:9781118323038 8515: 8511: 8510: 8502: 8500: 8492: 8487: 8480: 8479:Bisschop 2011 8475: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8461: 8460:Bisschop 2020 8456: 8452: 8437: 8430: 8424: 8415: 8405: 8397: 8373:For example: 8370: 8363: 8358: 8351: 8344: 8338: 8329: 8320: 8311: 8301: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8282: 8277: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8232: 8230: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8172:Mahakaleshwar 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8143: 8138: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8127: 8126:Skanda Purana 8122: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8083:Mahadevagriha 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8067:Bhuvaneshvara 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8022: 8013: 7997: 7981: 7965: 7949: 7933: 7932: 7915: 7914: 7897: 7896: 7879: 7878: 7861: 7836: 7784: 7783: 7739: 7723: 7707: 7691: 7634: 7618: 7602: 7586: 7570: 7569: 7552: 7536: 7520: 7504: 7488: 7472: 7456: 7440: 7439: 7422: 7406: 7405: 7390: 7378: 7374: 7372: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7346: 7344: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7318: 7314: 7304: 7293: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7270: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7252:Bharatanatyam 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7224:Natya Shastra 7220: 7206: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7160: 7155: 7153: 7144: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7118: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7103:Skanda Purana 7098: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7060:Vishnu Purana 7050: 7046: 7036: 7027: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6990:Kushan Empire 6987: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6929: 6916: 6911: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6856:Bhattara Guru 6852: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6820: 6818: 6809: 6804: 6800: 6798: 6797:Uttar Pradesh 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6724:Basava Purana 6720: 6716: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6670: 6665: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6532:Abhinavagupta 6529: 6525: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6492: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6281: 6272: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6138: 6137:Shaiva Agamas 6133: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6057: 6043: 6041: 6036: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5951: 5945: 5938: 5937:Uttar Pradesh 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786:Shaiva Agamas 5779: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5501: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5468: 5464: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5434: 5432: 5424: 5414: 5411: 5396: 5391: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5318:1. Perception 5317: 5311:1. Perception 5310: 5304:1. Perception 5303: 5295:1. Perception 5294: 5291: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5207:Vegetarianism 5204: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5095:Supreme deity 5094: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5049: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4972:Vedic-Puranik 4970: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4910: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4862: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4823:Padmasamhita, 4820: 4819:Isvarasamhita 4814: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4801:launched the 4800: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4633:Skanda Purāṇa 4629: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4561:Kushan Empire 4557: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4511: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4470:According to 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4338: 4331: 4322: 4320: 4319:mixed schools 4316: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4243: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4141:Supreme Being 4138: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4117:शैवसम्प्रदायः 4114: 4108: 4075: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4004: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3936:Hindu culture 3934: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3888:Organisations 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3612:Yoga Vasistha 3609: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3577:Natya Shastra 3574: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3514:Brahma Sutras 3511: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3460:Sthapatyaveda 3457: 3455: 3454: 3453:Gandharvaveda 3450: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3414:Varaha Purana 3411: 3409: 3408: 3407:Skanda Purana 3404: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3344:Brahma Purana 3341: 3339: 3338: 3337:Garuda Purana 3334: 3332: 3331: 3330:Matsya Purana 3327: 3325: 3324: 3323:Vāmana Purana 3320: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3295:Vishnu Purana 3292: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3239:Bhagavad Gita 3236: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3010: 3009: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2822:Radhakrishnan 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2802:Narayana Guru 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2782:Jaggi Vasudev 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2772:Chinmayananda 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2633:Ramprasad Sen 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 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2198:Shuddhadvaita 2195: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1879:Kalaripayattu 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1814:Bharatanatyam 1812: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1693:Nritta-Nritya 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 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17987:Bhimashankar 17979:Jyotirlingas 17831:Kanwar Yatra 17749: 17742: 17735: 17728: 17721: 17714: 17707: 17702:Rudrashtakam 17700: 17693: 17669: 17662: 17657:Shiva Purana 17655: 17648: 17641: 17505: 17496: 17459:Publications 17458: 17447:, "Shaivism" 17444: 17429: 17420: 17400: 17379: 17356: 17346: 17326: 17306: 17285: 17267: 17258: 17252:. Routledge. 17249: 17240: 17221: 17201: 17198:Rocher, Ludo 17178: 17157: 17136: 17126: 17106: 17082: 17057: 17053: 17034: 17014: 16993: 16973: 16964: 16955: 16932: 16919:. Retrieved 16899: 16889: 16869: 16848: 16828: 16819: 16807:. Retrieved 16787: 16766: 16746: 16727: 16700: 16681: 16660: 16638: 16627: 16590: 16545: 16500: 16472: 16454: 16445: 16420: 16416: 16405:, retrieved 16395: 16349: 16294: 16283: 16262: 16243: 16223: 16204: 16192: 16183: 16151: 16146: 16138: 16133: 16114: 16108: 16096:. Retrieved 16086: 16079: 16067: 16056: 16049:Harding 1998 16044: 16032: 16020:. Retrieved 16010: 15986:. Retrieved 15966: 15959: 15947:. Retrieved 15927: 15920: 15908:. Retrieved 15888: 15881: 15873: 15869: 15842: 15822: 15810:. Retrieved 15790: 15783: 15771:. Retrieved 15751: 15744: 15732:. Retrieved 15712: 15705: 15693:. Retrieved 15673: 15663: 15654: 15642: 15630: 15618: 15606: 15579: 15574: 15562:. 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Retrieved 9349: 9345: 9335: 9323: 9311: 9299: 9257: 9232: 9227: 9219: 9201: 9185: 9169: 9164: 9152: 9136: 9128: 9116: 9104: 9099: 9091: 9086: 9052: 9040: 9031: 9022: 9013: 8997:MK Gandhi, 8993: 8976: 8961:polytheistic 8944: 8935: 8908: 8896: 8884: 8872: 8837: 8813: 8801:. Retrieved 8787: 8775:. Retrieved 8755: 8745: 8733: 8721: 8709: 8698:the original 8685: 8528:. Retrieved 8508: 8493:, p. 1. 8486: 8455: 8436: 8423: 8414: 8403: 8376: 8369: 8364:, p. 9. 8357:Śvetāśvatara 8350: 8337: 8328: 8319: 8310: 8300: 8293:Urdhva Retas 8292: 8226: 8219: 8218:such as the 8208:Grishneshwar 8184:Bhimashankar 8168:Mallikarjuna 8155: 8149: 8146:pancha-ganga 8145: 8141: 8139: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8113: 8109: 8107: 8097:(Bali), and 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8051:Jyotirlingam 8050: 8047:Shambhunatha 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8032: 7964:Ketheeswaram 7948:Naguleswaram 7929: 7911: 7893: 7875: 7859: 7835:Bhairavanath 7834: 7780: 7737: 7721: 7705: 7689: 7566: 7436: 7402: 7375: 7370: 7368: 7359: 7352: 7340: 7324: 7273: 7265: 7236:Ellora Caves 7229: 7222: 7216: 7199:Gorakshanath 7180: 7174: 7162: 7156: 7151: 7149: 7131: 7128:Saurasamhita 7127: 7122: 7115: 7113: 7101: 7099: 7085: 7080: 7058: 7056: 6993: 6982:Gupta Empire 6978:Adi Shankara 6975: 6959: 6953: 6938: 6925: 6869: 6859: 6855: 6853: 6837: 6826: 6813: 6795:and central 6754: 6729:Bukka Raya I 6722: 6712: 6707: 6693: 6675: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6635:Gorakshanath 6619: 6605: 6574: 6560: 6555: 6547: 6524:Pratyabhijna 6520: 6497: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6439: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6397: 6381: 6378:Tirumantiram 6377: 6374:Tirumandiram 6373: 6369:Tirumantiram 6367: 6350: 6327: 6321: 6308: 6294: 6269: 6245: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6204: 6198: 6157: 6142: 6134: 6118:Khmer Empire 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6037: 6033: 6009: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5960:Shiva Sutras 5959: 5947: 5942: 5895: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5853:Kauai Island 5827: 5809:to absolute 5804: 5789: 5767: 5746: 5729: 5712: 5691: 5674: 5657: 5640: 5623: 5606: 5585: 5568: 5551: 5530: 5502: 5495: 5482:Śvetāśvatara 5478: 5476: 5466: 5458: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5416: 5409: 5408: 5320:2. Inference 5313:2. Inference 5306:2. Inference 5297:2. Inference 5285:Epistemology 5047: 5036: 5029: 5028:book of the 5026:Shanti Parva 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4971: 4957: 4947: 4943: 4928: 4912: 4906: 4897: 4884: 4879:Hindu temple 4847: 4843: 4838:Shore Temple 4826: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4810: 4796: 4782:Adi Shankara 4779: 4771:Ellora Caves 4740: 4703:Gupta Empire 4677: 4660:Central Asia 4639:Linga Purāṇa 4637: 4631: 4627:Shiva Purāṇa 4625: 4623: 4617:, Shaktism, 4607:Gupta Empire 4604: 4576: 4553: 4551: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4528:ayah sulikah 4527: 4523: 4513: 4508: 4469: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4393: 4379: 4362: 4336: 4307: 4302:spirituality 4298: 4278: 4273: 4272:to the noun 4269: 4264:, including 4255: 4238: 4222: 4207: 4177: 4155:-orientated 4073: 4072: 3995: / 3991: / 3987: / 3983: / 3981:and Buddhism 3979: / 3943:Architecture 3906:Other topics 3844: 3827: 3799:Four varnas: 3798: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3584:Panchatantra 3582: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3535:Nyāya Sūtras 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3493:Artha Śastra 3491: 3484: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3400:Kūrma Purana 3398: 3393:Linga Purana 3391: 3386:Shiva Purana 3384: 3377: 3372:Padma Purana 3370: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3270: 3263: 3248:s (Hinduism) 3245: 3237: 3178: 3171: 3164: 3158:Atharvaveda: 3157: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3022: 3013: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2872:Shraddhanand 2847:Ravi Shankar 2827:R. D. Ranade 2688:Śyāma Śastri 2683:Swaminarayan 2643:Rupa Goswami 2553:Morya Gosavi 2513:Jiva Goswami 2418:Adi Shankara 2244:Pratyabhijña 2228: 2210: 2203: 2196: 2189: 2182: 2175: 2168: 1975:Samavartanam 1955:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ 1940:Annaprashana 1864:Dandiya Raas 1839:Mohiniyattam 1732:Nididhyāsana 1537:Epistemology 1469:Brahmacharya 1349:Ātman (self) 1312: 1256:Brahmacharya 1185:Saccidānanda 1137:Panchikarana 1013: 946: 937: / 933:Other major 857: 834: 791: 790: 745: 482: 442:Pratyabhijna 430: 429: 419:Saiddhantika 418: 417: 412:Mantra marga 410: 385: 335:Panchakshara 292:Satkaryavada 209:Svetasvatara 82: 78:Parameshvara 76: 55: 18: 20325:WikiProject 20197:Persecution 20185:Nationalism 20175:Iconography 20055:Ratha Yatra 19966:Janmashtami 19961:Rama Navami 19889:Vanaprastha 19840:Varnashrama 19816:Ritushuddhi 19801:Vidyarambha 19791:Chudakarana 19781:Nishkramana 19756:Garbhadhana 19397:Thirukkural 19392:Thiruppugal 19320:Nāradasmṛti 19283:Mahabharata 19061:Atharvaveda 18939:Vaisheshika 18826:Puruṣārthas 18505:Significant 18490:Rameshwaram 18454:Omkareshwar 18406:Koneshwaram 18297:Ksheerarama 18292:Daksharamam 18231:Kaleshwaram 18221:Daksharamam 18135:Other names 18017:Omkareshwar 18002:Mallikarjun 17865:Panch Kedar 17737:Shri Rudram 17723:Sahasranama 17452:Saivism.Net 17202:The Puranas 17161:. Penguin. 16322:1887/135642 14650:Lipner 2012 14638:Lipner 2012 14614:Lipner 2012 14602:Rocher 1986 14034:, p. 7 13857:, pages 2–3 12875:, pp. 12022:pages 16–17 11968:81-85141029 11300:Pathak 1960 10745:13 December 10710:13 December 10702:. Philtar. 9861:Briggs 1951 9509:, Chapter 1 9222:, 17, 41–53 9157:Samuel 2008 8965:pantheistic 8196:Vaidyanatha 8188:Visheshvara 8176:Omkareshwar 8162:. They are 8151:jyotirlinga 8039:Shivayatana 8012:Tondeswaram 7996:Munneswaram 7895:Chandranath 7782:Chidambaram 7519:Rameshwaram 7455:Omkareshwar 7355:Hindu kings 7313:Kizil Caves 7277:Kizil Caves 7244:Chidambaram 7081:Mahabharata 7016:Vaishnavism 6994:pancayatana 6793:Maharashtra 6677:Lingayatism 6664:Lingayatism 6658:Lingayatism 6644:jivan-mukti 6567:Vaishnavism 6548:Siva Sutras 6431:Ganachakras 6383:Tiruvacakam 6320:called the 6253:south India 6109:Mantramarga 5866:Mantramarga 5365:Jivanmukta, 5360:Soteriology 5257:Metaphysics 5148:Significant 5145:Key concept 5109:Parabrahman 5071:References 5031:Mahabharata 4994:Non-Puranik 4811:Mahabharata 4793:South India 4732:South India 4699:Alchon Huns 4691:Vaishnavism 4654:Shiva with 4615:Vaishnavism 4605:During the 4565:Zoroastrian 4555:Mahabharata 4472:Gavin Flood 4456:ithyphallic 4415:Satarudriya 4388:Gavin Flood 4270:Rudra-Shiva 3989:and Judaism 3985:and Sikhism 3953:Iconography 3878:Nationalism 3871:Persecution 3655:Shiva Stuti 3549:Yoga Sutras 3379:Agni Purana 3281:Other texts 3272:Mahabharata 3015:Atharvaveda 2912:Vivekananda 2837:Rama Tirtha 2832:Ramakrishna 2807:Nigamananda 2797:Mahesh Yogi 2673:Sripadaraja 2663:Siddheshwar 2558:Mukundarāja 2538:Madhusūdana 2528:Kanaka Dasa 2453:Chakradhara 2397:Yajnavalkya 2387:Vishvamitra 2256:Pancharatra 2154:Vaisheshika 2110:Ratha Yatra 2058:Janmashtami 2053:Rama Navami 1970:Ritushuddhi 1945:Chudakarana 1935:Nishkramana 1905:Garbhadhana 1874:Pandav Lila 1783:Bhakti yoga 1668:Prāyaścitta 1439:Niti śastra 1287:Bhakti yoga 1266:Vānaprastha 1081:Vishvakarma 1014:Post-Vedic: 850:Vaishnavism 792:Traditional 637:Jyotirlinga 506:Lingayatism 502:Veerashaiva 425:Siddhantism 194:Shivasutras 20386:Categories 20026:Kumbh Mela 19994:Gudi Padwa 19939:Durga Puja 19924:Shivaratri 19796:Karnavedha 19776:Namakarana 19738:Tirthatana 19505:Dattatreya 19342:Subhashita 19315:Manusmriti 19192:Dhanurveda 19125:Taittiriya 19110:Kaushitaki 19097:Upanishads 18870:Aparigraha 18772:Philosophy 18553:Thiruvarur 18485:Nageshvara 18480:Vaidyanath 18302:Kumararama 18269:Kalpeshwar 18118:Rasalingam 18042:Vishwanath 18037:Vaidyanath 17893:Kalpeshwar 17846:Shiva Puja 17761:Traditions 17559:Tatpurusha 14226:8 February 14100:31 January 14074:31 January 14019:, page 104 13840:, page 983 13812:9004063706 12889:Flood 2003 12567:Flood 1996 12125:Gonda 1977 11490:, page 168 11210:Flood 2003 10960:Flood 1996 10950:, page 238 10354:Flood 2003 10342:Flood 2003 10327:Flood 2003 10312:Flood 2003 10300:Flood 2003 9784:Flood 2003 9772:Flood 2003 9453:Flood 1996 9378:Flood 1996 9277:Flood 1996 9250:Flood 2003 9121:Flood 1996 9079:Flood 2003 8928:Flood 1996 8913:Flood 1996 8803:1 February 8738:Flood 2003 8634:, page 116 8610:Flood 2003 8567:Flood 1996 8448:References 8431:of Vishnu. 8227:The early 8204:Rameshvara 8200:Nageshvara 8180:Kedarnatha 8075:Harayatana 8063:Bhavaggana 8055:Shristhala 7980:Koneswaram 7177:Hatha Yoga 7049:Kbal Spean 6894:) and the 6880:Tamil Nadu 6860:Bhattaraka 6785:Uttrakhand 6757:Tamil Nadu 6708:Ishtalinga 6536:Kshemaraja 6528:Utpaladeva 6504:Hindu Kush 6301:Tamil Nadu 6211:sampradaya 5989:Gaṇakārikā 5956:asceticism 5884:(goddess) 5840:Traditions 5819:bhedabheda 5525:Reference 5356:Liberation 5336:Philosophy 5173:Recommends 5164:Recommends 4917:Sampradaya 4854:Gudimallam 4751:Hindu Kush 4687:Vaishnavas 4668:Uzbekistan 4636:, and the 4517:Mahābhāṣya 4429:See also: 4311:nondualism 3829:Varna-less 3701:Tiruppukal 3662:Vayu Stuti 3626:Panchadasi 3619:Swara yoga 3507:Kama Sutra 3446:Dhanurveda 3106:Taittiriya 3084:Yajurveda: 3076:Kaushitaki 3053:Upanishads 3045:Upanishads 2969:Scriptures 2817:Prabhupada 2733:Vidyaranya 2618:Ram Charan 2593:Prabhākara 2508:Jayatīrtha 2463:Dadu Dayal 2458:Chāngadeva 2317:Bharadwaja 2307:Ashtavakra 2073:Kumbh Mela 2021:Durga Puja 1950:Karnavedha 1930:Nāmakaraṇa 1859:Yakshagana 1788:Karma yoga 1778:Jnana yoga 1773:Hatha yoga 1710:Meditation 1683:Tirthadana 1464:Aparigraha 1320:Paramātman 1305:Liberation 1297:Karma yoga 1292:Jnana yoga 1021:Dattatreya 821:Traditions 746:Historical 559:Utpaladeva 526:Indonesian 511:Siddharism 302:Svatantrya 297:Abhasavada 282:36 Tattvas 226:Philosophy 110:Virabhadra 20249:Theosophy 20180:Mythology 20160:Criticism 20128:Etymology 20086:Svādhyāya 19985:New Year 19934:Navaratri 19906:Festivals 19884:Grihastha 19857:Kshatriya 19831:Antyeshti 19806:Upanayana 19771:Jatakarma 19761:Pumsavana 19748:Sanskaras 19713:Naivedhya 19667:Practices 19612:Mahavidya 19580:Saraswati 19567:Goddesses 19525:Kartikeya 19422:Athichudi 19377:Tirumurai 19230:Vyākaraṇa 19197:Natyaveda 19145:Chandogya 19070:Divisions 19051:Yajurveda 18558:Khajuraho 18459:Kedarnath 18444:Srisailam 18287:Amararama 18259:Rudranath 18249:Kedarnath 18226:Srisailam 18078:Lingaraja 18073:Katas Raj 18012:Nageshvar 17997:Kedarnath 17883:Rudranath 17873:Kedarnath 17671:Tirumurai 17598:Kartikeya 17554:Sadyojata 17091:cite book 17085:. Vienna. 16581:191033152 16536:169604069 16498:(2017) . 16386:158081966 16341:229212351 15874:mahatmyas 15611:Gray 2016 15443:0004-3648 15282:Hindu Art 15240:Hindu Art 14704:–12, 59. 13608:Somanatha 12321:27 August 11977:863321204 11735:604013222 11372:Upaniṣads 10696:"Shaivas" 10040:162904592 8901:Apte 1965 8818:Apte 1965 8751:Jan Gonda 8059:Chattraka 8043:Shivalaya 7931:Katas Raj 7860:Taraknath 7738:Khajuraho 7706:Badrinath 7657:Sivasagar 7617:Kedarnath 7568:Kathmandu 7551:Jageshwar 7421:Srisailam 7240:Khajuraho 7002:Karnataka 6913:A seated 6900:Majapahit 6892:lingayats 6876:Karnataka 6823:Influence 6765:Telangana 6761:Karnataka 6600:Goraknath 6579:Somananda 6552:Vasugupta 6427:abhicarah 6363:Tirumūlar 6357:Tirumūlār 6352:Tirumular 6338:Sambandar 6310:Tirumurai 6265:Singapore 6257:Sri Lanka 6221:Meykandar 6216:Tirumurai 6195:Tirumular 6176:Karnataka 6075:Tripundra 6016:Rajasthan 5971:Lakulisha 5950:Pāśupatas 5946:: (IAST: 5944:Pashupata 5933:Rajasthan 5925:Lakulisha 5877:grihastha 5792:cosmology 5597:Tripundra 5485:Upanishad 5264:(Shiva), 5228:Free will 5180:Rituals, 5111:to be so) 4903:Indonesia 4875:Prambanan 4850:svayambhu 4775:Khajuraho 4724:Vardhanas 4720:Kalacuris 4716:Maitrakas 4712:Maukharis 4708:Aulikaras 4684:Bhagavata 4664:Penjikent 4547:Upanishad 4510:Patanjali 4494:Prajāpati 4214:Southeast 4122:romanized 4003:Criticism 3997:and Islam 3958:Mythology 3811:Kshatriya 3743:Athichudi 3680:Tirumurai 3598:Tirumurai 3207:Vyākaraṇa 3143:Chandogya 3135:Samaveda: 3023:Divisions 3001:Yajurveda 2961:Ātmatuṣṭi 2917:Yogananda 2892:Trailanga 2887:Sivananda 2752:Aurobindo 2738:Vyasaraja 2703:Tyagaraja 2653:Sankardev 2623:Ramananda 2518:Jñāneśvar 2493:Harivansh 2478:Gaudapada 2443:Chaitanya 2382:Vashistha 2352:Patanjali 2332:Jamadagni 2251:Vaishnava 2239:Pashupata 2016:Navaratri 1993:Festivals 1960:Upanayana 1925:Jatakarma 1910:Pumsavana 1829:Kuchipudi 1824:Kathakali 1793:Rāja yoga 1727:Samādhāna 1608:Prarthana 1582:Practices 1509:Svādhyāya 1113:Mythology 1108:Cosmology 1101:Worldview 1046:Kartikeya 977:Prajapati 916:Saraswati 594:Srikantha 574:Meykandar 554:Vasugupta 544:Lakulisha 516:Sroutaism 495:Inchegeri 398:Kalamukha 393:Pashupata 386:Ati marga 330:Rudraksha 319:Practices 199:Tirumurai 152:Kartikeya 20392:Shaivism 20376:Religion 20352:Hinduism 20305:Category 20256:Glossary 20224:Buddhism 20190:Hindutva 20150:Calendar 20031:Haridwar 20009:Vaisakhi 20004:Puthandu 19894:Sannyasa 19811:Keshanta 19642:Shashthi 19478:Trimurti 19305:Nitisara 19278:Ramayana 19273:Itihasas 19245:Jyotisha 19187:Ayurveda 19179:Upavedas 19160:Mandukya 19105:Aitareya 19087:Aranyaka 19082:Brahmana 19056:Samaveda 18981:Charvaka 18781:Concepts 18762:Timeline 18754:Glossary 18737:Hinduism 18548:Thrissur 18528:Lingaraj 18523:Amarnath 18307:Somarama 18254:Tungnath 18153:Category 18058:Amarnath 17931:Chitiram 17926:Thamiram 17911:Rathinam 17878:Tungnath 17841:Pradosha 17778:Kapalika 17603:Devasena 17564:Vamadeva 17549:Nataraja 17539:Harihara 17529:Bhairava 17497:Shaivism 17276:43732654 17200:(1986). 16915:Archived 16809:19 March 16803:Archived 16618:15696932 16573:25281659 16528:24247413 16407:10 March 16401:archived 16396:Shaivism 16156:Archived 16098:29 March 16092:Archived 16022:29 March 16016:Archived 15988:13 March 15982:Archived 15949:29 March 15943:Archived 15910:29 March 15904:Archived 15831:Archived 15812:13 March 15806:Archived 15773:13 March 15767:Archived 15734:13 March 15728:Archived 15695:13 March 15689:Archived 15564:28 March 15558:Archived 15534:Archived 15509:10404094 15375:29 March 15369:Archived 15303:25 March 15297:Archived 15261:25 March 15255:Archived 15217:19 March 15211:Archived 15193:(1999). 15175:19 March 15169:Archived 15136:14 March 15130:Archived 15097:14 March 15091:Archived 15058:14 March 15052:Archived 15018:Archived 14999:14 March 14993:Archived 14959:Archived 14941:14 March 14935:Archived 14899:14 March 14893:Archived 14850:Archived 14808:14 March 14802:Archived 14763:Archived 14729:Archived 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8777:10 March 8771:Archived 8753:(1975). 8530:10 March 8524:Archived 8400:— 8289:celibacy 8235:See also 8212:Varanasi 8164:Somnatha 8103:Cambodia 8093:(Java), 8087:Saudhala 8079:Kailasha 8071:Goputika 7877:Amarnath 7690:Varanasi 7601:Triambak 7328:Harihara 7317:Xinjiang 7281:Xinjiang 7262:Buddhism 7250:such as 7219:Nataraja 7191:Buddhism 7089:Harihara 7071:such as 7067:and his 7045:Cambodia 7010:Harihara 6928:Shaktism 6922:Shaktism 6849:Thailand 6841:Cambodia 6833:Nataraja 6737:shastras 6735:and the 6704:Ramanuja 6689:Sharanas 6626:Buddhism 6563:Shaktism 6458:prakamya 6346:Sundarar 6297:Nayanars 6275:Nayanars 6261:Malaysia 6160:Ramanuja 6089:Sanskrit 6040:pramanas 5929:Chalukya 5902:ascetics 5886:Shaktism 5871:sannyasi 5862:Atimarga 5796:Sanskrit 5774:unknown 5703:Varanasi 5681:Unknown 5647:Unknown 5630:Unknown 5613:Unknown 5542:Sannyasa 5470:— 5461:Hinduism 5217:Optional 5195:Optional 5159:Monastic 5022:atimarga 5014:atimarga 4940:Trishula 4859:Chittoor 4807:Ramanuja 4786:Ramanuja 4755:Nuristan 4743:Xuanzang 4446:coin of 4382:paśupati 4377:Sanskrit 4295:Overview 4258:Rig Veda 4247:Sanskrit 4229:Shaktism 4218:Buddhism 4189:and the 4167:and the 4157:monistic 4147:such as 4113:Sanskrit 4074:Shaivism 4016:Glossary 3948:Calendar 3883:Hindutva 3806:Brahmana 3477:samhitas 3469:Shastras 3439:Ayurveda 3430:Upavedas 3265:Ramayana 3256:Itihasas 3222:Jyotisha 3189:Vedangas 3173:Mandukya 3069:Aitareya 3061:Rigveda: 3040:Aranyaka 3035:Brahmana 3008:Samaveda 2723:Valluvar 2718:Vallabha 2698:Tulsidas 2628:Ramanuja 2578:Nayanars 2563:Namadeva 2405:Medieval 2347:Kashyapa 2263:Charvaka 2234:Kapalika 2098:Puthandu 2088:Vaisakhi 1985:Antyesti 1965:Keshanta 1889:Adimurai 1884:Silambam 1849:Sattriya 1834:Manipuri 1519:Mitahara 1499:Santosha 1459:Achourya 1271:Sannyasa 1261:Gṛhastha 1120:Ontology 1094:Concepts 882:Trimurti 845:Smartism 840:Shaktism 835:Shaivism 709:Hinduism 701:a series 699:Part of 627:Tantrism 579:Nirartha 564:Nayanars 538:Scholars 452:Dakshina 403:Kapalika 204:Vachanas 100:Bhairava 95:Sadasiva 56:Shaivism 48:a series 46:Part of 22:Shaivism 20338:Portals 20294:Outline 20244:Sikhism 20239:Judaism 20234:Jainism 20115:Related 20091:Namaste 19944:Ramlila 19874:Ashrama 19862:Vaishya 19852:Brahmin 19675:Worship 19627:Rukmini 19617:Matrika 19590:Parvati 19585:Lakshmi 19575:Tridevi 19530:Krishna 19515:Hanuman 19510:Ganesha 19461:Deities 19347:Tantras 19337:Stotras 19290:Puranas 19235:Nirukta 19225:Chandas 19220:Shiksha 19212:Vedanga 19165:Prashna 19155:Mundaka 19077:Samhita 19046:Rigveda 18977:Nāstika 18962:Advaita 18949:Vedanta 18944:Mīmāṃsā 18924:Samkhya 18912:Schools 18900:Akrodha 18819:Saṃsāra 18799:Ishvara 18789:Brahman 18669:Bangkok 18563:More... 18533:Gokarna 18439:Somnath 18130:Vibhuti 18027:Somnath 17730:Chalisa 17593:Ganesha 17586:Parvati 17516:Deities 17507:History 17074:3518337 16921:9 March 16215:Sources 15828:क्षेत्र 15451:3250524 14769:2 April 13027:1 April 12988:1 April 12668:1 April 12624:1 April 12497:2 April 12251:2 April 8969:atheist 8429:avatars 8343:Advaita 8121:Puranas 7913:Kailash 7535:Dwaraka 7487:Deoghar 7404:Somnath 7349:Jainism 7073:Krishna 7069:avatars 7006:Kashmir 6967:Smartas 6963:Brahman 6896:Rajputs 6845:Vietnam 6789:Haryana 6540:advaita 6512:revival 6474:sastras 6446:laghima 6435:Yoginis 6415:siddhis 6404:mantras 6329:Tevaram 6168:Brahman 6020:Kashmir 6012:Gujarat 5834:Brahman 5823:advaita 5599:tilaka 5522:Topics 5498:Muktikā 5449:advaita 5290:Pramana 5262:Brahman 5249:Affirms 5246:Affirms 5243:Affirms 5240:Affirms 5214:Affirms 5192:Affirms 5189:Affirms 5186:Affirms 5170:Accepts 5167:Accepts 5118:Creator 5018:mantras 4948:Sivatva 4881:layout. 4736:Kashmir 4722:or the 4656:Trisula 4476:Purusha 4452:trident 4406:Rigveda 4315:dualism 4239:Shiva ( 4139:as the 4124:: 4021:Outline 3816:Vaishya 3784:Society 3635:Stotras 3286:Puranas 3212:Nirukta 3202:Chandas 3197:Shiksha 3180:Prashna 3166:Mundaka 3030:Samhita 2994:Rigveda 2857:Samarth 2693:Tukaram 2638:Ravidas 2377:Valmiki 2327:Jaimini 2297:Angiras 2292:Agastya 2284:Ancient 2170:Advaita 2164:Vedanta 2159:Mīmāṃsā 2139:Samkhya 2026:Ramlila 1768:Sādhanā 1658:Tarpana 1643:Kīrtana 1638:Bhajana 1589:Worship 1514:Shaucha 1489:Akrodha 1335:Saṃsāra 1199:Ishvara 1168:Nirguna 1163:Brahman 1127:Tattvas 1051:Krishna 1036:Hanuman 1031:Ganesha 967:Chandra 962:Ashvins 926:Parvati 921:Lakshmi 908:Tridevi 874:Deities 781:Śramaṇa 761:History 742:Origins 732:History 616:Related 604:Navnath 599:Appayya 589:Sharana 469:Kubjika 379:Schools 354:Niyamas 325:Vibhuti 189:Tantras 147:Ganesha 124:Parvati 73:Deities 20315:Portal 20219:Baháʼí 20123:Hindus 20101:Tilaka 20070:Others 20046:Ujjain 20041:Prayag 20036:Nashik 19976:Pongal 19914:Diwali 19867:Shudra 19826:Vivaha 19733:Dhyāna 19708:Bhajan 19698:Bhakti 19683:Temple 19637:Shakti 19545:Varuna 19488:Vishnu 19483:Brahma 19332:Sutras 19268:Agamas 19024:Smriti 18955:Dvaita 18920:Āstika 18865:Asteya 18860:Ahimsa 18846:Moksha 18831:Dharma 18744:topics 18543:Vaikom 18163:Portal 18125:Siddha 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