549:; "These feather traces and the plumage in HPG-15-1 strongly suggest that members of the Enantiornithes were born fully fledged and capable of flight soon after hatching, somewhat resembling the super-precocial megapodes, the only group of neornithines in which neonates are similarly born fledged and capable of flight (Zhou and Zhang, 2004; Jones and Göth, 2008; Xing et al., 2017). Megapodes do not fly immediately, requiring nearly two days to dig themselves out of their mounds during which they preen off their feather sheaths and let their feathers dry (Jones and Göth, 2008). Similarly, hatchling enantiornithines would have had to wait until their feather sheaths were removed and their feathers dry before attempting flight. Although ecological and behavioural differences exist between enantiornithines and megapodes (e.g., enantiornithines were arboreal and not mound-nesters), megapodes represent the precocial extreme in extant neornithines and thus the closest analogue for enantiornithine development, for which all evidence indicates a form of extreme precociality (Elzanowski, 1981; Zhou and Zhang, 2004; Xing et al., 2017). "
201:
20:
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161:, their closest taxonomic relative. Hartebeest calves are not as precocial as wildebeest calves and take up to thirty minutes or more before they stand, and as long as forty-five minutes before they can follow their mothers for short distances. They are unable to keep up with their mothers until they are more than a week old.
276:, and require external stimulation in order to defecate and urinate. The giant panda is notably the largest placental mammal to have altricial, hairless young upon birth. The larval stage of insect development is considered by some to be a form of altricial development, but it more accurately depicts, especially amongst
367:
In the case of mammals, it has been suggested that large, hearty adult body sizes favor the production of large, precocious young, which develop with a longer gestation period. Large young may be associated with migratory behavior, extended reproductive period, and reduced litter size. It may be that
356:
Precocial birds can provide protein-rich eggs and thus their young hatch in the fledgling stage â able to protect themselves from predators and the females have less post-natal involvement. Altricial birds are less able to contribute nutrients in the pre-natal stage; their eggs are smaller and their
324:
that are soon replaced by adult-type feathers. Birds of this kind can also swim and run much sooner after hatching than altricial young, such as songbirds. Very precocial birds can be ready to leave the nest in a short period of time following hatching (e.g. 24 hours). Many precocial chicks are not
387:
are born with minimal eyesight, compact and fleshy bodies, and "fresh" features (thinner skin, small noses and ears, and scarce hair if any). However, this stage is only brief amongst primates; their offspring soon develop stronger bones, grow in spurts, and quickly mature in features. This unique
329:(the ability to regulate their body temperatures), and they depend on the attending parent(s) to brood them with body heat for a short time. Precocial birds find their own food, sometimes with help or instruction from their parents. Examples of precocial birds include the domestic
424:
in 1816. The two classifications were considered identical in early times, but the meanings are slightly different, in that "altricial" and "precocial" refer to developmental stages, while "nidifugous" and "nidicolous" refer to leaving or staying at the nest, respectively.
153:, the calves of which can stand within an average of six minutes from birth and walk within thirty minutes; they can outrun a hyena within a day. Such behavior gives them an advantage over other herbivore species and they are 100 times more abundant in the
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growth pattern allows for the hasty adaptivity of most simians, as anything learned by children in between their infancy and adolescence is memorized as instinct; this pattern is also in contrast to more prominently altricial mammals, such as many
191:
at least were superprecocial in a way similar to that of megapodes, being able to fly soon after birth. It has been speculated that superprecociality prevented enantiornithines from acquiring specialized toe anatomy seen in modern altricial birds.
62:: precocial larvae have one at the onset of first feeding whereas altricial fish do not. Depending on the species, the larvae may develop a functional stomach during metamorphosis (gastric) or remain stomachless (agastric).
224:, are not able to obtain food on their own, and must be cared for by adults; closed eyes are common, though not ubiquitous. Altricial young are born helpless and require care for a length of time. Altricial birds include
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in the early stages of development and focusing closely and personally upon its raising, as opposed to precocial animals which provide their youths with a bare minimum of aid and otherwise leave them to instinct.
93:
Precocial young have open eyes, hair or down, large brains, and are immediately mobile and somewhat able to flee from or defend themselves against predators. For example, with ground-nesting birds such as
50:
species are those in which the young are underdeveloped at the time of birth, but with the aid of their parents mature after birth. These categories form a continuum, without distinct gaps between them.
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In birds, altricial young usually grow faster than precocial young. This is hypothesized to occur so that exposure to predators during the nestling stage of development can be minimized.
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Precociality is thought to be ancestral in birds. Thus, altricial birds tend to be found in the most derived groups. There is some evidence for precociality in
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338355119_First_report_of_immature_feathers_in_juvenile_enantiornithines_from_the_Early_Cretaceous_Jehol_avifauna
272:, are some of the best-known altricial organisms. For example, newborn domestic cats cannot see, hear, maintain their own body temperature, or
672:
Elzanowski, Andrzej; Brett-Surman, Michael K. (July 1995). "Avian
Premaxilla and Tarsometatarsus from the Uppermost Cretaceous of Montana".
284:
are completely physically different from their developed forms, and the pre-pupal stages of insect life might be regarded as equivalent to
575:
Sinclair, A.R.E., Simon A.R. Mduma, and Peter Arcese (2000). "What determines phenology and synchrony of ungulate breeding in
Serengeti?"
699:
Varricchio, David J.; Horner, John R.; Jackson, Frankie D. (September 19, 2002). "Embryos and eggs for the
Cretaceous theropod dinosaur
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Hopcraft, J.G.C.; Sinclair, A.; Holdo, R.M.; Mwangomo, E.; Mduma, S.; Thirgood, S.; Borner, M.; Fryxell, J.M.; Olff, H. (2013).
304:, meaning "to nurse, to rear, or to nourish", and indicates the need for young to be fed and taken care of for a long duration.
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altricial strategies in mammals, in contrast, develop in species with less migratory and more territorial lifestyles, such as
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are highly precocial; as hatchlings, they are fully independent, and are capable of hunting prey the size of a small
460:"Feeding behaviour and digestive physiology in larval fish: current knowledge, and gaps and bottlenecks in research"
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716:
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RĂžnnestad, Ivar; YĂșfera, Manuel; UeberschĂ€r, Bernd; Ribeiro, Laura; Saele, Ăystein; Boglione, Clara (May 2013).
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children, and those of other primates, exemplify a unique combination of altricial and precocial development.
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birds, which have full-flight feathers at hatching and which, in some species, can fly on the same day.
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altricial species are those whose newly hatched or born young are relatively immobile, lack hair or
392:, which remain largely immobile and undeveloped until grown to near the stature of their parents.
200:
978:
Starck J.M.; Ricklefs R.E. (1998). "Patterns of
Development: The Altricial â Precocial Spectrum".
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young are still in need of much attention and protection from predators. This may be related to
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748:"Exploring the Ecomorphology of Two Cretaceous Enantiornithines with Unique Pedal Morphology"
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The behavior guide to
African mammals: Including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates
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animals, an independent phase of development, as the larvae of bees, ants, and many
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Estes, R.D., and R.K. Estes (1979). "The birth and survival of wildebeest calves".
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are those in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of
102:, the young are ready to leave the nest in one or two days. Among mammals, most
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Avian Growth and
Development. Evolution within the altricial precocial spectrum
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The span between precocial and altricial species is particularly broad in the
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620:"Why are wildebeest the most abundant herbivore in the Serengeti ecosystem?"
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Kahl, M. Philip (1962). "Bioenergetics of growth in nestling wood storks".
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257:
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Extremely precocial species are called "superprecocial". Examples are the
627:
Serengeti IV: Sustaining
Biodiversity in a Coupled Human â Natural System
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320:. Precocial birds hatch with their eyes open and are covered with downy
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are precocial, being able to walk almost immediately after birth.
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858:. Singapore: Reader's Digest Children's Books. pp. 34, 35.
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Knowledge. Development of Perception in Infancy
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10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0564:EAEFTC]2.0.CO;2
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The spotted hyena: A study of predation and social behavior
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58:, this often refers to the presence or absence of a
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746:Clark, Alexander D.; o'Connor, Jingmai K. (2021).
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361:; however, this association fails in some cases.
146:were also capable of flight soon after hatching.
23:A diagram of altricial and precocial bird species
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501:. David B. Guralnik, Editor in Chief. New York:
372:, the mothers of which are capable of bearing a
886:. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press.
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566:. Los Angeles: University of California Press
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296:The word âaltricialityâ is derived from the
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998:The altricial-precocial spectrum in birds
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515:Starck, J.M.; Ricklefs, R.E. (1998).
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783:. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 27.
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752:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
705:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
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208:, the best-known altricial young
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42:or hatching. They are normally
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1013:Animal developmental biology
980:Avian Growth and Development
884:Avian Growth and Development
856:Creatures of the Air and Sea
809:"Determining a Kitten's Age"
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854:Edward S. Brinkley (2000).
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126:, meaning early maturity.
954:. London: Athlone Press.
952:The Mammalian Radiations
950:Eisenberg, John (1981).
765:10.3389/fevo.2021.654156
288:embryonic development.
984:Oxford University Press
521:Oxford University Press
149:Another example is the
822:Ehrlich, Paul (1988).
464:Reviews in Aquaculture
412:(1836), and the terms
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82:Callipepla californica
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1023:Developmental biology
826:The Birder's Handbook
648:"Snake (Black Mamba)"
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69:Altricial young birds
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503:Simon & Schuster
410:Carl Jakob Sundevall
400:In birds, the terms
122:the same root as in
84:), a precocial chick
882:Starck, J. (1998).
435:Parental investment
408:were introduced by
155:Serengeti ecosystem
588:Kruuk, H. (1972).
440:Precocious puberty
333:, many species of
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308:Differences
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185:troodontids
159:hartebeests
30:species in
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446:References
418:nidicolous
414:nidifugous
349:, and the
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268:, such as
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292:Etymology
282:arachnids
252:and most
244:and most
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110:Etymology
104:ungulates
48:Altricial
28:Precocial
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562:(1992).
429:See also
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278:eusocial
266:primates
204:A human
136:megapode
120:praecox,
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674:The Auk
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385:Infants
351:hoatzin
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314:biology
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230:herons
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634:(PDF)
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381:Human
374:fetus
347:rails
339:geese
335:ducks
318:birds
302:alere
300:root
298:Latin
226:hawks
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40:birth
32:birds
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