Papal primacy - Knowledge

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was nothing to set one bishop above another. All were on a level together, citizens of Italy, accustomed to look to Rome for direction in every detail of public life. The Roman bishop had the right not only to ordain but even, on occasion, to select bishops for Italian churches. ... To Christians of the Occident, the Roman church was the sole, direct link with the age of the New Testament and its bishop was the one prelate in their part of the world in whose voice they discerned echoes of the apostles' speech. The Roman bishop spoke always as the guardian of an authoritative tradition, second to none. Even when the eastern churches insisted that their traditions were older and quite as sacred, if not more so, the voice in the West, unaccustomed to rivalry at home, spoke on regardless of protest or denunciation at a distance.

154: 1233:(d. 258) to resolve a dispute among the bishops of Gaul as to whether those who had lapsed could be reconciled and readmitted to the Christian community. Cyprian stressed the Petrine primacy as well as the unity of the Church and the importance of being in communion with the bishops. For Cyprian, "the Bishop of Rome is the direct heir of Peter, whereas the others are heirs only indirectly", and he insisted that "the Church of Rome is the root and matrix of the Catholic Church". Cyprian wrote Pope Stephen asking him to instruct the bishops of Gaul to condemn Marcianus of Arles, (who refused to admit those who repented) and to elect another bishop in his stead. 2346:"...Peter, the first of the apostles, receive the keys of the kingdom of heaven for the binding and loosing of sins; and for the same congregation of saints, in reference to the perfect repose in the bosom of that mysterious life to come did the evangelist John recline on the breast of Christ. For it is not the former alone but the whole Church, that bindeth and looseth sins; nor did the latter alone drink at the fountain of the Lord's breast, to emit again in preaching, of the Word in the beginning, God with God, and those other sublime truths regarding the divinity of Christ, and the Trinity and Unity of the whole Godhead." 1385: 13287: 10611: 9462: 890:(the name of Clement was added only later), in which the Church of Rome intervenes in matters of the Church of Corinth, admonishing it in authoritative tones, even speaking in the name of God, as statements of the developed Catholic teaching on papal primacy. It was only later that the expression of Ignatius of Antioch could be interpreted as meaning, as agreed by representatives of both the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, that "Rome, as the Church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St Ignatius of Antioch ( 839:, and the union of his two natures in a single person developed as the result of drawing out from the original revealed truth consequences that were not obvious at first: "Thanks to the assistance of the Holy Spirit, the understanding of both the realities and the words of the heritage of faith is able to grow in the life of the Church 'through the contemplation and study of believers who ponder these things in their hearts'; it is in particular 'theological research deepens knowledge of revealed truth.'" 2078:"the primacy of the see precedes the primacy of its bishops and is the source of the latter". While in the West, "the position of the bishop of Rome among the bishops was understood in terms of the position of Peter among the apostles ... the East tended rather to understand each bishop as the successor of all the apostles, including Peter"; but these rather different understandings "co-existed for several centuries until the end of the first millennium, without causing a break of communion". 2324:"This faith it is which is the foundation of the Church; through this faith the gates of hell cannot prevail against her. This is the faith which has the keys of the kingdom of heaven. Whatsoever this faith shall have loosed or bound on earth shall be loosed or bound in heaven. This faith is the Father's gift by revelation; even the knowledge that we must not imagine a false Christ, a creature made out of nothing, but must confess Him the Son of God, truly possessed of the Divine nature." 176: 3881: 3861: 3841: 1108: 16592: 15382: 7765: 3424: 16581: 15371: 13299: 12024: 10623: 9474: 8540: 2092: 55: 1881:

jealously protected its autonomous way of life. Rome intervened to safeguard the observation of legal rules, to maintain the orthodoxy of faith and to ensure communion between the two parts of the church, the Roman see representing and personifying the West...In according Rome a 'primacy of honour', the East avoided basing this primacy on the succession and the still living presence of the apostle Peter. A

977:, to show how subordination to Rome had been established. Since Peter was the only apostle (no mention of Paul) to have worked in the West, thus the only persons to have established churches in Italy, Spain, Gaul, Sicily, Africa, and the Western islands were bishops appointed by Peter or his successors. This being the case then, all congregations had to abide by the regulations set in Rome. 6183: 4659: 4127: 3180: 3073: 3036: 1508:(492–496) stated: "The see of blessed Peter the Apostle has the right to unbind what has been bound by sentences of any pontiffs whatever, in that it has the right to judge the whole church. Neither is it lawful for anyone to judge its judgment, seeing that canons have willed that it might be appealed to from any part of the world, but that no one may be allowed to appeal from it." 5990: 1926:, but since communion with the Pope is one of the internal constitutive principles of a particular church, they lack something in their condition, while on the other hand the existing division means that the fullness of universality that is proper to the church governed by the successor of St Peter and the bishops in communion with him is not now realised in history. 1094:, the beginning of the succession of the Roman see. Although the introduction of Christianity was not due to them, "the arrival, ministries and especially the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul were the seminal events which really constituted the Church of Rome. It was from their time, and not before, that an orderly and meetly ordained succession of Bishops originated." 1620:. Leo IX had, however, died before the legate issued this excommunication, depriving the legate of its authority and thereby rendering the excommunication technically invalid. Similarly, a ceremony of excommunication of Leo IX then performed by Michael I was equally invalid, since one cannot be posthumously excommunicated. This event led to the 1500:(apostolic see) asserts that every bishop of Rome, as Peter's successor, possesses the full authority granted to this position and that this power is inviolable on the grounds that it was established by God himself and so not bound to any individual. In line with the norm of Roman law that a person's legal rights and duties passed to his heir, 1436:(401–417) claimed that all major cases should be reserved to the see of Rome and wrote: "All must preserve that which Peter the prince of the apostles delivered to the church at Rome and which it has watched over until now, and nothing may be added or introduced that lacks this authority or that derives its pattern from somewhere else." 2029:, a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium"; and "while the fact of primacy at the universal level is accepted by both East and West, there are differences of understanding with regard to the manner in which it is to be exercised, and also with regard to its scriptural and theological foundations". 1504:(440–461) taught that he, as Peter's representative, succeeded to the power and authority of Peter, and he implied that it was through Peter that the other apostles received from Christ strength and stability. Leo argued that the apostle Peter continued to speak to the Christian community through his successors as bishop of Rome. 1411:, however, shall have the prerogative of honour after the Bishop of Rome because Constantinople is New Rome." Thomas Shahan says that, according to Photius, Pope Damasus approved the council of Constantinople, but he adds that, if any part of the council were approved by this pope, it could have been only its revision of the 648:, issued in 2007, representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church jointly stated that both accept the bishop of Rome's primacy at the universal level, but that differences of understanding exist about how the primacy is to be exercised and about its scriptural and theological foundations. 1423:

position vis-a-vis the other bishops. The first documented use of the description of Saint Peter as first bishop of Rome, rather than as the apostle who commissioned its first bishop, dates from 354, and the phrase "the Apostolic See", which refers to the same apostle, began to be used exclusively of

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Because of its association with the supposed position of Peter among the apostles, the function that, within the Catholic Church, is exercised by the Bishop of Rome among the bishops as a whole is referred to as the Petrine function, and is generally believed to be of divine institution, in the sense

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That the Christian scriptures, which contain no cut-and-dried answers to questions such as whether or not there is forgiveness for post-baptismal sins, and whether or not infants should be baptized, gradually become clearer in the light of events, is a view expressed, when considering the doctrine of

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Accordingly, it would be a mistake to expect to find the modern fully developed doctrine of papal primacy in the first centuries, thereby failing to recognize the Church's historical reality. The figure of the pope as leader of the worldwide church developed over time, as the figure of the bishop as

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The document "draws an analogy among the three levels of communion: local, regional, and universal, each of which appropriately has a 'first' with the role of fostering communion, in order to ground the rationale of why the universal level must also have a primacy. It articulates the principle that

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acknowledged with regret that "the primacy of honor and jurisdiction which Christ bestowed on the Apostle Peter, and which We have inherited as his Successor" is regarded as an obstacle to ecumenical reconciliation, but could not see grounds for abandoning the principle of a supreme pastoral office

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Unquestionably, the Roman church very early developed something like a sense of obligation to the oppressed all over Christendom. ... Consequently, there was but one focus of authority. By the year 252, there seem to have been one hundred bishops in central and southern Italy but outside Rome there

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While the doctrine of the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, in the form in which it is upheld today in the Catholic Church, developed over the course of centuries, often in reaction to challenges made against exercises of authority by popes, writers both of East and West declare that from a very early

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according to the Roman tradition, they all refer not simply to the historical Peter, but to his successors to the end of time. Today, scriptural scholars of many traditions agree that it is possible to discern in the New Testament an early tradition that attributes a special position to Peter among

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The evolution of earlier tradition established both Peter and Paul as the forefathers of the bishops of Rome, from whom they received their position as chief shepherd (Peter) and supreme authority on doctrine (Paul). To establish her primacy among the churches of the Western half of the empire, the

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developments of Christianity are proved to have been in the contemplation of its Divine Author, by an argument parallel to that by which we infer intelligence in the system of the physical world. In whatever sense the need and its supply are a proof of design in the visible creation, in the same do

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was leaked in 2010, which the Vienna meeting asked to be revised and amplified. This document states that "Catholics and Orthodox agree that, from apostolic times, the Church of Rome has been recognised as the first among the local Churches, both in the East and in the West." Both sides agree that

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The East never accepted the regular jurisdiction of Rome, nor did it submit to the judgment of Western bishops. Its appeals to Rome for help were not connected with a recognition of the principle of Roman jurisdiction but were based on the view that Rome had the same truth, the same good. The East

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and other early Christian writers – and no other place has ever claimed to be the location of his death. The same witnesses imply that Peter was the virtual founder of the Church of Rome, though not its founder in the sense of initiating a Christian community there. They also speak of Peter as the

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and groupings of them" within each of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Through the office "of the supreme pastor of the Church," he is in communion with the other bishops and with the entire Church, and has the right to determines whether to exercise this authority either personally or collegially.

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In the same year, Polycrates presided over a council at Ephesus attended by several bishops throughout that province, which rejected Victor's authority and kept the province's paschal tradition. Thereupon, Victor attempted to cut off Polycrates and the others who took this stance from the common

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Forced to break off prematurely by secular political developments in 1870, Vatican I left behind it a somewhat unbalanced ecclesiology. "In theology the question of papal primacy was so much in the foreground that the Church appeared essentially as a centrally directed institution which one was

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of the Greek and Latin churches. In itself, it did not have the effect of excommunicating the adherents of the respective churches, as the tit-for-tat excommunications, even had they been valid, would have applied to the named persons only. At the time of the excommunications, many contemporary

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and we need not repeat his argument here. Neither can we quote here all testimonies of the fathers and the councils unanimously acknowledging Rome as the senior church and the center of ecumenical agreement. It is only for the sake of biased polemics that one can ignore these testimonies, their

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the " the very great, the very ancient, and universally known Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. The blessed apostles, then, having

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to Diocese of Rome. Boniface sought and obtained a decree from Phocas which he restated that "the See of Blessed Peter the Apostle should be the head of all the Churches" and ensured that the title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to the Bishop of Rome. This act effectively ended the

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Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah. For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven. And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and

2001:, agreed that the pope has primacy among all bishops of the Church, something which has been universally acknowledged by both churches since the First Council of Constantinople in 381 (when they were still one Church) though disagreements about the extent of his authority still continue. 1784:

argues that "(the doctrine of papal primacy as formulated by the First Vatican Council) has led to the exercise of untrammelled papal power and has become a major stumbling block in ecumenical relationships with the Orthodox (who consider the definition to be heresy) and Protestants."

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comments that this canon pertains to all individuals and groups of faithful within the Latin Church, of all rites and hierarchical ranks, "not only in matters of faith and morals but also in all that concerns the discipline and government of the Church throughout the whole world".

2337:) the Son of thunder, the beloved of Christ, the pillar of the Churches throughout the world, who holds the keys of heaven, who drank the cup of Christ, and was baptized with His baptism, who lay upon his Master's bosom, with much confidence, this man now comes forward to us now" 1398:

The event that is often considered to have been the first conflict between Rome and Constantinople was triggered by the elevation of the see of Constantinople to a position of honour, second only to Rome on the grounds that, as capital of the eastern Roman empire, it was now the

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Communion with the bishop of Rome does not imply submission to an authority which would stifle the distinctive features of the local churches. The purpose of the episcopal function of the bishop of Rome is to promote Christian fellowship in faithfulness to the teaching of the

2174:, considered Peter's proclamation of faith, rather than Peter himself, to be the "rock" Jesus praised and said he would make the foundation of the faith. Other Christian writers say that, even if Peter is the "rock", it does not mean he has exclusive power over the Church. 1464:. Followers of Jesus were first referred to as "Christians" (as well as "Catholic") in Antioch and was, together with Alexandria, important in the thought of the early Church. It is important to note, however, that the three main apostolic sees of the early Church (i.e. the 2148:

convert to Catholicism, asserts that "There is little in the history of the Church that has been more heatedly contested than the primacy of Peter and the See of Rome. History is replete with examples of authority spurned, and the history of the Church is no different."

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suggests that this could be argued to be the first fissure between the Eastern and Western churches. According to James McCue, Victor's threatened excommunication was an "intradiocesan affair" between two local churches and did not pertain to the universal church.

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3:4:1 as illuminating that during the pre-Nicene period, the Church of Rome acted as arbiter in resolving disputes between local churches. Rome's support would ensure success, while refusal from Rome predetermined the attitude the other churches would adopt.

3212: 710:, is "primacy of jurisdiction, which means the possession of full and supreme teaching, legislative, and sacerdotal powers in the Catholic Church"; it is authority "not only in faith and morals but Church discipline and in the government of the Church." 1588:

as the new bishop of Rome on February 19, 607 AD. Then Phocas writes through imperial decree of the Roman government, proclaims Boniface III as the "Head of all the Churches" and "Universal Bishop". Phocas transfers the title of "Universal Bishop" from

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primacy and conciliarity are interdependent and mutually necessary." Speaking of "fraternal relations between bishops" during the first millennium, it states that "these relations, among the bishops themselves, between the bishops and their respective

1376:, who "had nominated bishops without the concurrence of the other bishops of the province, and without the approval of the metropolitan of Alexandria, and had thus occasioned a schism. This canon was intended to prevent the recurrence of such abuses." 2017:) witnessed by the ancient Church, nourished and consolidated ecclesial communion." It notes that both sides agree "that Rome, as the church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St Ignatius of Antioch, occupied the first place in the 3099: 1779:

Vatican I rejected the ideas that papal decrees have "no force or value unless confirmed by an order of the secular power" and that the pope's decisions can be appealed to an ecumenical council "as to an authority higher than the Roman Pontiff".

1943:(ARCIC) statement of Venice (1976) states that the ministry of the bishop of Rome among his brother bishops was "interpreted" as Christ's will for his church; its importance was compared "by analogy" to the position of Peter among the apostles. 5300:

The question of the primacy of the Roman pope has been and remains, together with the question of the Filioque, one of the main causes of separation between the Latin Church and the Orthodox churches and one of the principal obstacles to their

2315:"What, now, (has this to do) with the Church, and your (church), indeed, Psychic? For, in accordance with the person of Peter, it is to spiritual men that this power will correspondently appertain, either to an apostle or else to a prophet." 475: 2068:

The fact that the Pope of Rome claims universal jurisdiction is simply contrary to Orthodox ecclesiology, which teaches that the Orthodox Church, whilst preserving unity of faith and church order, nevertheless consists of several Local

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The increasing involvement of Eastern emperors in church matters and the advancement of the see of Constantinople over the sees of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem led successive bishops of Rome to attempt a sharper definition of their

2355:"How the Church? Why, to her it was said, "To thee I will give the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatsoever thou shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven, and whatsoever thou shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven." 597:

wrote that "at root, only one issue of substance divides the Eastern Orthodox and the Catholic Churches, and that is the issue of the primacy." French Eastern Orthodox researcher Jean-Claude Larchet wrote that, together with the

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the gaps, if the word may be used, which occur in the structure of the original creed of the Church, make it probable that those developments, which grow out of the truths which lie around them, were intended to fill them up."

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Code of Canon Law annotated: Latin-English edition of the Code of Canon Law and English-language translation of the 5th Spanish-language edition of the commentary prepared under the responsibility of the Instituto Martín de

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While acknowledging that "the New Testament contains no explicit record of a transmission of Peter's leadership; nor is the transmission of apostolic authority in general very clear," it considers that its doctrine has a

2170:, Michael H. Crosby, author and Capuchin Franciscan friar, points out that Matthew 18:18 shows that the power of "binding" and "loosing" was not given to Peter alone, but to all the Apostles. Some Church Fathers, like 2669: 2259: 7801: 5104: 2296:"It is not a greater difficulty that St. Ignatius does not write to the Asian Greeks about Popes, than that St. Paul does not write to the Corinthians about Bishops. No doctrine is defined till it is violated." 3083: 909:

In the history of the East and of the West, at least until the ninth century, a series of prerogatives was recognised, always in the context of conciliarity, according to the conditions of the times, for the

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Classic Roman Catholic tradition maintained that the universal primacy of the bishop of Rome was divinely instituted by Jesus Christ. This was derived from the Petrine texts, and from the gospel accounts of

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in 325. Canon IV states: "A bishop is to be chosen by all the bishops of the province, or at least by three, the rest giving by letter their assent; but this choice must be confirmed by the Metropolitan."

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between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. In the Eastern Orthodox churches, some understand the primacy of the bishop of Rome to be merely one of greater honour, regarding him as

1016:. Not all Catholic theologians see a special providential intervention as responsible for the result, but most see the papacy, regardless of its origin, as now essential to the Church's structure. 1340:

unity, but later reversed his decision after bishops, that included Irenaeus of Lyon in Gaul, interceded and recommended that Victor adopt the more tolerant stance of his predecessor, Anicetus.

3202: 3176:, (Henry R. Percival, ed.), Vol XIV of Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers, 2nd series, (ed. Philip Schaff and Henry Wace), (repr. Edinburgh: T&T Clark; Grand Rapids MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1988) 7794: 5650: 1160:

It is impossible to deny that, even before the appearance of local primacies, the Church from the first days of her existence possessed an ecumenical center of unity and agreement. In the

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in St John's Church where both sides took part. The council declared that the Roman church possessed "the supreme and full primacy and authority over the universal Catholic Church."

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as the first bishop of Rome after Peter, although some hold today that the Christians in Rome did not act as a single united community under a single leader until the 2nd century.

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The council was seemingly a success, but did not provide a lasting solution to the schism. Michael's death in December 1282 put an end to the union of Lyon. His son and successor

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and pastor of the whole Church", and is "full, supreme and universal power over the Church" which he "is always free to exercise". The primacy of the bishop of Rome, according to

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The topic of the Papacy and its authority is among the main differences between the Catholic Church and many other Christian denominations. For those who hold to the doctrine of

13075: 5639:"A common response to the Joint International Commission for the Theological Dialogue Between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church regarding the Ravenna Document ' 5186: 10085: 1869:

condemned Nestorius as a heretic which Michael Whelton, Catholic convert to Orthodoxy, argues shows that the council did not consider the papal condemnation as definitive.

9923: 6998: 5098: 2025:(first) among the patriarchs. They disagree, however, on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as 1761:

declared that "in the disposition of God the Roman church holds the preeminence of ordinary power over all the other churches." This council also affirmed the dogma of

10065: 15792: 13650: 12964: 10151: 5634: 5154: 1440:(418–422) stated that the church of Rome stood to the churches throughout the world "as the head to the members", a statement that was repeated by the delegates of 15065: 12061: 10161: 9904: 9887: 5399: 2645: 539: 10004: 5097:

Joint International Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church (13 October 2007). Written at Ravenna, IT.

1312:, bishop of Smyrna. Although the council failed to reach agreement on the issue, ecclesiastical communion was preserved. A generation later, synods of bishops in 6904:. Translations of Christian literature, Series I, Greek texts. Translated by James H. Srawley (3rd ed.). London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 4352: 4071: 13680: 13271: 13266: 10660: 10060: 1275:

385), in which Siricius issued decisions on fifteen different points, on matters regarding baptism, penance, church discipline and the celibacy of the clergy.

5012:(Interview). Interviewed by Taras Antoshevskyy. Lviv, UA: Religious Information Service of Ukraine. Ukrainian Catholic University (published 17 August 2010). 4965: 10416: 10342: 9999: 4883: 6236: 4373: 15827: 14985: 10440: 10146: 7384: 4902: 2625: 1343:

This incident is cited by some Orthodox Christians as the first example of overreaching by the Bishop of Rome and resistance of such by Eastern churches.

14083: 8303: 7739: 5852: 4670: 1058:, Christ directly promises all the disciples that they will do the same. Similarly, the foundation upon which the Church is built is related to Peter in 1050:

Christ's twelve apostles. The Church built its identity on them as witnesses, and responsibility for pastoral leadership was not restricted to Peter. In

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The Eastern Orthodox point out that Jesus gave the power to "bind" and "loose" not only to Peter but to all the Apostles equally (Matthew 18:18). Many

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united with the pope. The power that it attributes to the pope's primatial authority has limitations that are official, legal, dogmatic, and practical.

12615: 12095: 10448: 10075: 4813:. Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought, 4th series. Vol. 2 (Reprint ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press (published 1999). 4727:

Denzinger, Heinrich; Hünermann, Peter; et al., eds. (2012). "Compendium of Creeds, Definitions, and Declarations on Matters of Faith and Morals".

76: 69: 6999:"Synodality and Primacy During the First Millennium: Towards a Common Understanding in Service to the Unity of the Church (Chieti, 21 September 2016)" 1580:, praised Phocas as a "restorer of liberty" and referred to him as a pious and clement lord. Meanwhile Gregory I died in 604, and also his successor, 14550: 12990: 10141: 8862: 8244: 7814: 3434: 10009: 13336: 13065: 10070: 9212: 5654: 1940: 1910:

in the sacrament of orders are not "Churches" in the proper sense. The Eastern Christian Churches that are not in communion with Rome, such as the

1556:" (literal translation is "it was declared that only the bishop/pontiff of the see of Rome is the primate of the universal Church and apostolic"). 14871: 10563: 9872: 9671: 9375: 5898: 4480: 1301:, while the churches in the West observed the practice of celebrating it on the following Sunday ("the day of the resurrection of our Saviour"). 10080: 5924:

De Initio potestatis primatialis romani pontificis: investigatio historico-juridica a tempore Sancti Gregorii Magni usque ad tempus Clementis V

5137: 4464: 4402: 1814: 1176:, according to St. Ignatius of Antioch. This formula, and the definition of the universal primacy contained in it, have been aptly analyzed by 883: 411: 281: 501: 16295: 15418: 15263: 15050: 14053: 13390: 12375: 12102: 10678: 10495: 10055: 7038: 6940:. Contemporary Greek theologians. Vol. 1. Translated by Elizabeth Briere. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 52–53. 6725:. Ancient Christian writers: the works of the Fathers in translation. Vol. 45. Translated by Robert T. Meyer. Mahwah, NJ: Newman Press. 5316: 5013: 4829: 17: 4070: 13933: 12054: 9829: 9311: 7858: 7498: 769:

canon 45, the bishop of Rome has "by virtue of his office" both "power over the entire Church" and "primacy of ordinary power over all the

14602: 14345: 13883: 12648: 12141: 10731: 10136: 9882: 9877: 9863: 5353:. Translated by members of the Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius (reprint ed.). Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. 5286:

The Petrine ministry: Catholics and Orthodox in dialogue: academic symposium held at the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity

5128: 4882: 1765:, deciding that the "infallibility" of the Christian community extended to the pope himself, at least when speaking on matters of faith. 4689:

Il primato della sede di Roma in Leone IX (1049–1054): studio dei testi latini nella controversia greco-romana nel periodo pregregoriano

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canon 331, the "bishop of the Roman Church" is both the "vicar of Christ" and "pastor of the universal Church on earth". Knut Walf, in

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began preaching against several practices in the Catholic Church, including some itinerant friars' abuses involving indulgences. When

1415:, as was the case also when Gregory the Great recognized it as one of the four general councils, but only in its dogmatic utterances. 15802: 15223: 15085: 14003: 7889: 6282: 6109:"The Church Fathers' interpretation of the Rock of Matthew 16:18 : an historical refutation of the claims of Roman Catholicism" 4669: 1255:), an answer of the pope when he has been appealed to or his advice has been sought on a matter of discipline. The oldest preserved 15754: 15706: 13598: 12783: 10252: 8803: 7278: 5641:

Ecclesiological and Canonical Consequences of the Sacramental Nature of the Church: Ecclesial Communion, Conciliarity and Authority

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Ecclesiological and canonical consequences of the sacramental nature of the church: ecclesial communion, conciliarity and authority

4790: 4140:. New Code of canon law, A commentary on the. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO; London: B. Herder book. pp. 207–216. 2073:

A 2008 draft text on "The Role of the Bishop of Rome in the Communion of the Church in the First Millennium" topic prepared by the

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This "primacy over the entire Church" includes primacy over Eastern Catholic patriarchs and eparchial bishops, over governance of

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Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church (3 October 2008).

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also broke away from the Catholic Church at this time, although for reasons different from Martin Luther and the Protestants.

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involving government and discipline of the Church — submission to both being necessary to Catholic faith and salvation.

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The presence of Peter in Rome, not explicitly affirmed in, but consistent with, the New Testament, is explicitly affirmed by

1961:, to the Vatican, Runcie appealed to Anglicans to consider accepting papal primacy in a reunified church. At the same time, 882:

addressed to it in the early 2nd century, contains a definition of that Church's universal primacy; but the Catholic writer

119: 16388: 15140: 14876: 13394: 13329: 12287: 12183: 9258: 8046: 7169: 6843:. Orthodox theological library. Vol. 1. Translated by George D. Dragas. Rollinsford, NH: Orthodox Research Institute. 6420:. Orthodox theological library. Vol. 2. Translated by George D. Dragas. Rollinsford, NH: Orthodox Research Institute. 6116: 5061: 4891:. Series 2. Vol. 12 (American ed.). Buffalo: Christian Literature. Letter 33 (to Mauricius Augustus) – via 1662:, Gregory X had sent an embassy to Michael VIII, who had reconquered Constantinople, putting an end to the remnants of the 1595: 1165: 5146: 3771: 91: 16426: 15180: 15010: 13918: 13665: 13149: 13047: 12934: 10527: 10126: 10108: 9693: 9207: 8867: 7843: 7372: 7360: 7238: 6060: 4522: 935: 739: 619: 153: 5391: 14839: 14336: 13945: 13670: 13187: 12489: 12240: 10532: 10242: 9659: 9511: 8788: 8765: 7863: 7097: 5177:. Translated by Fred H. Blume (electronic version of 2nd ed.). Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming College of Law. 6174: 1290: 1244:

appealed in 376, to settle a dispute as to who, among three rival claimants, was the legitimate Patriarch of Antioch.

16312: 15411: 14822: 14424: 14071: 13905: 13356: 12319: 10310: 10171: 10103: 9858: 9253: 9248: 9156: 7830: 7810: 7031: 6751: 5564: 4991:. Travaux de l'Academie Nationale de Reims (in French and Latin). Vol. 160. Reims: Academie Nationale de Reims. 4757: 2131: 138: 98: 8847: 4089: 513: 489: 16556: 15336: 14884: 14637: 14582: 14447: 14182: 14178: 13923: 13708: 13655: 13090: 12570: 12460: 11691: 10284: 10247: 10166: 9226: 8798: 8575: 7848: 7157: 4108: 2749: 2453: 2429: 5482: 4638: 4051: 807: 313: 254: 15823: 15721: 15689: 15345: 14687: 14662: 14627: 14622: 14587: 14467: 14066: 13950: 13540: 13503: 13386: 13366: 13322: 12585: 12509: 12129: 12107: 11716: 10979: 10697: 10472: 10352: 10156: 10019: 9899: 9784: 9402: 9390: 8051: 7868: 7712: 7175: 7113: 7104: 4910:. Series 2. Vol. 12 (American ed.). Buffalo: Christian Literature. Letter 43 (to Eulogius) – via 1404: 1393: 224: 4600: 4531: 1063: 16626: 16621: 16515: 15764: 15679: 15283: 14995: 14682: 14652: 14632: 14572: 14362: 14078: 13616: 13608: 13520: 13381: 13361: 12824: 12443: 12090: 12082: 12070: 11641: 10692: 10036: 9647: 9424: 8872: 8332: 7568: 7187: 6308:

Aspects of the mind of Byzantium: political theory, theology, and ecclesiastical relations with the See of Rome

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with the Catholic Church to suggest how to exercise papal primacy in ways that would unite rather than divide.

1429: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1038: 820: 775: 105: 15482: 4566:

His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism Between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches

815:

whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven

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McCue, James (1964). "The Roman Primacy in the Second Century and the Problem of the Development of Dogma".

5006:"First of all, a balanced position concerning the question about the primacy in the church must be accepted" 3865: 3845: 1308:, bishop of Rome, presided over a church council at Rome that was attended by a number of bishops including 1046: 1042: 16327: 15404: 15238: 15209: 15192: 15100: 14712: 14677: 14667: 14245: 14226: 14088: 13839: 13752: 13159: 12678: 12668: 12124: 10716: 9894: 9764: 9719: 9688: 9563: 8895: 8153: 7024: 5079: 2194: 2075:

Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church

1999:

Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church

396: 7779: 4873: 4858: 4773:. Translated by Edwin A. Quain (2nd print with corrections ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. 87: 16398: 16179: 16041: 15248: 13998: 13866: 13735: 13124: 12494: 12267: 11616: 10429: 10347: 10305: 9746: 9605: 7916: 1919: 1832: 661: 7758: 5638: 4193: 996: 16508: 16470: 15957: 15165: 14963: 14617: 14269: 14235: 14194: 13133: 12158: 11767: 11706: 10669: 10522: 10327: 10189: 9841: 9754: 9323: 9284: 8910: 8712: 8187: 6260: 5806: 5205: 5060: 4555: 4180: 1612:

The dispute about the authority of Roman bishops reached a climax in the year 1054, when the legate of

1012:

that the historical and sociological factors that influenced its development are seen as guided by the

1005: 950:, with regard to the metropolitans of each circumscription; and universally, for the bishop of Rome as 721:, notes that this description, "bishop of the Roman Church", is only found in this canon, and the term 604:

controversy, differences in interpretation of this doctrine have been and remain the primary causes of

449: 161: 11530: 11510: 6920:

Saint John Chrysostom, his life and times: a sketch of the church and the empire in the fourth century

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Crisis in Byzantium: The Filioque Controversy in the Patriarchate of Gregory II of Cyprus (1283-1289)

6148:

World history: a dictionary of important people, places, and events from ancient times to the present

6059: 5042: 4117:. Series 1. Vol. 7 (American ed.). Buffalo: Christian Literature. Tractate 124 – via 3885: 1677: 1590: 1332:, bishop of Rome, presided over a council at Rome and subsequently sent a letter about the matter to 748:(DH) states that Christ did not form the Church as several distinct communities, but unified through 676: 6277:[Catholics and Orthodox trying to overcome main reason for 1000 year schism in the Church]. 4395: 4060:. Series 1. Vol. 7 (American ed.). Buffalo: Christian Literature. Tractate 10 – via 3600: 3355: 2609: 2593: 1547:, adopted a dogmatic declaration about the primacy of the Roman Pontiff as the successor of Peter: " 1384: 496: 16531: 16436: 16431: 16246: 16211: 16137: 16093: 16088: 15885: 15711: 15556: 15453: 15448: 15385: 15321: 15243: 15214: 14834: 14829: 14707: 14607: 14592: 14577: 14419: 14240: 14130: 14048: 13872: 13849: 13800: 13473: 13025: 12600: 12117: 11681: 10874: 10766: 10709: 9942: 9806: 9759: 9600: 9595: 9429: 9221: 8655: 8472: 7231: 7181: 6377:

Church unity and the papal office: an ecumenical dialogue on John Paul II's encyclical Ut unum sint

4729:

Enchiridion symbolorum: a compendium of creeds, definitions and declarations of the Catholic Church

4617: 2754: 2458: 2434: 1862: 1768:

Vatican I defined a twofold Primacy of Peter — one in papal teaching on faith and morals (the

1647: 1146: 1118: 887: 797: 456: 10315: 5926:. Analecta Gregoriana (in Latin). Vol. 167. Rome: Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana. 5308: 2462: 2438: 16216: 15950: 15855: 15744: 15694: 15551: 15468: 15443: 15306: 14938: 14899: 14866: 14312: 14292: 14160: 14038: 13988: 13767: 13568: 13508: 12643: 12499: 12226: 11792: 11736: 11656: 11052: 10337: 10237: 9665: 9654: 9419: 9027: 8793: 8678: 8232: 7482: 7151: 7108: 5368: 2306:

founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate."

2199: 2102: 1911: 1669:

On 29 June 1274 (the Feast of Peter and Paul, the patronal feast of popes), Gregory X celebrated

1357: 1169: 828: 587: 443: 65: 6534:. Lutherans and Catholics in dialogue. Vol. 5. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Publishing House. 3266: 2758: 1981:, his 1995 encyclical on commitment to ecumenism, the "pastors and theologians" of Churches and 1328:

in the west, unanimously declared that the celebration should be exclusively on Sunday. In 193,

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After nine hundred years: the background of the schism between the Eastern and Western churches

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The church of the ancient councils: the disciplinary work of the first four ecumenical councils

3615: 2254: 1903: 1902:

reiterated that, in the view of the Catholic Church, the Christian communities born out of the

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power, but as power it is not different from the power of a bishop in each church. It is not a

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period the Church of Rome was looked to as the centre of reference for the whole Church. Thus

622:, Fr. Alexander Schmemann, envisioned a primacy that sums up rather than rules over: "Primacy 618:("first among equals"), without effective power over other churches. A prominent 20th century 27:

Catholic ecclesiological doctrine concerning the respect and authority that is due to the Pope

16595: 16194: 15920: 15729: 15632: 15587: 15516: 15080: 14907: 14332: 14113: 13978: 13824: 13530: 13468: 13427: 13412: 13010: 12995: 12708: 12565: 12472: 12272: 12255: 12168: 12112: 11802: 11721: 11590: 11585: 11535: 11012: 10855: 10704: 10411: 10382: 10047: 9824: 9577: 9385: 9306: 9129: 8968: 8963: 8852: 7768: 7303: 7221: 7080: 6989: 6087: 6001: 5869: 5705: 5591: 5486: 5260: 5209: 3439: 3427: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the 2713: 2224: 2214: 2033: 1753: 1724: 1457: 1452:

Besides Rome, Jerusalem was also held in high prestige in the early Church, both because the

1373: 1369: 1364: 1333: 1264: 690: 249: 43: 13060: 11847: 7117: 5940: 4707: 1480:. Prior to becoming Bishop of Rome, Peter was Bishop of Antioch. Additionally, his disciple 1432:("You are Peter and on this rock I will build my church") is used to support Roman primacy. 16416: 16366: 16351: 16228: 15937: 15837: 15787: 15782: 15739: 15699: 15627: 14484: 14453: 14350: 14231: 14145: 14025: 13928: 13645: 13640: 13563: 13513: 13444: 13422: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13169: 13096: 12939: 12899: 12718: 12620: 12595: 12534: 12339: 12314: 12250: 11978: 11948: 11897: 11575: 11460: 11390: 11180: 11155: 11135: 11115: 11077: 11072: 11037: 10919: 10813: 10405: 10294: 9930: 9789: 9345: 9279: 9076: 9059: 8994: 8568: 8227: 8148: 8068: 7960: 7938: 7853: 7717: 7477: 7258: 7248: 7216: 6718: 6186:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4130:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3399:"Apostate church organization: 588 - 606 AD: The final dog fight for control of the world!" 1907: 1621: 1617: 1461: 1453: 1425: 423: 363: 112: 11963: 11495: 6267: 5971: 5618: 3630: 3569: 1885:

was achieved which lasted, albeit with crises, down to the middle of the eleventh century.

865: 843:

leader of the local church seems to have appeared later than in the time of the apostles.

8: 16585: 16561: 16546: 16465: 16455: 16441: 16421: 16411: 16381: 16361: 16290: 16021: 15850: 15777: 15607: 15536: 15463: 15273: 15175: 14968: 14952: 14472: 14382: 13833: 13777: 13725: 13626: 13588: 13291: 13015: 13005: 12954: 12812: 12798: 12658: 12400: 12163: 11953: 11917: 11887: 11651: 11555: 11395: 11356: 11336: 11264: 11150: 10959: 10802: 10789: 10778: 10615: 10588: 10196: 10027: 9466: 8951: 8936: 8890: 8709: 8451: 8118: 7687: 7298: 6703:. The Penguin history of the Church. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). London : Penguin Books. 6356: 6335:

Power and the holy in the age of the investiture conflict: a brief history with documents

6274:Католики и православные пытаются преодолеть главную причину 1000-летнего раскола в Церкви 6035:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 2. Vol. 67. Tübingen: Mohr. 5392:"A statement of reservations concerning the impending beatification of Pope John Paul II" 4225: 2234: 2171: 1982: 1957:

At a joint service during the first official visit of the then Archbishop of Canterbury,

1923: 1769: 1762: 1736: 1481: 1420: 1344: 1268: 1230: 1153: 879: 869: 698:(LG) declared that the "pope's power of primacy" is by "virtue of his office, that is as 219: 191: 11998: 11455: 6681: 6436: 5088:. Series 1. Vol. 14 (American ed.). Buffalo: Christian Literature – via 4678:. Series 2. Vol. 14 (American ed.). Buffalo: Christian Literature – via 2948: 586:. While the doctrine is accepted at a fundamental level by both the Catholic Church and 16460: 16406: 16317: 16307: 16098: 16013: 15962: 15572: 15293: 15110: 13968: 13960: 13703: 13404: 13371: 13303: 13080: 12849: 12773: 12741: 12560: 12529: 12366: 12354: 12215: 12153: 12028: 11968: 11580: 11520: 11490: 11405: 11400: 11269: 11165: 11062: 11042: 11002: 10944: 10909: 10904: 10748: 10627: 10434: 10357: 9836: 9380: 9318: 9243: 9049: 9007: 9001: 8073: 7544: 7454: 7442: 7419: 7283: 7193: 7135: 6859: 6593: 6570: 6528: 5947:. Translated by John A. Otto and Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. 5765:

The gift of the church: a textbook on ecclesiology in honor of Patrick Granfield, O.S.B

5743: 5470: 5409: 5232: 5121:"The role of the Bishop of Rome in the Communion of the Church in the First Millennium" 4974:. Series 2. Vol. 9 (American ed.). Buffalo: Christian Literature – via 4798:. Series 2. Vol. 1 (American ed.). Buffalo: Christian Literature – via 4458: 4383: 4098:. Series 1. Vol. 2 (American ed.). Buffalo: Christian Literature – via 4079:. Series 1. Vol. 4 (American ed.). Buffalo: Christian Literature – via 2276: 2229: 2163:, the Bible is considered to be the sole authority on Christian doctrine and theology. 1915: 1847: 1550:

declaratum est quod solus Romanae sedis pontifex universalis Ecclesiae Primas esset et

1222: 1177: 1125: 638: 637:, a power which he can always exercise unhindered," a power that it attributes also to 612: 12869: 11762: 11420: 11321: 5256: 3124: 3088: 3086: 1861:

It has been argued that church councils did not consider papal decisions binding. The

1289:

The Quartodeciman controversy arose because Christians in the Roman province of Asia (

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The Role of the Bishop of Rome in the Communion of the Church in the First Millennium

5026: 4992: 4950: 4926: 4837: 4814: 4774: 4753: 4732: 4713: 4692: 4644: 4570: 4501: 4433: 4337: 4314: 4291: 4272: 4253: 4229: 4166: 4149: 3779: 3585: 3483: 1962: 1790: 1712: 1625:

historians, including Byzantine chroniclers, did not consider the event significant.

1585: 1469: 1317: 1190: 848: 11777: 11686: 11515: 11505: 6767:. The church in history. Vol. 4. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. 6108: 5533:

Kesich, Veselin. "Peter's primacy in the New Testament and the early tradition". In

4768: 4691:. Storia della Chiesa (in Italian). Vol. 24. Cinisello Balsamo, IT: San Paolo. 4306: 3941: 1831:, that is, first among equals. An example of this would be the Chief Justice in the 1511:

The historical and juridical development of the "primacy of the Roman Pontiff" from

16241: 16083: 16058: 15637: 15597: 15115: 14889: 14851: 14809: 14737: 14732: 14699: 14506: 14439: 14402: 14397: 14377: 14372: 14297: 14150: 14140: 14100: 13631: 13449: 13432: 13139: 12944: 12924: 12844: 12829: 12728: 12630: 12504: 12344: 12302: 12297: 12277: 12260: 12173: 11867: 11862: 11787: 11772: 11752: 11540: 11465: 11326: 11210: 11195: 11175: 11120: 11100: 11087: 11032: 10924: 10756: 10573: 9819: 9590: 9301: 9184: 9039: 9034: 8857: 8827: 8747: 8742: 8593: 8515: 8498: 8483: 8340: 8170: 8056: 7818: 7576: 7365: 7341: 7293: 7208: 6983: 6466: 6201: 6197: 6032:

The martyrdom of St. Paul: historical and judicial context, traditions, and legends

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Upon this rock: St. Peter and the primacy of Rome in scripture and the early church

5491:. Vol. 1. Translated by David D. Scott. Edinburgh: Blackie and Son. p. 27 5462: 4375:

Responses to some questions regarding certain aspects of the Doctrine on the Church

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Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

2239: 2219: 1896:

Responses to some questions regarding certain aspects of the doctrine on the Church

1866: 1818: 1749:, i.e., supreme, full, immediate, and universal ordinary jurisdiction of the pope. 1697: 1651: 1607: 1569: 1540: 1313: 1284: 1213: 1083: 1075: 1024: 974: 861: 645: 605: 275: 205: 35: 14355: 11983: 11872: 11611: 11410: 6665:

The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

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Catholic dictionary: an abridged and updated edition of Modern Catholic dictionary

4329: 3112: 3110: 3108: 1711:, during which numerous Protestant sects broke away from the Catholic Church. The 264: 16450: 16356: 16147: 15845: 15350: 15233: 15090: 15055: 14861: 14856: 14781: 14776: 14717: 14642: 14392: 14322: 13854: 13795: 13345: 13197: 13164: 13108: 13102: 12959: 12864: 12768: 12580: 12074: 12039: 11993: 11882: 11817: 11807: 11731: 11626: 11621: 11525: 11500: 11331: 11311: 11284: 11279: 11249: 11190: 10934: 10761: 10568: 9963: 9549: 9340: 9238: 9231: 9199: 8837: 8645: 8561: 8493: 8408: 8365: 8355: 8350: 8308: 8298: 8219: 8083: 7998: 7980: 7955: 7822: 7644: 7601: 7591: 7586: 7539: 7533: 7469: 7389: 6899: 6802: 6762: 6741: 6660: 6656: 6636: 6615: 6396: 6375: 5612: 5344: 5282:"The question of the Roman primacy in the thought of Saint Maximus the Confessor" 5041: 4747: 4244: 4218: 3052: 1851: 1773: 1757: 1746: 1573: 1505: 1437: 1433: 1020: 939: 802:

The Catholic Church bases its doctrine of papal primacy on the primacy among the

699: 634: 571: 567: 214: 187: 31: 11425: 5127:(leaked unofficial draft). Rome: Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso. 23 January 2010. 4922:

The papacy its historic origin and primitive relations with the Eastern churches

2691: 2687: 2663: 2639: 2635: 2619: 2603: 1835:, who holds a pre-eminent honor, but cannot give orders to his fellow justices. 16446: 16346: 16142: 16031: 15977: 15910: 15890: 15649: 15490: 15268: 15197: 15045: 14980: 14766: 14756: 14742: 14727: 14407: 14302: 14186: 14165: 13699: 13578: 13553: 13525: 13456: 13260: 13085: 12879: 12854: 12818: 12758: 12751: 12746: 12736: 12590: 12575: 12514: 12390: 12380: 12136: 11822: 11797: 11726: 11666: 11440: 11435: 11415: 11370: 11205: 11200: 11145: 11067: 11047: 10984: 10860: 10721: 10638: 10269: 10229: 10031: 9975: 9794: 9749: 9681: 9637: 9615: 9610: 9444: 9397: 9367: 9361: 9146: 9139: 9022: 8905: 8832: 8780: 8752: 8700: 8623: 8510: 8503: 8390: 8360: 8345: 8288: 8278: 8111: 7884: 7626: 7596: 7581: 7523: 7513: 7448: 7431: 7273: 6918: 6470: 6459:

Papalism A treatise on the claims of the papacy as set forth in the encyclical

6237:"Catholics and Orthodox discuss the role of the Pope of Rome in Vienna meeting" 5790:. Vol. 4. Translated by Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. 5466: 5372: 5216:. Oxford paperback reference (2nd ed.). Oxford : Oxford University Press. 4836:. Oxford paperback reference (5th ed.). Oxford : Oxford University Press. 4592: 4411: 4369: 4351:

Catholic Church. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (31 October 1998).

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The Gospel according to Rome: comparing Catholic Tradition and the Word of God

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