110:
297:
113:
112:
117:
116:
111:
118:
115:
960:), are intrinsically labile. Kinetically, there exists a low activation barrier to the decomposition reaction. Consequently, these compounds exhibit high sensitivity to flame or mechanical shock. The chemical bonding in these compounds is characterized as predominantly covalent and thus they are not thermodynamically stabilized by a high ionic-lattice energy. Furthermore, they generally have positive enthalpies of formation and there is little mechanistic hindrance to internal molecular rearrangement to yield the more thermodynamically stable (more strongly bonded) decomposition products. For example, in
6042:
677:. While these definitions are distinct, the problem of precisely measuring rapid decomposition makes practical classification of explosives difficult. For a reaction to be classified as a detonation, as opposed to just a deflagration, the propagation of the reaction shockwave through the material being testing must be faster than the speed of sound through that material. The speed of sound through a liquid or solid material is usually orders of magnitude faster than the speed of sound through air or other gases.
4953:
2534:
505:. Whether the mine is on the surface or is buried underground, the detonation or deflagration of either a high or low explosive in a confined space can be used to liberate a fairly specific sub-volume of a brittle material (rock) in a much larger volume of the same or similar material. The mining industry tends to use nitrate-based explosives such as emulsions of fuel oil and ammonium nitrate solutions, mixtures of ammonium nitrate prills (fertilizer pellets) and fuel oil (
5484:
5479:
5474:
2683:: Pyrotechnic substance or article containing a pyrotechnic substance, or article containing both an explosive substance and an illuminating, incendiary, tear-producing or smoke-producing substance (other than a water-activated article or one containing white phosphorus, phosphide or flammable liquid or gel or hypergolic liquid) (1.1G, 1.2G, 1.3G, 1.4G). Examples include Flares, signals, incendiary or illuminating ammunition and other smoke and tear producing devices.
598:
6711:
5817:
114:
524:). A thin plate of some material is placed atop a thick layer of a different material, both layers typically of metal. Atop the thin layer is placed an explosive. At one end of the layer of explosive, the explosion is initiated. The two metallic layers are forced together at high speed and with great force. The explosion spreads from the initiation site throughout the explosive. Ideally, this produces a metallurgical bond between the two layers.
528:
389:
6723:
51:
1283:
reduced by inert materials that reduce the continuity of the explosive mass. When the moisture content evaporates during detonation, cooling occurs, which reduces the temperature of reaction. Stability is also affected by the presence of moisture since moisture promotes decomposition of the explosive and, in addition, causes corrosion of the explosive's metal container.
486:
2695:: Article containing both an explosive substance and flammable liquid or gel (1.1J, 1.2J, 1.3J). This excludes liquids or gels which are spontaneously flammable when exposed to water or the atmosphere, which belong in group H. Examples include liquid or gel filled incendiary ammunition, fuel-air explosive (FAE) devices, and flammable liquid fueled missiles.
324:
the first time in warfare. The
Chinese would incorporate explosives fired from bamboo or bronze tubes known as bamboo firecrackers. The Chinese also inserted live rats inside the bamboo firecrackers; when fired toward the enemy, the flaming rats created great psychological ramifications—scaring enemy soldiers away and causing cavalry units to go wild.
621:. The energetic stability of the gaseous products and hence their generation comes from the formation of strongly bonded species like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and (di)nitrogen, which contain strong double and triple bonds having bond strengths of nearly 1 MJ/mole. Consequently, most commercial explosives are organic compounds containing
2654:: Secondary detonating explosive substance or black powder or article containing a secondary detonating explosive substance, in each case without means of initiation and without a propelling charge, or article containing a primary explosive substance and containing two or more effective protective features. (1.1D, 1.2D, 1.4D, 1.5D).
1266:. Excessive volatility often results in the development of pressure within rounds of ammunition and separation of mixtures into their constituents. Volatility affects the chemical composition of the explosive such that a marked reduction in stability may occur, which results in an increase in the danger of handling.
940:(i.e., rate of decomposition). It is perhaps best, then, to differentiate between the terms thermodynamically stable and kinetically stable by referring to the former as "inert." Contrarily, a kinetically unstable substance is said to be "labile." It is generally recognized that certain groups like nitro (–NO
533:
532:
529:
2586:
Moderate fire, no blast or fragment. HC/D 1.4 items are listed in the table as explosives with no significant hazard. Most small arms ammunition (including loaded weapons) and some pyrotechnic items fall into this category. If the energetic material in these items inadvertently initiates, most of the
1819:
to translate a physical shock signal. In other situations, different signals such as electrical or physical shock, or, in the case of laser detonation systems, light, are used to initiate an action, i.e., an explosion. A small quantity, usually milligrams, is sufficient to initiate a larger charge of
1226:
of loading refers to the mass of an explosive per unit volume. Several methods of loading are available, including pellet loading, cast loading, and press loading, the choice being determined by the characteristics of the explosive. Dependent upon the method employed, an average density of the loaded
896:
The velocity with which the reaction process propagates in the mass of the explosive. Most commercial mining explosives have detonation velocities ranging from 1800 m/s to 8000 m/s. Today, velocity of detonation can be measured with accuracy. Together with density it is an important element
2513:
United
Nations markings include numbered Hazard Class and Division (HC/D) codes and alphabetic Compatibility Group codes. Though the two are related, they are separate and distinct. Any Compatibility Group designator can be assigned to any Hazard Class and Division. An example of this hybrid marking
1116:
Detonation velocity is dependent on loading density (c), charge diameter, and grain size. The hydrodynamic theory of detonation used in predicting explosive phenomena does not include the diameter of the charge, and therefore a detonation velocity, for a massive diameter. This procedure requires the
863:
Sensitivity is an important consideration in selecting an explosive for a particular purpose. The explosive in an armor-piercing projectile must be relatively insensitive, or the shock of impact would cause it to detonate before it penetrated to the point desired. The explosive lenses around nuclear
543:
As the length of time the shock wave spends at any point is small, we can see mixing of the two metals and their surface chemistries, through some fraction of the depth, and they tend to be mixed in some way. It is possible that some fraction of the surface material from either layer eventually gets
2206:
is less sensitive than a primary explosive and requires substantially more energy to be initiated. Because they are less sensitive, they are usable in a wider variety of applications and are safer to handle and store. Secondary explosives are used in larger quantities in an explosive train and are
1400:
is an expression that is used to indicate the degree to which an explosive can be oxidized. If an explosive molecule contains just enough oxygen to convert all of its carbon to carbon dioxide, all of its hydrogen to water, and all of its metal to metal oxide with no excess, the molecule is said to
534:
323:
Chinese alchemists were eagerly trying to find the elixir of immortality. In the process, they stumbled upon the explosive invention of black powder made from coal, saltpeter, and sulfur in 1044. Gunpowder was the first form of chemical explosives and by 1161, the
Chinese were using explosives for
720:
In deflagration, decomposition of the explosive material is propagated by a flame front which moves slowly through the explosive material at speeds less than the speed of sound within the substance (which is usually higher than 340 m/s or 1240 km/h in most liquid or solid materials) in
2551:
Hazard Class and
Division (HC/D) is a numeric designator within a hazard class indicating the character, predominance of associated hazards, and potential for causing personnel casualties and property damage. It is an internationally accepted system that communicates using the minimum amount of
2378:
of about 3–9 kilometres per second (9,800–29,500 ft/s). For instance, TNT has a detonation (burn) rate of approximately 6.9 km/s (22,600 feet per second), detonating cord of 6.7 km/s (22,000 feet per second), and C-4 about 8.0 km/s (26,000 feet per second). They are normally
1282:
is a measure of a material's moisture-absorbing tendencies. Moisture affects explosives adversely by acting as an inert material that absorbs heat when vaporized, and by acting as a solvent medium that can cause undesired chemical reactions. Sensitivity, strength, and velocity of detonation are
1060:
as applied to an explosive refers to its ability to do work. In practice it is defined as the explosive's ability to accomplish what is intended in the way of energy delivery (i.e., fragment projection, air blast, high-velocity jet, underwater shock and bubble energy, etc.). Explosive power or
935:
In the strictest technical sense, the word "stability" is a thermodynamic term referring to the energy of a substance relative to a reference state or to some other substance. However, in the context of explosives, stability commonly refers to ease of detonation, which is concerned with
859:
Specific explosives (usually but not always highly sensitive on one or more of the three above axes) may be idiosyncratically sensitive to such factors as pressure drop, acceleration, the presence of sharp edges or rough surfaces, incompatible materials, or even—in rare cases—nuclear or
705:
of an explosive may take years, days, hours, or a fraction of a second. The slower processes of decomposition take place in storage and are of interest only from a stability standpoint. Of more interest are the other two rapid forms besides decomposition: deflagration and detonation.
897:
influencing the yield of the energy transmitted for both atmospheric over-pressure and ground acceleration. By definition, a "low explosive", such as black powder, or smokeless gunpowder has a burn rate of 171–631 m/s. In contrast, a "high explosive", whether a primary, such as
2723:: Substance or article so packed or designed that any hazardous effects arising from accidental functioning are limited to the extent that they do not significantly hinder or prohibit fire fighting or other emergency response efforts in the immediate vicinity of the package (1.4S).
1788:. As a practical measure, primary explosives are sufficiently sensitive that they can be reliably initiated with a blow from a hammer; however, PETN can also usually be initiated in this manner, so this is only a very broad guideline. Additionally, several compounds, such as
535:
616:
change (great quantities of gases are released) in going from reactants to products, thereby constituting a thermodynamically favorable process in addition to one that propagates very rapidly. Thus, explosives are substances that contain a large amount of energy stored in
684:
typically provide the required oxygen to burn the carbon and hydrogen fuel. High explosives tend to have the oxygen, carbon and hydrogen contained in one organic molecule, and less sensitive explosives like ANFO are combinations of fuel (carbon and hydrogen fuel oil) and
531:
254:
A wide variety of chemicals can explode; a smaller number are manufactured specifically for the purpose of being used as explosives. The remainder are too dangerous, sensitive, toxic, expensive, unstable, or prone to decomposition or degradation over short time spans.
877:
scale that consists of a series of 10 detonators, from n. 1 to n. 10, each of which corresponds to an increasing charge weight. In practice, most of the explosives on the market today are sensitive to an n. 8 detonator, where the charge corresponds to 2 grams of
2848:
of explosives, providing regulations for the safe manufacture, distribution, storage, use, and possession of the same, and for other purposes". This was the first federal regulation of licensing explosives purchases. The act was deactivated after World War I ended.
829:
is used, care must be taken to clarify what kind of sensitivity is under discussion. The relative sensitivity of a given explosive to impact may vary greatly from its sensitivity to friction or heat. Some of the test methods used to determine sensitivity relate to:
783:, where a shock wave and then detonation in conventional chemical explosive material is created by laser- or electric-arc heating. Laser and electric energy are not currently used in practice to generate most of the required energy, but only to initiate reactions.
1198:
In addition to strength, explosives display a second characteristic, which is their shattering effect or brisance (from the French meaning to "break"). Brisance is important in determining the effectiveness of an explosion in fragmenting shells, bomb casings, and
1210:
The sand crush test is commonly employed to determine the relative brisance in comparison to TNT. No test is capable of directly comparing the explosive properties of two or more compounds; it is important to examine the data from several such tests (sand crush,
491:
490:
487:
1109:
This test establishes the minimum physical size a charge of a specific explosive must be to sustain its own detonation wave. The procedure involves the detonation of a series of charges of different diameters until difficulty in detonation wave propagation is
492:
2925:
985:
The rate of decomposition of explosives increases at higher temperatures. All standard military explosives may be considered to have a high degree of stability at temperatures from –10 to +35 °C, but each has a high temperature at which its rate of
493:
1061:
performance is evaluated by a tailored series of tests to assess the material for its intended use. Of the tests listed below, cylinder expansion and air-blast tests are common to most testing programs, and the others support specific applications.
872:
The index of the capacity of an explosive to be initiated into detonation in a sustained manner. It is defined by the power of the detonator which is certain to prime the explosive to a sustained and continuous detonation. Reference is made to the
1366:
tend to be too large at high pressures characteristic of explosions. Ultimate volume expansion may be estimated at three orders of magnitude, or one liter per gram of explosive. Explosives with an oxygen deficit will generate soot or gases like
5613:
269:
The distinction, however, is not very clear. Certain materials—dusts, powders, gases, or volatile organic liquids—may be simply combustible or flammable under ordinary conditions, but become explosive in specific situations or forms, such as
2798:"Anyone who wishes to acquire and or keep relevant explosives needs to contact their local police explosives liaison officer. All explosives are relevant explosives apart from those listed under Schedule 2 of Explosives Regulations 2014."
2289:, low explosives undergo deflagration at rates that vary from a few centimetres per second to approximately 0.4 kilometres per second (1,300 ft/s). It is possible for them to deflagrate very quickly, producing an effect similar to a
122:
Demonstration of the explosive properties of three different explosives; four explosions are demonstrated. Three are conducted on a solid marble base, and one is conducted on the demonstrator's hand; each is initiated by a glowing wooden
747:
traversing the explosive material at speeds greater than the speed of sound within the substance. The shock front is capable of passing through the high explosive material at supersonic speeds, typically thousands of metres per second.
5588:
2732:
The legality of possessing or using explosives varies by jurisdiction. Various countries around the world have enacted explosives law and require licenses to manufacture, distribute, store, use, possess explosives or ingredients.
489:
2627:: An article containing a primary explosive substance and not containing two or more effective protective features. Some articles, such as detonator assemblies for blasting and primers, cap-type, are included. (1.1B, 1.2B, 1.4B).
1117:
firing of a series of charges of the same density and physical structure, but different diameters, and the extrapolation of the resulting detonation velocities to predict the detonation velocity of a charge of a massive diameter.
1445:
Some chemical compounds are unstable in that, when shocked, they react, possibly to the point of detonation. Each molecule of the compound dissociates into two or more new molecules (generally gases) with the release of energy.
1024:
sensitivity to initiation is common in a number of explosives. Static or other electrical discharge may be sufficient to cause a reaction, even detonation, under some circumstances. As a result, safe handling of explosives and
1349:
The most widely used explosives are condensed liquids or solids converted to gaseous products by explosive chemical reactions and the energy released by those reactions. The gaseous products of complete reaction are typically
296:
2566:
the surrounding items. The explosion could propagate to all or the majority of the items stored together, causing a mass detonation. There will also be fragments from the item's casing and/or structures in the blast
4473:
4443:
1401:
have a zero oxygen balance. The molecule is said to have a positive oxygen balance if it contains more oxygen than is needed and a negative oxygen balance if it contains less oxygen than is needed. The sensitivity,
5674:
2579:
Mass fire, minor blast or fragment hazard. Propellants and many pyrotechnic items fall into this category. If one item in a package or stack initiates, it will usually propagate to the other items, creating a mass
2922:
689:. A sensitizer such as powdered aluminum may be added to an explosive to increase the energy of the detonation. Once detonated, the nitrogen portion of the explosive formulation emerges as nitrogen gas and toxic
798:
must first be known. The usefulness of an explosive can only be appreciated when the properties and the factors affecting them are fully understood. Some of the more important characteristics are listed below:
2969:
5157:
2793:
but it does not include an explosive substance produced as part of a manufacturing process which thereafter reprocesses it in order to produce a substance or preparation which is not an explosive substance"
5443:
530:
3188:
1286:
Explosives considerably differ from one another as to their behavior in the presence of water. Gelatin dynamites containing nitroglycerine have a degree of water resistance. Explosives based on
3652:
2548:
602:
2677:
substance with its means of initiation, with a propelling charge (other than one containing flammable liquid, gel or hypergolic liquid) or without a propelling charge (1.1F, 1.2F, 1.3F, 1.4F).
1543:
powder may be introduced to increase total energy and blast effects. Explosive compounds are also often "alloyed": HMX or RDX powders may be mixed (typically by melt-casting) with TNT to form
2816:
5463:
2637:, propelling charges, and devices containing propellants with or without means of ignition. Examples include single-based propellant, double-based propellant, triple-based propellant, and
1072:, usually of copper, and detonated at one end. Data is collected concerning the rate of radial expansion of the cylinder and the maximum cylinder wall velocity. This also establishes the
5415:
2406:. Although tertiary explosives (such as ANFO at 3,200 m/s) can technically meet the explosive velocity definition, they are not considered high explosives in regulatory contexts.
3396:
2573:
Non-mass explosion, fragment-producing. HC/D 1.2 is further divided into three subdivisions, HC/D 1.2.1, 1.2.2 and 1.2.3, to account for the magnitude of the effects of an explosion.
1379:. Attempts to obtain more precise volume estimates must consider the possibility of such side reactions, condensation of steam, and aqueous solubility of gases like carbon dioxide.
488:
1341:
Explosive material may be incorporated in the explosive train of a device or system. An example is a pyrotechnic lead igniting a booster, which causes the main charge to detonate.
4782:
Read "Containing the Threat from
Illegal Bombings: An Integrated National Strategy for Marking, Tagging, Rendering Inert, and Licensing Explosives and Their Precursors" at NAP.edu
3184:
2844:) was signed on 6 October 1917 and went into effect on 16 November 1917. The legal summary is "An Act to prohibit the manufacture, distribution, storage, use, and possession in
1129:
A charge of a specific size is detonated and its impulse (the area under the pressure-time curve) measured as a function of distance. The results are tabulated and expressed as
2707:
Explosive substance or article containing an explosive substance and presenting a special risk (e.g., due to water-activation or presence of hypergolic liquids, phosphides, or
2614:
Compatibility Group codes are used to indicate storage compatibility for HC/D Class 1 (explosive) materials. Letters are used to designate 13 compatibility groups as follows.
4481:
4451:
3794:
3284:
3280:
3180:
3164:
680:
Traditional explosives mechanics is based on the shock-sensitive rapid oxidation of carbon and hydrogen to carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water in the form of steam.
2660:: Article containing a secondary detonating explosive substance without means of initiation, with a propelling charge (other than one containing flammable liquid, gel or
6558:
3779:
3384:
5083:
1323:"Green explosives" seek to reduce environment and health impacts. An example of such is the lead-free primary explosive copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate, an alternative to
612:
An explosion is a type of spontaneous chemical reaction that, once initiated, is driven by both a large exothermic change (great release of heat) and a large positive
4563:
1734:
The availability and cost of explosives are determined by the availability of the raw materials and the cost, complexity, and safety of the manufacturing operations.
3272:
3140:
1658:. This is a very sensitive mixture. It is a primary high explosive in which sulfur is substituted for some or all of the phosphorus to slightly decrease sensitivity.
1523:
The above compositions may describe most of the explosive material, but a practical explosive will often include small percentages of other substances. For example,
3204:
3160:
2633:: Propellant explosive substance or other deflagrating explosive substance or article containing such explosive substance (1.1C, 1.2C, 1.3C, 1.4C). These are bulk
3690:
5641:
5608:
5593:
3388:
3248:
3136:
1539:, which act as stabilizers. Plastics and polymers may be added to bind powders of explosive compounds; waxes may be incorporated to make them safer to handle;
5520:
3570:
3483:
3268:
2689:: Article containing both an explosive substance and white phosphorus (1.2H, 1.3H). These articles will spontaneously combust when exposed to the atmosphere.
2162:
1792:, are so sensitive that they cannot even be handled without detonating. Nitrogen triiodide is so sensitive that it can be reliably detonated by exposure to
544:
ejected when the end of material is reached. Hence, the mass of the now "welded" bilayer, may be less than the sum of the masses of the two initial layers.
3811:
2993:
1666:: A very general class incorporating any strong oxidizer and highly reactive fuel, although in practice the name was most commonly applied to mixtures of
3292:
3156:
2883:
1306:). The decomposition products, residual solids, or gases of some explosives can be toxic, whereas others are harmless, such as carbon dioxide and water.
1243:
are crushed, the explosive may become more sensitive. Increased load density also permits the use of more explosive, thereby increasing the power of the
5153:
4962:
163:
is a measured quantity of explosive material, which may either be composed solely of one ingredient or be a mixture containing at least two substances.
3172:
1123:
A charge of a specific size is detonated and its pressure effects measured at a standard distance. The values obtained are compared with those for TNT.
756:
In addition to chemical explosives, there are a number of more exotic explosive materials, and exotic methods of causing explosions. Examples include
6353:
5173:
4020:
3534:
4226:
1103:
pressure data derived from measurements of shock waves transmitted into water by the detonation of cylindrical explosive charges of a standard size.
5724:
3168:
4204:
2459:
Explosives are often characterized by the physical form that the explosives are produced or used in. These use forms are commonly categorized as:
5578:
3962:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3865:
3404:
1671:
5525:
4935:
4917:
4007:
3856:
990:
rapidly accelerates and stability is reduced. As a rule of thumb, most explosives become dangerously unstable at temperatures above 70 °C.
1302:
to some extent. Manufacturing inputs can also be organic compounds or hazardous materials that require special handling due to risks (such as
5631:
5422:
847:– Sensitivity is expressed in terms of the amount of pressure applied to the material in order to create enough friction to cause a reaction.
839:– Sensitivity is expressed in terms of the distance through which a standard weight must be dropped onto the material to cause it to explode.
5139:
2998:
2562:
Mass
Detonation Hazard. With HC/D 1.1, it is expected that if one item in a container or pallet inadvertently detonates, the explosion will
6546:
3244:
4896:
2749:(explosives for civil use Act), in accordance with EU directive nr. 93/15/EEG (Dutch). The illegal use of explosives is covered under the
5738:
2898:
356:
5386:
2273:
Low explosives (or low-order explosives) are compounds wherein the rate of decomposition proceeds through the material at less than the
6161:
2522:
2937:
5851:
5714:
5453:
5112:
4104:
3844:
2316:
that decomposes rapidly (deflagration); however, they burn more slowly than a high explosive, which has an extremely fast burn rate.
2784:(aa) being unduly sensitive or so reactive as to be subject to spontaneous reaction and accordingly too dangerous to transport, and
1409:
of an explosive are all somewhat dependent upon oxygen balance and tend to approach their maxima as oxygen balance approaches zero.
5879:
3835:
2887:
198:
5000:
1139:
A 5 to 50 kg charge is detonated in water and piezoelectric gauges measure peak pressure, time constant, impulse, and energy.
6525:
4120:
1278:
into an explosive is highly undesirable since it reduces the sensitivity, strength, and velocity of detonation of the explosive.
351:(the latter two being sophisticated stabilized preparations of nitroglycerin rather than chemical alternatives, both invented by
2711:
substances) needing isolation of each type (1.1L, 1.2L, 1.3L). Damaged or suspect ammunition of any group belongs in this group.
2245:. These are often used for safety and the typically lower costs of material and handling. The largest consumers are large-scale
68:
5573:
3998:
1227:
charge can be obtained that is within 80–99% of the theoretical maximum density of the explosive. High load density can reduce
4751:
5530:
5076:
4878:
4798:
4649:
4539:
4514:
4292:
4252:
4179:
4154:
2917:
2811:, numerous laws were created to regulate war related industries and increase security within the United States. In 1917, the
5492:
4555:
6570:
6564:
370:. However, C-4 and PETN react with metal and catch fire easily, yet unlike TNT, C-4 and PETN are waterproof and malleable.
5734:
5535:
2865:
2409:
Countless high-explosive compounds are chemically possible, but commercially and militarily important ones have included
1908:
2983:
2301:
deflagrates inside the confined space of a bullet casing, accelerating the bullet to well beyond the speed of sound) or
453:
6066:
4592:
2894:
548:
5109:"Regulations for Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives | Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives"
4371:
Veysset, David; Lee, Jae-Hwang; Hassani, Mostafa; Kooi, Steven E.; Thomas, Edwin L.; Nelson, Keith A. (1 March 2021).
813:
Sensitivity refers to the ease with which an explosive can be ignited or detonated, i.e., the amount and intensity of
425:
6441:
3640:
2286:
1983:
547:
There are applications where a shock wave, and electrostatics, can result in high velocity projectiles such as in an
472:
94:
17:
721:
contrast to detonation, which occurs at speeds greater than the speed of sound. Deflagration is a characteristic of
6726:
5779:
5510:
5062:
5044:
5026:
355:). World War I saw the adoption of TNT in artillery shells. World War II saw extensive use of new explosives (see
6202:
5890:
5563:
5515:
4691:
2979:
2837:
432:
5804:
4588:
3728:
3200:
1928:
1784:. As a very general rule, primary explosives are considered to be those compounds that are more sensitive than
776:
410:
6552:
6509:
6181:
5844:
5651:
3606:
2988:
2762:
1095:
6670:
2767:
The new
Explosives Regulations 2014 (ER 2014) came into force on 1 October 2014 and defines "explosive" as:
311:, have existed since ancient times. At its roots, the history of chemical explosives lies in the history of
6623:
6461:
5820:
5603:
5540:
5408:
5363:
3644:
3432:
3416:
3412:
3400:
2430:
2028:
1785:
1215:, and so forth) in order to gauge relative brisance. True values for comparison require field experiments.
439:
5170:
860:
electromagnetic radiation. These factors present special hazards that may rule out any practical utility.
6754:
6494:
6426:
6243:
6076:
5348:
4219:
4094:
3252:
2812:
5230:; Commander, Naval Ordnance Systems Command. NAVORD OP 3000, vol. 2, 1st rev. Washington, DC: GPO, 1971.
1567:) that in a chemical reaction can contribute some atoms of one or more oxidizing elements, in which the
6061:
6001:
5458:
5448:
5237:
4196:
3380:
3236:
3152:
2870:
406:
39:
2587:
energy and fragments will be contained within the storage structure or the item containers themselves.
1290:
have little or no water resistance as ammonium nitrate is highly soluble in water and is hygroscopic.
421:
6576:
6411:
6071:
5500:
5353:
3392:
3256:
2542:
1773:
1482:: A nitrated polymer which can be a high or low explosive depending on nitration level and conditions
901:, or a secondary, such as TNT or C-4, has a significantly higher burn rate about 6900–8092 m/s.
855:– Sensitivity is expressed in terms of the temperature at which decomposition of the material occurs.
4931:
4913:
4717:
1313:
Heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, and barium from primers (observed in high-volume firing ranges)
6714:
6520:
6436:
6416:
6393:
6156:
5921:
5837:
5784:
5759:
5197:
3799:
3648:
2905:"Importation, Manufacture, Distribution and Storage of Explosive Materials" (18 U.S.C. Chapter 40).
2469:
2395:
2136:
2033:
1228:
1087:
864:
charges are also designed to be highly insensitive, to minimize the risk of accidental detonation.
808:
236:
6363:
6328:
6176:
6126:
5205:
5135:
4957:
4952:
3789:
3428:
3364:
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2096:
1571:
component of the explosive burns. On the simplest level, the oxidizer may itself be an oxidizing
1017:
517:
399:
239:. Sensitive materials that can be initiated by a relatively small amount of heat or pressure are
4815:
2233:, are so insensitive to shock that they cannot be reliably detonated by practical quantities of
6504:
6383:
6358:
6348:
6056:
6016:
4893:
3827:
3666:
3636:
3015:
2951:
2563:
2351:, but can replace high explosives in certain applications, including in gas pressure blasting.
2178:
1923:
1781:
1646:
1259:
1212:
919:
702:
571:
291:
4504:
6691:
6665:
6618:
6233:
6121:
6101:
5383:
4970:
4125:
3861:
3774:
3705:
3232:
3072:
2821:
2606:
To see an entire UNO Table, browse
Paragraphs 3–8 and 3–9 of NAVSEA OP 5, Vol. 1, Chapter 3.
2066:
2018:
1839:
1627:
1207:) is a measure of its brisance. Brisance values are primarily employed in France and Russia.
987:
930:
605:
331:, developed in 1847. Since nitroglycerin is a liquid and highly unstable, it was replaced by
304:
6388:
6248:
5956:
5505:
5108:
4827:
4394:
4321:
4099:
4015:
3749:
3733:
3700:
3624:
3562:
3475:
3456:
3444:
3436:
3128:
2934:
2674:
2638:
2131:
2071:
2044:
1948:
1885:
1808:
1721:
1402:
1047:
1030:
1012:
287:
244:
5253:
8:
6749:
6431:
6338:
5569:
European
Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR)
5330:
5322:
5314:
4780:
4532:
History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and
Biographical Reference
4506:
History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and Biographical Reference
4346:
3764:
3554:
3471:
3080:
3042:
2974:
2946:
2671:
2242:
2152:
2101:
2049:
2013:
1875:
1069:
891:
223:
Explosive materials may be categorized by the speed at which they expand. Materials that
5306:
5298:
5224:; Commander, Naval Ordnance Systems Command; NAVORD OD 44811. Washington, DC: GPO, 1972.
4831:
4820:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
4398:
2701:: Article containing both an explosive substance and a toxic chemical agent (1.2K, 1.3K)
300:
The Great Western Powder Company of Toledo, Ohio, a producer of explosives, seen in 1905
6218:
6146:
6111:
6106:
5961:
5794:
5373:
4992:
4851:
4384:
4057:
3754:
3743:
3632:
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3499:
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2375:
2106:
2086:
2054:
1943:
1933:
1913:
1804:
1789:
1757:
1662:
1651:
1623:
1536:
1247:. It is possible to compress an explosive beyond a point of sensitivity, known also as
1086:
A standard steel cylinder is loaded with explosive and detonated in a sawdust pit. The
910:
835:
446:
248:
5368:
972:, the nitrogen atoms are already bonded to one another, so decomposition into Pb and N
6644:
6639:
6634:
6530:
6421:
6403:
6293:
6131:
6041:
6026:
5275:
5267:
5213:
4914:"wetten.nl – Wet- en regelgeving – Wet explosieven voor civiel gebruik – BWBR0006803"
4874:
4855:
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4794:
4743:
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4535:
4510:
4410:
4288:
4248:
4175:
4150:
3972:
3759:
3710:
3695:
3628:
3566:
3510:
3314:
3046:
3028:
2474:
2442:
2238:
2234:
2147:
1993:
1903:
1898:
1849:
1844:
1777:
1596:
1514:
1478:
1251:, in which the material is no longer capable of being reliably initiated, if at all.
937:
879:
795:
780:
757:
582:
521:
513:
240:
509:) and gelatinous suspensions or slurries of ammonium nitrate and combustible fuels.
6628:
5966:
5598:
5082:. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.
4835:
4786:
4402:
3738:
3620:
3586:
3522:
3487:
3352:
3327:
3288:
3148:
3084:
3068:
3050:
2879:
2857:
2642:
2486:
2336:
2121:
2116:
1880:
1857:
1828:
1639:
1572:
1464:
1459:
1287:
1073:
761:
740:
739:
This term is used to describe an explosive phenomenon whereby the decomposition is
686:
560:
340:
136:
72:
2964:
2856:, the Explosives Act of 1917 was reactivated. In 1947, the act was deactivated by
826:
6323:
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6197:
6166:
6141:
6091:
6086:
5900:
5860:
5769:
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5177:
4900:
3918:
3769:
3678:
3360:
3335:
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3220:
2959:
2956:
Colorado (Colorado statutes are copyrighted and require purchase before reading.)
2941:
2929:
2183:
2023:
1368:
1336:
1204:
1043:
898:
791:
To determine the suitability of an explosive substance for a particular use, its
647:
363:
170:
4311:
revised ed., Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Lanham, MD (2009), p.73.
6489:
6466:
6451:
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6223:
6192:
6136:
6096:
6031:
6021:
5916:
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5283:
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2003:
1988:
1966:
1961:
1893:
1870:
1816:
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1655:
1417:
A chemical explosive may consist of either a chemically pure compound, such as
1397:
1392:
1351:
1279:
1130:
1021:
874:
814:
665:
An explosive is classified as a low or high explosive according to its rate of
659:
622:
332:
271:
228:
227:(the front of the chemical reaction moves faster through the material than the
203:
186:
178:
76:
31:
5395:
3003:
2781:(ii) be classified in accordance with the United Nations Recommendations as —
2717:: Articles containing only extremely insensitive detonating substances (1.6N).
362:
In turn, these have largely been replaced by more powerful explosives such as
6743:
6696:
6686:
6484:
6456:
6373:
5991:
5981:
5951:
5895:
5789:
5675:
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)
4847:
4414:
4347:"Slurry Explosives -Manufacturer & Suppliers-IDEAL INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIVES"
4084:
4062:
4052:
3889:
3873:
3869:
3670:
3602:
3420:
3240:
3176:
3144:
3064:
2708:
2533:
2410:
2394:
High explosives can be divided into two explosives classes differentiated by
2173:
2061:
1971:
1953:
1769:
1710:
1451:
1418:
1363:
722:
643:
618:
328:
275:
235:
are said to be "low explosives". Explosives may also be categorized by their
217:
174:
4816:"The initiation of explosion by neutrons, α -particles and fission products"
2359:
High explosives (HE, or high-order explosives) are explosive materials that
1474:: Yellow insensitive crystals that can be melted and cast without detonation
6613:
6499:
6378:
6368:
6303:
6268:
6228:
6187:
6151:
5941:
5936:
5906:
5684:
5568:
4839:
4079:
3944:
3546:
3542:
3372:
3216:
3111:
3107:
3009:
2853:
2645:
2388:
2340:
2278:
2250:
2111:
2008:
1976:
1918:
1812:
1610:
1591:
1506:
1502:: Very powerful explosives which can be used pure or in plastic explosives
1430:
1263:
1026:
769:
715:
670:
352:
316:
190:
61:
642:
groups that, when detonated, release gases like the aforementioned (e.g.,
166:
The potential energy stored in an explosive material may, for example, be
6333:
6288:
6278:
6171:
6116:
6081:
5976:
5558:
4089:
4067:
3986:
3784:
3594:
3526:
3115:
3103:
2808:
2742:
2367:
2309:
2302:
2091:
2083:
1938:
1716:
1698:
1001:
980:
259:
213:
194:
5058:
5040:
5022:
2975:
Georgia Code Title 16 Chapter 7 Articles 64–97 (Repealed by Ga. L. 1996)
6593:
6446:
5946:
5931:
5911:
4932:"wetten.nl – Wet- en regelgeving – Wet wapens en munitie – BWBR0008804"
3852:
3718:
2841:
2661:
2634:
2599:
2371:
2360:
2320:
2290:
2282:
2281:) which travels much more slowly through the explosive material than a
1998:
1862:
1434:
1324:
1303:
1100:
961:
744:
734:
674:
666:
636:
597:
413: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
308:
232:
5400:
5327:; International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry; 450 pp.; 1909.
5258:
SLP 17; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 66 pp.; 1932 / 1935 / 1940.
4406:
6515:
6343:
6308:
6298:
6283:
6263:
6238:
6011:
6006:
5971:
5874:
4024:
3990:
3981:
3953:
3949:
3914:
3839:
3582:
3578:
3119:
3057:
3035:
2364:
2348:
2332:
2298:
2157:
1800:
1705:
1619:
1615:
1576:
1540:
348:
312:
263:
140:
35:
5358:
4372:
2774:(i) if packaged for transport, be classified in accordance with the
2528:
2379:
employed in mining, demolition, and military applications. The term
388:
6608:
6318:
6273:
5996:
5986:
5885:
5799:
5704:
5583:
5378:
4389:
4040:
4028:
3994:
3967:
3958:
3935:
3930:
3905:
3613:
2515:
2328:
2294:
1761:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1667:
1600:
1564:
1560:
1548:
1524:
1426:
1406:
1372:
1359:
1299:
1236:
1193:
1005:
995:
843:
818:
344:
224:
183:
156:
5829:
4790:
2745:, the civil and commercial use of explosives is covered under the
1203:. The rapidity with which an explosive reaches its peak pressure (
5694:
4956: This article incorporates text published under the British
4665:
4432:(2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. pp. 479–480.
4002:
3939:
3926:
3910:
3901:
3848:
3823:
3342:
3008:
New York: Health and safety regulations restrict the quantity of
2980:
Hawaii Administrative Rules Title 12 Subtitle 8 Part 1 Chapter 58
2912:
Many states restrict the possession, sale, and use of explosives.
2324:
2313:
1834:
1634:
1528:
1375:, which may react with surrounding materials such as atmospheric
1244:
1240:
1239:. However, if density is increased to the extent that individual
1223:
1200:
945:
792:
681:
629:
613:
210:
207:
4309:
Lurps: A Ranger's Diary of Tet, Khe Sanh, A Shau, and Quang Tri,
2207:
usually initiated by a smaller quantity of a primary explosive.
4036:
4011:
3922:
3819:
3815:
3301:
2771:"a) any explosive article or explosive substance which would —
2246:
1756:
is an explosive that is extremely sensitive to stimuli such as
1604:
1583:
1580:
1532:
1376:
502:
320:
143:
if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of
4869:
Cooper, Paul W. (1996). "Chapter 4: Use forms of explosives".
3004:
Mississippi Code Title 45 Chapter 13 Article 3 Section 101–109
6649:
6603:
4114:
4032:
3977:
3659:
3505:
3192:
2994:
Michigan Penal Code Chapter XXXIII Section 750.200 – 750.212a
2935:
Arizona State Code Title 13 Chapter 31 Articles 01 through 19
2602:
hazard without mass detonation hazard, extremely insensitive.
2344:
1544:
1355:
1275:
953:
765:
152:
144:
5222:
Safety and Performance Tests for Qualification of Explosives
1068:
A standard amount of explosive is loaded into a long hollow
925:
The following factors affect the stability of an explosive:
6598:
6559:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
3831:
3318:
2438:
2434:
2257:
1765:
1678:
1568:
1492:
1422:
1232:
851:
822:
655:
539:
A video describing how to safely handle explosives in mines
506:
367:
148:
5464:
List of accidents involving natural gas and oil production
5210:
TM 9–1300–214; U.S. Department of the Army; 355 pp.; 1984.
2908:"Commerce in Explosives" (27 C.F.R. Chapter II, Part 555).
2260:
can be a tertiary explosive if its reaction rate is slow.
327:
The first useful explosive stronger than black powder was
135:) is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of
5277:
The Use of Explosives for Agricultural and Other Purposes
4610:
Hougen, Olaf A.; Watson, Kenneth; Ragatz, Roland (1954).
4220:"China and Europe, 1500–2000 and Beyond: What is Modern?"
3305:
2555:
Listed below are the Divisions for Class 1 (Explosives):
2552:
markings the primary hazard associated with a substance.
2426:
2422:
2414:
2215:
2211:
1511:
1498:
1486:
1470:
690:
651:
336:
5324:
The Rise and Progress of the British Explosives Industry
4894:
Table 12-4. – United Nations Organization Hazard Classes
4587:
2323:. Included in this group are petroleum products such as
4534:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1970.
4322:"Emulsion Explosives - Ideal Industrial Explosives Ltd"
2960:
Connecticut Statutes Volume 9 Title 29 Chapters 343–355
5642:
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
5609:
UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
5444:
Accidents involving transport or storage of ammunition
4509:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 106.
4197:"China's explosive history of gunpowder and fireworks"
1780:. A relatively small amount of energy is required for
1269:
1004:
rays of sunlight, many explosive compounds containing
231:) are said to be "high explosives" and materials that
5521:
HAZMAT Class 5 Oxidizing agents and organic peroxides
5396:
YouTube video demonstrating blast wave in slow motion
5202:
FM 5–250; U.S. Department of the Army; 274 pp.; 1992.
4370:
775:
Laser- and arc-heating are used in laser detonators,
5247:
5243:
Hazardous Materials Transportation Plaecards; USDOT.
4640:
Meyer, Rudolf; Köhler, Josef; Homburg, Axel (2007).
2277:. The decomposition is propagated by a flame front (
1527:
is a mixture of highly sensitive nitroglycerin with
1008:
groups rapidly decompose, affecting their stability.
918:
is the ability of an explosive to be stored without
501:
The largest commercial application of explosives is
5280:; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 190 pp.; 1917.
2965:
Delaware Code Title 16 Part VI Chapters 70 & 71
2923:
Alaska State Code Chapter 11.61.240 & 11.61.250
1173:= the bubble expansion period for an experimental (
1037:
5288:; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 80 pp.; 1917.
5272:; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 92 pp.; 1917.
5264:; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 37 pp.; 1927.
4639:
4609:
2947:Arkansas State Code Title 5 Chapter 73 Article 108
2871:
1344:
243:and materials that are relatively insensitive are
6354:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
4769:. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 331.
2882:) transferred many explosives regulations to the
2529:United Nations (UN) GHS Hazard Class and Division
2501:
1090:are collected and the size distribution analyzed.
6741:
5725:Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
5715:Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS)
2256:Most tertiaries include a fuel and an oxidizer.
5579:Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996
4373:"High-velocity micro-projectile impact testing"
5526:HAZMAT Class 6 Toxic and infectious substances
2778:Recommendations as falling within Class 1; or
2609:
5845:
5632:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
5416:
5349:Blaster Exchange – Explosives Industry Portal
5262:History of the Explosives Industry in America
5218:; U.S. Department of Interior; 128 pp.; 1982.
4764:
4268:Takacs, Sarolta Anna; Cline, Eric H. (2008).
5255:Safety in the Handling and Use of Explosives
4285:Australian History Series: The ancient world
2521:Examples of national markings would include
1776:. Some primary explosives are also known as
1382:
867:
497:A video on safety precautions at blast sites
5739:Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)
5234:Elements of Armament Engineering – Part One
5171:Special provisions relating to black powder
4427:
4267:
4117:; largest supplier of commercial explosives
2899:Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations
1820:explosive that is usually safer to handle.
357:List of explosives used during World War II
6162:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
5852:
5838:
5423:
5409:
5236:; Army Research Office. Washington, D.C.:
4583:
4581:
4556:"Green explosive is a friend of the Earth"
4194:
2523:United States Department of Transportation
2506:Shipping labels and tags may include both
2308:A low explosive is usually a mixture of a
1811:. Primary explosives are commonly used in
1319:Perchlorates when used in large quantities
6547:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
5215:Explosives and Blasting Procedures Manual
4388:
4149:. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 1.
4105:Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions
2970:Florida Statutes Title XXXIII Chapter 552
2918:Alabama Code Title 8 Chapter 17 Article 9
2593:mass detonation hazard, very insensitive.
2210:Examples of secondary explosives include
1823:Examples of primary high explosives are:
885:
473:Learn how and when to remove this message
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
5880:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
5384:Why high nitrogen density in explosives?
4624:
4614:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 66–67.
4217:
4046:
2952:California Penal Code Title 2 Division 5
2532:
2319:Low explosives are normally employed as
1729:
1517:plasticized to be adhesive and malleable
1455:: A highly unstable and sensitive liquid
1262:is the readiness with which a substance
760:, and abruptly heating a substance to a
596:
526:
516:and engineering, explosives are used in
484:
295:
199:boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
108:
6526:Listing and approval use and compliance
5430:
5285:The Use of Explosives in making Ditches
4578:
4503:Krehl, Peter O.K. (24 September 2008).
4430:Inorganic Chemistry: A Unified Approach
4121:TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook
2893:Currently, regulations are governed by
2884:Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
1890:Cycloprop(-2-)enyl nitrate (CXP or CPN)
1412:
258:In contrast, some materials are merely
14:
6742:
5699:United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand
5574:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
5316:Historical Papers on Modern Explosives
5160:from the original on 20 December 2014.
5065:from the original on 17 November 2015.
4938:from the original on 25 December 2013.
4920:from the original on 25 December 2013.
4868:
4862:
4813:
4765:Matyáš, Robert; Pachman, Jiří (2013).
4301:
4232:from the original on 13 December 2016.
4195:Sigurðsson, Albert (17 January 2017).
4144:
2648:and ammunition with inert projectiles.
2237:, and instead require an intermediate
6571:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
5833:
5531:HAZMAT Class 7 Radioactive substances
5404:
5142:from the original on 8 December 2014.
5115:from the original on 15 December 2014
5029:from the original on 1 February 2016.
4947:
4945:
4566:from the original on 12 November 2014
4529:
4502:
4287:. Ready-Ed Publications. p. 55.
4207:from the original on 1 December 2017.
4169:
3653:Tetramethylene diperoxide dicarbamide
3016:Wisconsin Chapter 941 Subchapter 4-31
2890:. The bill became effective in 1971.
2621:: Primary explosive substance (1.1A).
2374:speed. High explosives detonate with
1799:Primary explosives are often used in
1309:Examples of harmful by-products are:
1114:Massive-diameter detonation velocity.
6722:
6565:National Fire Protection Association
5449:Accidents involving ammonium nitrate
4903:. Tpub.com. Retrieved on 2010-02-11.
4715:
4282:
4242:
2989:Illinois Explosives Act 225 ILCS 210
2753:(Weapons and Munition Act) (Dutch).
2518:, which is labeled as 1.4G or 1.4S.
1720:: Mixtures of organic materials and
1709:: Mixtures of organic materials and
411:adding citations to reliable sources
382:
44:
5859:
5614:US Committee on Hazardous Materials
5536:HAZMAT Class 8 Corrosive substances
5292:
4689:
4599:. Academic Press. pp. 208–210.
2866:Organized Crime Control Act of 1970
2747:Wet explosieven voor civiel gebruik
2448:
1909:1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole
1270:Hygroscopicity and water resistance
1107:Determination of critical diameter.
24:
6067:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
5319:; George MacDonald; 216 pp.; 1912.
5191:
5186:
5047:from the original on 4 March 2016.
5003:from the original on 21 April 2019
4942:
4744:"PowerLabs Lead Picrate Synthesis"
4741:
4593:Kompaneets, Alexander Solomonovich
2895:Title 18 of the United States Code
2876:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2537:GHS Explosives transport pictogram
1362:. Gaseous volumes computed by the
1330:
669:: low explosives burn rapidly (or
549:electrostatic particle accelerator
25:
6766:
6442:Fire alarm notification appliance
5339:
5311:; Arthur Marshall; 119 pp.; 1917.
5248:Institute of Makers of Explosives
5089:from the original on 6 March 2016
4963:"The Explosives Regulations 2014"
4958:Open Government Licence
4754:from the original on 22 May 2016.
3641:Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine
3012:a person may store and transport.
2756:
2370:passes through the material at a
1984:Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine
1807:larger charges of less sensitive
1742:
1737:
1440:
6721:
6710:
6709:
6040:
5816:
5815:
5780:High production volume chemicals
5511:HAZMAT Class 3 Flammable liquids
5482:
5477:
5472:
5379:The Explosives and Weapons Forum
5300:Farmers' Hand Book of Explosives
4951:
3397:Hexamethylenetetramine dinitrate
2852:After the United States entered
2836:(session 1, chapter 83, 40
2802:
2787:(bb) falling within Class 1; or
1867:3,5-Bis(trinitromethyl)tetrazole
1554:
1121:Pressure versus scaled distance.
1038:Power, performance, and strength
825:that is required. When the term
696:
387:
266:if they burn without exploding.
75:, and discuss this issue on the
60:may have confusing or ambiguous
49:
6203:Vehicle fire suppression system
5891:Combustibility and flammability
5594:Midwest hazardous work training
5564:Australian Dangerous Goods Code
5516:HAZMAT Class 4 Flammable solids
5164:
5146:
5128:
5101:
5069:
5051:
5033:
5015:
4985:
4924:
4906:
4887:
4807:
4773:
4758:
4735:
4709:
4683:
4658:
4633:
4618:
4603:
4548:
4523:
4496:
4466:
4436:
4421:
4364:
4339:
2293:. This can happen under higher
1345:Volume of products of explosion
1127:Impulse versus scaled distance.
777:exploding-bridgewire detonators
709:
398:needs additional citations for
373:
34:. For the song by Dr. Dre, see
5805:Substance of very high concern
5636:United Nations - International
5369:Journal of Energetic Materials
5344:Listed in alphabetical order:
5335:; M. Berthelot; 592 pp.; 1892.
4814:Bowden, F. P. (29 July 1958).
4716:Lowe, Derek (15 August 2019).
4314:
4276:
4261:
4236:
4211:
4188:
4163:
4138:
2790:(b) a desensitised explosive,
2736:
2502:Shipping label classifications
2403:
2263:
1929:4-Dimethylaminophenylpentazole
1622:) and a strong oxidizer (e.g.
802:
13:
1:
6553:Institution of Fire Engineers
6510:Fire Safety Evaluation System
6182:Personal protective equipment
5652:National Transport Commission
5459:Accidents involving pipelines
5454:Accidents involving fireworks
5308:A Short Account of Explosives
4873:. Wiley-VCH. pp. 51–66.
4718:"Can't Stop the Nitro Groups"
4225:. Columbia University Press.
4174:. Prentice-Hall. p. 68.
4131:
3056:
3034:
2763:Explosive Substances Act 1883
2727:
2383:is in contrast with the term
1614:: Fine metal powder (usually
1254:
1137:Relative bubble energy (RBE).
786:
728:
378:
276:confinement or sudden release
6624:GHS precautionary statements
6462:Manual fire alarm activation
5604:Safe handling of carcinogens
5541:HAZMAT Class 9 Miscellaneous
5228:Weapons Systems Fundamentals
4993:"HSE Explosives – Licensing"
3645:Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
3612:
3433:Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
3417:Trimethylolethane trinitrate
3413:1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate
3401:Triethylene glycol dinitrate
3027:
2399:
2197:
2038:Nickel hydrazine perchlorate
2029:Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
904:
764:state with a high-intensity
7:
6495:Fire protection engineering
6427:Explosive gas leak detector
6244:Electromagnetic door holder
6077:External water spray system
5154:"Document – Folio Infobase"
4644:(6th ed.). Wiley VCH.
4629:. McGraw-Hill. p. 206.
4612:Chemical Process Principles
4480:(in German). Archived from
4450:(in German). Archived from
4147:Weapons of Mass Destruction
4095:Improvised explosive device
4073:
3805:
3684:
3341:
2813:65th United States Congress
2664:liquid) (1.1E, 1.2E, 1.4E).
2610:Class 1 Compatibility Group
2221:
2144:Tetraamine copper complexes
1293:
1235:more resistant to internal
1187:
592:
565:
554:
30:For the American band, see
10:
6771:
6671:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
6062:Automatic fire suppression
6002:K-factor (fire protection)
5332:Explosives and their Power
5238:U.S. Army Materiel Command
5199:Explosives and Demolitions
4692:"Nitrogen Triiodide (NI3)"
4530:Krehl, Peter O.K. (2008).
4428:Porterfield, W.W. (1993).
4218:Pomeranz, Ken; Wong, Bin.
3795:Tetramine copper complexes
3607:1,1'-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole
3381:Diethyleneglycol dinitrate
3165:Polydinitropropyl acrylate
2760:
2540:
2452:
1747:
1390:
1334:
1218:
1191:
1146:The RBE may be defined as
1041:
908:
889:
806:
732:
713:
580:
569:
558:
285:
281:
40:Explosive (disambiguation)
29:
27:Substance that can explode
6705:
6679:
6658:
6586:
6577:Underwriters Laboratories
6539:
6475:
6412:Aspirating smoke detector
6402:
6211:
6072:Detonation flame arrester
6049:
6038:
5867:
5813:
5752:
5665:
5622:
5549:
5501:HAZMAT Class 1 Explosives
5491:
5470:
5436:
5077:"Federal Explosives Laws"
4272:. Routledge. p. 544.
3780:Nitrotetrazolate-N-Oxides
3658:
3462:
3393:Ethylene glycol dinitrate
3385:Ethylenediamine dinitrate
2543:HAZMAT Class 1 Explosives
2470:Plastic or polymer bonded
1774:electromagnetic radiation
1510:(or Composition C-4): An
1096:Chapman–Jouguet condition
868:Sensitivity to initiation
781:exploding foil initiators
751:
673:), while high explosives
576:
272:dispersed airborne clouds
6521:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
6437:Fire alarm control panel
6417:Carbon monoxide detector
6394:Standpipe (firefighting)
6157:Gaseous fire suppression
5922:Enthalpy of vaporization
5785:Nickel hydrazine nitrate
5760:Consumption of Tide Pods
5303:; duPont; 113 pp.; 1920.
4245:A Short History of China
3800:Tetrasulfur tetranitride
3649:Tert-butyl hydroperoxide
3090:
2940:15 December 2014 at the
2928:13 December 2014 at the
2564:sympathetically detonate
2034:Nickel hydrazine nitrate
1463:: A very unstable white
1066:Cylinder expansion test.
1029:usually requires proper
809:Sensitivity (explosives)
608:for explosive substances
587:
6364:Pressurisation ductwork
6329:Firewall (construction)
6177:Passive fire protection
6127:Fire suppression system
5735:European hazard symbols
5705:NFPA 704 'Fire diamond'
5493:Dangerous cargo classes
5354:Class 1 Hazmat Placards
5269:Clearing Land of Stumps
4625:Anderson, H.V. (1955).
4377:Applied Physics Reviews
4351:www.idealexplosives.com
4326:www.idealexplosives.com
4172:Chemistry in Daily Life
3790:Peroxymonosulfuric acid
3621:Acetone peroxide (TATP)
3429:Erythritol tetranitrate
3365:Methyl ammonium nitrate
3209:Triaminotrinitrobenzene
3022:
2984:Hawaii Revised Statutes
2510:and national markings.
2455:Use forms of explosives
2354:
2287:Under normal conditions
2097:Peroxymonosulfuric acid
1682:: Ammonium nitrate and
1383:Oxygen balance (OB% or
1084:Cylinder fragmentation.
206:energy, such as in the
6540:Industry organizations
6505:Fire-resistance rating
6384:Smoke exhaust ductwork
6359:Penetration (firestop)
6349:Packing (firestopping)
6057:Active fire protection
6017:Spontaneous combustion
4967:www.legislation.gov.uk
4871:Explosives Engineering
4840:10.1098/rspa.1958.0123
4170:Singh, Kirpal (2010).
3667:Xenon oxytetrafluoride
3637:Diethyl ether peroxide
3205:Diaminotrinitrobenzene
3161:Dinitropentano nitrile
2888:Department of Treasury
2834:Explosives Act of 1917
2827:Explosives Act of 1917
2800:
2795:
2538:
2268:
2179:Xenon oxytetrafluoride
1924:Diethyl ether peroxide
1316:Nitric oxides from TNT
886:Velocity of detonation
703:chemical decomposition
609:
572:Explosives engineering
540:
498:
301:
292:Timeline of explosives
124:
38:. For other uses, see
6692:Template:Firefighting
6666:Arthur B. Guise Medal
6619:GHS hazard statements
6122:Fire sprinkler system
6102:Fire-retardant fabric
4627:Chemical Calculations
4243:Kerr, Gordon (2013).
4145:Sastri, M.N. (2004).
4126:Total body disruption
4047:Elements and isotopes
3775:Nitronium perchlorate
3691:Alkali metal Ozonides
3073:Mercury(II) fulminate
2822:Espionage Act of 1917
2796:
2769:
2761:Further information:
2751:Wet Wapens en Munitie
2639:composite propellants
2536:
2285:of a high explosive.
2067:Nitronium perchlorate
2041:Nitrogen trihalides:
2019:Mercury(II) fulminate
1840:Ammonium permanganate
1730:Availability and cost
1563:is a pure substance (
1094:Detonation pressure (
988:thermal decomposition
931:Chemical constitution
600:
538:
496:
305:Early thermal weapons
299:
121:
6476:Professions, trades,
6389:Smokeproof enclosure
6249:Electromagnetic lock
5957:Flammability diagram
5868:Fundamental concepts
5552:laws and regulations
5506:HAZMAT Class 2 Gases
4690:UCL (23 June 2020).
4666:"Nitrogen triiodide"
4597:Theory of Detonation
4283:Back, Fiona (2011).
4100:Insensitive munition
3750:Hexafluoroantimonate
3746:(several substances)
3734:Fluorine perchlorate
3706:Ammonium permaganate
3701:Ammonium perchlorate
3625:Cumene hydroperoxide
3563:Tellurium tetraazide
3476:Nitrogen trichloride
3457:Mannitol hexanitrate
3445:Xylitol pentanitrate
3437:Tetranitratoxycarbon
3389:Ethylene dinitramine
3249:Trinitroethyl formal
3137:Dinitroethylene urea
3129:Diazo dinitro phenol
2675:detonating explosive
2514:would be a consumer
2140:-Butyl hydroperoxide
2132:Tellurium tetraazide
2072:Nitrosyl perchlorate
2045:Nitrogen trichloride
1949:Fluorine perchlorate
1886:Cumene hydroperoxide
1809:secondary explosives
1722:dinitrogen tetroxide
1642:and aluminium powder
1421:, or a mixture of a
1413:Chemical composition
1298:Many explosives are
1274:The introduction of
1048:Strength (explosive)
1031:electrical grounding
1013:Electrical discharge
1000:When exposed to the
407:improve this article
319:in the 9th century,
288:History of gunpowder
139:that can produce an
73:improve this article
6432:Fire alarm call box
6339:Heat and smoke vent
5623:Regulatory agencies
5589:Hong Kong ship laws
5550:Hazardous materials
5431:Hazardous materials
5389:26 May 2013 at the
5374:Military Explosives
5207:Military Explosives
5176:5 June 2010 at the
4973:on 12 February 2019
4899:5 June 2010 at the
4832:1958RSPSA.246..216B
4399:2021ApPRv...8a1319V
4307:Ankony, Robert C.,
3828:Armstrong's mixture
3765:Manganese heptoxide
3571:Titanium tetraazide
3555:Selenium tetraazide
3484:Nitrogen trisulfide
3472:Nitrogen tribromide
3081:Potassium fulminate
3043:Copper(I) acetylide
2404:secondary explosive
2391:) at a lower rate.
2363:, meaning that the
2243:secondary explosive
2227:Tertiary explosives
2204:secondary explosive
2163:Titanium tetraazide
2153:Tetrazene explosive
2102:Selenium tetraazide
2050:Nitrogen tribromide
2014:Manganese heptoxide
1876:Copper(I) acetylide
1663:Sprengel explosives
1647:Armstrong's mixture
1535:, or most commonly
976:is relatively easy.
892:Detonation velocity
335:, trinitrotoluene (
249:tertiary explosives
6755:Chinese inventions
6404:Fire alarm systems
6219:Annulus (firestop)
6147:Flashback arrestor
6112:Fire-safe polymers
6107:Fire retardant gel
5962:Flammability limit
5795:Nuclear fuel cycle
5666:Hazardous material
5359:Explosives Academy
4767:Primary Explosives
4484:on 6 February 2017
4454:on 6 February 2017
4444:"2.1 Deflagration"
4058:Explosive antimony
3812:Aluminum Orphorite
3755:Hexafluoroarsenate
3744:Fulminating silver
3633:Dibenzoyl peroxide
3559:Silicon tetraazide
3500:Disulfur dinitride
3480:Nitrogen triiodide
3077:Platinum fulminate
2539:
2525:(U.S. DOT) codes.
2475:Plastic explosives
2387:, which explodes (
2376:explosive velocity
2107:Silicon tetraazide
2087:hexafluoroarsenate
2055:Nitrogen triiodide
1944:Explosive antimony
1934:Disulfur dinitride
1914:Diazodinitrophenol
1790:nitrogen triiodide
1778:contact explosives
1770:static electricity
1652:Potassium chlorate
1624:potassium chlorate
1537:diatomaceous earth
911:Chemical stability
758:nuclear explosives
610:
541:
499:
302:
241:primary explosives
133:explosive material
125:
67:Please review the
6737:
6736:
6645:Safety data sheet
6640:List of S-phrases
6635:List of R-phrases
6531:Sprinkler fitting
6422:Circuit integrity
6294:Fire extinguisher
6132:Firefighting foam
6027:Thermal radiation
5827:
5826:
5668:labelling systems
5625:and organizations
5437:List of accidents
4880:978-0-471-18636-6
4826:(1245): 216–219.
4800:978-0-309-06126-1
4651:978-3-527-31656-4
4589:Zel'dovich, Yakov
4562:. 27 March 2006.
4541:978-3-540-30421-0
4516:978-3-540-30421-0
4407:10.1063/5.0040772
4294:978-1-86397-826-2
4270:The Ancient World
4254:978-1-84243-968-5
4247:. No Exit Press.
4181:978-81-203-4617-8
4156:978-81-7648-742-9
3760:Hypofluorous acid
3711:Azidotetrazolates
3696:Ammonium chlorate
3629:Diacetyl peroxide
3567:Tetraazidomethane
3511:Cyanuric triazide
3157:Dinitroresorcinol
3047:Dichloroacetylene
2494:Slurries and gels
2400:primary explosive
2312:substance and an
2239:explosive booster
2235:primary explosive
2170:Oxides of xenon:
2148:Tetraazidomethane
2076:Nitrotetrazolate-
1994:Hypofluorous acid
1904:Diacetyl peroxide
1899:Cyanuric triazide
1850:Azidotetrazolates
1845:Ammonium chlorate
1754:primary explosive
1597:Potassium nitrate
1515:plastic explosive
1479:Cellulose nitrate
1177:) or a standard (
938:chemical kinetics
880:mercury fulminate
583:Explosives safety
536:
522:explosion welding
514:materials science
494:
483:
482:
475:
457:
119:
105:
104:
97:
18:Primary explosive
16:(Redirected from
6762:
6725:
6724:
6713:
6712:
6629:Life Safety Code
6234:Compartmentation
6044:
5967:Flammable liquid
5854:
5847:
5840:
5831:
5830:
5819:
5818:
5599:NA/UN exceptions
5486:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5402:
5401:
5293:Other historical
5180:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4969:. Archived from
4955:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4910:
4904:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4585:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4474:"2.2 Detonation"
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4392:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4318:
4312:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4224:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4142:
3739:Fulminating gold
3587:Azidoazide azide
3523:Copper(II) azide
3488:Selenium nitride
3469:Tertiary Amines:
3353:Ammonium nitrate
3328:Heptanitrocubane
3289:Ammonium picrate
3173:Dipicryl sulfone
3149:Dinitrophenolate
3085:Silver fulminate
3069:Fulminating Gold
3051:Silver acetylide
2877:
2873:
2858:President Truman
2819:, including the
2643:solid propellant
2477:, a.k.a. putties
2449:By physical form
2337:smokeless powder
2122:Silver fulminate
2117:Silver acetylide
1958:Halogen azides:
1881:Copper(II) azide
1858:Benzoyl peroxide
1829:Acetone peroxide
1640:Ammonium nitrate
1465:organic peroxide
1460:Acetone peroxide
1288:ammonium nitrate
1033:of the operator.
687:ammonium nitrate
561:Explosive weapon
537:
495:
478:
471:
467:
464:
458:
456:
415:
391:
383:
341:smokeless powder
161:explosive charge
137:potential energy
120:
100:
93:
89:
86:
80:
53:
52:
45:
21:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6701:
6675:
6654:
6582:
6535:
6477:
6471:
6398:
6324:Firestop pillow
6259:Emergency light
6212:Building design
6207:
6198:Tank blanketing
6167:Inerting system
6142:Flame retardant
6092:Fire protection
6087:Fire prevention
6045:
6036:
5901:Dangerous goods
5863:
5861:Fire protection
5858:
5828:
5823:
5809:
5770:Dangerous goods
5753:Hazardous goods
5748:
5667:
5661:
5624:
5618:
5551:
5545:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5432:
5429:
5391:Wayback Machine
5364:Explosives info
5342:
5295:
5250:
5194:
5192:U.S. Government
5189:
5187:Further reading
5184:
5183:
5178:Wayback Machine
5169:
5165:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5125:ATF Regulations
5118:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5006:
5004:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4974:
4961:
4950:
4943:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4901:Wayback Machine
4892:
4888:
4881:
4867:
4863:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4763:
4759:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4724:
4714:
4710:
4700:
4698:
4696:Safety Services
4688:
4684:
4675:
4673:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4638:
4634:
4623:
4619:
4608:
4604:
4586:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4501:
4497:
4487:
4485:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4426:
4422:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4330:
4328:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4281:
4277:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4241:
4237:
4229:
4222:
4216:
4212:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4076:
4049:
4021:Tannerit simply
3919:Detonating cord
3808:
3770:Mercury nitride
3724:Chlorine oxides
3687:
3679:Xenon tetroxide
3663:
3617:
3535:Hydrazoic azide
3465:
3361:Calcium nitrate
3346:
3336:Octanitrocubane
3225:Trinitroanisole
3221:Trinitroaniline
3093:
3061:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3020:
2942:Wayback Machine
2930:Wayback Machine
2875:
2805:
2765:
2759:
2739:
2730:
2612:
2545:
2531:
2504:
2491:Blasting agents
2457:
2451:
2357:
2271:
2266:
2231:blasting agents
2224:
2200:
2195:
2184:Xenon tetroxide
2167:Triazidomethane
2024:Mercury nitride
1871:Chlorine oxides
1817:percussion caps
1794:alpha radiation
1750:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1557:
1443:
1415:
1395:
1389:
1369:carbon monoxide
1347:
1339:
1337:Explosive train
1333:
1331:Explosive train
1296:
1272:
1257:
1221:
1196:
1190:
1166:
1154:
1131:TNT equivalents
1050:
1044:Power (physics)
1042:Main articles:
1040:
975:
971:
967:
959:
951:
943:
913:
907:
899:detonating cord
894:
888:
870:
811:
805:
789:
754:
737:
731:
718:
712:
699:
640:
633:
626:
595:
590:
585:
579:
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171:chemical energy
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69:Manual of Style
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22:
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5:
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6490:Fire insurance
6487:
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6467:Smoke detector
6464:
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6452:Flame detector
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6224:Area of refuge
6221:
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6190:
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6139:
6137:Flame arrester
6134:
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6097:Fire retardant
6094:
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6032:Water pressure
6029:
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6022:Structure fire
6019:
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3681:
3675:Xenon trioxide
3662:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3597:
3589:
3573:
3551:Rubidium azide
3539:Lead(II) azide
3531:Fluorine azide
3519:Chlorine azide
3515:Cyanogen azide
3502:
3494:
3492:Silver nitride
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3453:Nitrocellulose
3447:
3442:Pentanitrates:
3439:
3426:Tetranitrates:
3423:
3407:
3375:
3369:Sodium nitrate
3357:Barium nitrate
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3330:
3321:
3308:
3295:
3213:Lead styphnate
3195:
3169:Dinitro cerine
3133:Dinitrobenzene
3122:
3100:Nitroguanidine
3092:
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2472:
2467:
2464:
2453:Main article:
2450:
2447:
2381:high explosive
2356:
2353:
2297:(such as when
2275:speed of sound
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2229:, also called
2223:
2220:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2189:Xenon trioxide
2186:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2127:Silver nitride
2124:
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2039:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:Lead styphnate
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Hydrazoic acid
1986:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:Chlorine azide
1964:
1962:Fluorine azide
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1894:Cyanogen azide
1891:
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1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:By sensitivity
1741:
1739:
1738:Classification
1736:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1713:
1702:
1686:
1672:nitroaromatics
1659:
1656:red phosphorus
1643:
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1607:
1556:
1553:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1456:
1442:
1441:Pure compounds
1439:
1414:
1411:
1398:Oxygen balance
1393:Oxygen balance
1391:Main article:
1388:
1381:
1352:carbon dioxide
1346:
1343:
1335:Main article:
1332:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1295:
1292:
1280:Hygroscopicity
1271:
1268:
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1231:by making the
1220:
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1192:Main article:
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991:
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949:
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909:Main article:
906:
903:
890:Main article:
887:
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875:Sellier-Bellot
869:
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807:Main article:
804:
801:
788:
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753:
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733:Main article:
730:
727:
714:Main article:
711:
708:
698:
695:
660:nitrocellulose
638:
631:
624:
619:chemical bonds
594:
591:
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581:Main article:
578:
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559:Main article:
556:
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481:
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395:
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386:
380:
377:
375:
372:
333:nitrocellulose
283:
280:
229:speed of sound
221:
220:
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181:
103:
102:
57:
55:
48:
32:The Explosives
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6708:
6707:
6704:
6698:
6697:Template:HVAC
6695:
6693:
6690:
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6687:Template:Fire
6685:
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6511:
6508:
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6498:
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6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6485:Duct cleaning
6483:
6482:
6480:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6457:Heat detector
6455:
6453:
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6380:
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6374:Smoke control
6372:
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6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5992:Heat transfer
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5982:Friction loss
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5952:Fire triangle
5950:
5948:
5945:
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5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5896:Conflagration
5894:
5892:
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5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5855:
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5836:
5835:
5832:
5822:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5790:Nuclear flask
5788:
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5778:
5776:
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5708:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5698:
5697:
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5689:International
5688:
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5686:
5683:
5679:International
5678:
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4792:
4791:10.17226/5966
4788:
4784:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4748:powerlabs.org
4745:
4742:Barros, Sam.
4738:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4697:
4693:
4686:
4672:, 8 June 2024
4671:
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4606:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4565:
4561:
4560:New Scientist
4557:
4551:
4543:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4518:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4499:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4431:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4383:(1): 011319.
4382:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4310:
4304:
4296:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4158:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Detection dog
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Plutonium-239
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Alkali metals
4051:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3963:Hydromite 600
3960:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3894:Composition 5
3891:
3890:Composition 4
3887:
3886:Composition 3
3883:
3882:Composition 2
3879:
3878:Composition 1
3875:
3874:Composition C
3871:
3870:Composition B
3867:
3866:Composition A
3863:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:Azoclathrates
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3671:Xenon dioxide
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3608:
3604:
3603:Octaazacubane
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:Hexanitrates:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3421:Nitroglycerin
3418:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:Triazomethane
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:Mononitrates:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:Styphnic acid
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3177:Dipicrylamine
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3145:Dinitrophenol
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3065:Fulminic Acid
3063:
3062:
3059:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3030:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2886:(ATF) of the
2885:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:United States
2799:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:containing a
2669:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:rocket motors
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:low explosive
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:), and light
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Xenon dioxide
2172:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Nitroglycerin
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Bromine azide
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1954:Fulminic acid
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:Azoclathrates
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:Alkali metal
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1813:blasting caps
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1735:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:liquid oxygen
1708:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:Oxidized fuel
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:Nitroglycerin
1449:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:nitroglycerin
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1364:ideal gas law
1361:
1357:
1353:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1249:dead-pressing
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:Gurney energy
1071:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1018:Electrostatic
1016:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:
992:
989:
984:
982:
978:
963:
955:
947:
939:
934:
932:
928:
927:
926:
923:
921:
920:deterioration
917:
912:
902:
900:
893:
883:
881:
876:
865:
861:
854:
853:
849:
846:
845:
841:
838:
837:
833:
832:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
810:
800:
797:
794:
784:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
749:
746:
742:
736:
726:
724:
723:low explosive
717:
707:
704:
697:Decomposition
694:
692:
691:nitric oxides
688:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:nitroglycerin
641:
634:
627:
620:
615:
607:
604:
603:international
599:
584:
573:
562:
552:
550:
545:
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
477:
474:
466:
455:
452:
448:
445:
441:
438:
434:
431:
427:
424: –
423:
419:
418:Find sources:
412:
408:
402:
401:
396:This section
394:
390:
385:
384:
371:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:nitroglycerin
325:
322:
318:
315:. During the
314:
310:
306:
298:
293:
289:
279:
277:
273:
267:
265:
261:
256:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
219:
218:plutonium-239
215:
212:
209:
205:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
182:
180:
176:
175:nitroglycerin
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
107:
99:
96:
88:
85:November 2023
78:
74:
70:
64:
63:
62:abbreviations
58:This article
56:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6727:
6715:
6614:Flame spread
6500:Fireproofing
6478:and services
6379:Smoke damper
6369:Safety glass
6304:Fire hydrant
6269:Fire curtain
6229:Booster pump
6188:Relief valve
6152:Fusible link
5942:Fire loading
5937:Fire control
5926:
5907:Deflagration
5774:
5343:
5331:
5323:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5284:
5276:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5166:
5148:
5130:
5117:. Retrieved
5103:
5091:. Retrieved
5071:
5053:
5035:
5017:
5005:. Retrieved
4996:
4987:
4975:. Retrieved
4971:the original
4966:
4960: v3.0:
4926:
4908:
4889:
4870:
4864:
4823:
4819:
4809:
4781:
4775:
4766:
4760:
4747:
4737:
4725:. Retrieved
4721:
4711:
4699:. Retrieved
4695:
4685:
4674:, retrieved
4669:
4660:
4641:
4635:
4626:
4620:
4611:
4605:
4596:
4568:. Retrieved
4559:
4550:
4531:
4525:
4505:
4498:
4486:. Retrieved
4482:the original
4478:chem-page.de
4477:
4468:
4456:. Retrieved
4452:the original
4448:chem-page.de
4447:
4438:
4429:
4423:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4354:. Retrieved
4350:
4341:
4329:. Retrieved
4325:
4316:
4308:
4303:
4284:
4278:
4269:
4263:
4244:
4238:
4213:
4200:
4190:
4171:
4165:
4146:
4140:
4080:Blast injury
4008:Schneiderite
3945:Flash powder
3857:Butyl tetryl
3785:Peroxy acids
3599:
3591:
3575:
3547:Sodium azide
3543:Silver azide
3504:
3496:
3468:
3449:
3441:
3425:
3410:Trinitrates:
3409:
3377:
3373:Urea Nitrate
3349:
3332:
3323:
3310:
3297:
3217:Lead picrate
3197:
3124:
3112:Nitropropane
3108:Nitromethane
3096:
3010:black powder
2911:
2892:
2864:
2862:
2854:World War II
2851:
2845:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2806:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2731:
2720:
2714:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2667:
2657:
2651:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2520:
2512:
2505:
2458:
2408:
2393:
2384:
2380:
2358:
2341:pyrotechnics
2318:
2307:
2279:deflagration
2272:
2255:
2253:operations.
2251:construction
2230:
2226:
2225:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2137:
2112:Silver azide
2092:Peroxy acids
2077:
2009:Lead picrate
1977:Iodine azide
1919:Diazomethane
1822:
1798:
1753:
1751:
1733:
1717:Panclastites
1715:
1704:
1699:perchlorates
1688:
1677:
1661:
1645:
1633:
1611:Flash powder
1609:
1592:Black powder
1590:
1558:
1522:
1505:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1458:
1450:
1444:
1431:black powder
1416:
1396:
1384:
1348:
1340:
1322:
1308:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1258:
1248:
1222:
1209:
1197:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1093:
1083:
1077:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1027:pyrotechnics
1011:
994:Exposure to
993:
979:
929:
924:
915:
914:
895:
871:
862:
858:
850:
842:
834:
812:
790:
774:
770:electric arc
755:
738:
719:
716:Deflagration
710:Deflagration
700:
679:
664:
611:
546:
542:
511:
500:
469:
460:
450:
443:
436:
429:
417:
405:Please help
400:verification
397:
374:Applications
361:
353:Alfred Nobel
347:in 1867 and
326:
317:Tang dynasty
303:
268:
257:
253:
222:
191:gas cylinder
189:, such as a
165:
160:
132:
128:
126:
106:
91:
82:
59:
6334:Grease duct
6289:Fire escape
6279:Fire damper
6172:Intumescent
6117:Fire safety
6082:Fire bucket
5977:Flash point
5559:AIR Shipper
5136:"ACASLogin"
5119:13 December
5059:"1970–1979"
5041:"1940–1949"
5023:"1913–1919"
5007:16 February
4977:16 February
4722:Science.org
4701:2 September
4676:2 September
4570:12 November
4090:Flame speed
4068:Uranium-235
3987:Panclastite
3595:Pentazenium
3592:Pentamines:
3576:Tetramines:
3527:Ethyl azide
3378:Dinitrates:
3116:Nitrostarch
3104:Nitroethane
2846:time of war
2809:World War I
2743:Netherlands
2737:Netherlands
2635:propellants
2396:sensitivity
2389:deflagrates
2368:shock front
2335:(including
2321:propellants
2310:combustible
2303:temperature
2264:By velocity
2084:Pentazenium
1939:Ethyl azide
1628:perchlorate
1531:, powdered
1304:carcinogens
1229:sensitivity
1058:performance
1002:ultraviolet
983:of storage.
981:Temperature
827:sensitivity
803:Sensitivity
422:"Explosive"
339:) in 1863,
260:combustible
237:sensitivity
214:uranium-235
195:aerosol can
184:pressurized
6750:Explosives
6744:Categories
6631:(NFPA 101)
6594:CE marking
6447:Fire drill
6050:Technology
5947:Fire point
5932:Fire class
5912:Detonation
5093:1 February
4642:Explosives
4488:5 February
4458:5 February
4390:2012.08402
4132:References
3853:Ballistite
3719:Benzvalene
3600:Octamines:
3333:OctaNitro:
3324:HeptaNitro
3298:TetraNitro
3097:MonoNitro:
3058:Fulminates
3036:Acetylides
2728:Regulation
2709:pyrophoric
2662:hypergolic
2600:detonation
2541:See also:
2483:Extrudable
2480:Rubberized
2372:supersonic
2343:, such as
2291:detonation
2283:shock wave
2158:Tetrazoles
1999:Lead azide
1863:Benzvalene
1801:detonators
1782:initiation
1706:Oxyliquits
1575:, such as
1435:grain dust
1429:, such as
1325:lead azide
1260:Volatility
1255:Volatility
1101:Detonation
962:lead azide
916:Stability
796:properties
787:Properties
745:shock wave
741:propagated
735:Detonation
729:Detonation
725:material.
671:deflagrate
667:combustion
570:See also:
433:newspapers
379:Commercial
309:Greek fire
307:, such as
286:See also:
233:deflagrate
179:grain dust
173:, such as
6587:Standards
6516:Fire test
6344:Occupancy
6309:Fire pump
6299:Fire hose
6284:Fire door
6264:Exit sign
6239:Crash bar
6012:Pyrolysis
6007:Pool fire
5972:Flashover
5927:Explosive
5875:Backdraft
5775:Explosive
5656:Australia
4856:137728239
4848:0080-4630
4727:22 August
4670:Knowledge
4415:1931-9401
4025:Tannerite
3991:Pentolite
3982:Oxyliquit
3954:Gunpowder
3950:Gelignite
3915:Detasheet
3862:Carbonite
3840:Astrolite
3614:Peroxides
3583:Tetrazole
3579:Tetrazene
3497:Diamines:
3311:HexaNitro
3198:TriNitro:
3120:Nitrourea
3029:Compounds
2999:Minnesota
2817:many laws
2672:secondary
2497:Dynamites
2463:Pressings
2365:explosive
2349:fireworks
2333:gunpowder
2299:gunpowder
2198:Secondary
1695:Chlorates
1690:Cheddites
1668:chlorates
1620:magnesium
1616:aluminium
1541:aluminium
1437:and air.
1264:vaporizes
1181:) charge.
1110:observed.
1088:fragments
1052:The term
905:Stability
606:pictogram
463:June 2024
349:gelignite
313:gunpowder
264:flammable
245:secondary
141:explosion
129:explosive
77:talk page
36:Xxplosive
6716:Category
6680:See also
6609:EN 16034
6319:Firestop
6274:Fire cut
5997:Jet fire
5987:Gas leak
5903:(HAZMAT)
5886:Boilover
5821:Category
5800:Sedaxane
5584:HAZWOPER
5387:Archived
5174:Archived
5158:Archived
5140:Archived
5113:Archived
5084:Archived
5063:Archived
5045:Archived
5027:Archived
5001:Archived
4936:Archived
4918:Archived
4897:Archived
4785:. 1998.
4752:Archived
4595:(1960).
4564:Archived
4227:Archived
4205:Archived
4074:See also
4041:Tritonal
4029:Titadine
4016:Shellite
3995:Picratol
3968:Kinetite
3959:Hexanite
3936:Ecrasite
3931:Dynamite
3906:Cyclotol
3806:Mixtures
3685:Unsorted
3343:Nitrates
2938:Archived
2926:Archived
2815:created
2516:firework
2466:Castings
2361:detonate
2329:gasoline
2295:pressure
2222:Tertiary
1835:ozonides
1762:friction
1684:fuel oil
1601:charcoal
1565:molecule
1561:oxidizer
1549:Cyclotol
1525:dynamite
1427:oxidizer
1407:brisance
1403:strength
1373:hydrogen
1360:nitrogen
1294:Toxicity
1241:crystals
1237:friction
1201:grenades
1194:Brisance
1188:Brisance
1070:cylinder
1006:nitrogen
996:sunlight
844:Friction
819:friction
793:physical
682:Nitrates
675:detonate
593:Chemical
566:Civilian
555:Military
518:cladding
345:dynamite
225:detonate
211:isotopes
157:pressure
6728:Commons
6561:(NCEES)
5882:(BLEVE)
5695:Hazchem
5240:, 1964.
4828:Bibcode
4395:Bibcode
4201:GBTimes
4003:Pyrotol
3940:Ednatol
3927:Dunnite
3911:Danubit
3902:Cordtex
3849:Baratol
3845:Baranol
3824:Ammonal
3125:DiNitro
2872:Pub. L.
2807:During
2741:In the
2547:The UN
2421:, TNX,
2325:propane
2314:oxidant
2080:-oxides
1805:trigger
1748:Primary
1701:and oil
1635:Ammonal
1577:gaseous
1573:element
1529:sawdust
1425:and an
1245:warhead
1224:Density
1219:Density
952:), and
946:nitrate
614:entropy
447:scholar
282:History
208:fissile
204:nuclear
71:, help
6659:Awards
6573:(SFPE)
6567:(NFPA)
6549:(FEMA)
6512:(FSES)
5729:Canada
5685:UN ADR
4877:
4854:
4846:
4797:
4648:
4538:
4513:
4413:
4356:6 June
4331:6 June
4291:
4251:
4178:
4153:
4037:Torpex
4012:Semtex
3923:Dualin
3836:ANNMAL
3820:Amatol
3816:Amatex
3660:Oxides
3506:Azides
3463:Amines
3302:Tetryl
2880:91–452
2878:
2840:
2487:Binary
2441:, and
2345:flares
2247:mining
1803:or to
1758:impact
1605:sulfur
1584:oxygen
1581:liquid
1533:silica
1405:, and
1377:oxygen
1358:, and
1213:trauzl
1169:where
1158:RBE =
964:, Pb(N
836:Impact
779:, and
762:plasma
752:Exotic
577:Safety
503:mining
449:
442:
435:
428:
420:
321:Taoist
155:, and
123:stick.
6650:UL 94
6604:EN 54
6555:(IFE)
6184:(PPE)
5737:from
5087:(PDF)
5080:(PDF)
4852:S2CID
4385:arXiv
4230:(PDF)
4223:(PDF)
4115:Orica
4033:Tovex
3978:Octol
3973:Minol
3729:DMAPP
3285:BTNEC
3281:BTNEN
3193:DADNE
3185:KDNBF
3091:Nitro
2838:Stat.
2580:fire.
2567:area.
1772:, or
1545:Octol
1356:steam
1300:toxic
1276:water
1205:power
1054:power
1022:spark
954:azide
948:(–ONO
821:, or
815:shock
766:laser
743:by a
637:–NHNO
588:Types
454:JSTOR
440:books
274:, or
197:, or
159:. An
153:sound
145:light
6599:EN 3
6579:(UL)
5121:2014
5095:2016
5009:2019
4979:2019
4875:ISBN
4844:ISSN
4795:ISBN
4729:2022
4703:2024
4678:2024
4646:ISBN
4572:2014
4536:ISBN
4511:ISBN
4490:2017
4460:2017
4411:ISSN
4358:2024
4333:2024
4289:ISBN
4249:ISBN
4176:ISBN
4151:ISBN
3999:PNNM
3832:ANFO
3319:HNIW
3273:TNPG
3257:TNOF
3253:TNOC
3237:TNBA
3229:TNAS
3189:BEAF
3181:EDNP
3153:DNPH
3023:List
2982:AND
2897:and
2863:The
2832:The
2825:and
2439:TATB
2435:TATP
2431:PETN
2402:and
2355:High
2347:and
2327:and
2258:ANFO
2249:and
2214:and
2138:tert
1815:and
1796:;
1786:PETN
1766:heat
1679:ANFO
1670:and
1654:and
1603:and
1569:fuel
1493:PETN
1423:fuel
1371:and
1233:mass
1076:or 2
1046:and
852:Heat
823:heat
701:The
656:PETN
635:and
630:–ONO
601:The
507:ANFO
426:news
368:PETN
366:and
290:and
216:and
149:heat
131:(or
5719:USA
5709:USA
5646:USA
4836:doi
4824:246
4787:doi
4403:doi
3315:HNS
3306:HMX
3293:TNS
3277:TNR
3269:TNN
3265:TNT
3261:TNP
3233:TNB
3201:RDX
3141:DNN
2842:385
2597:1.6
2591:1.5
2584:1.4
2577:1.3
2571:1.2
2560:1.1
2549:GHS
2443:HNS
2427:HMX
2423:RDX
2419:TNP
2415:TNT
2269:Low
2241:of
2216:RDX
2212:TNT
1697:or
1626:or
1618:or
1579:or
1559:An
1547:or
1512:RDX
1507:C-4
1499:HMX
1487:RDX
1471:TNT
1433:or
1056:or
1020:or
956:(–N
944:),
768:or
662:).
652:HMX
648:TNT
623:–NO
512:In
409:by
364:C-4
359:).
337:TNT
262:or
247:or
187:gas
177:or
127:An
6746::
5156:.
5138:.
5111:.
5061:.
5043:.
5025:.
4999:.
4995:.
4965:.
4944:^
4934:.
4916:.
4850:.
4842:.
4834:.
4822:.
4818:.
4793:.
4750:.
4746:.
4720:.
4694:.
4668:,
4591:;
4580:^
4558:.
4476:.
4446:.
4409:.
4401:.
4393:.
4379:.
4375:.
4349:.
4324:.
4203:.
4199:.
4039:,
4035:,
4031:,
4027:,
4023:,
4014:,
4010:,
4001:,
3997:,
3993:,
3989:,
3980:,
3961:,
3952:,
3938:,
3929:,
3925:,
3921:,
3917:,
3913:,
3904:,
3900:,
3896:,
3892:,
3888:,
3884:,
3880:,
3876:,
3872:,
3868:,
3864:,
3855:,
3851:,
3847:,
3838:,
3834:,
3830:,
3826:,
3822:,
3818:,
3814:,
3677:,
3673:,
3669:,
3651:,
3647:,
3643:,
3639:,
3635:,
3631:,
3627:,
3623:,
3605:,
3585:,
3581:,
3569:,
3565:,
3561:,
3557:,
3553:,
3549:,
3545:,
3541:,
3537:,
3533:,
3529:,
3525:,
3521:,
3517:,
3513:,
3490:,
3486:,
3482:,
3478:,
3474:,
3455:,
3435:,
3431:,
3419:,
3415:,
3403:,
3399:,
3395:,
3391:,
3387:,
3383:,
3371:,
3367:,
3363:,
3359:,
3355:,
3326::
3317:,
3313::
3304:,
3300::
3291:,
3287:,
3283:,
3279:,
3275:,
3271:,
3267:,
3263:,
3259:,
3255:,
3251:,
3247:,
3245:MC
3243:,
3239:,
3235:,
3231:,
3227:,
3223:,
3219:,
3215:,
3211:,
3207:,
3203:,
3191:,
3187:,
3183:,
3179:,
3175:,
3171:,
3167:,
3163:,
3159:,
3155:,
3151:,
3147:,
3143:,
3139:,
3135:,
3131:,
3127::
3118:,
3114:,
3110:,
3106:,
3102:,
3083:,
3079:,
3075:,
3071:,
3067:,
3049:,
3045:,
2901::
2860:.
2829:.
2641:,
2445:.
2437:,
2433:,
2429:,
2425:,
2417:,
2413:,
2411:NG
2398::
2331:,
2305:.
2218:.
2202:A
1768:,
1764:,
1760:,
1752:A
1693::
1674:.
1650::
1638::
1599:,
1595::
1586:.
1551:.
1496:,
1490:,
1354:,
1327:.
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922:.
882:.
817:,
772:.
693:.
658:,
654:,
650:,
646:,
628:,
551:.
343:,
278:.
251:.
193:,
151:,
147:,
5853:e
5846:t
5839:v
5424:e
5417:t
5410:v
5123:.
5097:.
5011:.
4981:.
4883:.
4858:.
4838::
4830::
4803:.
4789::
4731:.
4705:.
4654:.
4574:.
4544:.
4519:.
4492:.
4462:.
4417:.
4405::
4397::
4387::
4381:8
4360:.
4335:.
4297:.
4257:.
4184:.
4159:.
3508::
2869:(
2721:S
2715:N
2705:L
2699:K
2693:J
2687:H
2681:G
2668:F
2658:E
2652:D
2631:C
2625:B
2619:A
2078:N
1630:)
1387:)
1385:Ω
1179:s
1175:x
1171:K
1164:s
1160:K
1155:3
1152:x
1148:K
1133:.
1080:.
1078:E
1015:.
998:.
974:2
970:2
968:)
966:3
958:3
950:2
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639:2
632:2
625:2
520:(
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470:(
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444:·
437:·
430:·
403:.
98:)
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65:.
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