Shiva - Knowledge

3546: 4819: 5146: 2864: 2888: 4666: 3994: 5165: 3537: 4928: 2880: 17934: 1961:, for example, states that it is not possible to "account for this posture outside the yogic account". Asko Parpola states that other archaeological finds such as the early Elamite seals dated to 3000–2750 BCE show similar figures and these have been interpreted as "seated bull" and not a yogi, and the bovine interpretation is likely more accurate. Gregory L. Possehl in 2002, associated it with the water buffalo, and concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognize the figure as a deity, and its posture as one of ritual discipline, regarding it as a proto-Shiva would "go too far". 2660: 3760: 1994: 3373: 4060:. As forms of God, each of these have their own names and distinct iconography: These are represented as the five faces of Shiva and are associated in various texts with the five elements, the five senses, the five organs of perception, and the five organs of action. Doctrinal differences and, possibly, errors in transmission, have resulted in some differences between texts in details of how these five forms are linked with various attributes. The overall meaning of these associations is summarized by Stella Kramrisch, 4939: 3382: 2584: 2141: 16048: 1687: 2989:= "crest, crown") refers to this feature. The placement of the moon on his head as a standard iconographic feature dates to the period when Rudra rose to prominence and became the major deity Rudra-Shiva. The origin of this linkage may be due to the identification of the moon with Soma, and there is a hymn in the Rig Veda where Soma and Rudra are jointly implored, and in later literature, Soma and Rudra came to be identified with one another, as were Soma and the moon. 19524: 4171: 19939: 19240: 16572: 19963: 19975: 19250: 16582: 19229: 5124: 19951: 1848: 17680: 17299: 19927: 19260: 4491: 2432: 797: 19915: 1388: 113: 17672: 4502: 2793: 2423:

all non-living being, and there is no spiritual difference between life, matter, man and Shiva. The various dualistic and monist Shiva-related ideas were welcomed in medieval southeast Asia, inspiring numerous Shiva-related temples, artwork and texts in Indonesia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia, with syncretic integration of local pre-existing theologies.

2485:. Followers of Shaivism, called "Shaivas", revere Shiva as the Supreme Being. Shaivas believe that Shiva is All and in all, the creator, preserver, destroyer, revealer and concealer of all that is. He is not only the creator in Shaivism, but he is also the creation that results from him, he is everything and everywhere. Shiva is the primal Self, the pure consciousness and 2836:. Abhinavagupta writes in his notes on the relevance of ideas related to Shiva and Yoga, by stating that "people, occupied as they are with their own affairs, normally do nothing for others", and Shiva and Yoga spirituality helps one look beyond, understand interconnectedness, and thus benefit both the individual and the world towards a more blissful state of existence. 3871:, "wandering about for alms, mendicancy" ) depicts Shiva as a divine medicant. He is depicted as a nude four-armed man adorned with ornaments who holds a begging bowl in his hand and is followed by demonic attendants. He is associated with his penance for committing brahmicide as Bhirava and with his encounters with the sages and their wives in the Deodar forest. 1985:. Similarly, the use of phallic symbol as an icon for Shiva is also found for Irish, Nordic, Greek (Dionysus) and Roman deities, as was the idea of this aniconic column linking heaven and earth among early Indo-Aryans, states Roger Woodward. Others contest such proposals, and suggest Shiva to have emerged from indigenous pre-Aryan tribal origins. 9239:, pp. 218–219; Other trinities, beyond the more common "Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva", mentioned in ancient and medieval Hindu texts include: "Indra, Vishnu, Brahmanaspati", "Agni, Indra, Surya", "Agni, Vayu, Aditya", "Mahalakshmi, Mahasarasvati, and Mahakali", and others. See: David White (2006), Kiss of the Yogini, University of Chicago Press, 4734:, Shaivism and Buddhism were considered very close and allied religions, though not identical religions. The medieval-era Indonesian literature equates Buddha with Siwa (Shiva) and Janardana (Vishnu). This tradition continues in predominantly Hindu Bali Indonesia in the modern era, where Buddha is considered the younger brother of Shiva. 3460:, where it is translated in different ways each time it occurs, following a commentorial tradition of not repeating an interpretation. Sharma translates the three as "one who captivates", "one who consolidates", and "one who destroys". Kramrisch translates it as "the ravisher". Another of Shiva's fearsome forms is as 3424:) forms can be found, leading Chakravarti to conclude that "all the basic elements which created the complex Rudra-Śiva sect of later ages are to be found here". In the Mahabharata, Shiva is depicted as "the standard of invincibility, might, and terror", as well as a figure of honor, delight, and brilliance. 2342:(30–375 CE) that have survived, were images of a god who is probably Shiva. The Shiva in Kushan coins is referred to as Oesho of unclear etymology and origins, but the simultaneous presence of Indra and Shiva in the Kushan era artwork suggest that they were revered deities by the start of the Kushan Empire. 2250:– a German Indologist and professor of philosophy, describes the self-realized man as who "feels himself only as the one divine essence that lives in all", who feels identity of his and everyone's consciousness with Shiva (highest Atman), who has found this highest Atman within, in the depths of his heart. 4563:

is a festival observed in Kerala dedicated to Shiva. It is believed that on this day, Parvati met Shiva after her long penance and Shiva took her as his wife. On this day Hindu women performs the Thiruvathirakali accompanied by Thiruvathira paattu (folk songs about Parvati and her longing and penance

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Maha Shivaratri is a major Hindu festival, but one that is solemn and theologically marks a remembrance of "overcoming darkness and ignorance" in life and the world, and meditation about the polarities of existence, of Shiva and a devotion to humankind. It is observed by reciting Shiva-related poems,

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Shiva is often depicted as embodying attributes of ambiguity and paradox. His depictions are marked by the opposing themes including fierceness and innocence. This duality can be seen in the diverse epithets attributed to him and the rich tapestry of narratives that delineate his persona within Hindu

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The theory and practice of Yoga, in different styles, has been a part of all major traditions of Hinduism, and Shiva has been the patron or spokesperson in numerous Hindu Yoga texts. These contain the philosophy and techniques for Yoga. These ideas are estimated to be from or after the late centuries

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Both traditions include legends about who is superior, about Shiva paying homage to Vishnu, and Vishnu paying homage to Shiva. However, in texts and artwork of either tradition, the mutual salutes are symbolism for complementarity. The Mahabharata declares the unchanging Ultimate Reality (Brahman) to

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from the birth-rebirth cycle. The Svetasvatara Upanishad set the tone for early Shaivite thought, especially in chapter 3 verse 2 where Shiva is equated with Brahman: "Rudra is truly one; for the knowers of Brahman do not admit the existence of a second". The period of 200 BC to 100 AD also marks the

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in the interior of the Indian subcontinent retained a mesolithic culture into the modern period, and there is no consistent usage of the term. The range 12,000–4,000 Before Present is based on the combination of the ranges given by Agrawal et al. (1978) and by Sen (1999), and overlaps with the early

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The term Shiva also appears simply as an epithet, that means "kind, auspicious", one of the adjectives used to describe many different Vedic deities. While fierce ruthless natural phenomenon and storm-related Rudra is feared in the hymns of the Rigveda, the beneficial rains he brings are welcomed as

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Shiva is known by many names such as Viswanatha (lord of the universe), Mahadeva, Mahandeo, Mahasu, Mahesha, Maheshvara, Shankara, Shambhu, Rudra, Hara, Trilochana, Devendra (chief of the gods), Neelakanta, Subhankara, Trilokinatha (lord of the three realms), and Ghrneshwar (lord of compassion). The

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books, Batara Guru is the king of the gods who regulates and creates the world system. In the classic book that is used as a reference for the puppeteers, it is said that Sanghyang Manikmaya or Batara Guru was created from a sparkling light by Sang Hyang Tunggal, along with the blackish light which

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dance, the mulavam (dumru), the aspect of holding fire, and restraining the proud flow of the Ganga upon his braid. The monist Shiva literature posit absolute oneness, that is Shiva is within every man and woman, Shiva is within every living being, Shiva is present everywhere in the world including

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The earliest iconic artworks of Shiva may be from Gandhara and northwest parts of ancient India. There is some uncertainty as the artwork that has survived is damaged and they show some overlap with meditative Buddha-related artwork, but the presence of Shiva's trident and phallic symbolism in this

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shrines. Those who visit temples, offer milk, fruits, flowers, fresh leaves and sweets to the lingam. Some communities organize special dance events, to mark Shiva as the lord of dance, with individual and group performances. According to Jones and Ryan, Maha Sivaratri is an ancient Hindu festival

3911:, "the lord who is half woman") is conjunct form of Shiva with Parvati. Adhanarishvara is depicted with one half of the body as male and the other half as female. Ardhanarishvara represents the synthesis of masculine and feminine energies of the universe (Purusha and Prakriti) and illustrates how 1832:

have been interpreted by some authors as depictions of Shiva. However, Howard Morphy states that these prehistoric rock paintings of India, when seen in their context, are likely those of hunting party with animals, and that the figures in a group dance can be interpreted in many different ways.

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the creator, Vishnu the maintainer or preserver and Shiva the destroyer or transformer. These three deities have been called "the Hindu triad" or the "Great Triple deity". However, the ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism feature many triads of gods and goddesses, some of which do not include

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consists of only Shiva and Parvati together, but in more elaborate forms they are accompanied by other persons, sometimes including Parvati's parents, as well as deities (often with Vishnu and Lakshmi standing as Parvati's parents, Brahma as the officiating priest, and various other deities as

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Shiva aspect of him. This healing, nurturing, life-enabling aspect emerges in the Vedas as Rudra-Shiva, and in post-Vedic literature ultimately as Shiva who combines the destructive and constructive powers, the terrific and the gentle, as the ultimate recycler and rejuvenator of all existence.

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to eliminate its destructive capacity. Shocked by his act, Parvati squeezed his neck and stopped it in his neck to prevent it from spreading all over the universe, supposed to be in Shiva's stomach. However the poison was so potent that it changed the color of his neck to blue. This attribute

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Vishnu and Siva began to absorb countless local cults and deities within their folds. The latter were either taken to represent the multiple facets of the same god or else were supposed to denote different forms and appellations by which the god came to be known and worshipped. Siva became

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states, "Shiva is signless, without color, taste, smell, that is beyond word or touch, without quality, motionless and changeless". The source of the universe is the signless, and all of the universe is the manifested Linga, a union of unchanging Principles and the ever changing nature. The

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states that it is not clear from the seal that the figure has three faces, is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure. He characterizes these views as "speculative", but adds that it is nevertheless possible that there are echoes of Shaiva

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are attendants of Shiva and live in Kailash. They are often referred to as the bhutaganas, or ghostly hosts, on account of their nature. Generally benign, except when their lord is transgressed against, they are often invoked to intercede with the lord on behalf of the devotee. His son

2526:(literally, the 'skull-men') co-existed with and shared many Vajrayana Buddhist rituals, engaged in esoteric practices that revered Shiva and Shakti wearing skulls, begged with empty skulls, and sometimes used meat as a part of ritual. In contrast, the esoteric tradition within 3734:

is stated to be offspring of Shiva and invoked in local exorcism rites, but this deity is not traceable in Hindu pantheon and is possibly a local tradition with "vaguely Chinese" style rituals, states Saletore. In some traditions, Shiva has daughters like the serpent-goddess

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sub-traditions. The Krama sub-tradition focussed on esoteric rituals around Shiva-Kali pair. The Trika sub-tradition developed a theology of triads involving Shiva, combined it with an ascetic lifestyle focusing on personal Shiva in the pursuit of monistic self-liberation.

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The Shaivism theology is broadly grouped into two: the popular theology influenced by Shiva-Rudra in the Vedas, Epics and the Puranas; and the esoteric theology influenced by the Shiva and Shakti-related Tantra texts. The Vedic-Brahmanic Shiva theology includes both monist

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and meditating on ethics and virtues such as self-restraint, honesty, noninjury to others, forgiveness, introspection, self-repentance and the discovery of Shiva. The ardent devotees keep awake all night. Others visit one of the Shiva temples or go on pilgrimage to

3011:, "the one with matted hair", and Kapardin, "endowed with matted hair" or "wearing his hair wound in a braid in a shell-like (kaparda) fashion". A kaparda is a cowrie shell, or a braid of hair in the form of a shell, or, more generally, hair that is shaggy or curly. 4714:, who has been popular since ancient times, and she too has a complex character with benevolent and fierce manifestations, each visualized with different names such as Uma, Sri, Kali and others. In contrast to Hindu religious texts, whether Vedas or Puranas, in 2043:. The Rigveda has 3 out of 1,028 hymns dedicated to Rudra, and he finds occasional mention in other hymns of the same text. Hymn 10.92 of the Rigveda states that deity Rudra has two natures, one wild and cruel (Rudra), another that is kind and tranquil (Shiva). 2667:

depicting a Shiva-centric Panchayatana. A bearded Shiva sits in the centre with his wife Parvati and their infant son Ganesha; surrounded by (clockwise from left upper corner) Ganesha, Devi, Vishnu, and Surya. Shiva's mount is the bull Nandi below

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Apart from anthropomorphic images of Shiva, he is also represented in aniconic form of a lingam. These are depicted in various designs. One common form is the shape of a vertical rounded column in the centre of a lipped, disk-shaped object, the

2715:) are icons to help focus on and visualize aspects of Brahman, rather than distinct beings. The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, recognize the Absolute symbolized by the icons, on the path to realizing the 4417:. The Linga Purana mentions twenty-eight forms of Shiva which are sometimes seen as avatars, however such mention is unusual and the avatars of Shiva is relatively rare in Shaivism compared to the well emphasized concept of Vishnu avatars in 1537:

means "relating to the god Shiva", and this term is the Sanskrit name both for one of the principal sects of Hinduism and for a member of that sect. It is used as an adjective to characterize certain beliefs and practices, such as Shaivism.

2402:), and that Shiva is the Self, the perfection and truth within each living being. In Shiva related sub-traditions, there are ten dualistic Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism Agama texts and sixty-four monism Agama texts. 15601: 4722:

The Indonesian Hindu texts present the same philosophical diversity of Shaivite traditions found in the Indian subcontinent. However, among the texts that have survived into the contemporary era, the more common are of those of

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literally means 'mark, sign or emblem', and also refers to a "mark or sign from which the existence of something else can be reliably inferred". It implies the regenerative divine energy innate in nature, symbolized by Shiva.

1735:. Shiva has pre-Vedic tribal roots, having "his origins in primitive tribes, signs and symbols." The figure of Shiva as he is known today is an amalgamation of various older deities into a single figure, due to the process of 12681: 9455:

This smearing of cremation ashes emerged into a practice of some Tantra-oriented ascetics, where they would also offer meat, alcohol and sexual fluids to Bhairava (a form of Shiva), and these groups were probably not of

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as the Ultimate Reality, also present Shiva and Shakti as a personalized form an equivalent to the same Ultimate Reality. The texts of Shaivism tradition similarly praise Vishnu. The Skanda Purana, for example, states:

1981:, as are their iconic associations with bull, snakes, anger, bravery, dancing and carefree life. The ancient Greek texts of the time of Alexander the Great call Shiva "Indian Dionysus", or alternatively call Dionysus 3814:, which later came to denote the powerful and masculine dance as Kala-Mahakala associated with the destruction of the world. When it requires the world or universe to be destroyed, Shiva does it by the Tandava, and 10902:

Goldberg specifically rejects the translation by Frederique Marglin (1989) as "half-man, half-woman", and instead adopts the translation by Marglin as "the lord who is half woman" as given in Marglin (1989, 216).

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as "the wild one" or "the fierce god". R. K. Sharma follows this alternate etymology and translates the name as "terrible". Hara is an important name that occurs three times in the Anushasanaparvan version of the

1950:. John Keay writes that "he may indeed be an early manifestation of Lord Shiva as Pashu-pati", but a couple of his specialties of this figure does not match with Rudra. Writing in 1997, Srinivasan interprets what 12248: 8627:

is an independent deity, great in her own right, and only loosely associated with any of the great male deities. And if any one of the great gods can be said to be her closest associate, it is Visnu rather than

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For quotation "An important factor in the process of Rudra's growth is his identification with Agni in the Vedic literature and this identification contributed much to the transformation of his character as

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Shiva-related literature developed extensively across India in the 1st millennium CE and through the 13th century, particularly in Kashmir and Tamil Shaiva traditions. Shaivism gained immense popularity in

2240:, and assert all gods are Rudra, everyone and everything is Rudra, and Rudra is the principle found in all things, their highest goal, the innermost essence of all reality that is visible or invisible. The 2073:

have a close relationship. The identification between Agni and Rudra in the Vedic literature was an important factor in the process of Rudra's gradual transformation into Rudra-Shiva. The identification of

11949: 13400: 7874:"Some agamas argue a monist metaphysics, while others are decidedly dualist. Some claim ritual is the most efficacious means of religious attainment, while others assert that knowledge is more important". 13370: 7657: 5145: 1977:

link for Shiva, or lateral exchanges with ancient central Asian cultures. His contrasting aspects such as being terrifying or blissful depending on the situation, are similar to those of the Greek god

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is typically present in its sanctum sanctorum and is the focus of votary offerings such as milk, water, flower petals, fruit, fresh leaves, and rice. According to Monier Williams and Yudit Greenberg,

1791:" existed that portrayed Shiva with many differences than how he is thought of now, and these mythical portrayals of Shiva were incorporated into later versions of him. For instance, he and the other 5164: 5093:, is considered to be evolved from Shiva. The god enjoys an exalted position as a household deity in Japan and is worshipped as the god of wealth and fortune. The name is the Japanese equivalent of 2349:

are a group of 14 minor Upanishads of Hinduism variously dated from the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE through the 17th century. These extol Shiva as the metaphysical unchanging reality

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This is the source for the version presented in Chidbhavananda, who refers to it being from the Mahabharata but does not explicitly clarify which of the two Mahabharata versions he is using. See

3798:) of Shiva as "Lord of Dance". The names Nartaka ("dancer") and Nityanarta ("eternal dancer") appear in the Shiva Sahasranama. His association with dance and also with music is prominent in the 1498:. The term Shiva also connotes "liberation, final emancipation" and "the auspicious one"; this adjectival usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic literature. The term evolved from the Vedic 6324:, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), 5200:

In contemporary culture, Shiva is depicted in art, films, and books. He has been referred to as "the god of cool things" and a "bonafide rock hero". One popular film was the 1967 Kannada movie

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The duality of Shiva's fearful and auspicious attributes appears in contrasted names. The name Rudra reflects Shiva's fearsome aspects. According to traditional etymologies, the Sanskrit name

2163:. Doniger gives several reasons for her hypothesis. Both are associated with mountains, rivers, male fertility, fierceness, fearlessness, warfare, the transgression of established mores, the 15203:

This work compares eight versions of the Śivasahasranāmāstotra with comparative analysis and Śivasahasranāmākoṣa (A Dictionary of Names). The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit.

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in the Shiva tradition is "only a symbol of the productive and creative principle of nature as embodied in Shiva", and it has no historical trace in any obscene phallic cult. According to

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show Indra as a dancer, although not identical generally resembling the dancing Shiva artwork found in Hinduism, particularly in their respective mudras. For example, in the Jain caves at

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beginning of the Shaiva tradition focused on the worship of Shiva as evidenced in other literature of this period. Other scholars such as Robert Hume and Doris Srinivasan state that the

3857:. Dakshinamurti is depicted as a figure seated upon a deer-throne surrounded by sages receiving instruction. Dakshinamurti's depiction in Indian art is mostly restricted to Tamil Nadu. 2522:") tradition ignored the mythologies and Puranas related to Shiva, and depending on the sub-school developed a variety of practices. For example, historical records suggest the tantric 2947:. Other related translations have been based on the idea that the name actually refers to the oblations given to Rudra, which according to some traditions were shared with the goddess 1776:. Khandoba has been assimilated as a form of Shiva himself, in which case he is worshipped in the form of a lingam. Khandoba's varied associations also include an identification with 1743:

in post-Vedic times. How the persona of Shiva converged as a composite deity is not well documented, a challenge to trace and has attracted much speculation. According to Vijay Nath:

2999:). The ashes represent a reminder that all of material existence is impermanent, comes to an end becoming ash, and the pursuit of eternal Self and spiritual liberation is important. 12677: 5340:. Sati is generally regarded as the first wife of Shiva, who reincarnated as Parvati after her death. Out of these forms of Shakti, Parvati is considered the main consort of Shiva. 4579:(Parvati) and Shiva. The festival is one where both the Vaishnava and Shaiva communities join the celebrations, because Vishnu gives away his sister Minakshi in marriage to Shiva. 3572:), roles which have been traditionally mutually exclusive in Hindu society. When depicted as a yogi, he may be shown sitting and meditating. His epithet Mahāyogi ("the great Yogi: 3921:-murti (Sanskrit कल्याणसुन्दर-मूर्ति, literally "icon of beautiful marriage") is the depiction of Shiva's marriage to Parvati. The divine couple are often depicted performing the 12274: 11765: 2645:

concept co-mingles god Shiva and goddess Shakti by presenting an icon that is half-man and half woman, a representation and theme of union found in many Hindu texts and temples.

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as supreme. However, both traditions are pluralistic and revere both Shiva and Vishnu (along with Devi), their texts do not show exclusivism, and Vaishnava texts such as the

2084:, an important early text on etymology, which says, "Agni is also called Rudra." The interconnections between the two deities are complex, and according to Stella Kramrisch: 3349:(Benares) is considered to be the city specially loved by Shiva, and is one of the holiest places of pilgrimage in India. It is referred to, in religious contexts, as Kashi. 2259:(400–200 BCE), according to Gavin Flood, presenting the earliest seeds of theistic devotion to Rudra-Shiva. Here Rudra-Shiva is identified as the creator of the cosmos and 19289: 4794:

says: "The Guru is Shiva, the Guru is Vishnu and Brahma; the Guru is Paarvati and Lakhshmi." In the same chapter, it also says: "Shiva speaks, and the Siddhas listen." In

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festival. This festival cycles every 12 years, in four pilgrimage sites within India, with the event moving to the next site after a gap of three years. The biggest is in

1973:, and the pre-Islamic Indo-Iranian religion. The similarities between the iconography and theologies of Shiva with Greek and European deities have led to proposals for an 13264: 3679:. The consorts of Shiva are the source of his creative energy. They represent the dynamic extension of Shiva onto this universe. His son Ganesha is worshipped throughout 12244: 17097: 5048:, there are numerous caves that depict Shiva in the buddhist shrines through wall paintings. In addition, he is also regarded as one of thirty-three manifestations of 13294: 2547:

The Vaishnava (Vishnu-oriented) literature acknowledges and discusses Shiva. Like Shaiva literature that presents Shiva as supreme, the Vaishnava literature presents

15270: 12819: 11856: 11706: 11455: 13336: 8715: 2194:, were transferred to the adopted god Indra, who became the central deity of the developing Old Indic culture. Indra was the subject of 250 hymns, a quarter of the 2024:

Flood notes that Rudra is an ambiguous god, peripheral in the Vedic pantheon, possibly indicating non-Vedic origins. Nevertheless, both Rudra and Shiva are akin to

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is celebrated by girls and women in the monsoon season, in honor of goddess Parvati, with group singing, dancing and by offering prayers in Parvati-Shiva temples.

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Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102–122.

6958:, Quote: "The parallels between the names and legends of Shiva, Osiris and Dionysus are so numerous that there can be little doubt as to their original sameness". 3262:(Sanskrit: पशुपति), translated by Sharma as "lord of cattle" and by Kramrisch as "lord of animals", who notes that it is particularly used as an epithet of Rudra. 2941:

means "mother", and this early meaning of the word is the basis for the translation "three mothers". These three mother-goddesses who are collectively called the

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For quotation regarding Yajur Veda as containing contrary sets of attributes, and marking point for emergence of all basic elements of later sect forms, see:

7647: 4818: 4214:, means sign. It is an important concept in Hindu texts, wherein Linga is a manifested sign and nature of someone or something. It accompanies the concept of 10403: 7621: 4706:. However, the Batara Guru has more aspects than the Indian Shiva, as the Indonesian Hindus blended their spirits and heroes with him. Batara Guru's wife in 4330:, westerners who are curiously passionate and have impure understanding or intelligence, incorrectly assume Siva Linga as a phallus or sex organ. Later on, 15046: 19831: 9231:, "seems to have developed from ancient cosmological and ritualistic speculations about the triple character of an individual god, in the first place of 3915:, the female principle of God, is inseparable from (or the same as, according to some interpretations) Shiva, the male principle of God, and vice versa. 3596:, yoga, and asceticism became more important, and the depiction of Shiva as an ascetic sitting in philosophical isolation reflects these later concepts. 2017:. He is usually portrayed in accordance with the element he represents as a fierce, destructive deity. In RV 2.33, he is described as the "Father of the 3052:

indicates that one can become Shiva by swallowing the worldly poisons in terms of abuses and insults with equanimity while blessing those who give them.

5303:, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 1978, 37–44: "A total time bracket of c. 6,000–2,000 B.C. will cover the dated Mesolithic sites, e.g. Langhnaj, Bagor, 4375:

gave place to the conceptions of the brightness of Shiva's body, his tawny matted hair, his blue throat, and the riding on the bull of the Shiva, the

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in its explanation of the theology of Shaktism, mentions and praises Shiva such as in its verse 19. Shiva, along with Vishnu, is a revered god in the

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are medieval Indian texts that list a thousand names derived from aspects and epithets of a deity. There are at least eight different versions of the

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For evolution of this story from early sources to the epic period, when it was used to enhance Shiva's increasing influence, see: Chakravarti, p. 46.

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as found from the wall painting from Penjikent on the river Zervashan. In this depiction, Shiva is portrayed with a sacred halo and a sacred thread (

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is the origin of Ismaya. Shiva has been called Sadāśiva, Paramasiva, Mahādeva in benevolent forms, and Kāla, Bhairava, Mahākāla in his fierce forms.

2509:. Shiva temples feature items such as linga, Shiva-Parvati iconography, bull Nandi within the premises, and relief artwork showing aspects of Shiva. 15361: 2222:

in a manner similar to Shiva Nataraja. The similarities in the dance iconography suggests that there may be a link between ancient Indra and Shiva.

19806: 19791: 17107: 3818:, which is graceful and delicate and expresses emotions on a gentle level and is considered the feminine dance attributed to the goddess Parvati. 19655: 12678:

https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_III%20silk%20road_religions%20and%20religious%20movements%20II.pdf

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contain occasional references to "ansh" – literally 'portion, or avatars of Shiva', but the idea of Shiva avatars is not universally accepted in

4387:, the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories, meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the superiority of Shiva as Mahadeva. 7451:

For translation of RV 6.45.17 as "Thou who hast been the singers' Friend, a Friend auspicious with thine aid, As such, O Indra, favour us" see:

3810:) are found in all parts of India, with many well-defined varieties in Tamil Nadu in particular. The two most common forms of the dance are the 19816: 4152:) to be one," while "an earlier hymn to Nataraja by Manikkavachakar identifies him with the unitary supreme consciousness, by using Tamil word 2809:– a professor of Hinduism and Indian Intellectual History – states have had "a profound and lasting influence on the development of Hinduism". 2175:

is used to refer to Indra. (2.20.3, 6.45.17, and 8.93.3.) Indra, like Shiva, is likened to a bull. In the Rig Veda, Rudra is the father of the

11572: 2850:

The Trimurti is a concept in Hinduism in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified by the forms of

19741: 19736: 19721: 19607: 10925: 5915: 2575:

be identical to Shiva and to Vishnu, that Vishnu is the highest manifestation of Shiva, and Shiva is the highest manifestation of Vishnu.

735:

Shiva has pre-Vedic roots, and the figure of Shiva evolved as an amalgamation of various older non-Vedic and Vedic deities, including the

6846: 6088: 4892: 4582:

Some Shaktism-related festivals revere Shiva along with the goddess considered primary and Supreme. These include festivals dedicated to

4524:

in every lunar month on its 13th night/14th day, but once a year in late winter (February/March) and before the arrival of spring, marks

2183: 14823: 12270: 11757: 7438:, who has ever been the friend of those who praise you, and the insurer of their happiness by your protection, grant us felicity" see: 15910: 9641: 2925:, Shiva is depicted as three-eyed, so this name is sometimes translated as "having three eyes". However, in Vedic Sanskrit, the word 11246: 9003:

The Yoga of Delight, Wonder, and Astonishment: A Translation of the Vijnana-bhairava with an Introduction and Notes by Jaideva Singh

5717: 4617:(renamed Allahabad during the Mughal rule era), where millions of Hindus of different traditions gather at the confluence of rivers 13544:

A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata: (translated Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text). Anushasana Parva, Volume 13

1574:

to have multiple meanings: "The Pure One", and "the One who is not affected by three Guṇas of Prakṛti (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas)".

8264:, pp. 10–12, Quote: "(...) accept and indeed extol the transcendent and absolute nature of the other, and of the Goddess Devi too" 4557:. Across India, various Shiva temples are illuminated throughout the night. Shiva icons are carried in procession in some places. 3245: 635:. In the Shaivite tradition, Shiva is the Supreme Lord who creates, protects and transforms the universe. In the goddess-oriented 17043: 16618: 15858: 12355:

Skinner, Debra; Holland, Dorothy; Adhikari, G. B. (1994). "The Songs of Tij: A Genre of Critical Commentary for Women in Nepal".

12049: 12023: 11506: 7346: 3138:

represents Shiva's three aspects of "creator, preserver and destroyer", or alternatively it represents the equilibrium of three

2054:) of Rudra or other deities. However, post-Vedic texts such as the Mahabharata and the Puranas state the Nandi bull, the Indian 20010: 19296: 13260: 4064:

Through these transcendent categories, Śiva, the ultimate reality, becomes the efficient and material cause of all that exists.

2614:

The earliest evidence of the tradition of reverence for the feminine with Rudra-Shiva context, is found in the Hindu scripture

2116:("Flaming bright"), suggest a fusing of the two deities. Agni is said to be a bull, and Shiva possesses a bull as his vehicle, 9024:

The Yoga of Vibration and Divine Pulsation: A Translation of the Spanda Karika with Ksemaraja's Commentary, the Spanda Nirnaya

3710:

Some regional deities are also identified as Shiva's children. As one story goes, Shiva is enticed by the beauty and charm of

3020: 1923:

posture" with the knees out and feet joined. Semi-circular shapes on the head were interpreted as two horns. Scholars such as

274: 17661: 17138: 16795: 16510: 16386: 13660: 13051: 13012: 12938: 6605: 5484: 5291: 15705: 15575: 15026: 14962: 14910: 14856: 14761: 14502: 14437: 14401: 13947: 13716: 13616: 13526: 13018: 10059: 9508: 8547: 8346: 8203: 8134: 7098: 6611: 6117: 2887: 2607:

tradition of Hinduism is based on the premise that the Supreme Principle and the Ultimate Reality called Brahman is female (

1878:

Of several Indus valley seals that show animals, one seal that has attracted attention shows a large central figure, either

13286: 5239:

channel was among the most watched shows at its peak popularity. Another popular film was the 2022 Gujarati language movie

4856:. In the cosmologies of Buddhist Tantras, Shiva is depicted as passive, with Shakti being his active counterpart: Shiva as 8916: 16785: 16391: 13139: 12979: 11667: 9996: 8128: 8101: 7784: 7672: 6924: 5123: 4078:

One should know all things of the phenomenal world as of a fivefold character, for the reason that the eternal verity of

3897:. He is depicted with four arms, the upper pair holding an axe and a deer, and the lower pair wielding a bow and arrow. 3802:

period. In addition to the specific iconographic form known as Nataraja, various other types of dancing forms (Sanskrit:

2863: 745:

who may also have non-Vedic origins, into a single major deity. Shiva is a pan-Hindu deity, revered widely by Hindus in

15756: 15732: 15699: 15675: 15508: 15489: 15447: 15416: 15325: 15297: 15264: 15231: 15169: 15131: 15110: 15020: 14990: 14956: 14935: 14904: 14883: 14850: 14817: 14755: 14734: 14704: 14685: 14626: 14551: 14530: 14496: 14475: 14395: 14374: 14334: 14257: 14121: 14095: 14014: 13993: 13974: 13941: 13834: 13813: 13773: 13752: 13710: 13610: 13582: 13520: 13330: 13241: 13214: 13172: 12904: 12869: 12805: 12752: 12414: 12203: 12129: 12099: 11982: 11943: 11850: 11798: 11737: 11700: 11646: 11621: 11449: 11422: 11397: 11347: 11203: 11151: 10587: 10560: 10522: 10513: 10461: 10434: 10397: 10053: 9877: 9850: 9502: 9478: 9244: 9180: 9159: 9113: 9086: 9059: 9032: 9011: 8973: 8952: 8896: 8824: 8797: 8754: 8709: 8676: 8649: 8616: 8541: 8379: 8340: 8312: 8295: 8278: 8261: 8197: 8170: 7905: 7888: 7092: 6979: 6951: 6879: 6840: 6813: 6329: 6160: 6082: 5512: 2735:

era (pre-300 CE). The Kushan period set includes Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Brahma and one deity whose identity is unclear.

18325: 14726:

Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls : Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal

10946: 4774:

depicts him with four legs, seated cross-legged on a cushioned seat supported by two bulls. It is also noted that the

4665: 2743:

Shiva is considered the Great Yogi who is totally absorbed in himself – the transcendental reality. He is the Lord of

20050: 14647: 14292: 13860:(Third edition). The version provided by Chidbhavananda is from chapter 17 of the Anuśāsana Parva of the Mahābharata. 11310: 8864: 8848: 4468: 1416: 19157: 11933: 8316: 1522:, which means "to injure" or "to kill", interpreting the name to connote "one who can kill the forces of darkness". 17131: 8763: 8240: 5215: 3771: 12501: 10387: 6998: 5472: 4919:. In Mahayana Buddhist texts, Shiva (Maheshvara) becomes a buddha called Bhasmeshvara Buddha ("Buddha of ashes"). 2206:) probably borrowed from the BMAC religion. His rise to prominence was a peculiar trait of the Old Indic speakers. 19145: 18676: 15256:Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta 12742: 12393: 11972: 10681: 7064: 14777:

Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001). "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition".

6503:, pp. 180–198: "Khandoba is a local deity in Maharashtra and been Sanskritised as an incarnation of Shiva." 5370:

and represents Shiva as "he stands for complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation".

5354:

The ithyphallic representation of the erect shape connotes the very opposite in this context. It contextualize "

2094:

plays on the whole gamut of fire, valuing all its potentialities and phases, from conflagration to illumination.

20035: 19263: 18974: 16985: 16627: 16485: 15842: 15817: 15794: 15775: 15647: 15611: 15569: 15466: 15400: 15196: 15150: 15091: 15056: 14666: 14574: 14431: 14353: 14238: 14219: 14178: 14129: 14070: 14044: 13920: 13896: 13875: 13853: 13792: 13672: 13644: 13564: 13125: 12965: 12571: 12544: 12452: 12228: 11916: 11882: 11823: 11552: 11372: 10947:

Rao, (1916). Elements of Hindu Iconography. Vol. 2: Part I. Madras: Law Printing House, T.A. Gopinatha (1916).

10004: 8052: 7131: 5005: 4991: 4464: 15529:; Singh, Jaideva (1991). "Review: A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana of Abhinavagupta". 10779: 9235:, whose births are three or threefold, and who is threefold light, has three bodies and three stations". See: 7474:, our auspicious friend, milk for us, like a richly-streaming (cow), wealth of horses, kine, and barley" see: 3993: 3927:(Sanskrit "accepting the hand") ritual from traditional Hindu wedding ceremonies. The most basic form of this 19103: 16955: 15903: 14639:

Religious Festivals in South India and Sri Lanka (Chapter: "Mahāśivaratri: the Saiva festival of repentance")

11877:

James Lochtefeld (2002), "Shiva" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing,

1951: 1916: 12071: 5290:. The term "Mesolithic" is not a useful term for the periodization of the South Asian Stone Age, as certain 19152: 16975: 16800: 16752: 16371: 16338: 13602:

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World

10548:

Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature

For worship of Khandoba in the form of a lingam and possible identification with Shiva based on that, see:

4101: 1974: 1970: 14311: 10451: 9260:

For Shiva as depicted with a third eye, and mention of the story of the destruction of Kama with it, see:

2382:

literature, composed between the 8th and 11th centuries, are regarded in devotional dualistic Shaivism as

1795:, from the highest gods to the least powerful gods, were thought of as somewhat human in nature, creating 20075: 19167: 17482: 17068: 16965: 16611: 15339: 15066: 35: 12713: 8608:

The Sword and the Flute: Kālī and Kṛṣṇa, Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology

3960:, is a form of Shiva depicting him as having five faces which correspond to his five divine activities ( 3623:") refers to this idea, and Sharma notes that two other variants of this name that mean the same thing, 2680:. This practice consists of the use of icons or anicons of five deities considered equivalent, set in a 685:. In his fierce aspects, he is often depicted slaying demons. Shiva is also known as Adiyogi (the first 20025: 19905: 19194: 18686: 18263: 17719: 17692: 16897: 16747: 16454: 16333: 14036: 13575:Śrī Viṣṇu sahasranāma : with text, transliteration, translation and commentary of Śrī Śaṅkarācārya 12957:

A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index

12020:"Footnote 70:1 to Horace Hayman Wilson's English translation of The Vishnu Purana: Book I – Chapter IX" 11001:

For discussion of these five forms and a table summarizing the associations of these five mantras see:

4421:. Some Vaishnava literature reverentially link Shiva to characters in its Puranas. For example, in the 3523:

swam-on its own; bhu-burn/shine) "self-shining/ shining on its own", also reflects this benign aspect.

439: 15869: 15309:

Biroba, Mhaskoba und Khandoba: Ursprung, Geschichte und Umwelt von pastoralen Gottheiten in Maharastra

12046:"Footnote 83:4 to Horace Hayman Wilson's English translation of The Vishnu Purana: Book I – Chapter X" 9320:

For Vedic Sanskrit meaning Lord has three mother eyes which symbolize eyes are the Sun, Moon and Fire.

8189:

The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices Associated with Kashmir Shaivism

3492:, "beneficent" or "conferring happiness" reflects his benign form. This name was adopted by the great 1799:

they had limited control over and having the ability to get in touch with their inner natures through

1072: 19214: 18140: 17654: 17028: 16980: 16871: 16805: 16429: 16376: 16086: 10988:

It is first encountered in an almost identical form in the Rudram. For the five syllable mantra see:

5299:. D.P. Agrawal et al., "Chronology of Indian prehistory from the Mesolithic period to the Iron Age", 4849: 4372: 4247:, thus the original meaning as "sign". Furthermore, it says "Shiva, the Supreme Lord, has no liūga", 3585: 2659: 1856: 1506:

in the Epics and the Puranas, as an auspicious deity who is the "creator, reproducer and dissolver".

926: 407: 31: 17793: 16131: 10028:

For quotation "Shiva is a god of ambiguity and paradox" and overview of conflicting attributes see:

3853:

represents Shiva in his aspect as a teacher of yoga, music, and wisdom and giving exposition on the

2879: 658:

Shiva has many aspects, benevolent as well as fearsome. In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an

19008: 18666: 18590: 18296: 18078: 18053: 17602: 17438: 16424: 16065: 15896: 15042: 11587: 7997: 4311: 4223: 2418:

composing rich poetry that is replete with present features associated with the deity, such as his

2387: 2255: 1811:

sent by the other gods, who were jealous of Shiva's ascetic lifestyle he had lived for 1000 years.

941: 17828: 12072:"Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 4 Chapter 1 – English translation by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada" 4070: 3687:

as the Remover of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings and Lord of Obstacles. Kartikeya is worshipped in

3536: 2159:, the Saivite fertility myths and some of the phallic characteristics of Shiva are inherited from 2058:, in particular, as the vehicle of Rudra and of Shiva, thereby unmistakably linking them as same. 1969:

The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised

1462:) means "auspicious, propitious, gracious, benign, kind, benevolent, friendly". The root words of 20020: 19881: 18844: 18704: 18375: 17915: 17858: 17111: 16891: 16464: 15938: 10917: 10746: 10552: 9172:

Inner Tantric Yoga: Working with the Universal Shakti: Secrets of Mantras, Deities and Meditation

4398:

from 3rd-century BCE. In Shaivism pilgrimage tradition, twelve major temples of Shiva are called

4270:) meaning Shiva is transcendent, beyond any characteristic and, specifically the sign of gender. 2232: 1829: 1039: 18739: 6170: 5858: 4970: 4927: 4876: 3224:: he is garlanded with or carries a string of rosary beads in his right hand, typically made of 3196:-hand") is used to hold the drum. This drum is particularly used as an emblem by members of the 3084:(Ganga), one of the major rivers of the country, is said to have made her abode in Shiva's hair. 19477: 19187: 19140: 18350: 18073: 16907: 16790: 16604: 16459: 16434: 16381: 12566:. Oriental documents. Vol. 10. Oxford University Press, for British Academy. p. 525. 10532: 8773: 5912: 5829: 5827: 5254: 5231: 4858: 3486:"terrible" or "frightful" is a fierce form associated with annihilation. In contrast, the name 3112:). According to a legend, Vasuki was blessed by Shiva and worn by him as an ornament after the 2821: 1441: 1374: 810: 754: 647:) and the equal complementary partner of Shiva. Shiva is one of the five equivalent deities in 236: 24: 17639: 15254: 14004: 13867:

Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation

13231: 13204: 12781: 12119: 11840: 11690: 11439: 11337: 11195: 11143: 9840: 9076: 8746: 8639: 8453: 8396: 8369: 7121: 6869: 6830: 6072: 5500: 4770:

shows Shiva in His Trimurti form with Shakti kneeling on her right thigh. Another site in the

4345:, the sacrificial post. In that hymn, a description is found of the beginningless and endless 1919:

and others suggested that this figure is a prototype of Shiva, with three faces, seated in a "

20080: 20040: 20015: 19309: 19282: 19209: 19162: 19135: 19098: 18355: 16970: 16912: 16515: 16444: 14807: 14724: 14364: 13763: 13320: 12894: 12845: 12193: 11788: 10577: 10503: 9329:

For discussion of the problems in translation of this name, and the hypothesis regarding the

9307:

For translation of Tryambakam as "having three mother eyes" and as an epithet of Rudra, see:

9170: 8874: 8858: 8699: 8256:

Edwin Bryant (2003), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana, Penguin,

7776: 5308: 4698:

which means "noble lord". He is conceptualized as a kind spiritual teacher, the first of all

4685: 1932: 1409: 1258: 894: 762: 758: 19274: 18671: 15477: 15221: 14584:

Kunst, Arnold (June 1968). "Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad".

9892:

For a review of issues related to the evolution of the bull (Nandin) as Shiva's mount, see:

9442:

For discussion of the linkages between Soma, Moon, and Rudra, and citation to RV 7.74, see:

6132: 5824: 5332:, the embodiment of power; who is known under various manifestations as Uma, Sati, Parvati, 4298:

as merely a phallic symbol, although this interpretation is criticized by others, including

3984:). Five is a sacred number for Shiva. One of his most important mantras has five syllables ( 20085: 20070: 20055: 19886: 19182: 19177: 19172: 19093: 18570: 18063: 18048: 17700: 17647: 17609: 17417: 17053: 16935: 16777: 16363: 16166: 16138: 16003: 14062: 4315: 3394:

icon of the fierce form of Shiva, 16th century Nepal; right: Shiva as a meditating yogi in

2390:

which consider Self within each living being and Shiva as two separate realities (dualism,

2144: 2099: 1227: 946: 861: 716:

on his forehead (the eye that turns everything in front of it into ashes when opened), the

399: 15162:

The philosophy of sādhanā : with special reference to the Trika philosophy of Kashmir

9633: 9460:

origin. These ascetics are mentioned in the ancient Pali Canon of Thervada Buddhism. See:

4605:

The ascetic, Vedic and Tantric sub-traditions related to Shiva, such as those that became

4575:

around April/May, one of the largest festivals in South India, celebrating the wedding of

8: 20045: 20030: 19846: 19452: 19232: 19199: 19078: 18969: 18904: 18754: 18613: 18493: 18365: 18193: 18130: 18083: 17532: 17287: 17033: 16940: 16917: 16886: 16838: 16823: 16701: 16414: 16409: 16072: 15929: 15103:

The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya, and Mīmāṃsā

12861: 11232: 10765: 10546: 8045: 4766:). He is clad in tiger skin while his attendants are wearing Sogdian dress. A panel from 4703: 4641: 4583: 4510:

Maha Shivaratri festival is observed in the night, usually in lighted temples or special

4331: 4327: 4303: 3923: 3890: 2806: 2611:), but it treats the male as her equal and complementary partner. This partner is Shiva. 2320: 2039:

attributes of the Buddha were transferred by Brahmins to Shiva, who was also linked with

1716: 1699: 1526: 1311: 889: 571: 492: 19327: 17882: 17742: 8695: 5023:

that manifest to protect the Buddhist dharma. Statues of him are often enshrined in the

3759: 2253:

Rudra's evolution from a minor Vedic deity to a supreme being is first evidenced in the

974: 20005: 19612: 19472: 19379: 19034: 18993: 18285: 18098: 18043: 17101: 16876: 16833: 16762: 16439: 16348: 16195: 16173: 15685: 15546: 15353: 15335: 14794: 14615: 14601: 14518: 14464: 14193: 14152: 14029: 13689: 13632: 13553: 13480:

Pattanaik, Devdutt. Shiva to Shankara: Decoding the phallic symbol. Indus Source, 2006.

13454: 13096: 12409:

William Pinch (2012), Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires, Cambridge University Press,

12372: 12337: 11276: 10956: 10489: 9473:

Antonio Rigopoulos (2013), Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 5, Brill Academic,

7969: 7934: 7652: 7040: 6791: 6699: 5060: 4900: 4884: 4747: 4568: 4117: 3589: 3252:

that serves as Shiva's mount. Shiva's association with cattle is reflected in his name

3174:. This is one of the attributes of Shiva in his famous dancing representation known as 3158: 2518: 2305: 2242: 2124:, who is sometimes characterized as a bull, are mentioned. In medieval sculpture, both 1624: 1566: 1321: 1125: 921: 18258: 18233: 12539:(in Indonesian). Vol. 1. Sekretariat Nasional Pewayangan Indonesia. p. 259. 12094:. Translated by Mayeda, Sengaku. State University of New York Press. 1979. p. 4. 12045: 12019: 11498: 7342: 6667: 6419: 5614:"Shiva | Definition, Forms, God, Symbols, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica" 5313:, 1999: "The Mesolithic period roughly ranges between 10,000 and 6,000 B.C." (p. 23). 3703:) by the names Subrahmanya, Subrahmanyan, Shanmughan, Swaminathan and Murugan, and in 3062:

pose, meditating, sometimes on a symbolic Himalayan Mount Kailasa as the Lord of Yoga.

1184: 20065: 20060: 20000: 19943: 19796: 19457: 19249: 19243: 19123: 19113: 18979: 18914: 18307: 18248: 18103: 18093: 17470: 17073: 17038: 17023: 16902: 16828: 16635: 16581: 16575: 16557: 16495: 16145: 16037: 15838: 15790: 15771: 15752: 15742: 15728: 15695: 15671: 15643: 15607: 15565: 15514: 15504: 15485: 15478: 15462: 15443: 15412: 15396: 15377: 15321: 15293: 15260: 15227: 15192: 15165: 15146: 15127: 15106: 15087: 15052: 15016: 14986: 14952: 14931: 14900: 14879: 14846: 14813: 14751: 14730: 14700: 14681: 14662: 14643: 14622: 14605: 14570: 14563: 14547: 14541: 14526: 14492: 14471: 14427: 14391: 14370: 14349: 14330: 14298: 14288: 14284: 14253: 14234: 14215: 14174: 14144: 14125: 14091: 14066: 14040: 14010: 13989: 13970: 13937: 13916: 13892: 13871: 13849: 13830: 13809: 13788: 13769: 13748: 13706: 13668: 13640: 13606: 13578: 13560: 13516: 13458: 13326: 13237: 13210: 13168: 13131: 13121: 13088: 13047: 13008: 12971: 12961: 12934: 12900: 12875: 12865: 12811: 12801: 12782:"Between China and Tibet: Mahākāla Worship and Esoteric Buddhism in the Dali Kingdom" 12748: 12700: 12615: 12567: 12540: 12410: 12224: 12199: 12125: 12095: 11978: 11939: 11912: 11878: 11846: 11819: 11794: 11733: 11696: 11642: 11617: 11548: 11445: 11418: 11393: 11368: 11343: 11199: 11188: 11147: 11136: 10583: 10556: 10509: 10457: 10430: 10393: 10049: 10000: 9873: 9846: 9498: 9474: 9240: 9176: 9155: 9109: 9082: 9055: 9028: 9007: 8979: 8969: 8948: 8892: 8820: 8793: 8750: 8739: 8705: 8672: 8645: 8612: 8537: 8375: 8336: 8308: 8291: 8274: 8257: 8193: 8166: 8124: 8097: 8032: 7974: 7956: 7901: 7884: 7780: 7769: 7127: 7088: 7032: 6975: 6947: 6920: 6875: 6836: 6809: 6795: 6783: 6601: 6325: 6078: 5508: 5480: 5379:

For a general statement of the close relationship, and example shared epithets, see:

5064: 4880: 4872: 4799: 4791: 4771: 4759: 4395: 4299: 4252: 3953: 3904: 3878: 3456: 2768: 2677: 2654: 2564:

Vishnu is no one but Shiva, and he who is called Shiva is but identical with Vishnu.

2374: 2346: 1993: 1710: 1435: 1014: 780: 750: 746: 648: 589: 562: 510: 483: 265: 19801: 18714: 17764: 15864: 15357: 14326:

Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs

5049: 4606: 4211: 3558:) and as a householder with his wife Parvati and sons Ganesha and Kartikeya (right). 2727:

period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from

19967: 19876: 19866: 19492: 19462: 19354: 18984: 18894: 18785: 18385: 18380: 18345: 18320: 18206: 18163: 17850: 17710: 17402: 17063: 17008: 16950: 16843: 16815: 16757: 16505: 16500: 16490: 16419: 16343: 16295: 16237: 16227: 16217: 16210: 16190: 16117: 15538: 15349: 15345: 15241: 15179: 14786: 14593: 13446: 13080: 12841: 12793: 12789: 12447: 12364: 12329: 11238: 7964: 7946: 7829: 7024: 6775: 6037:

For the definition "Śaivism refers to the traditions which follow the teachings of

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interpreted as facial as not human but more bovine, possibly a divine buffalo-man.

1491: 1402: 1354: 1331: 1193: 1189: 1169: 1157: 1067: 917: 652: 521: 459: 381: 361: 343: 231: 18168: 15318:

Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art

3372: 19979: 19919: 19836: 19821: 19535: 19384: 19253: 19118: 19071: 19053: 19003: 18937: 18919: 18862: 18812: 18631: 18535: 18408: 18370: 18340: 18178: 18068: 17907: 17900: 17747: 17628: 17357: 17342: 17166: 16945: 16686: 16585: 16480: 16310: 16258: 15998: 15746: 15722: 15689: 15559: 15437: 15287: 15121: 15010: 14946: 14894: 14873: 14840: 14745: 14637: 14486: 14421: 14385: 14324: 14168: 14106: 13964: 13931: 13886: 13865: 13824: 13803: 13765:

The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary

13742: 13700: 13600: 13510: 13162: 13041: 13002: 12928: 12624: 12561: 12534: 12505: 12397: 12089: 11566: 11564: 11314: 10043: 9867: 9566:

For Kapardin as a name of Shiva, and description of the kaparda hair style, see,

9492: 9149: 9103: 9049: 9022: 9001: 8963: 8942: 8814: 8787: 8666: 8606: 8531: 8481: 8330: 8244: 8187: 8160: 8118: 8091: 7509:

For the lack of warlike connections and difference between Indra and Rudra, see:

7082: 7068: 7002: 6969: 6941: 6914: 6826: 6595: 6111: 5919: 5241: 5175: 5107: 5036: 5031: 4480: 4448: 4423: 4218:, which as invisible signless and existent Principle, is formless or linga-less. 4137: 3943: 3900: 3660: 3134:. The trident is a weapon or a symbol in different Hindu texts. As a symbol, the 3048: 2832:, and those by the scholars of Kashmir Shaivism such as the 10th-century scholar 2781: 2716: 2664: 2036: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1691: 1392: 1077: 1001: 936: 605: 356: 20: 17833: 15338:(2004). "Shiva as 'cosmic dancer': On Pallava origins for the Nataraja bronze". 14678:

The Shiva Samhita, A critical edition and English translation by James Mallinson

14488:

Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition

14466:

Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition

12443:"The thriving Shiva festival in Umarkot is a reminder of Sindh's Hindu heritage" 11573:"Are Dialogues Antidotes to Violence? Two Recent Examples From Hinduism Studies" 11438:

Rohit Dasgupta (2014). Michael Kimmel; Christine Milrod; Amanda Kennedy (eds.).

4055: 2361: 694: 666: 19995: 19447: 19426: 19359: 19088: 19024: 18867: 18211: 18088: 18058: 17893: 17256: 17018: 16861: 16449: 16056: 13639:(Fourth revised and enlarged ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 10214: 8912: 7583: 5287: 5220: 4775: 4707: 4546: 4164: 4093: 3949: 3918: 3889:, "ender of Tripura") is associated with his destruction of the three cities ( 3837: 3715: 2723:, many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the 2642: 2625: 2596: 2372:, present the various aspects of Shiva, mythologies, cosmology and pilgrimage ( 2010: 1887: 1852: 1842: 1728: 1542: 1301: 736: 366: 17757: 14597: 13489:

Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp. 162–184.

12797: 11663: 11561: 11054: 9956:कैलासिगिरवासी), "With his abode on Mount Kailāsa", as a name appearing in the 9105:

The Aphorisms of Siva: The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara's Commentary, the Varttika

6808:

Asko Parpola(2009), Deciphering the Indus Script, Cambridge University Press,

6779: 4702:

in Indonesian Hindu texts, mirroring the Dakshinamurti aspect of Shiva in the

3714:, Vishnu's female avatar, and procreates with her. As a result of this union, 3482:, where it is translated by Ram Karan Sharma as "(the Supreme Lord of) Time". 3408:, two contrary sets of attributes for both malignant or terrifying (Sanskrit: 2751:

to sages. As Shiva Dakshinamurthi, states Stella Kramrisch, he is the supreme

2260: 19989: 19811: 19766: 19502: 19416: 19369: 19204: 19108: 18887: 18661: 18399: 18290: 18201: 18135: 17593: 17154: 17048: 16960: 16767: 16739: 16353: 16325: 16232: 15956: 14523:

Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India

14148: 14118:

The Lord Who is Half Woman: Ardhanārīśvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective

14079: 13450: 13135: 13092: 12975: 12879: 12815: 11614:

Academic Hinduphobia: A critique of Wendy Doniger's erotic school of Indology

7960: 7951: 7552: 7399: 7036: 6787: 5225: 5094: 5024: 4841: 4751: 4670: 4439: 4334:

mentions that, this is not only a serious mistake, but also a grave blunder.

4291: 4109: 4029: 3763: 3751:

as the children of Shiva who war with him, and are later destroyed by Shiva.

3740: 3381: 2833: 2732: 2637: 2631: 2339: 2156: 1912: 1863:

and showing a possible representation of a "yogi" or "proto-Shiva" figure as

1792: 1326: 1281: 597: 255: 17003: 15875: 15189:: Eight Collections of Hymns Containing One Thousand and Eight Names of Śiva 14302: 13846:

Siva Sahasranama Stotram: With Navavali, Introduction, and English Rendering

11044: 9869:

Hindu Pilgrimage: Shifting Patterns of Worldview of Srisailam in South India

9842:

A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English

9151:

Opening to Inner Light: The Transformation of Human Nature and Consciousness

8983: 7140: 5359: 5133: 2917:), which occurs in many scriptural sources. In classical Sanskrit, the word 2583: 2140: 2050:

The Vedic texts do not mention bull or any animal as the transport vehicle (

1756:

to the name of the local deity, e.g., Bhutesvara, Hatakesvara, Chandesvara."

1715:

The Shiva-related tradition is a major part of Hinduism, found all over the

19955: 19931: 19730: 19726: 19705: 19497: 19467: 19442: 19421: 19411: 19395: 19374: 18759: 18724: 18621: 18238: 17078: 16278: 16253: 16152: 16124: 16079: 16047: 15518: 15184: 15079: 14208: 13908: 12467: 11061: 11052: 11042: 10848: 10829: 10797: 10668: 10617: 10341: 10322: 10316: 10297: 10291: 10285: 9974: 9906: 9805: 9701: 9682: 9663: 9398: 9378: 9345: 9330: 9196: 9129: 7978: 6654: 6525:

For use of the name Khandoba as a name for Karttikeya in Maharashtra, see:

6302: 6052: 6045: 6038: 5990: 5945: 5451:, ever be the friend, the benefactor, and protector of us, his worshipper". 5423: 5417: 5398: 5072: 4938: 4795: 4767: 4743: 4560: 4550: 4538: 4452: 4206: 4141: 4125: 4097: 4079: 4053: 4039: 4030: 4016: 4007: 3985: 3883: 3874: 3846: 3804: 3792: 3646: 3640: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3574: 3512: 3497: 3487: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3418: 3410: 3335: 3328: 3320: 3306: 3297: 3282: 3267: 3253: 3241: 3234: 3197: 3191: 3184: 3078: 3037: 3018: 3006: 2983: 2974: 2960: 2948: 2942: 2935: 2927: 2904: 2724: 2720: 2705: 2635:, a text of Shaktism considered by the tradition to be as important as the 2369: 2365: 2247: 2215: 2191: 2169: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2089: 1943: 1905: 1891: 1879: 1860: 1808: 1788: 1686: 1649: 1625: 1616: 1608: 1600: 1588: 1580: 1531: 1515: 1463: 1445: 1205: 1174: 1144: 1024: 90: 17298: 17123: 15207:

Singh, S. P. (1989). "Rgvedic Base of the Pasupati Seal of Mohenjo-Daro".

13206:

Folk Legends from Tono: Japan's Spirits, Deities, and Phantastic Creatures

12955: 12138: 11974:

Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa

11307: 10150: 8469: 8371:

Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism

4911:. In most forms of Buddhism, the position of Shiva is lesser than that of 4264: 2442:(an infinite fiery pillar) that narrates how Shiva is the foremost of the 2357:(Self), and include sections about rites and symbolisms related to Shiva. 1554: 1546: 697:

and the arts. The iconographical attributes of Shiva are the serpent king

582: 503: 19871: 19841: 19826: 19523: 19487: 19431: 19338: 19305: 19066: 18899: 18827: 18817: 18729: 18719: 18694: 18335: 18330: 18221: 18015: 17999: 17942: 17877: 17813: 17586: 17561: 17502: 17276: 17158: 17087: 17013: 16853: 16719: 16714: 16663: 16653: 16643: 16401: 16287: 16222: 16159: 15526: 14978: 14278: 14054: 14024: 12619: 11194:. Princeton Bollingen Series. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 7883:

Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass,

7192: 7015:

Long, J. Bruce (1971). "Siva and Dionysos: Visions of Terror and Bliss".

6445:

For Shiva as a composite deity whose history is not well documented, see

5613: 5363: 5355: 5210: 5202: 5180: 5068: 5053: 5041: 4948: 4908: 4690: 4649: 4610: 4554: 4418: 4399: 3860: 3704: 3688: 3555: 2820:) ideas with Yoga philosophy and inspired the theoretical development of 2506: 2474: 2435: 2335: 2326: 2219: 2006: 1938: 1924: 1883: 1761: 1658: 1635: 1369: 1238: 1234: 1197: 659: 328: 189: 14896:

Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess

14197: 14156: 12169: 11242: 9294:

in classical Sanskrit and connection to the Mahabharata depiction, see:

8237: 7071:, History of Religions, Vol. 20, No. 1/2 (Aug. – Nov., 1980), pp. 81–111 6995: 5736: 5286:

Temporal range for Mesolithic in South Asia is from 12000 to 4000 years

4170: 2489:

in the Shaiva traditions. Shiva is also Part of 'Om' (ॐ) as a 'U' (उ).

19649: 19628: 19601: 19573: 19406: 19389: 19364: 19349: 19343: 18964: 18932: 18877: 18734: 18443: 18280: 18253: 18035: 17808: 17568: 17497: 17211: 17083: 16724: 16691: 16540: 16315: 16268: 15981: 15724:

The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination

15550: 14798: 13664: 13100: 13069:"The Origins and Development of the Pensive Bodhisattva Images of Asia" 13068: 12498: 12376: 12341: 10093:

For summary of Shiva's contrasting depictions in the Mahabharata, see:

9457: 8374:. State University of New York Press. pp. 120–125 with footnotes. 7805: 7061: 7044: 5776: 5383:, p. 11. For an overview of the Rudra-Fire complex of ideas, see: 5129: 5103: 5082: 5019: 4912: 4803: 4149: 3935: 3748: 3731: 3692: 3584:= "one who practices Yoga") refers to his association with yoga. While 2813: 2273: 1825: 1800: 1781: 1451: 1291: 1034: 1029: 842: 706: 194: 77: 62: 13229: 12390: 10271:

For the ascetic yogin form as reflecting Epic period influences, see:

9101: 6719: 2801:

of the 1st millennium CE, and have survived as Yoga texts such as the

2179:, but he is never associated with their warlike exploits as is Indra. 1890:, surrounded by animals. This figure was named by early excavators of 19786: 19746: 19578: 19512: 19482: 19436: 19323: 19083: 18872: 18822: 18795: 18744: 18709: 18699: 18651: 18550: 18518: 18463: 18360: 18315: 17989: 17556: 17487: 17377: 17320: 17236: 17058: 16881: 16866: 16709: 16681: 16671: 16648: 16305: 16093: 16020: 15976: 14417: 14164: 13986:

Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Śiva in Medieval India

13667:(Set of four volumes). Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45; 2003 reprint: 13115: 11326:

Monier Williams (1899), Sanskrit to English Dictionary, लिङ्ग, p. 901

10815:

For description of the form as representing teaching functions, see:

10389:

Splitting the difference: gender and myth in ancient Greece and India

9737: 9228: 7119: 5111: 4845: 4807: 4779: 4678: 4614: 4598:, as well as in northern, central and western India, the festival of 4591: 4178: 4006: 3939: 3700: 3608: 3405: 3395: 3278: 3259: 3226: 2900: 2872: 2871:

flowing through his matted hair, wearing ornaments of serpents and a

2701: 2588: 2415: 2407: 2315: 2269: 2029: 1958: 1928: 1896: 1864: 1803:

like humans. In that era, Shiva was widely viewed as both the god of

1724: 1578:

highest reverence for Shiva in Shaivism is reflected in his epithets

1306: 1286: 1276: 1179: 1130: 1062: 979: 969: 931: 884: 713: 682: 426: 307: 292: 215: 152: 122: 118: 19771: 15805: 15542: 14790: 13084: 12442: 12368: 12333: 7367:

For the parallel between the horns of Agni as bull, and Rudra, see:

7028: 4447:

to be a portion of Shiva. Some medieval era writers have called the

4402:, which means "linga of light", and these are located across India. 4112:

including ether. Nataraja is a significant visual interpretation of

1248: 19974: 19856: 19851: 19781: 19776: 19532: 19333: 19128: 18947: 18942: 18832: 18769: 18749: 18580: 18416: 18243: 18216: 18183: 18125: 18025: 18020: 17994: 17919: 17803: 17675: 17623: 17579: 17551: 17521: 17507: 17427: 17387: 17372: 17231: 17174: 16729: 16676: 16300: 16263: 16200: 16025: 15986: 15971: 15961: 15951: 15919: 14082:. 2015. Shiva: the lord of yoga. Twin Lakes, WI : Lotus Press. 12788:. Studies on East Asian Religions. Vol. 1. Leiden and Boston: 11027:

For association with the five faces and other groups of five, see:

10783: 10640:नर्तक) and Nityanarta (Sanskrit नित्यनर्त) as names of Shiva, see: 5296: 5184: 5057: 5045: 4952: 4904: 4822: 4637: 4576: 4414: 4157: 4121: 4024: 4015: 3864: 3841: 3783: 3779: 3767: 3719: 3676: 3672: 3569: 3483: 3391: 3346: 3175: 3140: 3130: 3101: 3044: 2906: 2845: 2779:

which includes transcendence of human misery by the dissolution of

2681: 2523: 2478: 2470: 2464: 2438:

is a Shaiva sectarian icon where Shiva is depicted rising from the

2129: 2001:

Shiva as we know him today shares many features with the Vedic god

1978: 1901: 1765: 1510: 1480: 1296: 1135: 832: 827: 788: 739: 725: 717: 702: 636: 624: 620: 609: 601: 371: 287: 250: 179: 144: 136: 104: 94: 67: 17957: 12930:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement

12580: 12479: 12320:

Manju Bhatnagar (1988). "The Monsoon Festival Teej in Rajasthan".

10232:

For the contrast between ascetic and householder depictions, see:

9429:

For the moon iconography as marking the rise of Rudra-Shiva, see:

8887:

Ramaswamy, Krishnan; de Nicolas, Antonio; Banerjee, Aditi (2007).

8096:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17, 48–49, 65–67, 155–161. 7410: 5970: 4371:

plant, and the ox that used to carry on its back the wood for the

3834:

dances are associated with the destruction-creation of the world.

1847: 1772:. The foremost center of worship of Khandoba in Maharashtra is in 19861: 19567: 19553: 19507: 19401: 19029: 18882: 18800: 18790: 18565: 18555: 18528: 18523: 18513: 18468: 18453: 18448: 18228: 18173: 18158: 18150: 18117: 17984: 17887: 17862: 17838: 17737: 17727: 17573: 17546: 17407: 17382: 17362: 17330: 17325: 17315: 17241: 17221: 17216: 17206: 17201: 17091: 16552: 16015: 16008: 14636:

Long, Bruce (1982). Guy Richard Welbon and Glenn E. Yocum (ed.).

14188:

Granoff, Phyllis (2003). "Mahakala's Journey: from Gana to God".

14170:

Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions

12075: 8611:. University of California Press. pp. 102 with footnote 42. 7817: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5236: 4572: 4444: 4428: 4410: 4360: 4347: 4337:

The worship of the lingam originated from the famous hymn in the

4244: 4236: 4232: 4215: 4113: 3811: 3799: 3744: 3723: 3604: 3600: 3493: 3315: 3274: 3210: 3125: 2996: 2973: 2711:

Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all idols (

2697: 2689: 2616: 2592: 2556: 2486: 2443: 2419: 2350: 2292: 2211: 2182:

Indra himself may have been adopted by the Vedic Aryans from the

2080: 2005:, and both Shiva and Rudra are viewed as the same personality in 1796: 1648:) listing many names of Shiva. The version appearing in Book 13 ( 1644: 1336: 1243: 1201: 1057: 879: 856: 678: 674: 670: 432: 403: 260: 210: 184: 17823: 17679: 16596: 15848:; original text, transliteration, English translation and notes. 15659:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement

10875: 9604:

For Shiva drinking the poison churned from the world ocean see:

8417: 7793: 7389:

For flaming hair of Agni and Bhairava see: Sivaramamurti, p. 11.

6376: 6113:

Shaivism in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to C.A.D. 300

5882: 4652:

celebration at the temple is attended by around 250,000 people.

3645:

in epic literature is known by many names, including the benign

2796:

Adiyogi Shiva (the first Yogi) statue in Coimbatore, south India

2684:

pattern. Shiva is one of the five deities, others being Vishnu,

2431: 2398:. Other Shaiva Agamas teach that these are one reality (monism, 1748:

identified with countless local cults by the sheer suffixing of

57: 19558: 19548: 19543: 19061: 19039: 18852: 18805: 18764: 18646: 18636: 18575: 18483: 18426: 18421: 18275: 17962: 17798: 17784: 17769: 17669: 17517: 17512: 17477: 17465: 17455: 17422: 17412: 17347: 17266: 17246: 17184: 17179: 16547: 16535: 16205: 16108: 16104: 15993: 15966: 15593:

Shaman, Saiva and Sufi: A Study of the Evolution of Malay Magic

15344:. Vol. 36. The Journal of Modern Craft. pp. 432–450. 12729:

Neighboring Faiths: A Christian Introduction to World Religions

11639:

Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America

10178: 9541:

For translation of Kapardin as "Endowed with matted hair" see:

9027:. State University of New York Press. pp. xxv–xxxii, 2–4. 8401:. Vol. CXII. Riverside Press, Cambridge. pp. 835–836. 8123:. University of California Press. pp. 2–5, 15–17, 38, 80. 6551: 5329: 5014: 5000: 4986: 4978: 4966: 4888: 4755: 4715: 4622: 4618: 4490: 4190: 4174: 4038: 3912: 3736: 3727: 3711: 3696: 3656: 3439:

notes a different etymology connected with the adjectival form

3170: 3146: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3076:" (Ganges). The Ganga flows from the matted hair of Shiva. The 2995:: Shiva iconography shows his body covered with ashes (bhasma, 2868: 2851: 2719:

identity of one's Atman (Self) and the Brahman. Popularized by

2604: 2548: 2513: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2379: 2176: 2018: 1773: 1364: 1359: 1316: 1253: 1099: 1095: 1086: 849: 729: 721: 698: 644: 632: 628: 411: 338: 323: 302: 297: 282: 224: 112: 30:"Nilkanth" and "Manjunatha" redirect here. For other uses, see 14697:

The Yoga of Truth: Jnana: The Ancient Path of Silent Knowledge

11793:. Eicher Goodearth and Madhya Pradesh Government. p. 25. 11212: 9725: 9662:

For alternate stories about this feature, and use of the name

9214:

For the term "Great Trinity" in relation to the Trimurti see:

9128:

For quotation defining the Trimurti see Matchett, Freda. "The

6943:

Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus

6369:

For complete Sanskrit text, translations, and commentary see:

5764: 5651: 4655: 3588:

was conceived mainly in terms of sacrifice, it was during the

2218:, extensive carvings show dancing Indra next to the images of 796: 19304: 18957: 18952: 18656: 18626: 18560: 18540: 18478: 18458: 18270: 17972: 17872: 17818: 17774: 17752: 17541: 17460: 17392: 17352: 17337: 17261: 17226: 16030: 13420: 13418: 13004:

India in the Chinese Imagination: Myth, Religion, and Thought

12846:"Integration of Sūtra and Tantra: Śiva, Śakti interpreted as 12301: 12289: 11412: 11387: 11362: 11266: 11264: 9523: 8624: 6494: 5582: 5333: 5155: 5151: 5137: 5090: 5076: 4962: 4864: 4711: 4625:. In the Hindu tradition, the Shiva-linked ascetic warriors ( 4595: 4364: 4105: 3894: 3815: 3684: 3680: 3664: 3472:"great time", which ultimately destroys all things. The name 3449: 3289: 3218:

are held in Shiva's hands in Odisha & south Indian icons.

3179: 3152: 3073: 2792: 2755:

who "teaches in silence the oneness of one's innermost self (

2728: 2712: 2693: 2411: 2383: 2237: 2160: 2148: 2066: 2040: 2014: 2002: 1787:

Myths about Shiva that were "roughly contemporary with early

1777: 1769: 1720: 1495: 1082: 996: 991: 912: 866: 837: 742: 709: 536: 157: 15770:. Asian Educational Services; Facsimile of 1931 ed edition. 15051:, New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India (1994 Reprint), 13930:

Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine A.; York, Michael (2008).

12424: 12422: 12245:"Tubers are the veggies of choice to celebrate Thiruvathira" 12159: 12157: 11838: 11688: 11526: 11524: 11231:

K.V, Anantharaman. "Chapter X – Omnipotence of Siva Linga".

10653:

For prominence of these associations in puranic times, see:

10427:

Same-sex love in India: readings from literature and history

9616: 9614: 9195:

For definition of Trimurti as "the unified form" of Brahmā,

8218: 8071: 7916: 7914: 7604: 7602: 7294: 7005:, East and West, Vol. 55, No. 1/4 (December 2005), pp. 71–80 6766:

McEvilley, Thomas (1 March 1981). "An Archaeology of Yoga".

6471: 6469: 6467: 6237: 6235: 6233: 5958: 4955:, China. The two are at the bottom right of the bottom image 4501: 4227:

states one of the three significations, the primary one, of

4052:

Shiva's body is said to consist of five mantras, called the

2190:

Many of the qualities of Indo-Iranian god of might/victory,

18998: 18927: 18909: 18857: 18641: 18585: 18545: 18505: 18488: 18473: 18438: 17867: 17779: 17492: 17432: 17397: 17367: 17307: 17281: 17271: 17251: 17196: 15888: 13888:

Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition

10453:

The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore

9713: 8886: 8838: 8836: 8441: 8273:

Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,

7736: 7696: 7516: 7282: 7270: 7246: 6409: 6407: 5572: 5570: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5337: 4731: 4699: 4674: 4599: 4533: 4259: 4145: 3743:. According to Doniger, two regional stories depict demons 3668: 3652: 3565: 3318:

was chosen as their leader by Shiva, hence Ganesha's title

3305: 3059: 2786: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2685: 2608: 2125: 2121: 2075: 2070: 2055: 2025: 1947: 1946:

themes, such as half-moon shapes resembling the horns of a

1920: 1804: 1678:, is a devotional hymn to Shiva hailing him by many names. 1222: 1091: 1019: 871: 770: 766: 690: 686: 662: 640: 577: 553: 547: 527: 498: 474: 376: 81: 73: 13415: 13000: 12516: 12514: 11261: 11160: 11115: 11086: 10045:

The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms

9078:

The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India

8498: 8496: 8429: 7573: 7571: 7343:"Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 6: HYMN XLVIII. Agni and Others" 7062:

Dionysus and Siva: Parallel Patterns in Two Pairs of Myths

4278:, symbolism for the goddess Shakti. In Shiva temples, the 3938:

is the depiction of Shiva, Parvati, and their son Skanda (

3005:: Shiva's distinctive hair style is noted in the epithets 2599:

concept, the icon is presented as half-man and half woman.

465: 17671: 14280:

A World Full of Gods: The Strange Triumph of Christianity

13043:

India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods

12612:

Het Buddhisme Java en Sumatra in Zijn laatste boeiperiods

12592: 12419: 12154: 11888: 11521: 10392:. London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 263–265. 10190: 9930: 9611: 8574: 8162:

The Variegated Plumage: Encounters with Indian Philosophy

7911: 7845: 7599: 7467:स न इन्द्रः सिवः सखाश्चावद् गोमद्यवमत् । उरूधारेव दोहते ॥ 7323: 7084:

Divine Play, Sacred Laughter, and Spiritual Understanding

6893: 6891: 6747: 6541: 6539: 6464: 6288:

For appearance of the name in the Shiva Sahasranama see:

6270: 6230: 6218: 5507:. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2008. pp. 445–448. 2959:: Shiva bears on his head the crescent moon. The epithet 1957:

The interpretation of the seal continues to be disputed.

1560:, "the Red one", in Tamil) and that Rudra is also called 468: 19:

This article is about the Hindu god. For other uses, see

14617:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2

14088:

The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and society in India

12400:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 98(1): 61–75 12124:. State University of New York Press. pp. 152–153. 11542: 11335: 9749: 9006:. State University of New York Press. pp. xii–xvi. 8833: 8405: 8059: 7985: 7708: 7648:"Speaking Tree: The Trika Tradition of Kashmir Shaivism" 7431:यो गृणतामिदासिथापिरूती शिवः सखा । स त्वं न इन्द्र मृलय ॥ 7258: 6404: 6392: 6009: 6007: 5788: 5700: 5698: 5567: 5521: 3554:

Shiva is depicted both as an ascetic mendicant (left as

2454:

on the right are depicted bowing to Shiva in the centre.

1681: 1472:

which means "in whom all things lie, pervasiveness" and

17732: 14057:(2003). "The Śaiva Traditions". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). 13787:(Second Revised ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 12511: 12218: 11571:

Balagangadhara, S. N.; Claerhout, Sarah (Spring 2008).

11570: 10760:

Radha, Sivananda (1992). "Mantra of Muladhara Chakra".

9497:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 775–776, 789–790, 551. 8623:, Quote: "In the Devi Mahatmya, it is quite clear that 8513: 8511: 8493: 7900:

JS Vasugupta (2012), Śiva Sūtras, Motilal Banarsidass,

7568: 7528: 7152: 6919:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 60–67, 79–80. 6575: 5925: 5848: 5846: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 4609:

during the Islamic rule period of India, celebrate the

3997:

The 10th century five headed Shiva, Sadashiva, Cambodia

3230:. This symbolises grace, mendicant life and meditation. 2164: 1552:

meaning "red", noting that Shiva is linked to the Sun (

15748:

Prehistoric Rock Paintings of Bhimbetka, Central India

14586:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

14366:

World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India

13801: 13573: 13393:"Mahadev tops TRP charts with a new record of 8.2 TVR" 12354: 10166: 10138: 9743: 9201:

and Śiva and use of the phrase "the Hindu triad" see:

8586: 7748: 7540: 6888: 6687: 6563: 6536: 6138: 5545: 5543: 5541: 4629:) get the honor of starting the event by entering the 4367:(sacrificial) fire, its smoke, ashes, and flames, the 3168:: A small drum shaped like an hourglass is known as a 2867:

Shiva with Parvati. Shiva is depicted three-eyed, the

2035:

According to Sadasivan, during the development of the

1836: 19903: 15606:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 15068:

Amritabindu and Kaivalya Upanishads with Commentaries

14569:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 14108:

Saivism in Indonesia During the Hindu-Javanese Period

14090:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 13988:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 12508:, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 209–226 12271:"Thiruvathira – Kerala's own version of Karva Chauth" 12064: 12038: 12012: 9786: 9774: 8185: 8158: 8089: 7622:"Svetasvatara Upanishad - Chap 3 the Highest Reality" 7234: 6004: 5695: 5620: 5594: 5555: 2338:

research suggests that numerous coins of the ancient

1807:

and of asceticism. In one story, he was seduced by a

14214:(New Revised ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 13363:

had 52 songs by top singers: Director Dheeraj Kumar"

13007:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 79–80. 11303: 11301: 11299: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11175: 10424: 10202: 10110:

meaning "cry, howl" as a traditional etymology see:

9416:

For translation "Having the moon as his crest" see:

9108:. State University of New York Press. pp. 7–8. 9054:. State University of New York Press. pp. 1–2. 8690: 8688: 8562: 8508: 8319:

Shankara Samhita Part 1, Verses 1.8.20–21 (Sanskrit)

8120:

The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects

8025:"Devi bhagwat Purana Skandh 5 Chapter 1 Verse 22-23" 6946:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 49–50. 6148: 5843: 5668: 5632: 5235:(2011–2014), a television serial about Shiva on the 4532:

chanting prayers, remembering Shiva, fasting, doing

4108:

period, an abstract or 'cosmic' symbolism linked to

3281:

is his traditional abode. In Hindu mythology, Mount

550: 544: 471: 17933: 12091:

A Thousand Teachings: The Upadesasahasri of Sankara

11911:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–88. 11138:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

10353: 10302:as names in the Shiva Sahasranama literature, see: 10258:For name Mahāyogi and associations with yoga, see, 10010: 9865: 9845:. State University of New York Press. p. 257. 9047: 8741:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

8671:. State University of New York Press. p. xix. 8290:EO James (1997), The Tree of Life, Brill Academic, 8247:, University of Manitoba, Canada, IEP, Section 1(d) 7487:For the bull parallel between Indra and Rudra see: 7164: 6019: 5538: 4431:is identified as the eleventh avatar of Shiva. The 2891:

Siva with Moustache from Archaeological Museum GOA.

2410:as early as the 7th century CE, with poets such as 2198:. He was associated more than any other deity with 541: 533: 530: 524: 462: 15395:First Indian Edition: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2003, 14614: 14562: 14463: 14028: 13656:Ṛgveda Saṃhitā: Sanskrit Text, English Translation 13552: 12563:The British in Java, 1811–1816: a Javanese account 12121:Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia 12009:Sri Ramakrishna Math (1985) "Hanuman Chalisa" p. 5 11751: 11749: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11187: 11135: 11060:, both of which mean "five faces", as epithets of 8738: 7932: 7768: 7222: 7210: 6832:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective 6735: 6487:For Jejuri as the foremost center of worship see: 6452: 4567:Regional festivals dedicated to Shiva include the 4545:Another major festival involving Shiva worship is 4542:which probably originated around the 5th-century. 3096:: Shiva is often shown garlanded with the serpent 2883:A seated Shiva holds an axe and deer in his hands. 2167:sound, the Supreme Self. In the Rig Veda the term 15561:Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India 13230:Charles Russell Coulter; Patricia Turner (2013). 11728:Harding, Elizabeth U. (1998). "God, the Father". 11580:Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 11296: 11172: 10828:For the deer-throne and the audience of sages as 10582:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 72, 206. 9102:Jaideva Vasugupta; Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1992). 8999: 8685: 8664: 8637: 8192:. State University of New York Press. p. 9. 8116: 5752: 5479:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. 1998. p. 115. 5444:स नो युवेन्द्रो जोहूत्रः सखा शिवो नरामस्तु पाता । 5075:("Non-returners") who are already on the path to 4243:as "sign", a mark that provides the existence of 3511:), who is also known as Shankaracharya. The name 2276:, rather than being a text just on Shiva theism. 2013:with fearsome powers, was the god of the roaring 19987: 15623:Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization 15603:Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization 14348:. Havelte, Holland: Binkey Kok Publications BV. 13929: 13192:. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 180. 12954:Hodous, Lewis; Soothill, William Edward (2004). 12834: 11970: 11758:"The Paris congress of the history of religions" 11661: 11079:For variation in attributions among texts, see: 9823: 9273:For a review of 4 theories about the meaning of 9081:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 237–239. 9020: 8940: 8694: 8604: 8394: 8368:Barbara Holdrege (2012). Hananya Goodman (ed.). 8367: 8307:Gregor Maehle (2009), Ashtanga Yoga, New World, 7933:Somasundaram, Ottilingam; Murthy, Tejus (2017). 7766: 7120:Walter Friedrich Otto; Robert B. Palmer (1965). 6916:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult 6912: 6871:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult 6867: 5588: 5416:For "Note Agni-Rudra concept fused" in epithets 4727:(locally also called Siwa Siddhanta, Sridanta). 3599:As a family man and householder, he has a wife, 3390:Shiva is represented in his many aspects. Left: 3090:: Shiva is often shown seated upon a tiger skin. 2009:. The two names are used synonymously. Rudra, a 643:) is regarded as the energy and creative power ( 15784: 15668:The Meanings of Hindu Gods, Goddesses and Myths 15391:The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography 15145:(Second ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 14455:Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization 12319: 12113: 12111: 11935:Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey 11818:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 88. 11746: 11695:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 543 footnote 4. 11485: 11477:Sen, Amiya P. (2006). "Editor's Introduction". 10951:. Madras: Law Printing House. pp. 338–343. 10866: 10048:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 25–26. 8961: 8812: 8529: 7056: 7054: 6874:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 242–. 5307:, Adamgarh, Lekhahia, etc." (p. 38). S.N. Sen, 4730:During the pre-Islamic period on the island of 4210:texts builds on this foundation. Linga, states 2875:, covered in ashes, and seated on a tiger skin. 1964: 612:, one of the major traditions within Hinduism. 15787:Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism, in three volumes 15642:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 15164:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 14875:The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition 14661:. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 13843: 13822: 13113: 12953: 12892: 12660: 12658: 12656: 12654: 12652: 12559: 12223:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 95–96. 12198:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 12–13. 12117: 11839:Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981). 11689:Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981). 11611: 11437: 11185: 11133: 10780:"Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 1 Chapter 2 Verse 23" 10368:For regional name variants of Karttikeya see: 10041: 9838: 9731: 9592: 9529: 8995: 8993: 8936: 8934: 8785: 8736: 8730: 7465: 7429: 6967: 6939: 6254: 6208: 5718:"Shiva In Mythology: Let's Reimagine The Lord" 5442: 5274: 4782:took on the iconographic appearance of Shiva. 4163:." This may point to an "osmosis" of ideas in 4084:is of the character of the fivefold Brahman. ( 3518: 3026: 2966: 2912: 2314:Shaiva devotees and ascetics are mentioned in 2151:, dedicated to Shiva as the lord of all beings 1479:The word Shiva is used as an adjective in the 19290: 17655: 17139: 16612: 15904: 15880: 15285: 15240: 15041: 13744:The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597–1972 13731: 13508: 12672: 12670: 12499:The Goddess Durgā in the East-Javanese Period 10949:Elements of Hindu Iconography. Vol. 2: Part I 10881: 10803: 10575: 9688: 9404: 9168: 9147: 8819:. Oxford University Press. pp. 313–314. 8668:The Yoga of Delight, Wonder, and Astonishment 8328: 7799: 7593: 7558: 7406:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 84–89. 7193:"Rudra | Hinduism, Shiva, Vedas | Britannica" 7080: 6996:A Dionysian Scheme on a Seal from Gupta India 6908: 6906: 6677: 6593: 6370: 6142: 5913:Sanskrit to English Dictionary with Etymology 5429: 5380: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5079:and who will attain enlightenment are born. 4640:, major Shivaratri celebration occurs at the 2704:or any personal god of devotee's preference ( 2028:, the Germanic God of rage ("wütte") and the 1935:have expressed doubts about this suggestion. 1704: 1410: 15684: 15461:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 14999: 14842:Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora 14517: 13732:Bongard-Levin, Grigoriĭ Maksimovich (1985). 13436: 13322:Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema 13202: 12726: 12108: 11977:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 10–11. 11721: 10721: 10719: 10691: 9490: 8789:Outline of the Religious Literature of India 8701:Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions 8154: 8152: 7935:"Siva - The Mad Lord: A Puranic perspective" 7823: 7051: 6681: 6639:. For a drawing of the seal see Figure 1 in 6070: 5951:as an epithet for other Vedic deities, see: 5447:and translation as "May that young adorable 4989:: Móxīshǒuluótiān) is considered one of the 3707:by the names Skanda, Kumara, or Karttikeya. 1997:Three-headed Shiva, Gandhara, 2nd century AD 1429: 17153: 15525: 15428:Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship 15425: 15289:Satarudriya: Vibhuti Or Shiva's Iconography 13782: 13445:(2). Sociological Bulletin, 1(2): 162–184. 12649: 12636: 12633:, pp. 4–6, 14–16, 94–96, 160–161, 253. 12191: 12118:Karen Pechilis (2012). Selva J. Raj (ed.). 11786: 11290: 10961:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 10910: 10854: 10835: 10675: 10654: 10551:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 10544: 10501: 10328: 10321:as the oldest name, and variants including 10272: 10259: 10246: 10245:For Shiva's representation as a yogi, see: 10220: 10081: 9893: 9719: 9669: 9443: 9430: 9364: 9351: 9295: 9278: 9074: 8990: 8931: 8530:Jamison, Stephanie; Brereton, Joel (2020). 7775:. University of California Press. pp. 7510: 7488: 7368: 7288: 7276: 7252: 6861: 6314: 5976: 5964: 5952: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5404: 4656:Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism 4128:or "Being, Consciousness and Bliss" in the 3362: 2911:) to ashes, called "Tryambakam" (Sanskrit: 2812:Other famed Shiva-related texts influenced 2469:Shaivism is one of the four major sects of 2426: 1882:or wearing a horned headdress and possibly 1509:Sharma presents another etymology with the 19297: 19283: 17662: 17648: 17146: 17132: 16619: 16605: 15911: 15897: 15806:"Vṛṣabhavāhanamūrti in Literature and Art" 15334: 15315: 15306: 15246:Śatarudrīya: Vibhūti of Śiva's Iconography 15000:Rosen, Steven; Schweig, Graham M. (2006). 14612: 14560: 14322: 13905: 13785:The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages 13424: 13314: 13312: 12933:. Columbia University Press. p. 151. 12840: 12667: 12532: 12441:Kalhoro, Zulfiqar Ali (27 February 2018). 11938:. Oxford University Press US. p. 44. 11931: 11630: 11530: 11270: 11218: 11166: 11121: 11092: 10710:India's Kathak Dance, Past Present, Future 10708:Massey, Reginald. "India's Kathak Dance". 10687: 10602:For description of the nataraja form see: 10359:Search for Meaning By Antonio R. Gualtieri 10156: 9626: 8490:, pp. 19–24, 40, 65, Narayani p. 232. 8435: 7729:, p. 205 For date of Mahabhasya see: 7690: 7329: 7300: 7264: 6903: 6753: 6713: 6500: 6475: 6276: 6241: 6224: 5662: 5343: 3659:(divine energy) as well as goddesses like 3526: 3293:, representing the center of the universe. 1417: 1403: 111: 15803: 15637: 15439:Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture 15252: 15008: 14892: 14871: 14675: 14656: 14539: 14384:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). 14383: 14247: 14233:. Bombay: Somaiya Publications Pvt. Ltd. 13826:Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses 13654:Arya, Ravi Prakash; Joshi, K. L. (2001). 13653: 13430: 13209:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 131. 12428: 12307: 12295: 12175: 12163: 12148: 11906: 11894: 11845:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 543–544. 11813: 11732:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 156–157. 11496: 11444:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 107. 11109: 11080: 11028: 11015: 11002: 10989: 10976: 10816: 10716: 10579:The Bedtrick: Tales of Sex and Masquerade 10569: 10495: 10449: 10418: 10347: 10196: 10160: 10132: 10111: 9936: 9707: 9620: 9567: 9554: 9417: 9308: 8870: 8854: 8523: 8475: 8463: 8411: 8165:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 125–126. 8149: 7968: 7950: 7771:Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.–A.D. 700 7682: 7475: 7439: 7416: 7126:. Indiana University Press. p. 164. 6765: 6413: 6357: 6308: 5833: 5810: 5782: 5746: 5384: 3822:is regarded as the female counterpart of 2378:) associated with him. The Shiva-related 2202:, a stimulant drug (perhaps derived from 1886:, seated in a posture reminiscent of the 1824:Prehistoric rock paintings dating to the 1768:is a patron deity of farming and herding 1760:An example of assimilation took place in 1541:Some authors associate the name with the 15832: 15765: 15694:. State University of University Press. 15656: 15590: 15557: 15480:The Making of India: A Historical Survey 15382:Shiva: The Wild God of Power and Ecstasy 15123:Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction 14944: 14805: 14743: 14722: 14694: 14323:Issitt, Micah Lee; Main, Carlyn (2014). 14204: 14139:Gonda, Jan (1969). "The Hindu Trinity". 14115: 13687: 13678: 13465: 13437:Ghurye, G.S. (1952). "Ascetic Origins". 12927:Davidson, Ronald M. (18 December 2002). 12926: 12784:. In Bentor, Yael; Shahar, Meir (eds.). 11842:A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1 11692:A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1 11282: 10904: 10528: 10125:Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary 9755: 8842: 8502: 8224: 8077: 8065: 7452: 7240: 7158: 6897: 6661: 6581: 6202: 6176: 6166: 5931: 5922:, Oxford University Press, pp. 1074–1076 5898: 5818: 5600: 4817: 4664: 4528:which means "the Great Night of Shiva". 4169: 3992: 3758: 3726:– is born. In outskirts of Ernakulam in 2886: 2878: 2862: 2791: 2785:, which is why Shiva is associated with 2658: 2582: 2430: 2139: 2132:have flaming hair as a special feature. 1992: 1846: 1685: 17074:Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago) 15768:Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization 15741: 15665: 15498: 15456: 15388: 14484: 14461: 14452: 14276: 14266: 14187: 14002: 13913:: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings 13698: 13598: 13555:Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa 13550: 13474: 13309: 13160: 12440: 11762:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda 11755: 11730:Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar 11727: 11605: 11536: 11339:Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions 10740: 10725: 10385: 9984: 9912: 9905:For spelling of alternate proper names 8947:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xv–xx. 8641:I.A. Richards and Indian Theory of Rasa 8580: 8459: 8447: 8332:Iconography of Śiva in Pahāṛī Paintings 7811: 7754: 7742: 7702: 7589: 7577: 7534: 7522: 7398: 6825: 6636: 6569: 6557: 6545: 6433: 6196: 5872: 5814: 5770: 5626: 5310:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 4891:, a deva residing in the 6th heaven of 4742:The worship of Shiva became popular in 4463:For list of the temples by nation, see 3353: 3058:: his iconography often shows him in a 1662:provides one such list. Shiva also has 673:as well as a householder with his wife 19988: 15727:. State University of New York Press. 15720: 15620: 15599: 15435: 15406: 15219: 15178: 15159: 15140: 15119: 15100: 15064: 14977: 14925: 14899:. State University of New York Press. 14878:. State University of New York Press. 14826:from the original on 28 September 2018 14343: 14085: 13884: 13870:. State University of New York Press. 13863: 13577:. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math. 1986. 13287:"Shiva, the brand God who never fails" 13255: 13253: 13039: 12779: 12403: 12383: 10641: 10624: 10603: 10346:identified as the wife of Shiva, see: 10303: 10172: 10144: 10094: 9961: 9924: 9792: 9780: 9579: 9542: 9227:The Trimurti idea of Hinduism, states 9215: 8880: 8644:. Sarup & Sons. pp. 117–118. 8592: 8487: 8423: 8011: 7991: 7863: 7839: 7730: 7714: 7216: 7149:, pp. 3 with footnote 2, 102–105. 7146: 7087:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 41–60. 6340: 6289: 6264: 6189: 6154: 6013: 5840:, pp. 3 with footnote 2, 102–105. 5837: 5704: 5645: 5549: 5532: 5017:: Èrshísì zhūtiān) who are a group of 3416:) and benign or auspicious (Sanskrit: 2282:Self-realization and Shaiva Upanishads 2110:("Of golden red hue as of flame") and 2078:with Rudra is explicitly noted in the 19278: 17643: 17127: 16600: 15892: 15879: 15810:Annali del Istituto Orientale, Naples 15503:. Adyar Library and Research Center. 15475: 15376: 15206: 15143:Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata 15075: 14859:from the original on 10 November 2023 14583: 14362: 14228: 14163: 14138: 14104: 14053: 14023: 13983: 13962: 13915:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13761: 13318: 13001:John Kieschnick; Meir Shahar (2013). 12786:Chinese and Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism 12664:Puri, P. 133 Buddhism in Central Asia 12630: 12598: 12586: 12520: 12485: 12476:, pp. 16, 123, 494–495, 550–552. 12473: 12144: 12026:from the original on 9 September 2006 11768:from the original on 24 February 2021 11509:from the original on 18 February 2018 11286: 11249:from the original on 30 December 2021 10759: 10538: 10425:Vanita, Ruth; Kidwai, Saleem (2001). 10369: 10233: 10208: 10029: 9644:from the original on 27 November 2020 9605: 9461: 9261: 9249: 9236: 9135: 8965:The Shiva Samhita: A Critical Edition 8769: 8568: 8517: 8007: 8003: 7920: 7867: 7851: 7835: 7726: 7686: 7660:from the original on 2 September 2022 7608: 7317: 7228: 7170: 6835:. Rowman Altamira. pp. 140–144. 6729: 6725: 6709: 6705: 6693: 6673: 6640: 6632: 6526: 6425: 6382: 6109: 6058: 5892: 5864: 5852: 5794: 5758: 5742: 5689: 5576: 5561: 5195: 5154:is a fierce Shiva adaptation in both 3754: 3564:Shiva is depicted as both an ascetic 1814: 1690:An ancient sculpture of Shiva at the 1682:Historical development and literature 1666:(10,000 names) that are found in the 509: 15708:from the original on 19 October 2023 15578:from the original on 16 January 2024 14838: 14776: 14713: 14635: 14525:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 14505:from the original on 11 January 2023 14416: 14404:from the original on 20 October 2022 14309: 13740: 13719:from the original on 15 January 2023 13631: 13541: 13373:from the original on 2 December 2021 12687:from the original on 28 October 2016 12277:from the original on 7 February 2017 12251:from the original on 10 January 2020 12179: 11859:from the original on 19 October 2023 11709:from the original on 19 October 2023 11458:from the original on 19 October 2023 11067: 10853:as a mostly south Indian form, see: 10796:For iconographic description of the 10674:and prevalence in South India, see: 10508:. Abhinav Publications. p. 93. 10443: 10184: 10016: 9811: 9768: 9385: 9202: 8792:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 180. 8718:from the original on 16 January 2024 8550:from the original on 10 October 2023 7678: 7562: 7546: 7014: 6849:from the original on 20 January 2023 6741: 6513: 6488: 6458: 6446: 6429: 6398: 6386: 6183: 6025: 5998: 5888: 5876: 5868: 5724:from the original on 30 October 2022 5328:In scriptures, Shiva is paired with 5219:was also based on legends of Shiva. 4802:has mentioned two avatars of Rudra: 4688:the popular name for Shiva has been 4144:, "which holds the individual Self ( 2676:of Hinduism, Shiva is a part of its 1855:discovered during excavation of the 1564:(brown, or red) in the Rigveda. The 19259: 15558:Williams, Joanna Gottfried (1981). 14457:. Karachi: Oxford University Press. 14250:The Essentials of Indian Philosophy 14059:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism 13559:. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd. 13250: 13167:. Infobase Publishing. p. 28. 13066: 12899:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 43. 11907:Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey (1982). 11814:Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey (1982). 11637:"The Hindu Goddess Reinterpreted". 11481:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 25–26. 11476: 11392:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11367:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10871:. Universität zu Köln. p. 756. 10730:. Abhinav Publications. p. 96. 10223:, pp. 28 (note 7), and p. 177. 10062:from the original on 13 August 2023 9997:Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend 8919:from the original on 12 August 2021 8335:. Mittal Publications. p. 94. 7628:from the original on 1 October 2022 6116:. Meenakshi Prakashan. p. 81. 4840:and worshipped as the fierce deity 3718:– identified with regional deities 3043:= "throat"). Since Shiva drank the 2805:(literally, 'Shiva's song'), which 2763:)." Shiva is also an archetype for 2648: 2620:, in a hymn called the Devi Sukta. 1837:Indus Valley and the Pashupati seal 1476:which means "embodiment of grace". 13: 15631: 15430:. Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd. 15307:Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1976). 15273:from the original on 31 March 2024 15105:. American Philosophical Society. 15029:from the original on 31 March 2024 14965:from the original on 31 March 2024 14913:from the original on 31 March 2024 14764:from the original on 31 March 2024 14716:Temples and Legends of Maharashtra 14657:Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1996). 14470:. University of California Press. 14122:State University of New York Press 13950:from the original on 21 April 2023 13619:from the original on 31 March 2024 13529:from the original on 31 March 2024 13515:. Central Chinmaya Mission Trust. 13339:from the original on 31 March 2024 13297:from the original on 23 March 2016 13267:from the original on 11 April 2017 13142:from the original on 31 March 2024 13021:from the original on 29 March 2017 12982:from the original on 31 March 2024 12822:from the original on 31 March 2024 12761:from the original on 31 March 2024 12731:. InterVarsiry Press. p. 377. 12391:Warrior Ascetics in Indian History 12052:from the original on 5 August 2012 11991:from the original on 31 March 2024 11952:from the original on 31 March 2024 11670:from the original on 10 April 2021 11441:Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis 11415:The Hindus: An Alternative History 11413:O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (2009). 11388:O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (2013). 11363:O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (1981). 11142:. Yale University Press. pp. 10975:For five as a sacred number, see: 10782:. 23 November 2010. Archived from 10712:. Abhinav Publications. p. 8. 10707: 10470:from the original on 31 March 2024 10429:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 69. 10406:from the original on 31 March 2024 9511:from the original on 31 March 2024 9363:For the moon on the forehead see: 8913:"Samhara, Saṃhāra: 18 definitions" 8745:. Yale University Press. pp. 8349:from the original on 31 March 2024 8206:from the original on 31 March 2024 8137:from the original on 31 March 2024 7349:from the original on 25 March 2010 7101:from the original on 31 March 2024 6614:from the original on 31 March 2024 6120:from the original on 31 March 2024 6091:from the original on 31 March 2024 4947:Paintings of Shiva and Parvati in 3766:statue depicting Shiva dancing as 2731:) has been dated to belong to the 2394:), are the foundational texts for 2334:art suggests it was likely Shiva. 2287:He who sees himself in all beings, 2104:, some epithets of Rudra, such as 1819: 720:or trident as his weapon, and the 712:flowing from his matted hair, the 14: 20097: 16626: 15852: 15837:. Chennai: Sri Ramakrishna Math. 15820:from the original on 13 June 2022 15691:A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition 15625:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 15364:from the original on 13 June 2022 14945:Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (2000). 14718:. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 14316:The Thirteen Principal Upanishads 14086:Fuller, Christopher John (2004). 13762:Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). 13694:. University of California Press. 13679:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). 13637:The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary 13403:from the original on 6 April 2017 12536:Ensiklopedi wayang Indonesia: A-B 11547:. Red Wheel/Weiser. p. 294. 11543:Swami Agehananda Bharati (1970). 11505:. The Divine Life Trust Society. 11336:Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (2008). 10928:from the original on 8 March 2011 10867:Monier-Williams, Monier (2008) . 9828:. Lalit Kalā Akademi. p. 41. 9051:Lord Siva's Song: The Isvara Gita 7402:(1973). "The Vedic Antecedents". 7060:Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1980), 6974:. Penguin Books. pp. 10–11. 4694:, which is derived from Sanskrit 4469:List of Shiva Temples in Pakistan 3447:nature", and translates the name 2971:"Having the moon as his crest" – 2899:: Shiva is often depicted with a 724:. He is usually worshiped in the 689:), regarded as the patron god of 19973: 19961: 19949: 19937: 19925: 19913: 19522: 19258: 19248: 19239: 19238: 19227: 17932: 17678: 17670: 17297: 17044:Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswaram 16748:Emarald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu 16580: 16571: 16570: 16046: 14699:. Rochester, VT: Destiny Books. 14440:from the original on 3 July 2023 13546:. Calcutta: Dass, Elysium Press. 13483: 13385: 13351: 13279: 13223: 13196: 13181: 13154: 13107: 13060: 13033: 12994: 12947: 12920: 12886: 12773: 12735: 12720: 12604: 12553: 12526: 12491: 12455:from the original on 16 May 2020 12434: 12348: 12313: 12263: 12237: 12219:Muriel Marion Underhill (1991). 12212: 12185: 12082: 12003: 11964: 11925: 11900: 11871: 11832: 11807: 11780: 11682: 11655: 11470: 11431: 11406: 11381: 11356: 11329: 11320: 11224: 11127: 11098: 11073: 11034: 11021: 11008: 10995: 10982: 10969: 10940: 10896: 10887: 10860: 10841: 10822: 10809: 10790: 10772: 10753: 10734: 10701: 10660: 10647: 10630: 10609: 10596: 10482: 10379: 10362: 10334: 10309: 10278: 10265: 10252: 10239: 10226: 10117: 10100: 10087: 10074: 10035: 10022: 9990: 9967: 9942: 9918: 9899: 9886: 9859: 9832: 9817: 9798: 9761: 9694: 9675: 9656: 9598: 9585: 9573: 9560: 9548: 9535: 9484: 9467: 9449: 9436: 9423: 9410: 9391: 9370: 9357: 9338: 9323: 9314: 9301: 9284: 9267: 9254: 9221: 9208: 9189: 9141: 9122: 9095: 9068: 9041: 8905: 8891:. Rupa Publication. p. 59. 8806: 8779: 8658: 8631: 8598: 8478:, pp. 85–86, 119, 144, 171. 8388: 8361: 8322: 8301: 8284: 8267: 8250: 8230: 8179: 8110: 8083: 8017: 7926: 7894: 7877: 7857: 7760: 7720: 7640: 7614: 7503: 7494: 7481: 7458: 7445: 7422: 7392: 7383: 7374: 7361: 7335: 7306: 6768:Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics 5435: 5410: 5390: 5373: 5229:has sold over a million copies. 5163: 5144: 5122: 4937: 4926: 4500: 4489: 4390:The oldest known archaeological 4355:, and it is shown that the said 3772:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 3544: 3535: 3380: 3371: 1386: 795: 639:tradition, the Supreme Goddess ( 520: 458: 19228: 17079:Tribhuvanamāhesvaram (Cambodia) 15789:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. 15785:Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2004). 15316:Srinivasan, Doris Meth (1997). 14659:A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary 14453:Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). 14192:. 77, Fasc. 1/4 (1/4): 95–114. 13966:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide 13802:Sitansu S. Chakravarti (1991). 13688:Berreman, Gerald Duane (1963). 13261:"Shiva, the god of cool things" 13233:Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities 13187: 11417:. United States: Viking Press. 11230: 10743:A Dictionary of Asian Mythology 9872:. Routledge. pp. 114–115. 9767:For definition and shape, see: 8010:, pp. 3–20, 35–36, 49–51; 7185: 7176: 7113: 7074: 7008: 6994:Pierfrancesco Callieri (2005), 6988: 6961: 6933: 6819: 6802: 6759: 6646: 6626: 6600:. Routledge. pp. 364–366. 6587: 6519: 6506: 6481: 6439: 6363: 6346: 6334: 6295: 6282: 6247: 6103: 6064: 6051:) and which focus on the deity 6031: 5982: 5937: 5911:Monier Monier-Williams (1899), 5800: 5710: 5505:Encyclopedia of World Religions 5477:Indian Civilization and Culture 5322: 5280: 5267: 5097:, the Buddhist name for Shiva. 4969:, Shiva, better known there as 4754:. Shaivism was also popular in 4737: 4633:first for bathing and prayers. 4590:and those related to Durga. In 4553:over the three demons known as 4359:is put in place of the eternal 2903:, with which he burned Desire ( 2591:, depicting Shiva with goddess 2128:and the form of Shiva known as 1764:, where a regional deity named 1444:Sanskrit dictionary, the word " 19153:Relations with other religions 15350:10.1080/1468936042000282726821 15248:. Delhi: Abhinav Publications. 15160:Sharma, Debabrata Sen (1990). 14750:. Princeton University Press. 14546:. Philadelphia Museum of Art. 13844:Chidbhavananda, Swami (1997). 13747:. Cambridge University Press. 13658:. Delhi: Parimal Publications. 13605:. Princeton University Press. 13551:Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (2004). 13046:. Concept Publishing Company. 11342:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 572–573. 11014:For distinct iconography, see 10922:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 10490:Mohini#Relationship with Shiva 9403:as an iconographic form, see: 8704:. Brill Academic. p. 60. 8466:, pp. 113, 119, 144, 171. 8186:Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1987). 8159:Narendranath B. Patil (2003). 8093:A History of Indian Philosophy 8090:Surendranath Dasgupta (1973). 7814:, p. 556, 769 footnote 1. 6110:Tyagi, Ishvar Chandra (1982). 5785:, pp. 113, 119, 144, 171. 5606: 5589:Cush, Robinson & York 2008 5493: 5465: 5170:Statue of Shiva depicted as a 5067:, highest of the Śuddhāvāsa (" 4465:List of Shiva temples in India 4116:and a dance posture of Shiva. 3435:, which means "to cry, howl". 3248:(nandin)), is the name of the 2542: 2225: 701:around his neck, the adorning 497:'The Auspicious One', 1: 20011:Characters in the Mahabharata 15220:Sircar, Dineschandra (1998). 15004:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 14809:Prehistoric Rock Art of India 14273:Originally published in 1915. 14271:. New York: Biblo and Tannen. 14267:Hopkins, E. Washburn (1969). 14190:Rivista degli studi orientali 13848:. Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam. 13783:Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986). 13683:. Princeton University Press. 13509:Chinmayananda, Swami (2002). 13040:Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (2007). 11586:(19): 118–143. Archived from 11479:The Indispensable Vivekananda 11070:, p. 578, middle column. 10741:Leeming, David Adams (2001). 6077:. Weiser Books. p. 213. 5458: 5209:A 1990s television series of 4826: 4746:through the influence of the 4110:five elements (Pancha Bhoota) 4000: 3501: 3287:is conceived as resembling a 2921:denotes "an eye", and in the 2858: 2759:) with the ultimate reality ( 2497:) and devotional traditions ( 2324:(2nd-century BCE) and in the 1868: 1694:, Maharashtra. 6th century CE 1490:), as an epithet for several 1484: 86:Master of Poison and Medicine 17029:Kadhalishwaram ruins (China) 15918: 15670:. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. 15657:Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). 15499:Warrier, AG Krishna (1967). 15459:Yoga and the Hindu Tradition 14985:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 14491:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 14277:Hopkins, Keith (July 2001). 14231:Karttikeya: The Son of Shiva 14006:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda 13906:Courtright, Paul B. (1985). 13705:. Harvard University Press. 13699:Blurton, T. Richard (1993). 13592: 13542:Dutt, Manmatha Nath (1905). 13120:. Sri Satguru Publications. 12614:, T.B.G., pp. 522–539, 550; 12589:, pp. 155–157, 462–463. 12560:P. B. R. Carey, ed. (1992). 12488:, pp. 130–131, 550–552. 11664:"The interpretation of gods" 9973:For identification of Mount 9866:Prabhavati C. Reddy (2014). 9335:see: Hopkins (1968), p. 220. 9154:. J.P. Tarcher. p. 61. 9048:Andrew J. Nicholson (2014). 8315:, p. 17; for Sanskrit, see: 7939:Indian Journal of Psychiatry 7842:, pp. 187–188, 222–228. 6320:Sir Monier Monier-Williams, 6074:Tantra: Cult of the Feminine 6071:van Lysebeth, Andre (2002). 4660: 4474: 4102:Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram 3956:: पञ्चानन), also called the 3124:: Shiva typically carries a 1971:Proto-Indo-European religion 1965:Proto-Indo-European elements 627:trinity which also includes 7: 15721:Mahony, William K. (1998). 15426:Tattwananda, Swami (1984). 15409:The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy 15311:(in German). Franz Steiner. 15185: 15126:. Oxford University Press. 15080: 15065:Sastri, A Mahadeva (1898). 14951:. Oxford University Press. 14729:. Oxford University Press. 14680:. Woodstock, NY: YogVidya. 14561:Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). 14209: 14031:An Introduction to Hinduism 13909: 13734:Ancient Indian Civilization 12960:. London: RoutledgeCurzon. 12858:Buddhist Thought and Ritual 11932:Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). 11190:The Myths and Gods of India 11062: 11053: 11043: 10869:Sanskrit-English Dictionary 10849: 10830: 10798: 10669: 10618: 10450:Pattanaik, Devdutt (2001). 10342: 10323: 10317: 10298: 10292: 10286: 10187:, p. 727, left column. 9975: 9907: 9806: 9744:Sitansu S. Chakravarti 1991 9702: 9683: 9664: 9494:Sechzig Upaniṣad's des Veda 9399: 9379: 9346: 9331: 9197: 9130: 9021:Vasugupta; Jaideva (1980). 8968:. Yoga. pp. xiii–xiv. 8941:Vasugupta; Jaideva (1979). 8536:. Oxford University Press. 6655: 6303: 6253:For appearance of the name 6139:Sri Vishnu Sahasranama 1986 6053: 6046: 6039: 5991: 5946: 5424: 5418: 5399: 5248: 4813: 4394:as an icon of Shiva is the 4318:, and others. According to 4265: 4140:, or "abstract monism," of 4080: 4054: 4040: 4031: 4017: 4008: 3986: 3946:Dynasty in southern India. 3884: 3847: 3805: 3793: 3647: 3641: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3575: 3513: 3488: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3419: 3411: 3336: 3329: 3321: 3307: 3298: 3283: 3268: 3254: 3235: 3198: 3192: 3185: 3178:. A specific hand gesture ( 3079: 3047:poison churned up from the 3038: 3019: 3007: 2984: 2975: 2961: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2905: 2839: 2587:Ardhanarishvara sculpture, 2578: 2458: 2170: 2112: 2106: 2090: 1911:), an epithet of the later 1906: 1650: 1626: 1617: 1609: 1601: 1589: 1581: 1555: 1547: 1532: 1516: 1464: 1446: 583: 504: 36:Manjunatha (disambiguation) 10: 20102: 15833:Tulsidas, Goswami (1985). 15804:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (1996). 15600:Zimmer, Heinrich (1972) . 15591:Winstedt, Richard (2020). 15389:Stutley, Margaret (1985). 15286:Sivaramamurti, C. (2004). 15141:Sharma, Ram Karan (1988). 14747:Hinduism: Past and Present 14613:Lochtefeld, James (2002). 14540:Kramrisch, Stella (1981). 14318:. Oxford University Press. 14312:"Shvetashvatara Upanishad" 14111:. University of Hong Kong. 14105:Ghose, Rajeshwari (1966). 14037:Cambridge University Press 13984:Davis, Richard H. (1992). 13885:Coburn, Thomas B. (2002). 13864:Coburn, Thomas B. (1991). 13599:Anthony, David W. (2007). 13501: 13496: 13236:. Routledge. p. 182. 13190:Indian Sculpture: 700–1800 12389:David N. Lorenzen (1978), 11234:Siva Gita A Critical Study 10615:For interpretation of the 10123:Citation to M. Mayrhofer, 9000:Jaideva Vasugupta (1991). 8665:Jaideva Vasugupta (1991). 8638:Gupteshwar Prasad (1994). 8238:Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy 8117:David N. Lorenzen (1972). 7693:, pp. 96–97 and Chapter 9. 7428:For text of RV 6.45.17 as 6660:as "Lord of Animals" see: 6199:, Chapter 17 of Volume 13. 6186:, Chapter 17 of Volume 13. 5441:For text of RV 2.20.3a as 5301:Journal of Human Evolution 4836:Shiva is mentioned in the 4785: 4716:Javanese puppetry (wayang) 4478: 4462: 4405: 4379:gave place in time to the 4188: 3778:The depiction of Shiva as 2843: 2652: 2595:as his equal half. In the 2462: 2021:", a group of storm gods. 1840: 1708: 1705:Assimilation of traditions 1697: 1433: 29: 18: 19759: 19714: 19687: 19664: 19642: 19621: 19594: 19587: 19531: 19520: 19316: 19225: 19052: 19017: 18843: 18778: 18685: 18612: 18605: 18504: 18407: 18398: 18306: 18192: 18149: 18116: 18034: 18008: 17980: 17971: 17950: 17941: 17930: 17849: 17718: 17709: 17688: 17619: 17530: 17448: 17306: 17295: 17165: 16994: 16936:275 Paadal Petra Sthalams 16926: 16852: 16814: 16776: 16768:Art/Chithiram, Courtallam 16738: 16700: 16662: 16634: 16566: 16528: 16473: 16400: 16362: 16324: 16286: 16277: 16247:Festivals and observances 16246: 16183: 16103: 16087:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta 16055: 16044: 15937: 15926: 15886: 15881:Links to related articles 15621:Zimmer, Heinrich (2000). 15191:. Delhi: Nag Publishers. 15101:Scharf, Peter M. (1996). 15076:Sarup, Lakshman (1998) . 15043:Radhakrishnan, Sarvapalli 15012:A Social History of India 15009:Sadasivan, S. N. (2000). 14893:Pintchman, Tracy (2014). 14872:Pintchman, Tracy (2015). 14676:Mallinson, James (2007). 14598:10.1017/S0041977X00146531 14426:. New York: Grove Press. 14346:The Book of Hindu Imagery 14344:Jansen, Eva Rudy (1993). 14229:Gupta, Shakti M. (1988). 13164:Japanese Mythology A to Z 12896:What Is Tantric Practice? 12798:10.1163/9789004340503_019 11971:Catherine Ludvík (1994). 11790:Omkareshwar and Maheshwar 11666:. University of Chicago. 11662:Amy M. Braverman (2004). 11503:Lord Siva and His Worship 11497:Sivananda, Swami (1996). 10456:. Routledge. p. 71. 10131:"rudra", is provided in: 10007:) by Anna L. Dallapiccola 9824:C. Sivaramamurti (1963). 8605:David R. Kinsley (1975). 8426:, pp. 1, 53–56, 280. 8395:Charles Johnston (1913). 7767:Pratapaditya Pal (1986). 7466: 7464:For text of RV 8.93.3 as 7430: 6913:Roger D. Woodard (2010). 6868:Roger D. Woodard (2006). 6780:10.1086/RESv1n1ms20166655 6255: 5443: 4458: 4455:an incarnation of Shiva. 4256: 4184: 3651:. She is identified with 3519: 3431:is derived from the root 3027: 2967: 2913: 2772: 2210:The texts and artwork of 1739:and the emergence of the 1458:, also transliterated as 1455: 1430:Etymology and other names 576:'The Great God', 566: 487: 417: 395: 390: 349: 337: 316: 273: 244: 223: 204: 172: 129: 110: 102: 50: 45: 32:Nilkanth (disambiguation) 20051:Names of God in Hinduism 18297:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 17603:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 17112:Kamphaeng Phet province 17098:Hx thewalay kestr phiman 17064:Sivan temple (Singapore) 17034:Kethishwaram (Sri Lanka) 17009:Fire temple (Azerbaijan) 16506:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar 16066:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 15751:. Abhinav Publications. 15666:Debnath, Sailen (2009). 15638:Chatterji, J.C. (1986). 15595:. Library of Alexandria. 15531:Philosophy East and West 15442:. Abhinav Publications. 15436:Thakur, Upendra (1986). 15292:. Abhinav Publications. 15048:The Principal Upanishads 14948:The Embodiment of Bhakti 14930:. Taylor & Francis. 14806:Neumayer, Erwin (2013). 14695:Marchand, Peter (2007). 14387:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 14205:Griffith, T. H. (1973). 14143:. 63/64 (1/2): 212–226. 14116:Goldberg, Ellen (2002). 13933:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 13681:Empires of the Silk Road 13451:10.1177/0038022919520206 13161:Roberts, Jeremy (2009). 12533:Sena Wangi, ed. (1999). 12497:Hariani Santiko (1997), 12221:The Hindu Religious Year 11365:Śiva, the erotic ascetic 10847:For characterization of 10726:Moorthy, Vijaya (2001). 9384:as crest or crown, see: 8962:James Mallinson (2007). 8813:Edwin F. Bryant (2007). 8462:, pp. 50, 103–104; 7952:10.4103/0019-5545.204441 7470:and translation as "May 7404:Śiva, the erotic ascetic 7067:20 December 2016 at the 7001:20 December 2016 at the 6682:Rosen & Schweig 2006 6560:, pp. 243–244, 261. 6213:Siva Sahasranama Stotram 5918:27 February 2017 at the 5260: 5183:Guanyin Dharma Realm in 5003:: Èrshí Zhūtiān) or the 4790:The Japuji Sahib of the 4710:is the same Hindu deity 4564:for Shiva's affection). 4312:Swami Agehananda Bharati 4233:the imperishable Purusha 4224:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 3980:), and revealing grace ( 3443:, which means "wild, of 3363:Destroyer and Benefactor 2569:Skanda Purana, 1.8.20–21 2427:Position within Hinduism 2297:not by any other means. 2266:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 2256:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 2186:. According to Anthony, 2184:Bactria–Margiana Culture 2135: 1988: 19882:Shwe Kyunbin Maunghnama 19706:Shwesitthin Myinbyushin 18376:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 17059:Shivagraham (Indonesia) 17039:Koneshwaram (Sri Lanka) 17014:Ganga Talao (Mauritius) 17004:Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam) 16796:Thiruvanaikaval (Water) 16763:Copper/Thamiram, Nellai 15870:Encyclopædia Britannica 15766:Marshall, John (1996). 15411:. Motilal Banarsidass. 15259:. Motilal Banarsidass. 15226:. Motilal Banarsidass. 15120:Sharma, Arvind (2000). 15086:. Motilal Banarsidass. 14926:Powell, Robert (2016). 14744:Michaels, Axel (2004). 14723:McDaniel, June (2004). 14543:Manifestations of Shiva 14485:Kinsley, David (1998). 14462:Kinsley, David (1988). 14252:. Motilal Banarsidass. 14009:. Motilal Banarsidass. 13823:Suresh Chandra (1998). 13808:. Motilal Banarsidass. 13805:Hinduism, a Way of Life 13741:Boon, James A. (1977). 13691:Hindus of the Himalayas 13114:Watson, Burton (1999). 12893:Barnaby B. Dhs (2006). 12646:By Mariasusai Dhavamony 12396:5 November 2020 at the 11641:. Rupa & Co. 2007. 11612:Rajiv Malhotra (2016). 11499:"Worship of Siva Linga" 11317:Encyclopædia Britannica 11313:11 October 2016 at the 11186:Alain Daniélou (1991). 11134:James C. Harle (1994). 10747:Oxford University Press 10386:Doniger, Wendy (1999). 10262:, pp. 23, 32, 150. 10042:George Michell (1977). 9839:John A. Grimes (1996). 9720:Wayman & Singh 1991 9681:For description of the 8786:J. N. Farquhar (1984). 8737:James C. Harle (1994). 8051:CS1 maint: url-status ( 7733:, page 1 with footnote. 7478:, p. 48, volume 2. 7442:, p. 91, volume 3. 7419:, p. 48, volume 2. 7123:Dionysus: Myth and Cult 6968:Namita Gokhale (2009). 6940:Alain Daniélou (1992). 6352:For an overview of the 6307:as "Supreme Lord" see: 5979:, pp. 1, 7, 21–23. 5773:, pp. 50, 103–104. 5063:, Maheśvara resides in 4903:, Shiva is depicted as 4887:, Shiva is depicted as 4875:, Shiva is depicted as 4290:Some scholars, such as 3932:attendants or guests). 3527:Ascetic and householder 3072:, "Bearer of the river 2816:, integrated monistic ( 2738: 2233:Atharvashiras Upanishad 2061: 1859:archaeological site of 1830:Bhimbetka rock shelters 655:tradition of Hinduism. 16:Major deity in Hinduism 19478:Pareinma Shin Mingaung 19385:Aung Pinle Hsinbyushin 18351:Eighteen Greater Texts 16387:Tiruvanaikaval (Water) 15686:Klostermaier, Klaus K. 15661:. Motilal Banarsidass. 15476:Vohra, Ranbir (2000). 15457:Varenne, Jean (1976). 15432:First revised edition. 15407:Tagare, G. V. (2002). 15253:Sivaraman, K. (1973). 14519:Klostermaier, Klaus K. 14248:Hiriyanna, M. (2000). 14003:Deussen, Paul (1997). 13963:Dalal, Roshen (2010). 13369:. IANS. 16 June 2020. 13319:Dwyer, Rachel (2006). 12780:Bryson, Megan (2017). 12504:22 August 2018 at the 12357:Asian Folklore Studies 12322:Asian Folklore Studies 11909:Avatar and incarnation 11816:Avatar and incarnation 10666:For popularity of the 10576:Wendy Doniger (2005). 9672:, pp. 59 and 109. 9290:For usage of the word 9169:David Frawley (2009). 9148:Ralph Metzner (1986). 8329:Saroj Panthey (1987). 8281:, p. 23 with footnotes 7081:Patrick Laude (2005). 6594:Howard Morphy (2014). 5663:Issitt & Main 2014 5366:) and illustration of 5232:Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev 4907:, a dharma protecting 4833: 4681: 4341:sung in praise of the 4181: 4090: 4066: 3998: 3942:), popular during the 3775: 3568:and as a householder ( 3100:.Vasuki is the second 2892: 2884: 2876: 2822:Indian classical dance 2797: 2669: 2600: 2572: 2455: 2300: 2289:And all beings in him, 2208: 2152: 2096: 1998: 1875: 1867:(Lord of the Animals" 1758: 1695: 1468:in folk etymology are 677:and his two children, 237:Mahamrityunjaya Mantra 25:Shiva (disambiguation) 20036:Hindu tantric deities 19622:Ayeyarwady Delta nats 19310:Burmese folk religion 19104:Hindu gurus and sants 18356:Eighteen Lesser Texts 17084:Thewasathan Bot Phram 17054:Pashupatinath (Nepal) 16791:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 16758:Silver/Velli, Madurai 16382:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 15384:. Simon and Schuster. 15186:Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam 14369:. Algora Publishing. 14310:Hume, Robert (1921). 13439:Sociological Bulletin 13367:www.outlookindia.com/ 13203:Ronald Morse (2015). 13067:Lee, Junghee (1993). 12429:Jones & Ryan 2006 12308:Jones & Ryan 2006 12296:Jones & Ryan 2006 12176:Jones & Ryan 2006 12164:Jones & Ryan 2006 12149:Jones & Ryan 2006 12147:, pp. 137, 186; 11895:Jones & Ryan 2006 11545:The Tantric Tradition 11106:Pañcabrahma Upanishad 9700:For Shiva supporting 9491:Paul Deussen (1980). 9175:. Lotus. p. 25. 8816:Krishna: A Sourcebook 8412:Jones & Ryan 2006 8243:12 March 2017 at the 7681:, pp. 399, 403; 7476:Arya & Joshi 2001 7440:Arya & Joshi 2001 7417:Arya & Joshi 2001 7312:For translation from 7182:Doniger, pp. 221–223. 6195:For translation see: 6182:For translation see: 5034:along with the other 4821: 4668: 4173: 4167:, states Srinivasan. 4086:Pañcabrahma Upanishad 4076: 4071:Pañcabrahma Upanishad 4062: 3996: 3976:), concealing grace ( 3762: 3655:, the Divine Mother; 3635:, also appear in the 3592:that the concepts of 2890: 2882: 2866: 2795: 2747:, and the teacher of 2662: 2603:The goddess-oriented 2586: 2562: 2434: 2279: 2188: 2143: 2086: 1996: 1933:Doris Meth Srinivasan 1850: 1745: 1689: 117:A statue of Shiva in 19887:Pyelepyin Maunghnama 19702:Shwepyay Myinbyushin 19674:Pale Yin (Amay Pale) 19094:Anti-Hindu sentiment 17069:Sthūlādri (Thailand) 17024:Katas Raj (Pakistan) 17019:Iraivan temple (USA) 16801:Chidambaram (Ether) 16778:Panchabhuta Sthalams 16364:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam 14714:Mate, M. S. (1988). 14621:. Rosen Publishing. 14565:The Presence of Śiva 14063:Blackwell Publishing 13891:. South Asia Books. 13829:. Sarup & Sons. 12842:Kalupahana, David J. 12792:. pp. 402–428. 12192:Cath Senker (2007). 11787:Swati Mitra (2011). 11756:Vivekananda, Swami. 11308:Lingam: Hindu symbol 10786:on 23 November 2010. 10545:Vettam Mani (1975). 10502:RN Saletore (1981). 9826:South Indian Bronzes 9706:upon his head, see: 9075:David Smith (2003). 8749:–142, 191, 201–203. 8398:The Atlantic Monthly 8006:, pp. 208–212; 7838:, pp. 205–206; 7826:, pp. 134, 371. 7592:, pp. 792–793; 7434:and translation as " 7345:. Sacred-texts.com. 6712:, pp. 204–205; 6428:, pp. 148–149; 6401:, pp. 143, 205. 6141:, pp. 47, 122; 5943:For use of the term 5867:, pp. 148–149; 5745:, pp. 17, 153; 5665:, pp. 147, 168. 5579:, pp. 137, 186. 4339:Atharva-Veda Samhitâ 4316:S. N. Balagangadhara 4237:the absolute reality 4148:) and supream Self ( 4100:, he testifies that 3354:Forms and depictions 2824:. These include the 2291:attains the highest 2268:presents pluralism, 2230:A few texts such as 2145:Pashupatinath Temple 1674:, also known as the 1672:Shri Rudram Chamakam 1642:, devotional hymns ( 1488: 1700–1100 BCE 947:Siddhanta Shikhamani 907:Scriptures and texts 19847:Four Heavenly Kings 19453:Shwe Hpyin Naungdaw 19200:Hinduism by country 18366:Iraiyanar Akapporul 18326:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 17049:Mt. Kailash (Tibet) 16854:Jyotirlinga Sthalas 16806:Srikalahasthi (Air) 16786:Kanchipuram (Earth) 16702:Pancharama Kshetras 16392:Kanchipuram (Earth) 16377:Tirukalahasti (Air) 16372:Chidambaram (Ether) 16073:Shivarahasya Purana 15336:Srinivasan, Sharada 15071:. Thomson & Co. 14839:Owen, Lisa (2012). 14363:Javid, Ali (2008). 13736:. Arnold-Heinemann. 13633:Apte, Vaman Shivram 13291:Economic Times Blog 13188:Pal, Pratapaditya. 12862:Motilal Banarsidass 12610:J.L. Moens (1974), 12601:, pp. 160–165. 12310:, pp. 39, 140. 12298:, pp. 112–113. 12182:, pp. 189–217. 11221:, pp. 171–185. 11005:, pp. 182–189. 10766:Motilal Banarsidass 10728:Romance of the Raga 10636:For names Nartaka ( 10627:, pp. 151–157. 10606:, pp. 110–111. 9732:Suresh Chandra 1998 9638:www.dadabhagwan.org 9593:Chidbhavananda 1997 9530:Chidbhavananda 1997 8889:Invading the Sacred 8450:, pp. 101–105. 8227:, pp. 215–216. 8080:, pp. 216–218. 7923:, pp. 162–169. 7854:, pp. 208–212. 7745:, pp. 84, 103. 7705:, pp. 792–793. 7611:, pp. 204–205. 7561:, pp. 41, 59; 7525:, pp. 454–455. 6827:Possehl, Gregory L. 6732:, pp. 204–205. 6652:For translation of 6209:Chidbhavananda 1997 5875:, pp. 95–114; 5797:, pp. 17, 153. 5720:. 28 October 2022. 5535:, pp. 124–126. 5275:Chidbhavananda 1997 4879:, a deva living in 4704:Indian subcontinent 4686:Indonesian Shaivism 4642:Umarkot Shiv Mandir 4332:Sivananda Saraswati 4328:Sivananda Saraswati 4304:Sivananda Saraswati 4134:Kunchitangrim Bhaje 2473:, the others being 2364:, particularly the 1983:"god of the Orient" 1717:Indian subcontinent 1700:History of Shaivism 1393:Hinduism portal 52:God of Destruction 20076:Time and fate gods 19652:(Nankaraing Medaw) 19613:Taungdaw Thakhinma 19473:Htibyuhsaung Medaw 17102:Sukhothai province 16491:Kailash Mansarovar 16196:Pashupata Shaivism 16174:Hara Hara Mahadeva 15743:Mathpal, Yashodhar 15564:. Brill Academic. 15378:Storl, Wolf-Dieter 15015:. APH Publishing. 15002:Essential Hinduism 14928:Himalayan Drawings 14845:. Brill Academic. 14173:. Brill Academic. 13397:The Times of India 12727:Winfried Corduan. 12644:Classical Hinduism 12078:on 29 August 2012. 11616:. Voice of India. 10884:, pp. 34, 49. 10882:Sivaramamurti 1976 10804:Sivaramamurti 1976 10236:, pp. 150–151 9896:, pp. 99–105. 9689:Sivaramamurti 1976 9464:, pp. 92, 161 9405:Sivaramamurti 1976 9354:, pp. 17, 37. 8042:|archive-url= 7870:, p. 167 note 21, 7802:, pp. 41, 59. 7800:Sivaramamurti 2004 7685:, pp. 32–36; 7653:The Times of India 7594:Radhakrishnan 1953 7559:Sivaramamurti 2004 7197:www.britannica.com 6728:, pp. 28–29; 6708:, pp. 28–29; 6678:Bongard-Levin 1985 6436:, pp. 95–114. 6371:Sivaramamurti 1976 6343:, pp. viii–ix 6143:Chinmayananda 2002 5430:Sivaramamurti 1976 5381:Sivaramamurti 1976 5196:In popular culture 5061:Buddhist cosmology 4981:: Dàzìzàitiān; or 4901:Vajrayana Buddhism 4885:Theravada Buddhism 4881:Akanishta Devaloka 4834: 4748:Hephthalite Empire 4682: 4569:Chithirai festival 4411:Puranic scriptures 4182: 4118:Sharada Srinivasan 3999: 3776: 3755:Iconographic forms 2893: 2885: 2877: 2798: 2670: 2601: 2456: 2306:Kaivalya Upanishad 2261:liberator of Selfs 2246:similarly, states 2243:Kaivalya Upanishad 2153: 1999: 1900:(Lord of Animals, 1876: 1815:Pre-Vedic elements 1696: 1664:Dasha-Sahasranamas 1632:("Supreme Lord"). 1567:Vishnu sahasranama 1164:Non - Saiddhantika 615:Shiva is known as 440:See list of others 20026:Hindu eschatology 19901: 19900: 19895: 19894: 19832:Pakhan U Min Gyaw 19797:U Din Kyaw Khaung 19755: 19754: 19699:Kanni Myinbyushin 19696:Yamma Myinbyushin 19458:Shwe Hpyin Nyidaw 19317:Official pantheon 19272: 19271: 19048: 19047: 18601: 18600: 18394: 18393: 18308:Sangam literature 18264:Yājñavalkya Smṛti 18112: 18111: 17928: 17927: 17637: 17636: 17121: 17120: 16753:Gold/Pon, Thillai 16636:Trilinga Kshetras 16594: 16593: 16524: 16523: 15341:World Archaeology 15242:Sivaramamurti, C. 15180:Sharma, Ram Karan 14207:The Hymns of the 13969:. Penguin Books. 13512:Vishnusahasranama 13053:978-81-8069-457-8 13014:978-0-8122-4560-8 12940:978-0-231-50102-6 12747:. Hemkunt Press. 12708:Missing or empty 12523:, pp. 15–17. 11593:on 20 August 2009 11293:, pp. 49–52. 11040:For the epithets 10692:Klostermaier 1984 10505:Indian Witchcraft 10097:, pp. 20–21. 9958:Shiva Sahasranama 9591:See: name #93 in 9446:, pp. 57–58. 9298:, pp. 38–39. 9281:, pp. 37–39. 8915:. 3 August 2014. 8583:, pp. 77–84. 8014:, pp. 83–94. 7994:, pp. 16–19. 7866:, pp. 9–14; 7824:Klostermaier 1984 7717:, pp. 80–82. 7565:, pp. 25–29. 7549:, pp. 25–29. 7303:, pp. 14–15. 6971:The Book of Shiva 6696:, pp. 28–29. 6607:978-1-317-59808-4 6432:, p. xxvii; 6360:, pp. 71–74. 6261:Shiva Sahasranama 5967:, pp. 21–22. 5891:, p. xxvii; 5871:, p. xxvii; 5616:. 10 August 2024. 5564:, pp. 20–21. 5486:978-81-7533-083-2 5387:, pp. 15–19. 5356:seminal retention 5006:Twenty-Four Devas 4873:Mahayana Buddhism 4800:Guru Gobind Singh 4792:Guru Granth Sahib 4772:Taklamakan Desert 4760:Kingdom of Yutian 4669:Shiva sculpture, 4592:Himalayan regions 4396:Gudimallam lingam 4300:Swami Vivekananda 4239:, where says the 4136:, resembling the 4068:According to the 4050: 4049: 3968:), preservation ( 3617:("The husband of 3480:Shiva Sahasranama 3457:Shiva sahasranama 3104:(the first being 3102:king of the nāgas 2678:Panchayatana puja 2655:Panchayatana puja 2530:has featured the 2501:), such as Tamil 2347:Shaiva Upanishads 2088:The fire myth of 1917:Sir John Marshall 1915:Shiva and Rudra. 1719:, such as India, 1711:Roots of Hinduism 1640:Shiva Sahasranama 1440:According to the 1436:Shiva Sahasranama 1427: 1426: 649:Panchayatana puja 598:principal deities 575: 514:), also known as 496: 451: 450: 91:The Supreme Being 68:The Cosmic Dancer 20093: 19978: 19977: 19966: 19965: 19964: 19954: 19953: 19952: 19942: 19941: 19940: 19930: 19929: 19928: 19918: 19917: 19916: 19909: 19877:Kayin Maunghnama 19715:Five Mother nats 19690:White Horse nats 19592: 19591: 19526: 19493:Myaukhpet Shinma 19463:Mintha Maungshin 19355:Taungoo Mingaung 19299: 19292: 19285: 19276: 19275: 19262: 19261: 19252: 19242: 19241: 19231: 19230: 19141:Pilgrimage sites 18895:Ganesh Chaturthi 18610: 18609: 18405: 18404: 18386:Vedarthasamgraha 18381:Vinayagar Agaval 18346:Five Great Epics 18321:Divya Prabandham 18234:Minor Upanishads 17978: 17977: 17948: 17947: 17936: 17935: 17716: 17715: 17682: 17674: 17664: 17657: 17650: 17641: 17640: 17301: 17148: 17141: 17134: 17125: 17124: 17108:Hx Phar Ishvaran 16892:Kashi Vishvanath 16621: 16614: 16607: 16598: 16597: 16584: 16574: 16573: 16284: 16283: 16228:Siddha Siddhanta 16191:Shaiva Siddhanta 16118:Om Namah Shivaya 16050: 15913: 15906: 15899: 15890: 15889: 15877: 15876: 15861:, Peter Bisschop 15847: 15829: 15827: 15825: 15800: 15781: 15762: 15738: 15717: 15715: 15713: 15681: 15662: 15653: 15640:Kashmir Shaivism 15626: 15617: 15596: 15587: 15585: 15583: 15554: 15522: 15495: 15483: 15472: 15453: 15431: 15422: 15394: 15385: 15373: 15371: 15369: 15331: 15312: 15303: 15282: 15280: 15278: 15249: 15237: 15223:The Śākta Pīṭhas 15216: 15202: 15188: 15175: 15156: 15137: 15116: 15097: 15083: 15072: 15061: 15038: 15036: 15034: 15005: 14996: 14974: 14972: 14970: 14941: 14922: 14920: 14918: 14889: 14868: 14866: 14864: 14835: 14833: 14831: 14802: 14779:Social Scientist 14773: 14771: 14769: 14740: 14719: 14710: 14691: 14672: 14653: 14632: 14620: 14609: 14580: 14568: 14557: 14536: 14514: 14512: 14510: 14481: 14469: 14458: 14449: 14447: 14445: 14423:India: A History 14413: 14411: 14409: 14380: 14359: 14340: 14319: 14306: 14272: 14263: 14244: 14225: 14212: 14201: 14184: 14160: 14135: 14112: 14101: 14076: 14050: 14034: 14020: 13999: 13980: 13959: 13957: 13955: 13926: 13912: 13902: 13881: 13859: 13840: 13819: 13798: 13779: 13758: 13737: 13728: 13726: 13724: 13695: 13684: 13659: 13650: 13628: 13626: 13624: 13588: 13570: 13558: 13547: 13538: 13536: 13534: 13490: 13487: 13481: 13478: 13472: 13469: 13463: 13462: 13434: 13428: 13422: 13413: 13412: 13410: 13408: 13389: 13383: 13382: 13380: 13378: 13355: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13344: 13316: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13302: 13283: 13277: 13276: 13274: 13272: 13257: 13248: 13247: 13227: 13221: 13220: 13200: 13194: 13193: 13185: 13179: 13178: 13158: 13152: 13151: 13149: 13147: 13111: 13105: 13104: 13079:(3/4): 311–357. 13064: 13058: 13057: 13037: 13031: 13030: 13028: 13026: 12998: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12951: 12945: 12944: 12924: 12918: 12917: 12915: 12913: 12890: 12884: 12883: 12838: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12827: 12790:Brill Publishers 12777: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12739: 12733: 12732: 12724: 12718: 12717: 12711: 12706: 12704: 12696: 12694: 12692: 12686: 12674: 12665: 12662: 12647: 12640: 12634: 12628: 12622: 12608: 12602: 12596: 12590: 12584: 12578: 12577: 12557: 12551: 12550: 12530: 12524: 12518: 12509: 12495: 12489: 12483: 12477: 12471: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12438: 12432: 12426: 12417: 12407: 12401: 12387: 12381: 12380: 12352: 12346: 12345: 12317: 12311: 12305: 12299: 12293: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12282: 12267: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12241: 12235: 12234: 12216: 12210: 12209: 12189: 12183: 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Archived from 12068: 12062: 12061: 12059: 12057: 12042: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12016: 12010: 12007: 12001: 12000: 11998: 11996: 11968: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11957: 11929: 11923: 11922: 11904: 11898: 11892: 11886: 11875: 11869: 11868: 11866: 11864: 11836: 11830: 11829: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11784: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11753: 11744: 11743: 11725: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11714: 11686: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11675: 11659: 11653: 11652: 11634: 11628: 11627: 11609: 11603: 11602: 11600: 11598: 11592: 11577: 11568: 11559: 11558: 11540: 11534: 11528: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11494: 11483: 11482: 11474: 11468: 11467: 11465: 11463: 11435: 11429: 11428: 11410: 11404: 11403: 11385: 11379: 11378: 11360: 11354: 11353: 11333: 11327: 11324: 11318: 11305: 11294: 11291:Tattwananda 1984 11280: 11274: 11268: 11259: 11258: 11256: 11254: 11228: 11222: 11216: 11210: 11209: 11193: 11183: 11170: 11164: 11158: 11157: 11141: 11131: 11125: 11119: 11113: 11102: 11096: 11090: 11084: 11077: 11071: 11065: 11058: 11048: 11038: 11032: 11025: 11019: 11012: 11006: 10999: 10993: 10986: 10980: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10960: 10952: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10918:"Ardhanārīśvara" 10914: 10908: 10900: 10894: 10891: 10885: 10879: 10873: 10872: 10864: 10858: 10855:Chakravarti 1986 10852: 10845: 10839: 10836:Chakravarti 1986 10833: 10826: 10820: 10813: 10807: 10801: 10794: 10788: 10787: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10757: 10751: 10750: 10738: 10732: 10731: 10723: 10714: 10713: 10705: 10699: 10696:Shiva the Dancer 10685: 10679: 10676:Chakravarti 1986 10672: 10664: 10658: 10655:Chakravarti 1986 10651: 10645: 10634: 10628: 10621: 10613: 10607: 10600: 10594: 10593: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10542: 10536: 10526: 10520: 10519: 10499: 10493: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10447: 10441: 10440: 10422: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10383: 10377: 10366: 10360: 10357: 10351: 10345: 10338: 10332: 10329:Chakravarti 1986 10326: 10320: 10313: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10282: 10276: 10273:Chakravarti 1986 10269: 10263: 10260:Chakravarti 1986 10256: 10250: 10247:Chakravarti 1986 10243: 10237: 10230: 10224: 10221:Chakravarti 1986 10218: 10212: 10206: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10176: 10170: 10164: 10154: 10148: 10142: 10136: 10121: 10115: 10104: 10098: 10091: 10085: 10082:Chakravarti 1986 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10039: 10033: 10026: 10020: 10014: 10008: 9994: 9988: 9978: 9971: 9965: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9928: 9922: 9916: 9911:and Nandin see: 9910: 9903: 9897: 9894:Chakravarti 1986 9890: 9884: 9883: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9821: 9815: 9809: 9802: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9765: 9759: 9753: 9747: 9741: 9735: 9729: 9723: 9717: 9711: 9705: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9679: 9673: 9670:Chakravarti 1986 9667: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9630: 9624: 9618: 9609: 9602: 9596: 9589: 9583: 9577: 9571: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9539: 9533: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9488: 9482: 9471: 9465: 9453: 9447: 9444:Chakravarti 1986 9440: 9434: 9431:Chakravarti 1986 9427: 9421: 9414: 9408: 9402: 9395: 9389: 9382: 9374: 9368: 9365:Chakravarti 1986 9361: 9355: 9352:Chakravarti 1986 9349: 9342: 9336: 9334: 9327: 9321: 9318: 9312: 9305: 9299: 9296:Chakravarti 1986 9288: 9282: 9279:Chakravarti 1986 9271: 9265: 9258: 9252: 9225: 9219: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9165: 9145: 9139: 9133: 9126: 9120: 9119: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9017: 8997: 8988: 8987: 8958: 8938: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8884: 8878: 8868: 8862: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8831: 8830: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8783: 8777: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8744: 8734: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8696:Gudrun Bühnemann 8692: 8683: 8682: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8635: 8629: 8622: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8572: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8506: 8500: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8326: 8320: 8305: 8299: 8288: 8282: 8271: 8265: 8254: 8248: 8236:David Lawrence, 8234: 8228: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8156: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8049: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8028: 8021: 8015: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7972: 7954: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7909: 7898: 7892: 7881: 7875: 7872:Quote (page 13): 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7774: 7764: 7758: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7656:. 27 July 2009. 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7597: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7566: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7511:Chakravarti 1986 7507: 7501: 7498: 7492: 7489:Chakravarti 1986 7485: 7479: 7469: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7449: 7443: 7433: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7396: 7390: 7387: 7381: 7380:RV 8.49; 10.155. 7378: 7372: 7369:Chakravarti 1986 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7289:Chakravarti 1986 7286: 7280: 7277:Chakravarti 1986 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7253:Chakravarti 1986 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7078: 7072: 7058: 7049: 7048: 7012: 7006: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6910: 6901: 6895: 6886: 6885: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6823: 6817: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6723: 6717: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6671: 6665: 6658: 6650: 6644: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6597:Animals Into Art 6591: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6534: 6523: 6517: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6443: 6437: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6389:, p. xxvii. 6380: 6374: 6367: 6361: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6299: 6293: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6258: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6206: 6200: 6193: 6187: 6180: 6174: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6002: 5994: 5986: 5980: 5977:Chakravarti 1986 5974: 5968: 5965:Chakravarti 1986 5962: 5956: 5953:Chakravarti 1986 5949: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5909: 5896: 5886: 5880: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5841: 5831: 5822: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5693: 5687: 5666: 5660: 5649: 5643: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5536: 5530: 5519: 5518: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5469: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5414: 5408: 5405:Chakravarti 1986 5402: 5394: 5388: 5377: 5371: 5352: 5341: 5326: 5314: 5284: 5278: 5271: 5172:Chinese Buddhist 5167: 5148: 5136:fusion deity in 5126: 5108:Buddhist deities 5087:Seven Lucky Gods 5029:Chinese Buddhist 4941: 4930: 4854:Tibetan Buddhism 4850:Chinese Esoteric 4838:Buddhist Tantras 4831: 4828: 4725:Shaiva Siddhanta 4648:. The three-day 4607:ascetic warriors 4549:, commemorating 4504: 4493: 4434:Bhagavata Purana 4320:Moriz Winternitz 4308:Stella Kramrisch 4268: 4258: 4138:Advaita doctrine 4130:Shaiva Siddhanta 4124:is described as 4104:had, by the pre- 4083: 4059: 4043: 4034: 4020: 4011: 4001: 3989: 3972:), destruction ( 3907:: अर्धनारीश्वर; 3887: 3851:, " south form") 3850: 3808: 3796: 3730:, a deity named 3650: 3644: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3603:, and two sons, 3578: 3548: 3539: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3491: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3437:Stella Kramrisch 3422: 3414: 3384: 3375: 3339: 3332: 3324: 3310: 3301: 3286: 3271: 3257: 3238: 3201: 3195: 3188: 3114:Samudra Manthana 3082: 3049:Samudra Manthana 3041: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3010: 2987: 2978: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2952: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2807:Andrew Nicholson 2774: 2674:Smarta tradition 2649:Smarta tradition 2570: 2553:Bhagavata Purana 2528:Kashmir Shaivism 2503:Shaiva Siddhanta 2487:Absolute Reality 2483:Smarta Tradition 2450:on the left and 2396:Shaiva Siddhanta 2310: 2173: 2115: 2109: 2093: 2007:Hindu scriptures 1909: 1873: 1870: 1655: 1629: 1620: 1612: 1604: 1592: 1584: 1558: 1550: 1535: 1519: 1492:Rigvedic deities 1489: 1486: 1467: 1457: 1449: 1419: 1412: 1405: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1170:Kashmir Shaivism 964:Three Components 799: 776: 775: 596:, is one of the 586: 570: 568: 560: 559: 556: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 539: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 513: 507: 491: 489: 481: 480: 477: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 382:Bhairava Ashtami 232:Om Namah Shivaya 115: 43: 42: 20101: 20100: 20096: 20095: 20094: 20092: 20091: 20090: 19986: 19985: 19984: 19972: 19962: 19960: 19950: 19948: 19938: 19936: 19926: 19924: 19914: 19912: 19904: 19902: 19897: 19896: 19891: 19837:Shinma Aungphyu 19822:Mogaung Kyawzwa 19751: 19710: 19689: 19683: 19665:Nine Towns nats 19660: 19638: 19634:Kwin Paing Ahpo 19617: 19583: 19527: 19518: 19312: 19308:and spirits of 19303: 19273: 19268: 19235: 19221: 19044: 19013: 19004:Vasant Panchami 18938:Pahela Baishakh 18920:Makar Sankranti 18839: 18774: 18681: 18597: 18500: 18390: 18371:Abhirami Antati 18341:Kamba Ramayanam 18302: 18188: 18145: 18108: 18030: 18004: 17967: 17937: 17924: 17908:Vishishtadvaita 17845: 17705: 17684: 17668: 17638: 17633: 17629:Hindu mythology 17615: 17526: 17444: 17302: 17293: 17161: 17152: 17122: 17117: 16990: 16922: 16894: 16848: 16810: 16772: 16734: 16696: 16687:Madhyamaheshwar 16658: 16630: 16625: 16595: 16590: 16562: 16520: 16516:Vadakkum Nathan 16469: 16396: 16358: 16320: 16311:Madhyamaheshwar 16273: 16259:Maha Shivaratri 16242: 16179: 16132:Mahāmrityunjaya 16099: 16051: 16042: 15999:Ardhanarishvara 15933: 15922: 15917: 15882: 15855: 15845: 15835:Hanuman Chalisa 15823: 15821: 15797: 15778: 15759: 15735: 15711: 15709: 15702: 15678: 15650: 15634: 15632:Further reading 15629: 15614: 15581: 15579: 15572: 15543:10.2307/1399778 15511: 15501:Śākta Upaniṣads 15492: 15484:. M.E. Sharpe. 15469: 15450: 15419: 15367: 15365: 15328: 15300: 15276: 15274: 15267: 15234: 15199: 15172: 15153: 15134: 15113: 15094: 15084:and The Nirukta 15059: 15032: 15030: 15023: 14993: 14968: 14966: 14959: 14938: 14916: 14914: 14907: 14886: 14862: 14860: 14853: 14829: 14827: 14820: 14791:10.2307/3518337 14767: 14765: 14758: 14737: 14707: 14688: 14669: 14650: 14629: 14577: 14554: 14533: 14508: 14506: 14499: 14478: 14443: 14441: 14434: 14407: 14405: 14398: 14377: 14356: 14337: 14295: 14260: 14241: 14222: 14181: 14132: 14098: 14073: 14047: 14017: 13996: 13977: 13953: 13951: 13944: 13923: 13899: 13878: 13856: 13837: 13816: 13795: 13776: 13755: 13722: 13720: 13713: 13647: 13622: 13620: 13613: 13595: 13585: 13567: 13532: 13530: 13523: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13493: 13488: 13484: 13479: 13475: 13470: 13466: 13435: 13431: 13425:Kramrisch 1994a 13423: 13416: 13406: 13404: 13391: 13390: 13386: 13376: 13374: 13361:Om Namah Shivay 13357: 13356: 13352: 13342: 13340: 13333: 13317: 13310: 13300: 13298: 13285: 13284: 13280: 13270: 13268: 13259: 13258: 13251: 13244: 13228: 13224: 13217: 13201: 13197: 13186: 13182: 13175: 13159: 13155: 13145: 13143: 13128: 13117:The lotus sutra 13112: 13108: 13085:10.2307/3250524 13065: 13061: 13054: 13038: 13034: 13024: 13022: 13015: 12999: 12995: 12985: 12983: 12968: 12952: 12948: 12941: 12925: 12921: 12911: 12909: 12907: 12891: 12887: 12872: 12839: 12835: 12825: 12823: 12808: 12778: 12774: 12764: 12762: 12755: 12741: 12740: 12736: 12725: 12721: 12709: 12707: 12698: 12697: 12690: 12688: 12684: 12676: 12675: 12668: 12663: 12650: 12641: 12637: 12629: 12625: 12609: 12605: 12597: 12593: 12585: 12581: 12574: 12558: 12554: 12547: 12531: 12527: 12519: 12512: 12506:Wayback Machine 12496: 12492: 12484: 12480: 12472: 12468: 12458: 12456: 12439: 12435: 12427: 12420: 12408: 12404: 12398:Wayback Machine 12388: 12384: 12369:10.2307/1178647 12353: 12349: 12334:10.2307/1178252 12318: 12314: 12306: 12302: 12294: 12290: 12280: 12278: 12269: 12268: 12264: 12254: 12252: 12243: 12242: 12238: 12231: 12217: 12213: 12206: 12190: 12186: 12178:, p. 269; 12174: 12170: 12162: 12155: 12143: 12139: 12132: 12116: 12109: 12102: 12088: 12087: 12083: 12070: 12069: 12065: 12055: 12053: 12044: 12043: 12039: 12029: 12027: 12018: 12017: 12013: 12008: 12004: 11994: 11992: 11985: 11969: 11965: 11955: 11953: 11946: 11930: 11926: 11919: 11905: 11901: 11893: 11889: 11876: 11872: 11862: 11860: 11853: 11837: 11833: 11826: 11812: 11808: 11801: 11785: 11781: 11771: 11769: 11764:. Vol. 4. 11754: 11747: 11740: 11726: 11722: 11712: 11710: 11703: 11687: 11683: 11673: 11671: 11660: 11656: 11649: 11636: 11635: 11631: 11624: 11610: 11606: 11596: 11594: 11590: 11575: 11569: 11562: 11555: 11541: 11537: 11531:Kramrisch 1994a 11529: 11522: 11512: 11510: 11495: 11486: 11475: 11471: 11461: 11459: 11452: 11436: 11432: 11425: 11411: 11407: 11400: 11386: 11382: 11375: 11361: 11357: 11350: 11334: 11330: 11325: 11321: 11315:Wayback Machine 11306: 11297: 11285:, p. 216; 11281: 11277: 11271:Kramrisch 1994a 11269: 11262: 11252: 11250: 11229: 11225: 11219:Kramrisch 1994a 11217: 11213: 11206: 11184: 11173: 11169:, pp. 447. 11167:Srinivasan 2004 11165: 11161: 11154: 11132: 11128: 11122:Srinivasan 2004 11120: 11116: 11104:Quotation from 11103: 11099: 11093:Kramrisch 1994a 11091: 11087: 11078: 11074: 11039: 11035: 11026: 11022: 11013: 11009: 11000: 10996: 10987: 10983: 10974: 10970: 10954: 10953: 10945: 10941: 10931: 10929: 10916: 10915: 10911: 10905:Goldberg (2002) 10901: 10897: 10892: 10888: 10880: 10876: 10865: 10861: 10846: 10842: 10827: 10823: 10814: 10810: 10795: 10791: 10778: 10777: 10773: 10758: 10754: 10739: 10735: 10724: 10717: 10706: 10702: 10694:, p. 151, 10690:, p. 439; 10688:Kramrisch 1994a 10686: 10682: 10665: 10661: 10652: 10648: 10635: 10631: 10614: 10610: 10601: 10597: 10590: 10574: 10570: 10563: 10543: 10539: 10527: 10523: 10516: 10500: 10496: 10487: 10483: 10473: 10471: 10464: 10448: 10444: 10437: 10423: 10419: 10409: 10407: 10400: 10384: 10380: 10367: 10363: 10358: 10354: 10339: 10335: 10314: 10310: 10283: 10279: 10270: 10266: 10257: 10253: 10244: 10240: 10231: 10227: 10219: 10215: 10207: 10203: 10195: 10191: 10183: 10179: 10171: 10167: 10159:, p. 476; 10157:Kramrisch 1994a 10155: 10151: 10143: 10139: 10122: 10118: 10105: 10101: 10092: 10088: 10079: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10056: 10040: 10036: 10027: 10023: 10015: 10011: 9995: 9991: 9979:as the central 9972: 9968: 9950:Kailāsagirivāsī 9947: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9923: 9919: 9904: 9900: 9891: 9887: 9880: 9864: 9860: 9853: 9837: 9833: 9822: 9818: 9803: 9799: 9791: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9766: 9762: 9754: 9750: 9742: 9738: 9730: 9726: 9718: 9714: 9699: 9695: 9680: 9676: 9661: 9657: 9647: 9645: 9632: 9631: 9627: 9619: 9612: 9603: 9599: 9590: 9586: 9578: 9574: 9565: 9561: 9553: 9549: 9540: 9536: 9528: 9524: 9514: 9512: 9505: 9489: 9485: 9472: 9468: 9454: 9450: 9441: 9437: 9428: 9424: 9415: 9411: 9396: 9392: 9375: 9371: 9362: 9358: 9343: 9339: 9328: 9324: 9319: 9315: 9306: 9302: 9289: 9285: 9272: 9268: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9226: 9222: 9213: 9209: 9194: 9190: 9183: 9167: 9162: 9146: 9142: 9127: 9123: 9116: 9100: 9096: 9089: 9073: 9069: 9062: 9046: 9042: 9035: 9019: 9014: 8998: 8991: 8976: 8960: 8955: 8939: 8932: 8922: 8920: 8911: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8885: 8881: 8869: 8865: 8853: 8849: 8845:, pp. 1–4. 8841: 8834: 8827: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8784: 8780: 8768: 8764: 8757: 8735: 8731: 8721: 8719: 8712: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8663: 8659: 8652: 8636: 8632: 8619: 8603: 8599: 8591: 8587: 8579: 8575: 8567: 8563: 8553: 8551: 8544: 8528: 8524: 8516: 8509: 8501: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8474: 8470: 8458: 8454: 8446: 8442: 8436:Lochtefeld 2002 8434: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8366: 8362: 8352: 8350: 8343: 8327: 8323: 8306: 8302: 8289: 8285: 8272: 8268: 8255: 8251: 8245:Wayback Machine 8235: 8231: 8223: 8219: 8209: 8207: 8200: 8184: 8180: 8173: 8157: 8150: 8140: 8138: 8131: 8130:978-0520-018426 8115: 8111: 8104: 8103:978-81208-04166 8088: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8050: 8041: 8039: 8030: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8002: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7931: 7927: 7919: 7912: 7899: 7895: 7882: 7878: 7862: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7786:978-0520-059917 7765: 7761: 7753: 7749: 7741: 7737: 7725: 7721: 7713: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7691:Srinivasan 1997 7677: 7673: 7663: 7661: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7607: 7600: 7588: 7584: 7576: 7569: 7557: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7495: 7486: 7482: 7463: 7459: 7450: 7446: 7427: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7397: 7393: 7388: 7384: 7379: 7375: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7330:Kramrisch 1994a 7328: 7324: 7311: 7307: 7301:Kramrisch 1994a 7299: 7295: 7291:, pp. 1–9. 7287: 7283: 7279:, pp. 2–3. 7275: 7271: 7265:Kramrisch 1994a 7263: 7259: 7255:, pp. 1–2. 7251: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7201: 7199: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7134: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7102: 7095: 7079: 7075: 7069:Wayback Machine 7059: 7052: 7029:10.2307/3269768 7013: 7009: 7003:Wayback Machine 6993: 6989: 6982: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6926:978-0252-092954 6911: 6904: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6843: 6824: 6820: 6807: 6803: 6764: 6760: 6754:Srinivasan 1997 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6724: 6720: 6714:Srinivasan 1997 6704: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6672: 6668: 6651: 6647: 6631: 6627: 6617: 6615: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6544: 6537: 6524: 6520: 6511: 6507: 6501:Sontheimer 1976 6499: 6495: 6486: 6482: 6476:Courtright 1985 6474: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6444: 6440: 6424: 6420: 6412: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6381: 6377: 6368: 6364: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6319: 6315: 6300: 6296: 6287: 6283: 6277:Kramrisch 1994a 6275: 6271: 6252: 6248: 6242:Kramrisch 1994a 6240: 6231: 6225:Lochtefeld 2002 6223: 6219: 6207: 6203: 6194: 6190: 6181: 6177: 6165: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6108: 6104: 6094: 6092: 6085: 6069: 6065: 6036: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6012: 6005: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5942: 5938: 5930: 5926: 5920:Wayback Machine 5910: 5899: 5887: 5883: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5844: 5836:, p. 148; 5832: 5825: 5821:for Jnana Yoga. 5805: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5703: 5696: 5688: 5669: 5661: 5652: 5644: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5539: 5531: 5522: 5515: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5440: 5436: 5415: 5411: 5395: 5391: 5378: 5374: 5358:", practice of 5353: 5344: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5285: 5281: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5251: 5242:Har Har Mahadev 5216:Om Namah Shivay 5198: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5168: 5159: 5149: 5140: 5127: 5116: 5115: 5102:Shiva has been 4959: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4832:Tibetan Thangka 4829: 4816: 4788: 4740: 4663: 4658: 4551:Shiva's victory 4526:Maha Shivaratri 4518: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4483: 4481:Maha Shivaratri 4477: 4472: 4461: 4449:Advaita Vedanta 4424:Hanuman Chalisa 4408: 4373:Vedic sacrifice 4193: 4187: 4092:In the hymn of 3901:Ardhanarishvara 3844:दक्षिणामूर्ति; 3757: 3691:(especially in 3661:Tripura Sundari 3562: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3540: 3529: 3508: 3504: 3478:appears in the 3402: 3401: 3400: 3399: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3376: 3365: 3356: 3334:, "lord of the 3190:(Sanskrit for " 3056:Meditating yogi 2861: 2848: 2842: 2818:Advaita Vedanta 2741: 2665:Raja Ravi Varma 2657: 2651: 2581: 2571: 2568: 2555:while praising 2545: 2467: 2461: 2429: 2312: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2228: 2138: 2120:. The horns of 2064: 2037:Hindu synthesis 1991: 1967: 1871: 1845: 1839: 1822: 1820:Prehistoric art 1817: 1741:Hindu synthesis 1737:Sanskritization 1733:Bali, Indonesia 1713: 1707: 1702: 1692:Elephanta Caves 1684: 1652:Anuśāsanaparvan 1606:("Great Lord"; 1487: 1442:Monier-Williams 1438: 1432: 1423: 1387: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1272: 1264: 1263: 1212: 1140: 1115: 1113: 1105: 1104: 1078:Maha Shivaratri 1053: 1045: 1044: 1004: 960: 952: 951: 908: 900: 899: 876: 816:(Supreme being) 814: 807: 765:(especially in 540: 523: 519: 461: 457: 447: 386: 357:Maha Shivaratri 333: 312: 200: 168: 125: 98: 89: 39: 28: 21:Shiva (Judaism) 17: 12: 11: 5: 20099: 20089: 20088: 20083: 20078: 20073: 20068: 20063: 20058: 20053: 20048: 20043: 20038: 20033: 20028: 20023: 20021:Destroyer gods 20018: 20013: 20008: 20003: 19998: 19983: 19982: 19970: 19958: 19946: 19934: 19922: 19899: 19898: 19893: 19892: 19890: 19889: 19884: 19879: 19874: 19869: 19864: 19859: 19854: 19849: 19844: 19839: 19834: 19829: 19824: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19807:Lay Kyun Maung 19804: 19799: 19794: 19792:Koe Thein Shin 19789: 19784: 19779: 19774: 19769: 19763: 19761: 19757: 19756: 19753: 19752: 19750: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19724: 19718: 19716: 19712: 19711: 19709: 19708: 19703: 19700: 19697: 19693: 19691: 19685: 19684: 19682: 19681: 19678: 19675: 19672: 19668: 19666: 19662: 19661: 19659: 19658: 19653: 19646: 19644: 19640: 19639: 19637: 19636: 19631: 19625: 19623: 19619: 19618: 19616: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19598: 19596: 19589: 19585: 19584: 19582: 19581: 19576: 19571: 19561: 19556: 19551: 19546: 19540: 19538: 19529: 19528: 19521: 19519: 19517: 19516: 19510: 19505: 19500: 19495: 19490: 19485: 19480: 19475: 19470: 19465: 19460: 19455: 19450: 19448:Mandalay Bodaw 19445: 19440: 19434: 19429: 19427:Medaw Shwezaga 19424: 19419: 19414: 19409: 19404: 19399: 19393: 19387: 19382: 19377: 19372: 19367: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19347: 19341: 19336: 19331: 19320: 19318: 19314: 19313: 19302: 19301: 19294: 19287: 19279: 19270: 19269: 19267: 19266: 19256: 19246: 19226: 19223: 19222: 19220: 19219: 19218: 19217: 19212: 19202: 19197: 19192: 19191: 19190: 19185: 19180: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19150: 19149: 19148: 19138: 19133: 19132: 19131: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19091: 19086: 19081: 19076: 19075: 19074: 19069: 19058: 19056: 19050: 19049: 19046: 19045: 19043: 19042: 19037: 19032: 19027: 19021: 19019: 19015: 19014: 19012: 19011: 19006: 19001: 18996: 18990: 18989: 18988: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18972: 18962: 18961: 18960: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18891: 18890: 18885: 18880: 18870: 18868:Raksha Bandhan 18865: 18860: 18855: 18849: 18847: 18841: 18840: 18838: 18837: 18836: 18835: 18830: 18825: 18820: 18810: 18809: 18808: 18803: 18798: 18793: 18782: 18780: 18776: 18775: 18773: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18757: 18752: 18747: 18742: 18737: 18732: 18727: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18697: 18691: 18689: 18683: 18682: 18680: 18679: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18629: 18624: 18618: 18616: 18607: 18603: 18602: 18599: 18598: 18596: 18595: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18538: 18533: 18532: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18510: 18508: 18502: 18501: 18499: 18498: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18435: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18413: 18411: 18402: 18396: 18395: 18392: 18391: 18389: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18312: 18310: 18304: 18303: 18301: 18300: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18267: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18225: 18224: 18219: 18209: 18204: 18198: 18196: 18190: 18189: 18187: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18155: 18153: 18147: 18146: 18144: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18122: 18120: 18114: 18113: 18110: 18109: 18107: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18079:Shvetashvatara 18076: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18054:Brihadaranyaka 18051: 18046: 18040: 18038: 18032: 18031: 18029: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18012: 18010: 18006: 18005: 18003: 18002: 17997: 17992: 17987: 17981: 17975: 17969: 17968: 17966: 17965: 17960: 17954: 17952: 17951:Classification 17945: 17939: 17938: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17925: 17923: 17922: 17913: 17912: 17911: 17904: 17897: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17855: 17853: 17847: 17846: 17844: 17843: 17842: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17816: 17811: 17806: 17801: 17790: 17789: 17788: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17761: 17760: 17755: 17750: 17745: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17724: 17722: 17713: 17707: 17706: 17704: 17703: 17698: 17695: 17689: 17686: 17685: 17667: 17666: 17659: 17652: 17644: 17635: 17634: 17632: 17631: 17626: 17620: 17617: 17616: 17614: 17613: 17606: 17599: 17598: 17597: 17583: 17576: 17571: 17566: 17565: 17564: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17538: 17536: 17528: 17527: 17525: 17524: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17474: 17473: 17468: 17458: 17452: 17450: 17446: 17445: 17443: 17442: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17334: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17312: 17310: 17304: 17303: 17296: 17294: 17292: 17291: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17249: 17244: 17239: 17234: 17229: 17224: 17219: 17214: 17209: 17204: 17199: 17194: 17193: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17171: 17169: 17163: 17162: 17151: 17150: 17143: 17136: 17128: 17119: 17118: 17116: 17115: 17105: 17095: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17000: 16998: 16992: 16991: 16989: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16941:Brihadeeswaram 16938: 16932: 16930: 16924: 16923: 16921: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16858: 16856: 16850: 16849: 16847: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16820: 16818: 16816:Pancheshwarams 16812: 16811: 16809: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16782: 16780: 16774: 16773: 16771: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16744: 16742: 16736: 16735: 16733: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16706: 16704: 16698: 16697: 16695: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16668: 16666: 16664:Pancha Kedaras 16660: 16659: 16657: 16656: 16651: 16646: 16640: 16638: 16632: 16631: 16624: 16623: 16616: 16609: 16601: 16592: 16591: 16589: 16588: 16578: 16567: 16564: 16563: 16561: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16544: 16543: 16532: 16530: 16529:Related topics 16526: 16525: 16522: 16521: 16519: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16486:Brihadeeswarar 16483: 16477: 16475: 16471: 16470: 16468: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16445:Ramanathaswamy 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16406: 16404: 16398: 16397: 16395: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16368: 16366: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16330: 16328: 16322: 16321: 16319: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16292: 16290: 16281: 16275: 16274: 16272: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16250: 16248: 16244: 16243: 16241: 16240: 16238:Shaiva Smartas 16235: 16230: 16225: 16223:Veera Shaivism 16220: 16218:Trika Shaivism 16215: 16214: 16213: 16208: 16198: 16193: 16187: 16185: 16181: 16180: 16178: 16177: 16170: 16163: 16156: 16149: 16142: 16135: 16128: 16121: 16113: 16111: 16101: 16100: 16098: 16097: 16090: 16083: 16076: 16069: 16061: 16059: 16053: 16052: 16045: 16043: 16041: 16040: 16035: 16034: 16033: 16028: 16018: 16013: 16012: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15991: 15990: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15943: 15941: 15935: 15934: 15927: 15924: 15923: 15916: 15915: 15908: 15901: 15893: 15887: 15884: 15883: 15874: 15873: 15862: 15854: 15853:External links 15851: 15850: 15849: 15843: 15830: 15816:(3): 305–310. 15801: 15795: 15782: 15776: 15763: 15758:978-8170171935 15757: 15739: 15734:978-0791435793 15733: 15718: 15701:978-0791470824 15700: 15682: 15677:978-8129114815 15676: 15663: 15654: 15648: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15627: 15618: 15612: 15597: 15588: 15570: 15555: 15537:(2): 266–268. 15523: 15510:978-0835673181 15509: 15496: 15491:978-0765607119 15490: 15473: 15467: 15454: 15449:978-8170172079 15448: 15433: 15423: 15418:978-8120818927 15417: 15404: 15386: 15374: 15332: 15327:978-9004107588 15326: 15313: 15304: 15299:978-8170170389 15298: 15283: 15266:978-8120817715 15265: 15250: 15238: 15233:978-8120808799 15232: 15217: 15204: 15197: 15176: 15171:978-0791403471 15170: 15157: 15151: 15138: 15133:978-0195644418 15132: 15117: 15112:978-0871698636 15111: 15098: 15092: 15073: 15062: 15057: 15039: 15022:978-8176481700 15021: 15006: 14997: 14992:978-3447025225 14991: 14975: 14958:978-0195351903 14957: 14942: 14937:978-1317709091 14936: 14923: 14906:978-0791490495 14905: 14890: 14885:978-1438416182 14884: 14869: 14852:978-9004206298 14851: 14836: 14819:978-0198060987 14818: 14803: 14785:(3/4): 19–50. 14774: 14757:978-0691089522 14756: 14741: 14736:978-0195347135 14735: 14720: 14711: 14706:978-1594771651 14705: 14692: 14687:978-0971646650 14686: 14673: 14667: 14654: 14648: 14633: 14628:978-0823931798 14627: 14610: 14592:(2): 309–314. 14581: 14575: 14558: 14553:978-0876330395 14552: 14537: 14532:978-0889201583 14531: 14515: 14498:978-8120803947 14497: 14482: 14477:978-0520908833 14476: 14459: 14450: 14432: 14414: 14397:978-0816075645 14396: 14381: 14376:978-0875864846 14375: 14360: 14354: 14341: 14336:978-1610694780 14335: 14320: 14307: 14293: 14274: 14269:Epic Mythology 14264: 14259:978-8120813304 14258: 14245: 14239: 14226: 14220: 14202: 14185: 14179: 14161: 14136: 14130: 14113: 14102: 14097:978-0691120485 14096: 14083: 14080:Frawley, David 14077: 14071: 14061:. Malden, MA: 14051: 14045: 14021: 14016:978-8120814677 14015: 14000: 13995:978-0691073866 13994: 13981: 13976:978-0143414216 13975: 13960: 13943:978-0700712670 13942: 13927: 13921: 13903: 13897: 13882: 13876: 13861: 13854: 13841: 13836:978-8176250399 13835: 13820: 13815:978-8120808997 13814: 13799: 13793: 13780: 13775:978-0791439395 13774: 13768:. SUNY Press. 13759: 13754:978-0521213981 13753: 13738: 13729: 13712:978-0674391895 13711: 13696: 13685: 13676: 13651: 13645: 13629: 13612:978-0691058870 13611: 13594: 13591: 13590: 13589: 13584:978-8171204205 13583: 13571: 13565: 13548: 13539: 13522:978-8175972452 13521: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13492: 13491: 13482: 13473: 13464: 13429: 13427:, p. 218. 13414: 13384: 13350: 13332:978-1134380701 13331: 13308: 13278: 13249: 13243:978-1135963903 13242: 13222: 13216:978-1442248236 13215: 13195: 13180: 13174:978-1438128023 13173: 13153: 13126: 13106: 13059: 13052: 13032: 13013: 12993: 12966: 12946: 12939: 12919: 12906:978-1465330093 12905: 12885: 12871:978-8120817739 12870: 12864:. p. 95. 12833: 12807:978-9004340497 12806: 12772: 12754:978-8170103257 12753: 12734: 12719: 12666: 12648: 12635: 12623: 12603: 12591: 12579: 12572: 12552: 12545: 12525: 12510: 12490: 12478: 12466: 12433: 12431:, p. 301. 12418: 12415:978-1107406377 12402: 12382: 12363:(2): 259–305. 12347: 12312: 12300: 12288: 12262: 12236: 12229: 12211: 12205:978-1404237315 12204: 12184: 12168: 12166:, p. 269. 12153: 12151:, p. 269. 12137: 12131:978-0791482001 12130: 12107: 12101:978-0791409435 12100: 12081: 12063: 12037: 12011: 12002: 11984:978-8120811225 11983: 11963: 11945:978-0195309218 11944: 11924: 11917: 11899: 11897:, p. 474. 11887: 11870: 11852:978-8120802643 11851: 11831: 11824: 11806: 11800:978-9380262246 11799: 11779: 11745: 11739:978-8120814509 11738: 11720: 11702:978-8120802643 11701: 11681: 11654: 11648:978-8129111821 11647: 11629: 11623:978-9385485015 11622: 11604: 11560: 11553: 11535: 11520: 11484: 11469: 11451:978-0759123144 11450: 11430: 11424:978-0143116691 11423: 11405: 11399:978-0199360079 11398: 11380: 11373: 11355: 11349:978-1851099801 11348: 11328: 11319: 11295: 11289:, p. 29; 11275: 11273:, p. 221. 11260: 11223: 11211: 11205:978-0892813544 11204: 11171: 11159: 11153:978-0300062175 11152: 11126: 11124:, p. 446. 11114: 11112:, p. 182. 11110:Kramrisch 1981 11097: 11095:, p. 184. 11085: 11083:, p. 187. 11081:Kramrisch 1981 11072: 11033: 11031:, p. 182. 11029:Kramrisch 1981 11020: 11018:, p. 185. 11016:Kramrisch 1981 11007: 11003:Kramrisch 1981 10994: 10992:, p. 182. 10990:Kramrisch 1981 10981: 10979:, p. 182. 10977:Kramrisch 1981 10968: 10939: 10909: 10895: 10886: 10874: 10859: 10840: 10838:, p. 155. 10821: 10819:, p. 472. 10817:Kramrisch 1981 10808: 10789: 10771: 10768:. p. 304. 10762:Kuṇḍalinī Yoga 10752: 10733: 10715: 10700: 10680: 10659: 10646: 10644:, p. 289. 10629: 10608: 10595: 10589:978-0226156439 10588: 10568: 10562:978-0842608220 10561: 10537: 10521: 10515:978-0391024809 10514: 10494: 10481: 10463:978-1560231813 10462: 10442: 10436:978-0312293246 10435: 10417: 10399:978-0226156415 10398: 10378: 10361: 10352: 10348:Kramrisch 1981 10333: 10308: 10306:, p. 278. 10277: 10264: 10251: 10238: 10225: 10213: 10201: 10199:, p. 481. 10197:Kramrisch 1981 10189: 10177: 10175:, p. 280. 10165: 10163:, p. 474. 10161:Kramrisch 1981 10149: 10147:, p. 301. 10137: 10133:Kramrisch 1981 10116: 10112:Kramrisch 1981 10099: 10086: 10073: 10055:978-0226532301 10054: 10034: 10021: 10009: 9989: 9966: 9964:, p. 281. 9941: 9939:, p. 479. 9937:Kramrisch 1981 9929: 9917: 9898: 9885: 9879:978-1317806318 9878: 9858: 9852:978-0791430675 9851: 9831: 9816: 9814:, p. 461. 9797: 9785: 9773: 9771:, p. 461. 9760: 9758:, p. 218. 9748: 9736: 9734:, p. 309. 9724: 9722:, p. 266. 9712: 9710:, p. 473. 9708:Kramrisch 1981 9693: 9674: 9655: 9625: 9623:, p. 473. 9621:Kramrisch 1981 9610: 9597: 9584: 9572: 9568:Macdonell 1996 9559: 9557:, p. 475. 9555:Kramrisch 1981 9547: 9545:, p. 279. 9534: 9522: 9504:978-8120814677 9503: 9483: 9479:978-9004178960 9466: 9448: 9435: 9422: 9420:, p. 472. 9418:Kramrisch 1981 9409: 9390: 9388:, p. 926. 9369: 9367:, p. 109. 9356: 9350:variant, see: 9337: 9322: 9313: 9311:, p. 483. 9309:Kramrisch 1981 9300: 9283: 9266: 9264:, p. 151. 9253: 9245:978-0226894843 9220: 9207: 9205:, p. 485. 9188: 9182:978-0940676503 9181: 9161:978-0874773538 9160: 9140: 9121: 9115:978-0791412640 9114: 9094: 9088:978-0521528658 9087: 9067: 9061:978-1438451022 9060: 9040: 9034:978-0791411797 9033: 9013:978-0791410738 9012: 8989: 8975:978-0971646650 8974: 8954:978-8120804074 8953: 8930: 8904: 8898:978-8129111821 8897: 8879: 8871:Kramrisch 1981 8863: 8855:Kramrisch 1981 8847: 8832: 8826:978-0199724314 8825: 8805: 8799:978-8120820869 8798: 8778: 8762: 8756:978-0300062175 8755: 8729: 8711:978-9004129023 8710: 8684: 8678:978-0791410738 8677: 8657: 8651:978-8185431376 8650: 8630: 8618:978-0520026759 8617: 8597: 8595:, p. 193. 8585: 8573: 8561: 8543:978-0190633394 8542: 8522: 8507: 8492: 8480: 8476:Pintchman 2014 8468: 8464:Pintchman 2015 8452: 8440: 8438:, p. 426. 8428: 8416: 8404: 8387: 8381:978-1438404370 8380: 8360: 8342:978-8170990161 8341: 8321: 8313:978-1577316695 8300: 8296:978-9004016125 8283: 8279:978-3447025225 8266: 8262:978-0141913377 8249: 8229: 8217: 8199:978-0887064319 8198: 8178: 8172:978-8120819535 8171: 8148: 8129: 8109: 8102: 8082: 8070: 8068:, p. 216. 8058: 8016: 7996: 7984: 7945:(1): 119–122. 7925: 7910: 7908:, pp. 252, 259 7906:978-8120804074 7893: 7889:978-8120805958 7876: 7856: 7844: 7828: 7816: 7804: 7792: 7785: 7759: 7747: 7735: 7719: 7707: 7695: 7683:Hiriyanna 2000 7671: 7639: 7613: 7598: 7596:, p. 929. 7582: 7580:, p. 769. 7567: 7551: 7539: 7537:, p. 454. 7527: 7515: 7502: 7493: 7480: 7457: 7455:, p. 310. 7444: 7421: 7409: 7400:Doniger, Wendy 7391: 7382: 7373: 7360: 7334: 7322: 7320:, p. 155. 7305: 7293: 7281: 7269: 7257: 7245: 7233: 7221: 7209: 7184: 7175: 7163: 7161:, p. 316. 7151: 7139: 7132: 7112: 7094:978-1403980588 7093: 7073: 7050: 7023:(3): 180–209. 7007: 6987: 6981:978-0143067610 6980: 6960: 6953:978-0892813742 6952: 6932: 6925: 6902: 6887: 6881:978-0252092954 6880: 6860: 6842:978-0759116429 6841: 6818: 6814:978-0521795661 6801: 6758: 6756:, p. 181. 6746: 6734: 6718: 6716:, p. 181. 6698: 6686: 6680:, p. 45; 6666: 6664:, p. 312. 6645: 6625: 6606: 6586: 6584:, p. 104. 6574: 6572:, p. 244. 6562: 6550: 6548:, p. 243. 6535: 6518: 6516:, p. 176. 6505: 6493: 6491:, p. 162. 6480: 6478:, p. 205. 6463: 6451: 6438: 6418: 6416:, p. 148. 6414:Sadasivan 2000 6403: 6391: 6385:, p. 17; 6375: 6362: 6358:Kramrisch 1981 6345: 6333: 6330:978-8120831056 6313: 6311:, p. 479. 6309:Kramrisch 1981 6294: 6281: 6279:, p. 477. 6269: 6246: 6244:, p. 476. 6229: 6227:, p. 247. 6217: 6201: 6188: 6175: 6159: 6147: 6131: 6102: 6084:978-0877288459 6083: 6063: 6030: 6028:, p. 927. 6018: 6016:, p. 306. 6003: 6001:, p. 910. 5981: 5969: 5957: 5936: 5934:, p. 199. 5924: 5897: 5881: 5857: 5855:, p. 152. 5842: 5834:Sadasivan 2000 5823: 5817:, p. 82; 5811:Mallinson 2007 5799: 5787: 5783:Pintchman 2015 5775: 5763: 5751: 5749:, p. 131. 5747:Sivaraman 1973 5735: 5709: 5707:, p. 314. 5694: 5692:, p. 151. 5667: 5650: 5631: 5619: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5566: 5554: 5537: 5520: 5514:978-1593394912 5513: 5492: 5485: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5434: 5409: 5389: 5385:Kramrisch 1981 5372: 5342: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5288:before present 5279: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5250: 5247: 5221:Amish Tripathi 5197: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5169: 5162: 5160: 5150: 5143: 5141: 5128: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5050:Avalokitesvara 5025:Mahavira Halls 4946: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4862:and Shakti as 4830: 1500 CE 4815: 4812: 4787: 4784: 4739: 4736: 4708:Southeast Asia 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4547:Kartik Purnima 4509: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4479:Main article: 4476: 4473: 4460: 4457: 4407: 4404: 4383:. In the text 4363:. Just as the 4212:Alain Daniélou 4189:Main article: 4186: 4183: 4165:medieval India 4156:, rather than 4094:Manikkavacakar 4048: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4022: 4013: 3919:Kalyanasundara 3909:Ardhanārīśvara 3756: 3753: 3705:Northern India 3689:Southern India 3611:. His epithet 3586:Vedic religion 3553: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3389: 3388: 3379: 3378: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3341: 3294: 3263: 3231: 3219: 3203: 3163: 3119: 3117: 3091: 3085: 3068:: The epithet 3063: 3053: 3017:: The epithet 3012: 3000: 2990: 2954: 2860: 2857: 2844:Main article: 2841: 2838: 2740: 2737: 2653:Main article: 2650: 2647: 2643:Ardhanarisvara 2626:Devi Upanishad 2597:Ardhanarisvara 2580: 2577: 2566: 2544: 2541: 2463:Main article: 2460: 2457: 2428: 2425: 2362:Shaiva Puranas 2285: 2278: 2227: 2224: 2137: 2134: 2063: 2060: 2011:Rigvedic deity 1990: 1987: 1966: 1963: 1888:Lotus position 1853:Pashupati seal 1843:Pashupati seal 1841:Main article: 1838: 1835: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1729:Southeast Asia 1706: 1703: 1683: 1680: 1586:("Great god"; 1434:Main article: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1302:Manikkavacakar 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1161: 1160: 1149: 1148: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1089: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1005: 999: 994: 988: 987: 986:Three bondages 983: 982: 977: 972: 966: 965: 961: 958: 957: 954: 953: 950: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 915: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 892: 890:Forms of Shiva 887: 882: 875: 874: 869: 864: 859: 853: 852: 846: 845: 840: 835: 830: 824: 823: 808: 805: 804: 801: 800: 792: 791: 785: 784: 511:[ɕɪʋɐ] 449: 448: 446: 445: 444: 443: 436: 430: 421: 419: 415: 414: 397: 393: 392: 388: 387: 385: 384: 379: 374: 369: 367:Kartik Purnima 364: 359: 353: 351: 347: 346: 341: 335: 334: 332: 331: 326: 320: 318: 314: 313: 311: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 279: 277: 271: 270: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 246: 242: 241: 240: 239: 234: 227: 221: 220: 219: 218: 213: 206: 202: 201: 199: 198: 192: 187: 182: 176: 174: 170: 169: 167: 166: 163: 160: 155: 150: 147: 142: 139: 133: 131: 127: 126: 116: 108: 107: 100: 99: 88: 87: 84: 70: 65: 60: 53: 51: 48: 47: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20098: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20064: 20062: 20059: 20057: 20054: 20052: 20049: 20047: 20044: 20042: 20039: 20037: 20034: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19997: 19994: 19993: 19991: 19981: 19976: 19971: 19969: 19959: 19957: 19947: 19945: 19935: 19933: 19923: 19921: 19911: 19910: 19907: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19873: 19872:Mani Maykhala 19870: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19850: 19848: 19845: 19843: 19840: 19838: 19835: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19812:Ma Ngwe Taung 19810: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19777:Beikthano Nat 19775: 19773: 19770: 19768: 19767:Shin Upagutta 19765: 19764: 19762: 19760:Miscellaneous 19758: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19732: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19719: 19717: 19713: 19707: 19704: 19701: 19698: 19695: 19694: 19692: 19686: 19679: 19676: 19673: 19670: 19669: 19667: 19663: 19657: 19656:Ko Aung Naing 19654: 19651: 19648: 19647: 19645: 19641: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19626: 19624: 19620: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19603: 19600: 19599: 19597: 19593: 19590: 19586: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19572: 19569: 19565: 19562: 19560: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19550: 19547: 19545: 19542: 19541: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19530: 19525: 19514: 19511: 19509: 19506: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19481: 19479: 19476: 19474: 19471: 19469: 19466: 19464: 19461: 19459: 19456: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19417:Minye Aungdin 19415: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19400: 19397: 19394: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19370:Shwe Nawrahta 19368: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19329: 19325: 19322: 19321: 19319: 19315: 19311: 19307: 19300: 19295: 19293: 19288: 19286: 19281: 19280: 19277: 19265: 19257: 19255: 19251: 19247: 19245: 19237: 19236: 19234: 19224: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19207: 19206: 19205:Hindu temples 19203: 19201: 19198: 19196: 19193: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19155: 19154: 19151: 19147: 19144: 19143: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19130: 19127: 19126: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19109:Hindu studies 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19087: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19079:Denominations 19077: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19064: 19063: 19060: 19059: 19057: 19055: 19051: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19022: 19020: 19016: 19010: 19007: 19005: 19002: 19000: 18997: 18995: 18992: 18991: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18968: 18967: 18966: 18963: 18959: 18956: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18925: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18889: 18888:Vijayadashami 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18875: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18864: 18861: 18859: 18856: 18854: 18851: 18850: 18848: 18846: 18842: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18815: 18814: 18811: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18788: 18787: 18784: 18783: 18781: 18777: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18705:Simantonayana 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18692: 18690: 18688: 18684: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18619: 18617: 18615: 18611: 18608: 18604: 18594: 18593: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18516: 18515: 18512: 18511: 18509: 18507: 18503: 18497: 18496: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18419: 18418: 18415: 18414: 18412: 18410: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18397: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18313: 18311: 18309: 18305: 18299: 18298: 18294: 18292: 18291:Yoga Vasistha 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18251: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18214: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18202:Bhagavad Gita 18200: 18199: 18197: 18195: 18191: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18156: 18154: 18152: 18148: 18142: 18141:Sthapatyaveda 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18123: 18121: 18119: 18115: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18041: 18039: 18037: 18033: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18013: 18011: 18007: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17988: 17986: 17983: 17982: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17970: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17955: 17953: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17940: 17921: 17917: 17914: 17910: 17909: 17905: 17903: 17902: 17898: 17896: 17895: 17891: 17890: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17860: 17857: 17856: 17854: 17852: 17848: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17796: 17795: 17792: 17791: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17767: 17766: 17763: 17762: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17725: 17723: 17721: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17708: 17702: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17690: 17687: 17681: 17677: 17673: 17665: 17660: 17658: 17653: 17651: 17646: 17645: 17642: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17621: 17618: 17612: 17611: 17607: 17605: 17604: 17600: 17596: 17595: 17594:Bhagavad Gita 17591: 17590: 17589: 17588: 17584: 17582: 17581: 17577: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17544: 17543: 17540: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17529: 17523: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17463: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17453: 17451: 17449:Other deities 17447: 17441: 17440: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17318: 17317: 17314: 17313: 17311: 17309: 17305: 17300: 17290: 17289: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17243: 17240: 17238: 17235: 17233: 17230: 17228: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17218: 17215: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17177: 17176: 17173: 17172: 17170: 17168: 17164: 17160: 17156: 17155:Hindu deities 17149: 17144: 17142: 17137: 17135: 17130: 17129: 17126: 17113: 17109: 17106: 17103: 17099: 17096: 17093: 17089: 17088:sao ching cha 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17001: 16999: 16997: 16993: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16961:Kudalasangama 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16933: 16931: 16929: 16925: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16898:Trimbakeshwar 16896: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16872:Mahakaleshwar 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16859: 16857: 16855: 16851: 16845: 16844:Thondeshwaram 16842: 16840: 16839:Naguleshwaram 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16821: 16819: 16817: 16813: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16783: 16781: 16779: 16775: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16745: 16743: 16741: 16740:Pancha Sabhas 16737: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16707: 16705: 16703: 16699: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16669: 16667: 16665: 16661: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16641: 16639: 16637: 16633: 16629: 16628:Shiva temples 16622: 16617: 16615: 16610: 16608: 16603: 16602: 16599: 16587: 16583: 16579: 16577: 16569: 16568: 16565: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16542: 16539: 16538: 16537: 16534: 16533: 16531: 16527: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16478: 16476: 16472: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16455:Trimbakeshwar 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16430:Mahakaleshwar 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16407: 16405: 16403: 16399: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16365: 16361: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16331: 16329: 16327: 16326:Pancha Sabhai 16323: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16293: 16291: 16289: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16279:Shiva temples 16276: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16245: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16233:Shiva Advaita 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16203: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16188: 16186: 16182: 16176: 16175: 16171: 16169: 16168: 16167:Shiva Mahimna 16164: 16162: 16161: 16157: 16155: 16154: 16150: 16148: 16147: 16143: 16141: 16140: 16139:Shiva Tandava 16136: 16134: 16133: 16129: 16127: 16126: 16122: 16120: 16119: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16110: 16106: 16102: 16096: 16095: 16091: 16089: 16088: 16084: 16082: 16081: 16077: 16075: 16074: 16070: 16068: 16067: 16063: 16062: 16060: 16058: 16054: 16049: 16039: 16036: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16023: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15996: 15995: 15992: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15957:Dakshinamurti 15955: 15953: 15950: 15949: 15948: 15945: 15944: 15942: 15940: 15936: 15932: 15931: 15925: 15921: 15914: 15909: 15907: 15902: 15900: 15895: 15894: 15891: 15885: 15878: 15872: 15871: 15866: 15863: 15860: 15857: 15856: 15846: 15840: 15836: 15831: 15819: 15815: 15811: 15807: 15802: 15798: 15792: 15788: 15783: 15779: 15773: 15769: 15764: 15760: 15754: 15750: 15749: 15744: 15740: 15736: 15730: 15726: 15725: 15719: 15707: 15703: 15697: 15693: 15692: 15687: 15683: 15679: 15673: 15669: 15664: 15660: 15655: 15651: 15645: 15641: 15636: 15635: 15624: 15619: 15615: 15609: 15605: 15604: 15598: 15594: 15589: 15577: 15573: 15567: 15563: 15562: 15556: 15552: 15548: 15544: 15540: 15536: 15532: 15528: 15524: 15520: 15516: 15512: 15506: 15502: 15497: 15493: 15487: 15482: 15481: 15474: 15470: 15464: 15460: 15455: 15451: 15445: 15441: 15440: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15420: 15414: 15410: 15405: 15402: 15398: 15392: 15387: 15383: 15379: 15375: 15363: 15359: 15355: 15351: 15347: 15343: 15342: 15337: 15333: 15329: 15323: 15319: 15314: 15310: 15305: 15301: 15295: 15291: 15290: 15284: 15272: 15268: 15262: 15258: 15257: 15251: 15247: 15243: 15239: 15235: 15229: 15225: 15224: 15218: 15214: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15194: 15190: 15187: 15181: 15177: 15173: 15167: 15163: 15158: 15154: 15148: 15144: 15139: 15135: 15129: 15125: 15124: 15118: 15114: 15108: 15104: 15099: 15095: 15089: 15085: 15082: 15074: 15070: 15069: 15063: 15060: 15054: 15050: 15049: 15044: 15040: 15028: 15024: 15018: 15014: 15013: 15007: 15003: 14998: 14994: 14988: 14984: 14980: 14976: 14964: 14960: 14954: 14950: 14949: 14943: 14939: 14933: 14929: 14924: 14912: 14908: 14902: 14898: 14897: 14891: 14887: 14881: 14877: 14876: 14870: 14858: 14854: 14848: 14844: 14843: 14837: 14825: 14821: 14815: 14812:. OUP India. 14811: 14810: 14804: 14800: 14796: 14792: 14788: 14784: 14780: 14775: 14763: 14759: 14753: 14749: 14748: 14742: 14738: 14732: 14728: 14727: 14721: 14717: 14712: 14708: 14702: 14698: 14693: 14689: 14683: 14679: 14674: 14670: 14664: 14660: 14655: 14651: 14649:9780836409000 14645: 14641: 14640: 14634: 14630: 14624: 14619: 14618: 14611: 14607: 14603: 14599: 14595: 14591: 14587: 14582: 14578: 14572: 14567: 14566: 14559: 14555: 14549: 14545: 14544: 14538: 14534: 14528: 14524: 14520: 14516: 14504: 14500: 14494: 14490: 14489: 14483: 14479: 14473: 14468: 14467: 14460: 14456: 14451: 14439: 14435: 14429: 14425: 14424: 14419: 14415: 14403: 14399: 14393: 14389: 14388: 14382: 14378: 14372: 14368: 14367: 14361: 14357: 14351: 14347: 14342: 14338: 14332: 14328: 14327: 14321: 14317: 14313: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14296: 14294:0-452-28261-6 14290: 14286: 14282: 14281: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14261: 14255: 14251: 14246: 14242: 14236: 14232: 14227: 14223: 14217: 14213: 14211: 14203: 14199: 14195: 14191: 14186: 14182: 14176: 14172: 14171: 14166: 14162: 14158: 14154: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14137: 14133: 14127: 14123: 14119: 14114: 14110: 14109: 14103: 14099: 14093: 14089: 14084: 14081: 14078: 14074: 14068: 14064: 14060: 14056: 14052: 14048: 14042: 14038: 14035:. Cambridge: 14033: 14032: 14026: 14022: 14018: 14012: 14008: 14007: 14001: 13997: 13991: 13987: 13982: 13978: 13972: 13968: 13967: 13961: 13949: 13945: 13939: 13936:. Routledge. 13935: 13934: 13928: 13924: 13918: 13914: 13911: 13904: 13900: 13894: 13890: 13889: 13883: 13879: 13873: 13869: 13868: 13862: 13857: 13851: 13847: 13842: 13838: 13832: 13828: 13827: 13821: 13817: 13811: 13807: 13806: 13800: 13796: 13790: 13786: 13781: 13777: 13771: 13767: 13766: 13760: 13756: 13750: 13746: 13745: 13739: 13735: 13730: 13718: 13714: 13708: 13704: 13703: 13697: 13693: 13692: 13686: 13682: 13677: 13674: 13670: 13666: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13648: 13642: 13638: 13634: 13630: 13618: 13614: 13608: 13604: 13603: 13597: 13596: 13586: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13568: 13562: 13557: 13556: 13549: 13545: 13540: 13528: 13524: 13518: 13514: 13513: 13507: 13506: 13486: 13477: 13468: 13460: 13456: 13452: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13433: 13426: 13421: 13419: 13402: 13398: 13394: 13388: 13372: 13368: 13364: 13362: 13354: 13338: 13334: 13328: 13325:. Routledge. 13324: 13323: 13315: 13313: 13296: 13292: 13288: 13282: 13266: 13262: 13256: 13254: 13245: 13239: 13235: 13234: 13226: 13218: 13212: 13208: 13207: 13199: 13191: 13184: 13176: 13170: 13166: 13165: 13157: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13123: 13119: 13118: 13110: 13102: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13078: 13074: 13073:Artibus Asiae 13070: 13063: 13055: 13049: 13045: 13044: 13036: 13020: 13016: 13010: 13006: 13005: 12997: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12963: 12959: 12958: 12950: 12942: 12936: 12932: 12931: 12923: 12908: 12902: 12898: 12897: 12889: 12881: 12877: 12873: 12867: 12863: 12860:. New Delhi: 12859: 12855: 12853: 12849: 12843: 12837: 12821: 12817: 12813: 12809: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12776: 12760: 12756: 12750: 12746: 12745: 12738: 12730: 12723: 12715: 12702: 12683: 12679: 12673: 12671: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12655: 12653: 12645: 12639: 12632: 12627: 12621: 12617: 12613: 12607: 12600: 12595: 12588: 12583: 12575: 12569: 12565: 12564: 12556: 12548: 12542: 12538: 12537: 12529: 12522: 12517: 12515: 12507: 12503: 12500: 12494: 12487: 12482: 12475: 12470: 12454: 12450: 12449: 12444: 12437: 12430: 12425: 12423: 12416: 12412: 12406: 12399: 12395: 12392: 12386: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12351: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12323: 12316: 12309: 12304: 12297: 12292: 12276: 12272: 12266: 12250: 12246: 12240: 12232: 12226: 12222: 12215: 12207: 12201: 12197: 12196: 12195:My Hindu Year 12188: 12181: 12177: 12172: 12165: 12160: 12158: 12150: 12146: 12141: 12133: 12127: 12123: 12122: 12114: 12112: 12103: 12097: 12093: 12092: 12085: 12077: 12073: 12067: 12051: 12047: 12041: 12025: 12021: 12015: 12006: 11990: 11986: 11980: 11976: 11975: 11967: 11951: 11947: 11941: 11937: 11936: 11928: 11920: 11914: 11910: 11903: 11896: 11891: 11884: 11880: 11874: 11858: 11854: 11848: 11844: 11843: 11835: 11827: 11821: 11817: 11810: 11802: 11796: 11792: 11791: 11783: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11752: 11750: 11741: 11735: 11731: 11724: 11708: 11704: 11698: 11694: 11693: 11685: 11669: 11665: 11658: 11650: 11644: 11640: 11633: 11625: 11619: 11615: 11608: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11574: 11567: 11565: 11556: 11550: 11546: 11539: 11533:, p. 26. 11532: 11527: 11525: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11493: 11491: 11489: 11480: 11473: 11457: 11453: 11447: 11443: 11442: 11434: 11426: 11420: 11416: 11409: 11401: 11395: 11391: 11384: 11376: 11370: 11366: 11359: 11351: 11345: 11341: 11340: 11332: 11323: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11283:Michaels 2004 11279: 11272: 11267: 11265: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11235: 11227: 11220: 11215: 11207: 11201: 11197: 11192: 11191: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11176: 11168: 11163: 11155: 11149: 11145: 11140: 11139: 11130: 11123: 11118: 11111: 11107: 11101: 11094: 11089: 11082: 11076: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11057: 11056: 11049: 11047: 11046: 11037: 11030: 11024: 11017: 11011: 11004: 10998: 10991: 10985: 10978: 10972: 10964: 10958: 10950: 10943: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10906: 10899: 10890: 10883: 10878: 10870: 10863: 10857:, p. 62. 10856: 10851: 10844: 10837: 10832: 10825: 10818: 10812: 10806:, p. 47. 10805: 10800: 10793: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10767: 10763: 10756: 10749:. p. 45. 10748: 10744: 10737: 10729: 10722: 10720: 10711: 10704: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10684: 10678:, p. 63. 10677: 10673: 10671: 10663: 10657:, p. 62. 10656: 10650: 10643: 10639: 10633: 10626: 10622: 10620: 10612: 10605: 10599: 10591: 10585: 10581: 10580: 10572: 10564: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10549: 10541: 10534: 10530: 10529:McDaniel 2004 10525: 10517: 10511: 10507: 10506: 10498: 10491: 10485: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10455: 10454: 10446: 10438: 10432: 10428: 10421: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10391: 10390: 10382: 10375: 10371: 10365: 10356: 10350:, p. 479 10349: 10344: 10337: 10331:, p. 40. 10330: 10325: 10319: 10312: 10305: 10300: 10294: 10288: 10281: 10275:, p. 32. 10274: 10268: 10261: 10255: 10249:, p. 32. 10248: 10242: 10235: 10229: 10222: 10217: 10211:, p. 92. 10210: 10205: 10198: 10193: 10186: 10181: 10174: 10169: 10162: 10158: 10153: 10146: 10141: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10120: 10113: 10109: 10103: 10096: 10090: 10083: 10077: 10061: 10057: 10051: 10047: 10046: 10038: 10032:, p. 150 10031: 10025: 10019:, p. 33. 10018: 10013: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9993: 9986: 9982: 9977: 9970: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9948:For the name 9945: 9938: 9933: 9927:, p. 291 9926: 9921: 9915:, p. 98. 9914: 9909: 9902: 9895: 9889: 9881: 9875: 9871: 9870: 9862: 9854: 9848: 9844: 9843: 9835: 9827: 9820: 9813: 9808: 9801: 9795:, p. 25. 9794: 9789: 9783:, p. 44. 9782: 9777: 9770: 9764: 9757: 9756:Michaels 2004 9752: 9746:, p. 51. 9745: 9740: 9733: 9728: 9721: 9716: 9709: 9704: 9697: 9690: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9666: 9659: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9629: 9622: 9617: 9615: 9607: 9601: 9595:, p. 31. 9594: 9588: 9582:, p. 290 9581: 9576: 9570:, p. 62. 9569: 9563: 9556: 9551: 9544: 9538: 9532:, p. 22. 9531: 9526: 9510: 9506: 9500: 9496: 9495: 9487: 9481:, pp. 182–183 9480: 9476: 9470: 9463: 9459: 9452: 9445: 9439: 9433:, p. 58. 9432: 9426: 9419: 9413: 9407:, p. 56. 9406: 9401: 9400:Candraśekhara 9394: 9387: 9383: 9381: 9373: 9366: 9360: 9353: 9348: 9341: 9333: 9326: 9317: 9310: 9304: 9297: 9293: 9287: 9280: 9276: 9270: 9263: 9257: 9251: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9218:, p. 83. 9217: 9211: 9204: 9199: 9192: 9184: 9178: 9174: 9173: 9163: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9144: 9138:, p. 139 9137: 9132: 9125: 9117: 9111: 9107: 9106: 9098: 9090: 9084: 9080: 9079: 9071: 9063: 9057: 9053: 9052: 9044: 9036: 9030: 9026: 9025: 9015: 9009: 9005: 9004: 8996: 8994: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8971: 8967: 8966: 8956: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8937: 8935: 8918: 8914: 8908: 8900: 8894: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8872: 8867: 8860: 8856: 8851: 8844: 8843:Williams 1981 8839: 8837: 8828: 8822: 8818: 8817: 8809: 8801: 8795: 8791: 8790: 8782: 8775: 8771: 8766: 8758: 8752: 8748: 8743: 8742: 8733: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8691: 8689: 8680: 8674: 8670: 8669: 8661: 8653: 8647: 8643: 8642: 8634: 8626: 8620: 8614: 8610: 8609: 8601: 8594: 8589: 8582: 8577: 8571:, p. 77. 8570: 8565: 8549: 8545: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8526: 8520:, p. 26. 8519: 8514: 8512: 8505:, p. 90. 8504: 8503:McDaniel 2004 8499: 8497: 8489: 8484: 8477: 8472: 8465: 8461: 8456: 8449: 8444: 8437: 8432: 8425: 8420: 8414:, p. 43. 8413: 8408: 8400: 8399: 8391: 8383: 8377: 8373: 8372: 8364: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8325: 8318: 8317:Skanda Purana 8314: 8310: 8304: 8298:, pp. 150–153 8297: 8293: 8287: 8280: 8276: 8270: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8233: 8226: 8225:Michaels 2004 8221: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8182: 8174: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8155: 8153: 8136: 8132: 8126: 8122: 8121: 8113: 8105: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8086: 8079: 8078:Michaels 2004 8074: 8067: 8066:Michaels 2004 8062: 8054: 8047: 8034: 8026: 8020: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8000: 7993: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7917: 7915: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7825: 7820: 7813: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7773: 7772: 7763: 7757:, p. 84. 7756: 7751: 7744: 7739: 7732: 7728: 7723: 7716: 7711: 7704: 7699: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7675: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7643: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7610: 7605: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7586: 7579: 7574: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7548: 7543: 7536: 7531: 7524: 7519: 7512: 7506: 7497: 7491:, p. 89. 7490: 7484: 7477: 7473: 7461: 7454: 7453:Griffith 1973 7448: 7441: 7437: 7425: 7418: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7386: 7377: 7371:, p. 89. 7370: 7364: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7332:, p. 18. 7331: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7302: 7297: 7290: 7285: 7278: 7273: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7249: 7242: 7241:Winstedt 2020 7237: 7230: 7225: 7218: 7213: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7179: 7173:, p. 73. 7172: 7167: 7160: 7159:Michaels 2004 7155: 7148: 7143: 7135: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7116: 7100: 7096: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7077: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7057: 7055: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7011: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6991: 6983: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6964: 6955: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6936: 6928: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6909: 6907: 6900:, p. 32. 6899: 6898:Beckwith 2009 6894: 6892: 6883: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6864: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6822: 6816:, pp. 240–250 6815: 6811: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6744:, p. 14. 6743: 6738: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6684:, p. 45. 6683: 6679: 6675: 6670: 6663: 6662:Michaels 2004 6659: 6657: 6649: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6599: 6598: 6590: 6583: 6582:Neumayer 2013 6578: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6554: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6515: 6509: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6484: 6477: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6461:, p. 31. 6460: 6455: 6449:, p. 147 6448: 6442: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6400: 6395: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6372: 6366: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6310: 6305: 6298: 6292:, p. 299 6291: 6285: 6278: 6273: 6267:, p. 297 6266: 6262: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6226: 6221: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6198: 6192: 6185: 6179: 6172: 6168: 6167:Berreman 1963 6163: 6157:, p. 27. 6156: 6151: 6145:, p. 24. 6144: 6140: 6135: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6106: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6067: 6061:, p. 149 6060: 6055: 6050: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6022: 6015: 6010: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5985: 5978: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5955:, p. 28. 5954: 5950: 5948: 5940: 5933: 5932:Prentiss 2000 5928: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5895:, p. 17. 5894: 5890: 5885: 5879:, p. 31. 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5828: 5820: 5819:Marchand 2007 5816: 5812: 5808: 5807:Shiva Samhita 5803: 5796: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5772: 5767: 5760: 5755: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5691: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5664: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5648:, p. 65. 5647: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5629:, p. 35. 5628: 5623: 5615: 5609: 5603:, p. 62. 5602: 5601:Williams 1981 5597: 5591:, p. 78. 5590: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5571: 5563: 5558: 5552:, p. 58. 5551: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5516: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5464: 5450: 5438: 5432:, p. 45. 5431: 5426: 5420: 5413: 5407:, p. 17. 5406: 5401: 5393: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5321: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5295:Neolithic at 5293: 5289: 5283: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5256: 5255:Shiva temples 5253: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5226:Shiva Trilogy 5223:'s 2010 book 5222: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5085:, one of the 5084: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4929: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4824: 4820: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4752:Kushan Empire 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4671:Dieng Plateau 4667: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4503: 4492: 4482: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4440:Vishnu Purana 4436: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4292:Wendy Doniger 4288: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4261: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4044: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4002: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3964:): creation ( 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3886: 3881:त्रिपुरांतक; 3880: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3839: 3838:Dakshinamurti 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3795: 3790:) is a form ( 3789: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3764:Chola dynasty 3761: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3741:Ashokasundari 3738: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3547: 3538: 3524: 3515: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3374: 3360: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3244:, (Sanskrit: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3040: 3034: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2963: 2962:Candraśekhara 2958: 2957:Crescent moon 2955: 2951: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2881: 2874: 2873:skull garland 2870: 2865: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2834:Abhinavagupta 2831: 2830:Shiva Samhita 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2733:Kushan Empire 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2666: 2663:Oleograph by 2661: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2638:Bhagavad Gita 2634: 2633: 2632:Devi Mahatmya 2628: 2627: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2576: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:Shaiva Agamas 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2340:Kushan Empire 2337: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157:Wendy Doniger 2155:According to 2150: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2095: 2092: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1995: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:Indo-European 1972: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1952:John Marshall 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913:Hindu deities 1910: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1701: 1693: 1688: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1622:"lord"), and 1621: 1619: 1613: 1611: 1605: 1603: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1384: 1383: 1376: 1375:Shiva Temples 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1282:Abhinavagupta 1280: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1108: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009:other aspects 1008: 1007: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 985: 984: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 967: 963: 962: 956: 955: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 904: 903: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 877: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 854: 851: 848: 847: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 822: 819: 818: 817: 813: 812: 803: 802: 798: 794: 793: 790: 787: 786: 782: 778: 777: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 741: 738: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 665:who lives an 664: 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:The Destroyer 613: 611: 607: 606:Supreme Being 603: 599: 595: 591: 590:[mɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐh 587: 585: 579: 573: 564: 558: 517: 512: 508: 506: 500: 494: 485: 479: 455: 442: 441: 437: 434: 431: 428: 425: 424: 423: 422: 420: 416: 413: 409: 405: 401: 398: 394: 389: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 352: 348: 345: 342: 340: 336: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 319: 315: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 288:Crescent Moon 286: 284: 281: 280: 278: 276: 272: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 256:Pashupatastra 254: 252: 249: 248: 247: 243: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 228: 226: 222: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 207: 203: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 175: 171: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 148: 146: 143: 140: 138: 135: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 114: 109: 106: 101: 96: 92: 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 69: 66: 64: 63:Lord of Yogis 61: 59: 55: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 26: 22: 20081:Indian yogis 20041:Justice gods 20016:Creator gods 19817:Medaw Lay Ba 19772:Shin Thiwali 19731:Amay Yay Yin 19563: 19498:Anauk Mibaya 19468:Htibyuhsaung 19443:Maung Minbyu 19422:Shwe Sitthin 19412:Tabinshwehti 19396:Maungminshin 19375:Aungzwamagyi 19346:(Naga Medaw) 19215:Architecture 18818:Brahmacharya 18760:Samavartanam 18725:Annaprashana 18591: 18494: 18431: 18295: 18249:Dharmaśāstra 18239:Arthashastra 18074:Maitrayaniya 17906: 17899: 17892: 17814:Brahmacharya 17608: 17601: 17592: 17585: 17578: 17503:Gramadevatas 17437: 17286: 17189: 16996:Out of India 16995: 16927: 16918:Grishneshwar 16887:Bhimashankar 16834:Munneshwaram 16824:Kethishwaram 16511:Tiruchengode 16415:Grishneshwar 16410:Bhimashankar 16402:Jyotirlingas 16254:Kanwar Yatra 16172: 16165: 16158: 16151: 16144: 16137: 16130: 16125:Rudrashtakam 16123: 16116: 16092: 16085: 16080:Shiva Purana 16078: 16071: 16064: 15946: 15928: 15868: 15834: 15822:. Retrieved 15813: 15809: 15786: 15767: 15747: 15723: 15710:. Retrieved 15690: 15667: 15658: 15639: 15622: 15602: 15592: 15580:. Retrieved 15560: 15534: 15530: 15527:Wayman, Alex 15500: 15479: 15458: 15438: 15427: 15408: 15390: 15381: 15368:11 September 15366:. Retrieved 15340: 15317: 15308: 15288: 15275:. Retrieved 15255: 15245: 15222: 15212: 15208: 15183: 15161: 15142: 15122: 15102: 15077: 15067: 15047: 15031:. Retrieved 15011: 15001: 14982: 14979:Rocher, Ludo 14969:23 September 14967:. Retrieved 14947: 14927: 14915:. Retrieved 14895: 14874: 14861:. Retrieved 14841: 14828:. Retrieved 14808: 14782: 14778: 14766:. Retrieved 14746: 14725: 14715: 14696: 14677: 14658: 14638: 14616: 14589: 14585: 14564: 14542: 14522: 14509:17 September 14507:. Retrieved 14487: 14465: 14454: 14442:. Retrieved 14422: 14408:26 September 14406:. Retrieved 14390:. Infobase. 14386: 14365: 14345: 14329:. ABC-CLIO. 14325: 14315: 14283:. New York: 14279: 14268: 14249: 14230: 14206: 14189: 14169: 14140: 14117: 14107: 14087: 14058: 14055:Flood, Gavin 14030: 14025:Flood, Gavin 14005: 13985: 13965: 13954:12 September 13952:. Retrieved 13932: 13907: 13887: 13866: 13845: 13825: 13804: 13784: 13764: 13743: 13733: 13721:. Retrieved 13701: 13690: 13680: 13655: 13636: 13621:. Retrieved 13601: 13574: 13554: 13543: 13531:. Retrieved 13511: 13485: 13476: 13467: 13442: 13438: 13432: 13405:. Retrieved 13396: 13387: 13375:. Retrieved 13366: 13360: 13353: 13343:11 September 13341:. Retrieved 13321: 13299:. Retrieved 13290: 13281: 13269:. Retrieved 13232: 13225: 13205: 13198: 13189: 13183: 13163: 13156: 13144:. Retrieved 13116: 13109: 13076: 13072: 13062: 13042: 13035: 13023:. Retrieved 13003: 12996: 12984:. Retrieved 12956: 12949: 12929: 12922: 12910:. Retrieved 12895: 12888: 12857: 12851: 12847: 12836: 12824:. Retrieved 12785: 12775: 12763:. Retrieved 12744:Dasam Granth 12743: 12737: 12728: 12722: 12710:|title= 12689:. Retrieved 12643: 12638: 12626: 12611: 12606: 12594: 12582: 12562: 12555: 12535: 12528: 12493: 12481: 12469: 12457:. Retrieved 12446: 12436: 12405: 12385: 12360: 12356: 12350: 12328:(1): 63–72. 12325: 12321: 12315: 12303: 12291: 12279:. Retrieved 12273:. Manorama. 12265: 12253:. Retrieved 12239: 12220: 12214: 12194: 12187: 12171: 12140: 12120: 12090: 12084: 12076:the original 12066: 12054:. Retrieved 12040: 12028:. Retrieved 12014: 12005: 11993:. Retrieved 11973: 11966: 11954:. Retrieved 11934: 11927: 11908: 11902: 11890: 11873: 11861:. Retrieved 11841: 11834: 11815: 11809: 11789: 11782: 11770:. Retrieved 11761: 11729: 11723: 11711:. Retrieved 11691: 11684: 11672:. Retrieved 11657: 11638: 11632: 11613: 11607: 11595:. Retrieved 11588:the original 11583: 11579: 11544: 11538: 11511:. Retrieved 11502: 11478: 11472: 11460:. Retrieved 11440: 11433: 11414: 11408: 11389: 11383: 11364: 11358: 11338: 11331: 11322: 11278: 11251:. Retrieved 11243:10603/295754 11233: 11226: 11214: 11189: 11162: 11137: 11129: 11117: 11108:31 is from: 11105: 11100: 11088: 11075: 11051: 11041: 11036: 11023: 11010: 10997: 10984: 10971: 10948: 10942: 10930:. Retrieved 10921: 10912: 10907:, p. 1. 10898: 10889: 10877: 10868: 10862: 10850:Dakṣiṇāmūrti 10843: 10831:Dakṣiṇāmūrti 10824: 10811: 10799:Dakṣiṇāmūrti 10792: 10784:the original 10774: 10761: 10755: 10742: 10736: 10727: 10709: 10703: 10695: 10683: 10667: 10662: 10649: 10637: 10632: 10616: 10611: 10598: 10578: 10571: 10547: 10540: 10524: 10504: 10497: 10484: 10472:. Retrieved 10452: 10445: 10426: 10420: 10408:. Retrieved 10388: 10381: 10373: 10364: 10355: 10336: 10311: 10280: 10267: 10254: 10241: 10228: 10216: 10204: 10192: 10180: 10168: 10152: 10140: 10128: 10124: 10119: 10114:, p. 5. 10107: 10102: 10089: 10076: 10064:. Retrieved 10044: 10037: 10024: 10012: 9992: 9985:Stutley 1985 9980: 9969: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9944: 9932: 9920: 9913:Stutley 1985 9901: 9888: 9868: 9861: 9841: 9834: 9825: 9819: 9800: 9788: 9776: 9763: 9751: 9739: 9727: 9715: 9696: 9691:, p. 8. 9677: 9658: 9646:. Retrieved 9637: 9628: 9608:, p. 78 9600: 9587: 9575: 9562: 9550: 9537: 9525: 9513:. Retrieved 9493: 9486: 9469: 9451: 9438: 9425: 9412: 9393: 9377: 9372: 9359: 9340: 9325: 9316: 9303: 9291: 9286: 9274: 9269: 9256: 9232: 9223: 9210: 9191: 9171: 9150: 9143: 9124: 9104: 9097: 9077: 9070: 9050: 9043: 9023: 9002: 8964: 8943: 8921:. Retrieved 8907: 8888: 8882: 8866: 8850: 8815: 8808: 8788: 8781: 8765: 8740: 8732: 8720:. Retrieved 8700: 8667: 8660: 8640: 8633: 8607: 8600: 8588: 8581:Warrier 1967 8576: 8564: 8554:17 September 8552:. Retrieved 8532: 8525: 8483: 8471: 8460:Kinsley 1988 8455: 8448:Kinsley 1988 8443: 8431: 8419: 8407: 8397: 8390: 8370: 8363: 8351:. Retrieved 8331: 8324: 8303: 8286: 8269: 8252: 8232: 8220: 8208:. Retrieved 8188: 8181: 8161: 8139:. Retrieved 8119: 8112: 8092: 8085: 8073: 8061: 8019: 7999: 7987: 7942: 7938: 7928: 7896: 7879: 7871: 7859: 7847: 7831: 7819: 7812:Deussen 1997 7807: 7795: 7770: 7762: 7755:Blurton 1993 7750: 7743:Blurton 1993 7738: 7722: 7710: 7703:Deussen 1997 7698: 7674: 7662:. Retrieved 7651: 7642: 7630:. Retrieved 7616: 7590:Deussen 1997 7585: 7578:Deussen 1997 7554: 7542: 7535:Anthony 2007 7530: 7523:Anthony 2007 7518: 7513:, p. 8. 7505: 7496: 7483: 7471: 7460: 7447: 7435: 7424: 7412: 7403: 7394: 7385: 7376: 7363: 7351:. Retrieved 7337: 7325: 7313: 7308: 7296: 7284: 7272: 7267:, p. 7. 7260: 7248: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7200:. Retrieved 7196: 7187: 7178: 7166: 7154: 7142: 7122: 7115: 7103:. Retrieved 7083: 7076: 7020: 7016: 7010: 6990: 6970: 6963: 6942: 6935: 6915: 6870: 6863: 6851:. Retrieved 6831: 6821: 6804: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6749: 6737: 6721: 6701: 6689: 6669: 6653: 6648: 6643:, p. 29 6637:Kenoyer 1998 6628: 6616:. Retrieved 6596: 6589: 6577: 6570:Hopkins 2001 6565: 6558:Hopkins 2001 6553: 6546:Hopkins 2001 6533:, and p. 40. 6530: 6521: 6508: 6496: 6483: 6454: 6441: 6434:Granoff 2003 6421: 6394: 6378: 6365: 6353: 6348: 6336: 6322:sahasranAman 6321: 6316: 6304:Parameśhvara 6297: 6284: 6272: 6260: 6249: 6220: 6212: 6204: 6197:Ganguli 2004 6191: 6178: 6162: 6150: 6134: 6122:. Retrieved 6112: 6105: 6093:. Retrieved 6073: 6066: 6044: 6033: 6021: 5989: 5984: 5972: 5960: 5944: 5939: 5927: 5884: 5873:Granoff 2003 5860: 5815:Varenne 1976 5806: 5802: 5790: 5778: 5771:Kinsley 1988 5766: 5754: 5738: 5726:. Retrieved 5712: 5627:Kinsley 1998 5622: 5608: 5596: 5584: 5557: 5504: 5495: 5476: 5473:"Yogeshvara" 5467: 5448: 5437: 5412: 5392: 5375: 5368:Urdhva Retas 5367: 5324: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5282: 5277:, p. 5. 5269: 5240: 5230: 5224: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5199: 5174: 5081: 5035: 5018: 5004: 4992:Twenty Devas 4990: 4960: 4870: 4863: 4857: 4835: 4796:Dasam Granth 4789: 4768:Dandan Oilik 4763: 4744:Central Asia 4741: 4738:Central Asia 4729: 4721: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4604: 4587: 4581: 4566: 4561:Thiruvathira 4559: 4544: 4539:Jyotirlingam 4530: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4511: 4453:Adi Shankara 4451:philosopher 4438: 4432: 4422: 4409: 4391: 4389: 4385:Linga Purana 4384: 4380: 4377:Yupa-Skambha 4376: 4368: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4343:Yupa-Stambha 4342: 4338: 4336: 4323: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4263: 4248: 4240: 4228: 4222: 4220: 4205: 4202:Linga Purana 4201: 4197:Linga Purana 4196: 4194: 4175:Shiva Lingam 4160: 4153: 4142:Adi Shankara 4133: 4126:Satcitananda 4120:notes that, 4098:Thiruvasagam 4091: 4085: 4077: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4056:pañcabrahman 4051: 3987:namaḥ śivāya 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3948: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3885:Tripurāntaka 3882: 3875:Tripurantaka 3873: 3868: 3859: 3854: 3848:Dakṣiṇāmūrti 3845: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3803: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3709: 3636: 3598: 3581: 3573: 3563: 3498:Adi Shankara 3496:philosopher 3479: 3455: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3426: 3417: 3409: 3403: 3359:mythology. 3357: 3343: 3327: 3319: 3296: 3288: 3265: 3233: 3225: 3222:Rosary beads 3221: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3186:ḍamaru-hasta 3183: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3121: 3093: 3087: 3077: 3069: 3066:Sacred Ganga 3065: 3055: 3036: 3032: 3014: 3002: 2992: 2982: 2972: 2956: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2896: 2849: 2829: 2826:Shiva Sutras 2825: 2817: 2811: 2802: 2799: 2780: 2776: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2742: 2725:Gupta Empire 2721:Adi Shankara 2710: 2706:Ishta Devata 2671: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2622: 2615: 2613: 2602: 2573: 2563: 2552: 2546: 2535: 2531: 2517: 2511: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2468: 2404: 2399: 2391: 2386:. Dualistic 2373: 2370:Linga Purana 2366:Shiva Purana 2359: 2344: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2301: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2265: 2254: 2252: 2248:Paul Deussen 2241: 2231: 2229: 2220:Tirthankaras 2209: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2192:Verethraghna 2189: 2181: 2168: 2154: 2100: 2097: 2087: 2079: 2065: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2034: 2023: 2000: 1982: 1968: 1956: 1944:iconographic 1937: 1904: 1895: 1892:Mohenjo-daro 1877: 1861:Mohenjo-Daro 1857:Indus Valley 1823: 1789:Christianity 1786: 1759: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1714: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1623: 1615: 1614:"great" and 1607: 1599: 1595: 1594:"Great" and 1587: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1545: 1540: 1530: 1524: 1514: 1508: 1503: 1502:to the noun 1499: 1494:, including 1478: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1439: 1215: 1175:Pratyabhijna 1163: 1162: 1152:Saiddhantika 1151: 1150: 1145:Mantra marga 1143: 1118: 1068:Panchakshara 1025:Satkaryavada 942:Svetasvatara 820: 815: 811:Parameshvara 809: 734: 667:ascetic life 657: 616: 614: 604:. He is the 593: 581: 515: 502: 453: 452: 438: 40: 20086:Horned gods 20071:Wisdom gods 20056:Savior gods 19842:Ma Phae Wah 19827:Mya Nan Nwe 19742:Myauk Medaw 19737:Taung Medaw 19727:Anauk Medaw 19722:Ashay Medaw 19688:Lord of the 19671:Ko Myo Shin 19608:Koyin Maung 19554:Maha Peinne 19515:(Ma Hnelay) 19488:Min Kyawzwa 19432:Maung Po Tu 19339:Hnamadawgyi 19264:WikiProject 19136:Persecution 19124:Nationalism 19114:Iconography 18994:Ratha Yatra 18905:Janmashtami 18900:Rama Navami 18828:Vanaprastha 18779:Varnashrama 18755:Ritushuddhi 18740:Vidyarambha 18730:Chudakarana 18720:Nishkramana 18695:Garbhadhana 18336:Thirukkural 18331:Thiruppugal 18259:Nāradasmṛti 18222:Mahabharata 18000:Atharvaveda 17878:Vaisheshika 17765:Puruṣārthas 17587:Mahabharata 17498:Kuladevatas 17277:Vishvakarma 16928:Significant 16913:Rameshwaram 16877:Omkareshwar 16829:Koneshwaram 16720:Ksheerarama 16715:Daksharamam 16654:Kaleshwaram 16644:Daksharamam 16558:Other names 16440:Omkareshwar 16425:Mallikarjun 16288:Panch Kedar 16160:Shri Rudram 16146:Sahasranama 15033:25 December 14983:The Puranas 14642:. Manohar. 13359:"TV series 12691:29 December 11390:On Hinduism 11055:pañcavaktra 10802:form, see: 10642:Sharma 1996 10625:Zimmer 1972 10604:Jansen 1993 10555:, 515–516. 10492:for details 10304:Sharma 1996 10173:Sharma 1996 10145:Sharma 1996 10095:Sharma 1988 9962:Sharma 1996 9925:Sharma 1996 9804:For use by 9793:Jansen 1993 9781:Jansen 1993 9687:form, see: 9580:Sharma 1996 9543:Sharma 1996 9247:, pp. 4, 29 9216:Jansen 1993 8944:Śiva Sūtras 8593:Rocher 1986 8533:The Rigveda 8488:Coburn 1991 8424:Coburn 2002 8012:Thakur 1986 7992:Tagare 2002 7891:, pl. 43–44 7864:Sharma 1990 7840:Rocher 1986 7731:Scharf 1996 7715:Sastri 1898 7664:2 September 7632:2 September 7316:10.7, see: 7217:Zimmer 2000 7147:Sircar 1998 6354:Śatarudriya 6341:Sharma 1996 6290:Sharma 1996 6265:Sharma 1996 6155:Powell 2016 6057:... " see: 6014:Sharma 1996 5838:Sircar 1998 5705:Sharma 1996 5646:Sharma 2000 5550:Fuller 2004 5533:Zimmer 1972 5419:Sasipañjara 5364:Brahmacarya 5211:DD National 5203:Gange Gowri 5181:Mount Putuo 5132:is a Shiva- 5071:") wherein 5069:Pure Abodes 5054:Lotus Sutra 5042:Kizil Caves 5020:dharmapalas 4949:Kizil Caves 4917:Sakra Indra 4909:Bodhisattva 4897:Sakra Indra 4895:along with 4806:Avatar and 4776:Zoroastrian 4764:Yajnopavita 4691:Batara Guru 4650:Shivarathri 4611:Kumbha Mela 4555:Tripurasura 4520:There is a 4443:claim sage 4419:Vaishnavism 4400:Jyotirlinga 4381:Shiva-Linga 3958:pañcabrahma 3924:panigrahana 3861:Bhikshatana 3637:sahasranama 3590:Epic period 3580:= "great", 3556:Bhikshatana 3517:(Sanskrit: 3466:"time" and 3015:Blue throat 3003:Matted hair 2965:(Sanskrit: 2923:Mahabharata 2914:त्र्यम्बकम् 2803:Isvara Gita 2777:dissolution 2543:Vaishnavism 2507:Lingayatism 2475:Vaishnavism 2436:Lingodbhava 2336:Numismatics 2327:Mahabharata 2226:Development 2107:Sasipañjara 2101:Śatarudrīya 1939:Gavin Flood 1925:Gavin Flood 1884:ithyphallic 1872: 2350 1762:Maharashtra 1676:Śatarudriya 1659:Mahabharata 1636:Sahasranama 1627:Parameśvara 1570:interprets 1500:Rudra-Shiva 1370:Jyotirlinga 1239:Lingayatism 1235:Veerashaiva 1158:Siddhantism 927:Shivasutras 619:within the 329:Thrayodashi 190:Parabrahman 173:Affiliation 130:Other names 20046:Dance gods 20031:Hindu gods 19990:Categories 19944:Bangladesh 19867:Wathondare 19650:Bago Medaw 19629:U Shin Gyi 19604:(Me Wunna) 19602:Popa Medaw 19588:Other nats 19574:Thuyathadi 19568:Paramethwa 19407:Nyaunggyin 19398:(Shin Byu) 19392:(Shin Nyo) 19390:Taungmagyi 19365:Thandawgan 19350:Thonbanhla 19344:Shwe Nabay 18965:Kumbh Mela 18933:Gudi Padwa 18878:Durga Puja 18863:Shivaratri 18735:Karnavedha 18715:Namakarana 18677:Tirthatana 18444:Dattatreya 18281:Subhashita 18254:Manusmriti 18131:Dhanurveda 18064:Taittiriya 18049:Kaushitaki 18036:Upanishads 17809:Aparigraha 17711:Philosophy 17569:Upanishads 17488:Gandharvas 17212:Dattatreya 16976:Thiruvarur 16908:Nageshvara 16903:Vaidyanath 16725:Kumararama 16692:Kalpeshwar 16541:Rasalingam 16465:Vishwanath 16460:Vaidyanath 16316:Kalpeshwar 16269:Shiva Puja 16184:Traditions 15982:Tatpurusha 15844:8171200869 15796:8176254274 15777:8120611799 15649:8176254274 15613:0691017786 15571:9004064982 15468:0226851168 15401:8121510872 15209:Purātattva 15198:8170813506 15152:8120805445 15093:8120813812 15058:8172231245 14668:8121507154 14576:0691019304 14433:0802137970 14418:Keay, John 14355:9074597076 14240:8170391865 14221:812080046X 14180:9004043306 14165:Gonda, Jan 14131:079145326X 14120:. Albany: 14072:1405132515 14046:0521438780 13922:0195057422 13898:8120805577 13877:0791404463 13855:8120805674 13794:8120800532 13673:8170200709 13665:B008RXWY7O 13646:8120805674 13566:8121505933 13377:2 December 13127:8170306337 12967:0203641868 12912:13 October 12765:7 November 12631:Ghose 1966 12599:Ghose 1966 12587:Ghose 1966 12573:0197260624 12546:9799240018 12521:Ghose 1966 12486:Ghose 1966 12474:Ghose 1966 12230:8120605233 12145:Dalal 2010 11995:7 November 11956:7 November 11918:0195203615 11883:0823922871 11825:0195203615 11772:17 January 11597:18 January 11554:0877282536 11513:18 January 11374:0195202503 11287:Flood 1996 11045:pañcamukha 10932:26 January 10670:nṛtyamūrti 10623:form see: 10531:, p. 10474:7 November 10410:7 November 10370:Gupta 1988 10234:Flood 1996 10209:Flood 1996 10030:Flood 1996 10005:0500510881 9684:Gaṅgādhara 9665:Gaṅgādhara 9648:5 December 9606:Flood 1996 9462:Flood 1996 9262:Flood 1996 9250:Gonda 1969 9237:Gonda 1969 9136:Flood 2003 8873:, p. 8857:, p. 8772:, p. 8770:Flood 1996 8569:Brown 1998 8518:Brown 1998 8008:Gonda 1975 8004:Flood 2003 7921:Flood 1996 7868:Davis 1992 7852:Flood 2003 7836:Flood 2003 7727:Flood 2003 7687:Kunst 1968 7609:Flood 2003 7318:Sarup 1998 7229:Storl 2004 7171:Flood 2003 7133:0253208912 6730:Flood 2003 6726:Flood 1996 6710:Flood 2003 6706:Flood 1996 6694:Flood 1996 6674:Vohra 2000 6641:Flood 1996 6633:Singh 1989 6618:30 January 6527:Gupta 1988 6426:Flood 1996 6383:Flood 1996 6169:, p. 6059:Flood 1996 5893:Flood 1996 5865:Flood 1996 5853:Flood 1996 5795:Flood 1996 5759:Gonda 1969 5743:Flood 1996 5728:30 October 5690:Flood 1996 5577:Dalal 2010 5562:Javid 2008 5501:"Hinduism" 5459:References 5425:Tivaṣīmati 5400:Rudra-Śiva 5134:Ōkuninushi 5130:Daikokuten 5112:East Asian 5083:Daikokuten 4913:Mahabrahma 4877:Maheshvara 4804:Dattatreya 4696:Bhattāraka 4522:Shivaratri 4207:Shiva Gita 3962:pañcakṛtya 3936:Somaskanda 3869:Bhikṣāṭana 3867:भिक्षाटन; 3806:nṛtyamūrti 3749:Jalandhara 3732:Vishnumaya 3693:Tamil Nadu 3509: 820 3507: – c. 3505: 788 3108:'s mount, 3088:Tiger skin 3070:Gangadhara 3035:= "blue", 3025:(Sanskrit 3021:Nīlakaṇtha 2981:= "moon"; 2968:चन्द्रशेखर 2859:Attributes 2814:Hatha Yoga 2321:Mahābhāṣya 2274:henotheism 2113:Tivaṣīmati 2091:Rudra-Śiva 1826:Mesolithic 1809:prostitute 1801:asceticism 1782:Karttikeya 1731:, such as 1709:See also: 1698:See also: 1543:Tamil word 1452:Devanagari 1292:Utpaladeva 1259:Indonesian 1244:Siddharism 1035:Svatantrya 1030:Abhasavada 1015:36 Tattvas 959:Philosophy 843:Virabhadra 755:Bangladesh 707:holy river 705:moon, the 695:meditation 660:omniscient 406:and other 266:Pinaka bow 197:(Shaivism) 195:Paramatman 103:Member of 78:Meditation 72:Patron of 20006:Arts gods 19968:Sri Lanka 19802:Lawka Nat 19787:Bo Bo Gyi 19747:Amay Gyan 19643:Bago nats 19595:Popa nats 19544:Beikthano 19513:Shin Nemi 19483:Min Sithu 19437:Yun Bayin 19380:Ngazishin 19324:Thagyamin 19188:Theosophy 19119:Mythology 19099:Criticism 19067:Etymology 19025:Svādhyāya 18924:New Year 18873:Navaratri 18845:Festivals 18823:Grihastha 18796:Kshatriya 18770:Antyeshti 18745:Upanayana 18710:Jatakarma 18700:Pumsavana 18687:Sanskaras 18652:Naivedhya 18606:Practices 18551:Mahavidya 18519:Saraswati 18506:Goddesses 18464:Kartikeya 18361:Athichudi 18316:Tirumurai 18169:Vyākaraṇa 18136:Natyaveda 18084:Chandogya 18009:Divisions 17990:Yajurveda 17508:Rakshasas 17378:Mahavidya 17321:Saraswati 17308:Goddesses 17237:Kartikeya 16981:Khajuraho 16882:Kedarnath 16867:Srisailam 16710:Amararama 16682:Rudranath 16672:Kedarnath 16649:Srisailam 16501:Lingaraja 16496:Katas Raj 16435:Nageshvar 16420:Kedarnath 16306:Rudranath 16296:Kedarnath 16094:Tirumurai 16021:Kartikeya 15977:Sadyojata 15712:6 October 15582:6 October 15320:. Brill. 14917:6 October 14863:6 October 14768:6 October 14606:179086253 14149:0257-9774 14141:Anthropos 13723:6 October 13702:Hindu Art 13593:Secondary 13459:220049343 13136:247391640 13093:0004-3648 12976:275253538 12880:487199178 12844:(2001) . 12816:2452-0098 12180:Long 1982 11068:Apte 1965 10957:cite book 10185:Apte 1965 10066:6 October 10017:Keay 2000 9812:Apte 1965 9807:Kāpālikas 9769:Apte 1965 9515:6 October 9458:Brahmanic 9386:Apte 1965 9275:tryambaka 9229:Jan Gonda 9203:Apte 1965 8923:12 August 8722:6 October 8353:6 October 8210:6 October 8141:6 October 7961:0019-5545 7679:Hume 1921 7563:Owen 2012 7547:Owen 2012 7105:6 October 7037:0029-5973 6796:192221643 6788:0277-1322 6742:Keay 2000 6514:Mate 1988 6489:Mate 1988 6459:Nath 2001 6447:Keay 2000 6430:Keay 2000 6399:Boon 1977 6387:Keay 2000 6184:Dutt 1905 6026:Apte 1965 5999:Apte 1965 5988:For root 5889:Keay 2000 5877:Nath 2001 5869:Keay 2000 5305:Bhimbetka 5158:and Japan 5077:Arhathood 5065:Akaniṣṭha 5013:: 二十四諸天, 4971:Maheśvara 4893:Kamadhatu 4846:Vajrayana 4808:Parasnath 4780:Vayu-Vata 4778:wind god 4679:Indonesia 4661:Indonesia 4584:Annapurna 4475:Festivals 4179:tripundra 4154:Or Unarve 4150:Paramātmā 4032:Tatpuruṣa 4009:Sadyojāta 3978:tirobhāva 3950:Pañcānana 3940:Kartikeya 3893:) of the 3701:Karnataka 3609:Kartikeya 3406:Yajurveda 3396:Rishikesh 3344:Varanasi: 3330:gaṇa-pati 3279:Himalayas 3260:Pashupati 3227:Rudraksha 3182:) called 2901:third eye 2897:Third eye 2688:(such as 2589:Khajuraho 2524:Kapalikas 2416:Sambandar 2408:Tamilakam 2316:Patanjali 2270:pantheism 2030:wild hunt 1959:McEvilley 1929:John Keay 1897:Pashupati 1874:–2000 BCE 1725:Sri Lanka 1668:Mahanyasa 1656:) of the 1602:Maheśvara 1327:Srikantha 1307:Meykandar 1287:Vasugupta 1277:Lakulisha 1249:Sroutaism 1228:Inchegeri 1131:Kalamukha 1126:Pashupata 1119:Ati marga 1063:Rudraksha 1052:Practices 932:Tirumurai 885:Kartikeya 763:Indonesia 759:Sri Lanka 740:storm god 714:third eye 683:Kartikeya 584:Mahādevaḥ 427:Kartikeya 391:Genealogy 350:Festivals 308:Third eye 293:Tripundra 216:Shmashana 153:Pashupati 149:Maheśvara 123:Karnataka 119:Bengaluru 20066:Trimurti 20061:Shaivism 20001:Ascetics 19980:Religion 19920:Hinduism 19857:Bhummaso 19852:Akathaso 19782:Ponmagyi 19579:Thukanda 19439:(Mekuti) 19334:Mahagiri 19244:Category 19195:Glossary 19163:Buddhism 19129:Hindutva 19089:Calendar 18970:Haridwar 18948:Vaisakhi 18943:Puthandu 18833:Sannyasa 18750:Keshanta 18581:Shashthi 18417:Trimurti 18244:Nitisara 18217:Ramayana 18212:Itihasas 18184:Jyotisha 18126:Ayurveda 18118:Upavedas 18099:Mandukya 18044:Aitareya 18026:Aranyaka 18021:Brahmana 17995:Samaveda 17920:Charvaka 17720:Concepts 17701:Timeline 17693:Glossary 17676:Hinduism 17624:Hinduism 17580:Ramayana 17522:Yakshini 17428:Shashthi 17388:Matrikas 17373:Mahadevi 17175:Trimurti 16971:Thrissur 16951:Lingaraj 16946:Amarnath 16730:Somarama 16677:Tungnath 16576:Category 16481:Amarnath 16354:Chitiram 16349:Thamiram 16334:Rathinam 16301:Tungnath 16264:Pradosha 16201:Kapalika 16026:Devasena 15987:Vamadeva 15972:Nataraja 15962:Harihara 15952:Bhairava 15920:Shaivism 15859:Shaivism 15824:21 March 15818:Archived 15745:(1984). 15706:Archived 15688:(2007). 15576:Archived 15380:(2004). 15362:Archived 15358:26503807 15271:Archived 15244:(1976). 15215:: 19–26. 15182:(1996). 15081:Nighaṇṭu 15045:(1953), 15027:Archived 14981:(1986). 14963:Archived 14911:Archived 14857:Archived 14824:Archived 14762:Archived 14521:(1984). 14503:Archived 14438:Archived 14420:(2000). 14402:Archived 14303:47286228 14198:41913237 14167:(1975). 14157:40457085 14027:(1996). 13948:Archived 13717:Archived 13635:(1965). 13623:18 April 13617:Archived 13533:22 April 13527:Archived 13407:11 April 13401:Archived 13371:Archived 13337:Archived 13301:11 April 13295:Archived 13271:11 April 13265:Archived 13146:26 April 13140:Archived 13025:29 March 13019:Archived 12986:26 April 12980:Archived 12826:8 August 12820:Archived 12759:Archived 12701:cite web 12682:Archived 12620:10404094 12502:Archived 12459:5 August 12453:Archived 12394:Archived 12275:Archived 12249:Archived 12050:Archived 12024:Archived 11989:Archived 11950:Archived 11885:, p. 635 11857:Archived 11766:Archived 11707:Archived 11668:Archived 11507:Archived 11456:Archived 11311:Archived 11247:Archived 10926:Archived 10924:. 2011. 10638:Sanskrit 10619:naṭarāja 10468:Archived 10404:Archived 10299:Umādhava 10293:Umākānta 10060:Archived 9987:, p. 62. 9954:Sanskrit 9642:Archived 9509:Archived 9344:For the 8984:76143968 8917:Archived 8716:Archived 8698:(2003). 8548:Archived 8347:Archived 8241:Archived 8204:Archived 8135:Archived 8033:cite web 7979:28529371 7658:Archived 7626:Archived 7500:RV 7.19. 7347:Archived 7099:Archived 7065:Archived 6999:Archived 6847:Archived 6829:(2002). 6656:paśupati 6612:Archived 6118:Archived 6089:Archived 6047:śivaśāna 5916:Archived 5722:Archived 5403:." see: 5360:celibacy 5297:Mehrgarh 5249:See also 5185:Zhejiang 5114:Buddhism 5095:Mahākāla 5058:Mahayana 5046:Xinjiang 4999:: 二十諸天, 4985:: 摩醯首羅天 4977:: 大自在天; 4953:Xinjiang 4905:Mahakala 4842:Mahākāla 4823:Mahakala 4814:Buddhism 4810:Avatar. 4758:and the 4638:Pakistan 4594:such as 4588:Annakuta 4586:such as 4577:Minakshi 4514:(above). 4437:and the 4415:Shaivism 4253:Sanskrit 4204:and the 4158:Sanskrit 4146:Jīvātman 4122:Nataraja 4018:Vāmadeva 3982:anugraha 3954:Sanskrit 3905:Sanskrit 3879:Sanskrit 3865:Sanskrit 3855:shastras 3842:Sanskrit 3788:Naṭarāja 3784:Sanskrit 3780:Nataraja 3768:Nataraja 3720:Ayyappan 3677:Minakshi 3673:Kamakshi 3632:Umādhava 3626:Umākānta 3570:grihasta 3484:Bhairava 3469:Mahākāla 3392:Bhairava 3347:Varanasi 3322:gaṇa-īśa 3255:Paśupati 3199:Kāpālika 3176:Nataraja 3131:Trishula 3045:Halahala 2846:Trimurti 2840:Trimurti 2769:Sanskrit 2682:quincunx 2579:Shaktism 2567:— 2481:and the 2479:Shaktism 2471:Hinduism 2465:Shaivism 2459:Shaivism 2444:Trimurti 2368:and the 2353:and the 2236:mention 2196:Rig Veda 2130:Bhairava 1979:Dionysus 1907:paśupati 1902:Sanskrit 1865:Paśupati 1797:emotions 1766:Khandoba 1598:"god"), 1582:Mahādeva 1527:Sanskrit 1511:Sanskrit 1481:Rig Veda 1360:Tantrism 1312:Nirartha 1297:Nayanars 1271:Scholars 1185:Dakshina 1136:Kapalika 937:Vachanas 833:Bhairava 828:Sadasiva 789:Shaivism 781:a series 779:Part of 737:Rigvedic 728:form of 726:aniconic 718:trishula 703:crescent 621:Trimurti 610:Shaivism 602:Hinduism 563:Sanskrit 516:Mahadeva 484:Sanskrit 418:Children 372:Pradosha 362:Shravana 251:Trishula 180:Trimurti 165:Shankara 145:Mahakala 141:Mahadeva 137:Bhairava 105:Trimurti 95:Shaivism 19906:Portals 19862:Yokkaso 19680:Hkuntha 19677:Hkuncho 19508:Shingwa 19503:Shingon 19402:Shindaw 19360:Mintara 19233:Outline 19183:Sikhism 19178:Judaism 19173:Jainism 19054:Related 19030:Namaste 18883:Ramlila 18813:Ashrama 18801:Vaishya 18791:Brahmin 18614:Worship 18566:Rukmini 18556:Matrika 18529:Parvati 18524:Lakshmi 18514:Tridevi 18469:Krishna 18454:Hanuman 18449:Ganesha 18400:Deities 18286:Tantras 18276:Stotras 18229:Puranas 18174:Nirukta 18164:Chandas 18159:Shiksha 18151:Vedanga 18104:Prashna 18094:Mundaka 18016:Samhita 17985:Rigveda 17916:Nāstika 17901:Advaita 17888:Vedanta 17883:Mīmāṃsā 17863:Samkhya 17851:Schools 17839:Akrodha 17758:Saṃsāra 17738:Ishvara 17728:Brahman 17574:Puranas 17562:Atharva 17531:Texts ( 17518:Yakshas 17513:Vahanas 17483:Dikpāla 17456:Apsaras 17408:Rukmini 17383:Matangi 17331:Parvati 17326:Lakshmi 17316:Tridevi 17242:Krishna 17222:Hanuman 17217:Ganesha 17207:Chandra 17202:Ashvins 17092:Bangkok 16986:More... 16956:Gokarna 16862:Somnath 16553:Vibhuti 16450:Somnath 16153:Chalisa 16016:Ganesha 16009:Parvati 15939:Deities 15930:History 15867:at the 15551:1399778 15519:2606086 15277:7 April 14830:1 March 14799:3518337 13502:Primary 13497:Sources 13101:3250524 12642:P. 377 12377:1178647 12342:1178252 12281:6 March 12255:6 March 12056:17 July 12030:17 July 11674:19 July 11462:14 July 11253:16 July 11066:, see: 10834:, see: 10374:Preface 10343:Pārvatī 10327:, see: 10324:Pārvatī 10287:Umāpati 10135:, p. 5. 10084:, p. 7. 9983:, see: 9976:Kailāsa 9960:, see: 9810:, see: 9380:śekhara 9332:Ambikās 9277:, see: 9134:", in: 9131:Purāṇas 8044:value ( 7970:5418997 7314:Nirukta 7045:3269768 6531:Preface 6259:in the 5809:, e.g. 5237:Life OK 5213:titled 5187:, China 5073:Anāgāmi 5052:in the 5032:temples 5011:Chinese 4997:Chinese 4983:Chinese 4975:Chinese 4786:Sikhism 4646:Umarkot 4644:in the 4615:Prayaga 4573:Madurai 4445:Durvasa 4429:Hanuman 4406:Avatars 4361:Brahman 4357:Skambha 4353:Skambha 4348:Stambha 4294:, view 4245:Brahman 4216:Brahman 4114:Brahman 3974:saṃhāra 3970:sthithi 3944:Pallava 3891:Tripura 3828:Tandava 3824:Tandava 3812:Tandava 3800:Puranic 3786:नटराज; 3745:Andhaka 3724:Aiyanar 3648:Pārvatī 3614:Umāpati 3605:Ganesha 3601:Parvati 3494:Vedanta 3489:Śaṇkara 3316:Ganesha 3284:Kailāsa 3277:in the 3275:Kailasa 3269:Kailāsa 3246:नन्दिन् 3211:Parashu 3136:Trishul 3128:called 3126:trident 3122:Trident 3028:नीलकण्ठ 2997:vibhuti 2985:śekhara 2944:Ambikās 2855:Shiva. 2765:samhara 2761:brahman 2717:nondual 2698:Ganesha 2690:Parvati 2672:In the 2617:Rigveda 2593:Parvati 2557:Krishna 2516:Shiva ( 2514:Tantric 2495:Advaita 2420:tandava 2400:advaita 2351:Brahman 2293:Brahman 2212:Jainism 2204:Ephedra 2098:In the 2081:Nirukta 1645:stotras 1548:śivappu 1349:Related 1337:Navnath 1332:Appayya 1322:Sharana 1202:Kubjika 1112:Schools 1087:Niyamas 1058:Vibhuti 922:Tantras 880:Ganesha 857:Parvati 806:Deities 679:Ganesha 675:Parvati 671:Kailasa 651:of the 574: 567:महादेव: 495: 433:Ganesha 404:Parvati 396:Consort 275:Symbols 261:Parashu 211:Kailasa 185:Ishvara 162:Shambhu 56:God of 19549:Byamma 19254:Portal 19158:Baháʼí 19062:Hindus 19040:Tilaka 19009:Others 18985:Ujjain 18980:Prayag 18975:Nashik 18915:Pongal 18853:Diwali 18806:Shudra 18765:Vivaha 18672:Dhyāna 18647:Bhajan 18637:Bhakti 18622:Temple 18576:Shakti 18484:Varuna 18427:Vishnu 18422:Brahma 18271:Sutras 18207:Agamas 17963:Smriti 17894:Dvaita 17859:Āstika 17804:Asteya 17799:Ahimsa 17785:Moksha 17770:Dharma 17683:topics 17478:Devata 17471:Danava 17466:Daitya 17461:Asuras 17423:Shakti 17413:Sanjna 17403:Rohini 17363:Shachi 17348:Chhaya 17267:Varuna 17257:Shasta 17247:Kubera 17185:Vishnu 17180:Brahma 16966:Vaikom 16586:Portal 16548:Siddha 16536:Lingam 16474:Others 16206:Aghori 16109:Stotra 16105:Mantra 15994:Shakti 15967:Ishana 15841: 15793: 15774: 15755: 15731: 15698: 15674: 15646: 15610: 15568: 15549: 15517: 15507: 15488: 15465: 15446: 15415: 15399: 15356: 15324: 15296: 15263: 15230: 15195: 15168: 15149: 15130: 15109: 15090: 15055: 15019: 14989: 14955: 14934: 14903: 14882: 14849: 14816: 14797: 14754: 14733: 14703: 14684: 14665: 14646: 14625: 14604: 14573: 14550: 14529: 14495: 14474: 14444:2 July 14430: 14394: 14373: 14352: 14333: 14301: 14291: 14256: 14237: 14218: 14210:Ṛgveda 14196: 14177: 14155: 14147: 14128: 14094: 14069: 14043: 14013: 13992: 13973: 13940: 13919: 13910:Gaṇeśa 13895: 13874: 13852: 13833: 13812: 13791: 13772: 13751: 13709: 13671: 13663: 13643: 13609: 13581: 13563: 13519: 13457: 13329: 13240: 13213: 13171: 13134: 13124: 13099: 13091: 13050: 13011: 12974: 12964: 12937: 12903: 12878: 12868: 12848:Prajña 12814: 12804: 12751: 12618: 12570: 12543: 12413: 12375: 12340: 12227: 12202: 12128: 12098: 11981: 11942: 11915: 11881: 11863:8 June 11849: 11822: 11797: 11736: 11713:8 June 11699: 11645: 11620: 11551: 11448: 11421: 11396: 11371: 11346: 11202: 11198:–224. 11150: 11146:–310. 10586: 10559: 10512: 10460: 10433: 10396: 10052: 10003: 9876: 9849: 9501: 9477: 9347:Ambikā 9292:ambaka 9243: 9179: 9158: 9112: 9085: 9058: 9031: 9010: 8982: 8972: 8951: 8895: 8823: 8796: 8753: 8708: 8675: 8648: 8628:Siva". 8615: 8540: 8378: 8339: 8311: 8294: 8277: 8260: 8196: 8169: 8127: 8100: 8040:Check 7977: 7967: 7959: 7904: 7887: 7783: 7353:6 June 7202:8 June 7130: 7091: 7043: 7035: 6978: 6950: 6923: 6878: 6853:2 July 6839: 6812: 6794: 6786: 6774:: 51. 6604: 6328: 6256:महादेव 6124:2 July 6095:2 July 6081: 5511: 5483: 5336:, and 5330:Shakti 5292:tribes 5104:merged 5015:pinyin 5001:pinyin 4987:pinyin 4979:pinyin 4967:Taiwan 4889:Ishana 4859:Prajña 4852:, and 4756:Sogdia 4631:Sangam 4623:Yamuna 4619:Ganges 4512:prabha 4459:Temple 4322:, the 4229:Lingam 4191:Lingam 4185:Lingam 4025:Aghora 3913:Shakti 3895:Asuras 3826:. 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