1261:. In order to prevent obesity, it is recommended that individuals adhere to a consistent exercise regimen as well as a nutritious and balanced diet. A healthy individual should aim for acquiring 10% of their energy from proteins, 15-20% from fat, and over 50% from complex carbohydrates, while avoiding alcohol as well as foods high in fat, salt, and sugar. Sedentary adults should aim for at least half an hour of moderate-level daily physical activity and eventually increase to include at least 20 minutes of intense exercise, three times a week. Preventive health care offers many benefits to those that chose to participate in taking an active role in the culture. The medical system in our society is geared toward curing acute symptoms of disease after the fact that they have brought us into the emergency room. An ongoing epidemic within American culture is the prevalence of obesity. Healthy eating and regular exercise play a significant role in reducing an individual's risk for type 2 diabetes. A 2008 study concluded that about 23.6 million people in the United States had diabetes, including 5.7 million that had not been diagnosed. 90 to 95 percent of people with diabetes have
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coverage, insurance market reforms, better quality, and the forecast of efficiency and costs. Under the insurance market reforms the act required that insurance companies no longer exclude people with pre-existing conditions, allow for children to be covered on their parents' plan until the age of 26, and expand appeals that dealt with reimbursement denials. The
Affordable Care Act also banned the limited coverage imposed by health insurances, and insurance companies were to include coverage for preventive health care services. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force has categorized and rated preventive health services as either A or B, as to which insurance companies must comply and present full coverage. Not only has the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force provided graded preventive health services that are appropriate for coverage, they have also provided many recommendations to clinicians and insurers to promote better preventive care to ultimately provide better quality of care and lower the burden of costs.
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lost economic output. They are also among the top ten leading causes of mortality. Chronic diseases are driven by risk factors that are largely preventable. Sub-analysis performed on all deaths in the United States in 2000 revealed that almost half were attributed to preventable behaviors including tobacco, poor diet, physical inactivity and alcohol consumption. More recent analysis reveals that heart disease and cancer alone accounted for nearly 46% of all deaths. Modifiable risk factors are also responsible for a large morbidity burden, resulting in poor quality of life in the present and loss of future life earning years. It is further estimated that by 2023, focused efforts on the prevention and treatment of chronic disease may result in 40 million fewer chronic disease cases, potentially reducing treatment costs by $ 220 billion.
407:, in the 1940s, Hugh R. Leavell and E. Gurney Clark coined the term primary prevention. They worked at the Harvard and Columbia University Schools of Public Health, respectively, and later expanded the levels to include secondary and tertiary prevention. Goldston (1987) notes that these levels might be better described as "prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation", although the terms primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention are still in use today. The concept of primal prevention has been created much more recently, in relation to the new developments in molecular biology over the last fifty years, more particularly in epigenetics, which point to the paramount importance of environmental conditions, both physical and affective, on the organism during its fetal and newborn life, or so-called primal period of life.
1759:, applied nationally and administered at the state level (SSB), 2. elimination of the tax deductibility of advertising costs of TV advertisements for "nutritionally poor" foods and beverages seen by children and adolescents (TV AD), 3. state policy requiring all public elementary schools in which physical education (PE) is currently provided to devote ≥50% of PE class time to moderate and vigorous physical activity (Active PE), and 4. state policy to make early child educational settings healthier by increasing physical activity, improving nutrition, and reducing screen time (ECE)." The CHOICES found that SSB, TV AD, and ECE led to net cost savings. Both SSB and TV AD increased quality adjusted life years and produced yearly tax revenue of 12.5 billion U.S. dollars and 80 million U.S. dollars, respectively.
1456:(CDC) recommends several primary prevention methods including: limiting sun exposure between 10 AM and 4 PM, when the sun is strongest, wearing tighter-weave natural cotton clothing, wide-brim hats, and sunglasses as protective covers, using sunscreens that protect against both UV-A and UV-B rays, and avoiding tanning salons. Sunscreen should be reapplied after sweating, exposure to water (through swimming for example) or after several hours of sun exposure. Since skin cancer is very preventable, the CDC recommends school-level prevention programs including preventive curricula, family involvement, participation and support from the school's health services, and partnership with community, state, and national agencies and organizations to keep children away from excessive UV radiation exposure.
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cities, including
Philadelphia, a sugary food tax is employed. This is a part of an amendment to Title 19 of the Philadelphia Code, "Finance, Taxes and Collections", Chapter 19-4100, Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax that was approved 2016, which establishes an excise tax of $ 0.015 per fluid ounce on distributors of beverages sweetened with both caloric and non-caloric sweeteners. Distributors are required to file a return with the department, and the department can collect taxes, among other responsibilities. These policies can be a source of tax credits. Under the Philadelphia policy, businesses can apply for tax credits with the revenue department on a first-come, first-served basis. This applies until the total amount of credits for a particular year reaches one million dollars.
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preventive services. Policy actions and provision of preventive services do not guarantee utilization. Reimbursement has remained a significant barrier to adoption due to variances in payer and state level reimbursement policies and guidelines through government and commercial payers. Americans use preventive services at about half the recommended rate and cost-sharing, such as deductibles, co-insurance, or copayments, also reduce the likelihood that preventive services will be used. Despite the ACA's enhancement of
Medicare benefits and preventive services, there were no effects on preventive service utilization, calling out the fact that other fundamental barriers exist.
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people. Common barriers to accessing and utilizing healthcare resources included lack of income and education, language barriers, and lack of health insurance. Minorities were less likely than whites to possess health insurance, as were individuals who completed less education. These disparities made it more difficult for the disadvantaged groups to have regular access to a primary care provider, receive immunizations, or receive other types of medical care. Additionally, uninsured people tend to not seek care until their diseases progress to chronic and serious states and they are also more likely to forgo necessary tests, treatments, and filling prescription medications.
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smokers and the annual death toll is over 1 million. Recommended actions to reduce tobacco use include decreasing tobacco supply, increasing tobacco taxes, widespread educational campaigns, decreasing advertising from the tobacco industry, and increasing tobacco cessation support resources. In Wuhan, China, a 1998 school-based program implemented an anti-tobacco curriculum for adolescents and reduced the number of regular smokers, though it did not significantly decrease the number of adolescents who initiated smoking. This program was therefore effective in secondary but not primary prevention and shows that school-based programs have the potential to reduce tobacco use.
1566:, and is a global health priority needing a global response. Initiatives include the establishment of the International Research Network on Dementia Prevention (IRNDP) which aims to link researchers in this field globally, and the establishment of the Global Dementia Observatory a web-based data knowledge and exchange platform, which will collate and disseminate key dementia data from members states. Although there is no cure for dementia, it is well established that modifiable risk factors influence both the likelihood of developing dementia and the age at which it is developed. Dementia can be prevented by reducing the risk factors for vascular disease such as
507:, points to how much affective as well as physical environment during fetal and newborn life may determine adult health. This way of promoting health consists mainly in providing future parents with pertinent, unbiased information on primal health and supporting them during their child's primal period of life (i.e., "from conception to first anniversary" according to definition by the Primal Health Research Centre, London). This includes adequate parental leave, ideally for both parents, with kin caregiving and financial help where needed.
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savings from postponing the last year of life, which makes up a large fraction of lifetime medical expenditures and becomes cheaper with age. Prevention leads to savings only if the cost of the preventive measure is less than the savings from avoiding morbidity net of the cost of extending the life span. In order to establish reliable economics of prevention for illnesses that are complicated in origin, knowing how best to assess prevention efforts, i.e. developing useful measures and appropriate scope, is required.
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among Asian
Americans compared to non-Hispanic whites. Current U.S. population projections predict that more than half of Americans will belong to a minority group by 2044. Without targeted preventive interventions, medical costs from chronic disease inequities will become unsustainable. Broadening health policies designed to improve delivery of preventive services for minority populations may help reduce substantial medical costs caused by inequities in health care, resulting in a return on investment.
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functions of an already disabled patient. Goals of tertiary prevention include: preventing pain and damage, halting progression and complications from disease, and restoring the health and functions of the individuals affected by disease. For syphilitic patients, rehabilitation includes measures to prevent complete disability from the disease, such as implementing work-place adjustments for the blind and paralyzed or providing counseling to restore normal daily functions to the greatest extent possible.
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stock that provides direct utility. Health depreciates with age and the aging process can be countered through health investments. The theory further supports that individuals demand good health, that the demand for health investment is a derived demand (i.e. investment is health is due to the underlying demand for good health), and the efficiency of the health investment process increases with knowledge (i.e. it is assumed that the more educated are more efficient consumers and producers of health).
1068:. About 40% of these deaths occurred in neonates (children ages 1–28 days) due to pre-term birth complications. The highest number of child deaths occurred in Africa and Southeast Asia. As of 2015 in Africa, almost no progress has been made in reducing neonatal death since 1990. In 2010, India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, and China contributed to almost 50% of global child deaths. Targeting efforts in these countries is essential to reducing the global child death rate.
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1955:(QALYs) saved. A QALY takes into account length and quality of life, and is used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of medical and preventive interventions. Classically, one year of perfect health is defined as 1 QALY and a year with any degree of less than perfect health is assigned a value between 0 and 1 QALY. As an economic weighting system, the QALY can be used to inform personal decisions, to evaluate preventive interventions and to set priorities for future preventive efforts.
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physicians than high-income countries. In
Nigeria and Myanmar, there are fewer than 4 physicians per 100,000 people while Norway and Switzerland have a ratio that is ten-fold higher. Common barriers worldwide include lack of availability of health services and healthcare providers in the region, great physical distance between the home and health service facilities, high transportation costs, high treatment costs, and social norms and stigma toward accessing certain health services.
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the most commonly used skin protection. However, many adolescents purposely used sunscreen with a low sun protection factor (SPF) in order to get a tan. Various
Australian studies have shown that many adults failed to use sunscreen correctly; many applied sunscreen well after their initial sun exposure and/or failed to reapply when necessary. A 2002 case-control study in Brazil showed that only 3% of case participants and 11% of control participants used sunscreen with SPF >15.
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cost-effective. These include screenings for HIV and chlamydia, cancers of the colon, breast and cervix, vision screening, and screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms in men >60 in certain populations. Alcohol and tobacco screening were found to be cost-saving in some reviews and cost-effective in others. According to the RWJF analysis, two preventive interventions were found to save costs in all reviews: childhood immunizations and counseling adults on the use of aspirin.
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3519:; Bathan, Glynda; Bose-O'Reilly, Stephan; Brauer, Michael; Caravanos, Jack; Chiles, Tom; Cohen, Aaron; Corra, Lilian; Cropper, Maureen; Ferraro, Greg; Hanna, Jill; Hanrahan, David; Hu, Howard; Hunter, David; Janata, Gloria; Kupka, Rachael; Lanphear, Bruce; Lichtveld, Maureen; Martin, Keith; Mustapha, Adetoun; Sanchez-Triana, Ernesto; Sandilya, Karti; Schaefli, Laura; Shaw, Joseph; Seddon, Jessica; Suk, William; Téllez-Rojo, Martha María; Yan, Chonghuai (May 2022).
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complications and disabilities from the disease. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment for a syphilis patient would include a course of antibiotics to destroy the pathogen and screening and treatment of any infants born to syphilitic mothers. Disability limitation for syphilitic patients includes continued check-ups on the heart, cerebrospinal fluid, and central nervous system of patients to curb any damaging effects such as blindness or paralysis.
310:, identify risk factors for disease, discuss tips for a healthy and balanced lifestyle, stay up to date with immunizations and boosters, and maintain a good relationship with a healthcare provider. In pediatrics, some common examples of primary prevention are encouraging parents to turn down the temperature of their home water heater in order to avoid scalding burns, encouraging children to wear bicycle helmets, and suggesting that people use the
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mortality in these nations. This is likely due to low quality, inefficient testing. However, Puerto Rico, which has offered early screening since the 1960s, has witnessed almost a 50% decline in cervical cancer incidence and almost a four-fold decrease in mortality between 1950 and 1990. Brazil, Peru, India, and several high-risk nations in sub-Saharan Africa which lack organized screening programs, have a high incidence of cervical cancer.
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interventions. They argue that while many treatments of existing diseases involve use of advanced equipment and technology, in some cases, this is a more efficient use of resources than attempts to prevent the disease. Cohen suggested that the preventive measures most worth exploring and investing in are those that could benefit a large portion of the population to bring about cumulative and widespread health benefits at a reasonable cost.
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attendance. However, only 18 states allow exemptions for "philosophical or moral reasons." Diseases for which vaccinations form part of the standard ACIP vaccination schedule are diphtheria tetanus pertussis (whooping cough), poliomyelitis (polio), measles, mumps, rubella, haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, influenza, and pneumococcal infections. The CDC website maintains such schedules.
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advertise only foods that meet certain nutritional criteria to children under 12 years old. This is a self-regulated program with policies written by the
Council of Better Business Bureaus. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation funded research to test the efficacy of the CFBAI. The results showed progress in terms of decreased advertising of food products that target children and adolescents.
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quality of life in the present, and as an investment good because of its potential to increase attendance and workplace productivity over time. Preventive health behaviors such as healthful diet, regular exercise, access to and use of well-care, avoiding tobacco, and limiting alcohol can be viewed as health inputs that result in both a healthier workforce and substantial cost savings.
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health benefits even if the measures do not save money. Furthermore, preventive health services are often described as one entity though they comprise a myriad of different services, each of which can individually lead to net costs, savings, or neither. Greater differentiation of these services is necessary to fully understand both the financial and health effects.
1859:, works to improve health of Americans by making evidence-based recommendations about clinical preventive services. They do not consider the cost of a preventive service when determining a recommendation. Each year, the organization delivers a report to Congress that identifies critical evidence gaps in research and recommends priority areas for further review.
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disability ($ 21.6 billion), and premature mortality ($ 18.5 billion). Reported estimates of the cost burden due to increasingly high levels of overweight and obese members in the workforce vary, with best estimates suggesting 450 million more missed work days, resulting in $ 153 billion each year in lost productivity, according to the CDC Healthy
Workforce.
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activity (PA), food and beverage, marketing and messaging, healthcare and worksites, and schools) and all sectors of society (including government, business and industry, schools, child care, urban planning, recreation, transportation, media, public health, agriculture, communities, and home) in order for obesity prevention efforts to truly be successful."
1491:. Cervical cytology screening aims to detect abnormal lesions in the cervix so that women can undergo treatment prior to the development of cancer. Given that high quality screening and follow-up care has been shown to reduce cervical cancer rates by up to 80%, most developed countries now encourage sexually active women to undergo a
1657:(ACA) could significantly impact coverage for many Americans as well as "The Prevention and Public Health Fund" which is the U.S. first and only mandatory funding stream dedicated to improving public health including counseling on lifestyle prevention issues, such as weight management, alcohol use, and treatment for
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above. The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention support initiatives such as Health in All Policies and HI-5 (Health Impact in 5 Years), and collaborative efforts that aim to consider prevention across sectors and address social determinants of health as a method of primary prevention for chronic disease.
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vaccination schedule, direct health care costs are reduced by $ 9.9 billion and society saves $ 33.4 billion in indirect costs. The economic benefits of childhood vaccination extend beyond individual patients to insurance plans and vaccine manufacturers, all while improving the health of the population.
2888:, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Bern, CH; Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biologia, Tarapaca, Arica, Chile: Hirslander Group, Lausanne, CH; Botnar Center for Extreme Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, CHUV, Lausanne, CH, and Centre de Procréation Médicalement Assistée, Lausanne, CH, 2012
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Despite nationwide controversies over childhood vaccination and immunization, there are policies and programs at the federal, state, local and school levels outlining vaccination requirements. All states require children to be vaccinated against certain communicable diseases as a condition for school
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is a population level issue that requires population health level efforts and national and state level public policy to effectively prevent, rather than individual level efforts. The United States currently employs many public health policy efforts aligned with the preventive health efforts discussed
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Chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, obesity and cancer have become the most common and costly health problems in the United States. In 2014, it was projected that by 2023 that the number of chronic disease cases would increase by 42%, resulting in $ 4.2 trillion in treatment and
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The
National Network of Perinatal Quality Collaboratives (NNPQC), sponsored by the CDC, supports state-based perinatal quality collaboratives (PQCs) in measuring and improving upon health care and health outcomes for mothers and babies. These PQCs have contributed to improvements such as reduction in
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As of 2009, the cost-effectiveness of preventive care is a highly debated topic. While some economists argue that preventive care is valuable and potentially cost saving, others believe it is an inefficient waste of resources. Preventive care is composed of a variety of clinical services and programs
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interventions in the United States: the Sugar-Sweetened Beverage excise tax (SSB), the TV AD program, active physical education (Active PE) policies, and early care and education (ECE) policies. They each have similar goals of reducing childhood obesity. The effects of these interventions on BMI have
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With lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise rising to the top of preventable death statistics, the economics of healthy lifestyle is a growing concern. There is little question that positive lifestyle choices provide an investment in health throughout life. To gauge success, traditional measures
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These sorts of disparities and barriers exist worldwide as well. Often, there are decades of gaps in life expectancy between developing and developed countries. For example, Japan has an average life expectancy that is 36 years greater than that in Malawi. Low-income countries also tend to have fewer
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in the United States. In the United States, elderly adults (>65 years old) received worse care and had less access to care than their younger counterparts. The same trends are seen when comparing all racial minorities (black, Hispanic, Asian) to white patients, and low-income people to high-income
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is a serious circulatory disease affecting thousands, usually older persons undergoing surgical procedures, women taking oral contraceptives and travelers. The consequences of thrombosis can be heart attacks and strokes. Prevention can include exercise, anti-embolism stockings, pneumatic devices, and
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Cost-saving and cost-effective benefits of preventive care measures are well established. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation evaluated the prevention cost-effectiveness literature, and found that many preventive measures meet the benchmark of <$ 100,000 per QALY and are considered to be favorably
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are required to provide certain preventive care services free of charge to patients. Section 2713 of the Affordable Care Act, specifies that all private Marketplace and all employer-sponsored private plans (except those grandfathered in) are required to cover preventive care services that are ranked
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The prevalence elasticity of demand for prevention can also provide insights into the economics. Demand for preventive care can alter the prevalence rate of a given disease and further reduce or even reverse any further growth of prevalence. Reduction in prevalence subsequently leads to reduction in
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While these specific services bring about small net savings, not every preventive health measure saves more than it costs. A 1970s study showed that preventing heart attacks by treating hypertension early on with drugs actually did not save money in the long run. The money saved by evading treatment
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Developing future economic models that would guide both private and public investments as well as drive future policy to evaluate the efficacy of positive lifestyle choices on health is a major topic for economists globally. Americans spend over three trillion a year on health care but have a higher
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Lung cancer and tobacco smoking are increasing worldwide, especially in China. China is responsible for about one-third of the global consumption and production of tobacco products. Tobacco control policies have been ineffective as China is home to 350 million regular smokers and 750 million passive
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Preventive care transcends demographics and is applicable to people of every age. The Health Capital Theory underpins the importance of preventive care across the lifecycle and provides a framework for understanding the variances in health and health care that are experienced. It treats health as a
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Because in the U.S. chronic illnesses predominate as a cause of death and pathways for treating chronic illnesses are complex and multifaceted, prevention is a best practice approach to chronic disease when possible. In many cases, prevention requires mapping complex pathways to determine the ideal
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is the most common cancer in the United States. The most lethal form of skin cancer, melanoma, leads to over 50,000 annual deaths in the United States. Childhood prevention is particularly important because a significant portion of ultraviolet radiation exposure from the sun occurs during childhood
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The 2011 National Health Interview Survey performed by the Centers for Disease Control was the first national survey to include questions about ability to pay for food. Difficulty with paying for food, medicine, or both is a problem facing 1 out of 3 Americans. If better food options were available
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website describes a federally funded program, Vaccines for Children (VFC), which provides vaccines at no cost to children who might not otherwise be vaccinated because of inability to pay. Additionally, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) is an expert vaccination advisory board
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Policies that address the obesity epidemic should be proactive and far-reaching, including a variety of stakeholders both in healthcare and in other sectors. Recommendations from the Institute of Medicine in 2012 suggest that "concerted action be taken across and within five environments (physical
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Health disparities are increasing in the United States for chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Populations at heightened risk for health inequities are the growing proportion of racial and ethnic minorities, including African Americans, American Indians,
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Most skin cancer and sun protection data comes from Australia and the United States. An international study reported that Australians tended to demonstrate higher knowledge of sun protection and skin cancer knowledge, compared to other countries. Of children, adolescents, and adults, sunscreen was
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and the major underlying cause of lung cancer. Between 25% and 40% of all cancer deaths and about 90% of lung cancer cases are associated with tobacco use. Other carcinogens include asbestos and radioactive materials. Both smoking and second-hand exposure from other smokers can lead to lung cancer
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Child mortality is caused by factors including poverty, environmental hazards, and lack of maternal education. In 2003, the World Health Organization created a list of interventions in the following table that were judged economically and operationally "feasible," based on the healthcare resources
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The general use of machinery that has adequate ventilation and airflow is suggested for these patients in order to halt progression and complications of disease. A study conducted in nursing homes to prevent diseases concluded that the use of evaporative humidifiers to maintain the indoor humidity
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There are dozens of current policies acting at either (or all of) the federal, state, local and school levels. Most states employ a physical education requirement of 150 minutes of physical education per week at school, a policy of the National Association of Sport and Physical Education. In some
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According to the Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH), a national CDC program, non-Hispanic blacks currently have the highest rates of obesity (48%), and risk of newly diagnosed diabetes is 77% higher among non-Hispanic blacks, 66% higher among Hispanics/Latinos and 18% higher
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Research on preventive care addresses the question of whether it is cost saving or cost effective and whether there is an economics evidence base for health promotion and disease prevention. The need for and interest in preventive care is driven by the imperative to reduce health care costs while
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expenditure. Despite the potential for decreasing healthcare spending, utilization of healthcare resources in the United States still remains low, especially among Latinos and African-Americans. Overall, preventive services are difficult to implement because healthcare providers have limited time
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dramatically. There are varying views on what constitutes a "good investment." Some argue that preventive health measures should save more money than they cost, when factoring in treatment costs in the absence of such measures. Others have argued in favor of "good value" or conferring significant
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programs serve as effective sources of secondary prevention. The Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering hospitals conducted annual x-ray screenings and sputum cytology tests and found that lung cancer was detected at higher rates, earlier stages, and had more favorable treatment
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has become a global problem. Low and middle income countries share a majority of the cancer burden largely due to exposure to carcinogens resulting from industrialization and globalization. However, primary prevention of cancer and knowledge of cancer risk factors can reduce over one third of all
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Preventive healthcare is especially important given the worldwide rise in the prevalence of chronic diseases and deaths from these diseases. There are many methods for prevention of disease. One of them is prevention of teenage smoking through information giving. It is recommended that adults and
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Hugh R. Leavell and E. Gurney Clark as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency. Leavell, H. R., & Clark, E. G. (1979). Preventive Medicine for the Doctor in his Community (3rd ed.). Huntington, NY: Robert E. Krieger
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Preventive care services mainly focus on chronic disease. The Congressional Budget Office has provided guidance that further research is needed in the area of the economic impacts of obesity in the U.S. before the CBO can estimate budgetary consequences. A bipartisan report published in May 2015
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of lifestyle changes versus taking the drug metformin. They found that neither method brought about financial savings, but were cost-effective nonetheless because they brought about an increase in QALYs. In addition to scrutinizing costs, preventive healthcare skeptics also examine efficiency of
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and depression. A study concluded that more than a third of dementia cases are theoretically preventable. Among older adults both an unfavorable lifestyle and high genetic risk are independently associated with higher dementia risk. A favorable lifestyle is associated with a lower dementia risk,
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Prevention of tobacco use is paramount to prevention of lung cancer. Individual, community, and statewide interventions can prevent or cease tobacco use. 90% of adults in the U.S. who have ever smoked did so prior to the age of 20. In-school prevention/educational programs, as well as counseling
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Evaluating the incremental benefits of preventive care requires a longer period of time when compared to acutely ill patients. Inputs into the model such as discounting rate and time horizon can have significant effects on the results. One controversial subject is use of a 10-year time frame to
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can reduce morbidity or mortality with low cost or cost savings. Specifically, health assessments/screenings have cost savings potential, with varied cost-effectiveness based on screening and assessment type. Inadequate prenatal care can lead to an increased risk of prematurity, stillbirth, and
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of breast and colorectal cancers had the most potential to prevent premature death. Preventive health measures that resulted in savings included vaccinating children and adults, smoking cessation, daily use of aspirin, and screening for issues with alcoholism, obesity, and vision failure. These
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and thereby increasing opportunities for illness. In order to assess the cost-effectiveness of prevention, the cost of the preventive measure, savings from avoiding morbidity, and the cost from extending the lifespan need to be considered. Life extension costs become smaller when accounting for
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Legislation can also affect smoking prevention and cessation. In 1992, Massachusetts (United States) voters passed a bill adding an extra 25 cent tax to each pack of cigarettes, despite intense lobbying and $ 7.3 million spent by the tobacco industry to oppose this bill. Tax revenue goes toward
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The health capital model explains how individual investments in health can increase earnings by "increasing the number of healthy days available to work and to earn income." In this context, health can be treated both as a consumption good, wherein individuals desire health because it improves
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only amounted to about a quarter of the cost of the drugs. Similarly, it was found that the cost of drugs or dietary changes to decrease high blood cholesterol exceeded the cost of subsequent heart disease treatment. Due to these findings, some argue that rather than focusing healthcare reform
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In developing nations in Latin America, such as Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Cuba, both public and privately organized programs have offered women routine cytological screening since the 1970s. However, these efforts have not resulted in a significant change in cervical cancer incidence or
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Finally, tertiary prevention attempts to reduce the damage caused by symptomatic disease by focusing on mental, physical, and social rehabilitation. Unlike secondary prevention, which aims to prevent disability, the objective of tertiary prevention is to maximize the remaining capabilities and
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Recently, advertisements for food and beverages directed at children have received much attention. The Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI) is a self-regulatory program of the food industry. Each participating company makes a public pledge that details its commitment to
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The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as just the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare, was passed and became law in the United States on March 23, 2010. The finalized and newly ratified law was to address many issues in the U.S. healthcare system, which included expansion of
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The economic consequences of childhood obesity are both short and long term. In the short term, obesity impairs cognitive achievement and academic performance. Some believe this is secondary to negative effects on mood or energy, but others suggest there may be physiological factors involved.
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outlined a few arguments made by skeptics of preventive healthcare. Many argue that preventive measures only cost less than future treatment when the proportion of the population that would become ill in the absence of prevention is fairly large. The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
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found that exposure to long working hours is the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease, i.e. an estimated 745,000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events in 2016. With this study, prevention of exposure to long working hours has emerged as a
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Telehealth and telemedicine has realized significant growth and development recently. The Center for Connected Health Policy (The National Telehealth Policy Resource Center) has produced multiple reports and policy briefs on the topic of Telehealth and Telemedicine and how they contribute to
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of a disease or injury whereas secondary prevention aims to detect and treat a disease early on. Secondary prevention consists of "early diagnosis and prompt treatment" to contain the disease and prevent its spread to other individuals, and "disability limitation" to prevent potential future
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According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), medical costs for employees with diabetes are twice as high as for workers without diabetes and are caused by work-related absenteeism ($ 5 billion), reduced productivity at work ($ 20.8 billion), inability to work due to illness-related
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Childhood immunizations are largely responsible for the increase in life expectancy in the 20th century. From an economic standpoint, childhood vaccines demonstrate a very high return on investment. According to Healthy People 2020, for every birth cohort that receives the routine childhood
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Scientific advancements in genetics have contributed to the knowledge of hereditary diseases and have facilitated progress in specific protective measures in individuals who are carriers of a disease gene or have an increased predisposition to a specific disease. Genetic testing has allowed
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has described it "all population-level actions and measures that inhibit the emergence and establishment of adverse environmental, economic, and social conditions". This could be reducing air pollution or prohibiting endocrine-disrupting chemicals in food-handling equipment and food contact
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Healthcare insurance companies are willing to pay for preventive care despite the fact that patients are not acutely sick in hope that it will prevent them from developing a chronic disease later on in life. Today, health insurance plans offered through the Marketplace, mandated by the
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every 3–5 years. Finland and Iceland have developed effective organized programs with routine monitoring and have managed to significantly reduce cervical cancer mortality while using fewer resources than unorganized, opportunistic programs such as those in the United States or Canada.
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There are benefits and trade-offs when considering investment in preventive care versus other types of clinical services. Preventive care can be a good investment as supported by the evidence base and can drive population health management objectives. The concepts of cost saving and
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The burden of preventable illness extends beyond the healthcare sector, incurring costs related to lost productivity among workers in the workforce. Indirect costs related to poor health behaviors and associated chronic disease costs U.S. employers billions of dollars each year.
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In the CHOICES, it was noted that translating the effects of these interventions may in fact differ among communities throughout the nation. In addition it was suggested that limited outcomes are studied and these interventions may have an additional effect that is not fully
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is an area with restricted access to healthy foods due to a lack of supermarkets within a reasonable distance. These are often low-income neighborhoods with the majority of residents lacking transportation. There have been several grassroots movements since 1995 to encourage
1755:(2015) states: "The four initial interventions were selected by the investigators to represent a broad range of nationally scalable strategies to reduce childhood obesity using a mix of both policy and programmatic strategies... 1. an excise tax of $ 0.01 per ounce of
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In 2010, 7.6 million children died before reaching the age of 5. While this is a decrease from 9.6 million in 2000, it was still far from the fourth Millennium Development Goal to decrease child mortality by two-thirds by 2015. Of these deaths, about 64% were due to
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of prevention is achievable, but impacted by the length of time it takes to see effects/outcomes of intervention. This makes prevention efforts difficult to fund—particularly in strained financial contexts. Prevention potentially creates other costs as well, due to
559:. Health-promotional activities do not target a specific disease or condition but rather promote health and well-being on a very general level. On the other hand, specific protection targets a type or group of diseases and complements the goals of health promotion.
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infant death. Time is the ultimate resource and preventive care can help mitigate the time costs. Telehealth and telemedicine is one option that has gained consumer interest, acceptance, and confidence and can improve quality of care and patient satisfaction.
3627:"Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000-2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury"
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Taylor WC, Pass TM, Shepard DS, Komaroff AL. Cost effectiveness of cholesterol reduction for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease in men. In: Goldbloom RB, Lawrence RS, eds. Preventing disease: beyond the rhetoric. New York: Springer-Verlag,
590:, using vacant lots to grow food cultivated by local residents. Mobile fresh markets are another resource for residents in a "food desert", which are specially outfitted buses bringing affordable fresh fruits and vegetables to low-income neighborhoods.
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in the United States is tobacco; however, poor diet and lack of exercise may soon surpass tobacco as a leading cause of death. These behaviors are modifiable and public health and prevention efforts could make a difference to reduce these deaths.
1748:(CEA) has led to a better understanding of projected cost reductions and improved health outcomes. The Childhood Obesity Intervention Cost-Effectiveness Study (CHOICES) was conducted to evaluate and compare the CEA of these four interventions.
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regardless of genetic risk. In 2020, a study identified 12 modifiable lifestyle factors, and the early treatment of acquired hearing loss was estimated as the most significant of these factors, potentially preventing up to 9% of dementia cases.
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based on the evidence that epigenetic processes start at conception (see below: Primal and primordial preventions). Primordial prevention refers to measures designed to avoid the development of risk factors in the first place, early in life.
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cost-effectiveness are different and both are relevant to preventive care. Preventive care that may not save money may still provide health benefits; thus, there is a need to compare interventions relative to impact on health and cost.
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Modeling outcomes in such interventions in children over the long term is challenging because advances in medicine and medical technology are unpredictable. The projections from cost-effective analysis may need to be reassessed more
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and medical screenings are also important. Using PPE properly and getting the recommended vaccines and screenings can help decrease the spread of respiratory diseases, protecting the healthcare workers as well as their patients.
6174:
Partridge S, Balayla J, Holcroft CA, Abenhaim HA (November 2012). "Inadequate prenatal care utilization and risks of infant mortality and poor birth outcome: a retrospective analysis of 28,729,765 U.S. deliveries over 8 years".
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in 2015 was 2.9 years, substantially more than, for example, 0.3 years from all forms of direct violence, albeit a significant fraction of the LLE is considered to be unavoidable (such as pollution from some natural wildfires).
1634:, and a higher rate of diabetes than other high-income nations because of negative lifestyle choices. Despite these large costs, very little is spent on prevention for lifestyle-caused conditions in comparison. In 2016, the
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disease from progressing to symptomatic disease. Certain diseases can be classified as primary or secondary. This depends on definitions of what constitutes a disease, though, in general, primary prevention addresses the
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A or B by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force free of charge to patients. UnitedHealthcare insurance company has published patient guidelines at the beginning of the year explaining their preventive care coverage.
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before having unprotected sex, receiving regular STI screenings, to both receive treatment and prevent spreading STIs to partners, and, specifically for HIV, regularly taking prophylactic antiretroviral drugs, such as
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and infrastructure in 42 nations that contribute to 90% of all infant and child deaths. The table indicates how many infant and child deaths could have been prevented in 2000, assuming universal healthcare coverage.
258:, and are dynamic processes that begin before individuals realize they are affected. Disease prevention relies on anticipatory actions that can be categorized as primal, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, Perin J, Scott S, Lawn JE, et al. (June 2012). "Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000".
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Katz, D., & Ather, A. (2009). Preventive Medicine, Integrative Medicine & The Health of The Public. Commissioned for the IOM Summit on Integrative Medicine and the Health of the Public. Retrieved from
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Each year, millions of people die of preventable causes. A 2004 study showed that about half of all deaths in the United States in 2000 were due to preventable behaviors and exposures. Leading causes included
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Preventive healthcare strategies are described as taking place at the primal, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention levels. Although advocated as preventive medicine in the early twentieth century by
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Food is the most basic tool in preventive health care. Poor nutrition is linked to various chronic illnesses. Because of this, having a healthy diet and proper nutrition can be used to prevent illnesses.
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authors estimated that if usage of these services in the United States increased to 90% of the population, there would be net savings of $ 3.7 billion, which comprised only about -0.2% of the total 2006
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Methods to reduce the harm of symptomatic disease, such as disability or death, through rehabilitation and treatment. Examples include surgical procedures that halt the spread or progression of disease.
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Jensen GA, Salloum RG, Hu J, Ferdows NB, Tarraf W (July 2015). "A slow start: Use of preventive services among seniors following the Affordable Care Act's enhancement of Medicare benefits in the U.S".
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Furthermore, obese children have increased health care expenses (e.g. medications, acute care visits). In the long term, obese children tend to become obese adults with associated increased risk for a
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and adolescence and can subsequently lead to skin cancer in adulthood. Furthermore, childhood prevention can lead to the development of healthy habits that continue to prevent cancer for a lifetime.
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Bakos L, Wagner M, Bakos RM, Leite CS, Sperhacke CL, Dzekaniak KS, Gleisner AL (September 2002). "Sunburn, sunscreens, and phenotypes: some risk factors for cutaneous melanoma in southern Brazil".
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costs. There are a number of organizations and policy actions that are relevant when discussing the economics of preventive care services. The evidence base, viewpoints, and policy briefs from the
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Maciosek MV, Coffield AB, Edwards NM, Flottemesch TJ, Goodman MJ, Solberg LI (July 2006). "Priorities among effective clinical preventive services: results of a systematic review and analysis".
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Access to healthcare and preventive health services is unequal, as is the quality of care received. A study conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) revealed
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that informs vaccination policy and guides on-going recommendations to the CDC, incorporating the most up-to-date cost-effectiveness and risk-benefit evidence in its recommendations.
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Hill D, White V, Marks R, Theobald T, Borland R, Roy C (September 1992). "Melanoma prevention: behavioral and nonbehavioral factors in sunburn among an Australian urban population".
1852:(CDC), the ACA makes preventive care affordable and accessible through mandatory coverage of preventive services without a deductible, copayment, coinsurance, or other cost sharing.
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testing. Lifestyle changes that may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer include increasing consumption of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and reducing consumption of red meat.
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1844:(USPSTF) all provide examples that improve the health and well-being of populations (e.g. preventive health assessments/screenings, prenatal care, and telehealth/telemedicine). The
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Goldman L, Weinstein MC, Goldman PA, Williams LW (March 1991). "Cost-effectiveness of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition for primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease".
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Maciosek MV, Coffield AB, Flottemesch TJ, Edwards NM, Solberg LI (September 2010). "Greater use of preventive services in U.S. health care could save lives at little or no cost".
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876:. There are a few differences between the two, such as malnutrition, pollution, and unsafe sanitation, that reflect health disparities between the developing and developed world.
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Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ (May 2006). "Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data".
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3397:"Anesthesiologist behavior and anesthesia machine use in the operating room during the COVID-19 pandemic: awareness and changes to cope with the risk of infection transmission"
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1848:(ACA) has major influence on the provision of preventive care services, although it is currently under heavy scrutiny and review by the new administration. According to the
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within the range 40–60% can reduce respiratory risk. Certain diseases thrive in different humidities, so the use of the humidifiers can help kill the particles of diseases.
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including annual doctor's check-ups, annual immunizations, and wellness programs; recent models show that these simple interventions can have significant economic impacts.
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Cantor, Amy G.; Jungbauer, Rebecca M.; Totten, Annette M.; Tilden, Ellen L.; Holmes, Rebecca; Ahmed, Azrah; Wagner, Jesse; Hermesch, Amy C.; McDonagh, Marian S. (2022).
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Barrett JL, Gortmaker SL, Long MW, Ward ZJ, Resch SC, Moodie ML, et al. (July 2015). "Cost Effectiveness of an Elementary School Active Physical Education Policy".
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was "responsible for approximately 9 million deaths per year" in 2019. And another study concluded that the global mean loss of life expectancy (a measure similar to
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7599:
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628:, became mainstream upon the discovery of infectious disease agents and have decreased the rates of communicable diseases which are spread in unsanitary conditions.
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Centers for Disease Control Prevention (October 2011). "Health plan implementation of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force A and B recommendations--Colorado, 2010".
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practices. STIs can be asymptomatic, or cause a range of symptoms. Preventive measures for STIs are called prophylactics. The term especially applies to the use of
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10669:
4938:"Disparities in Healthcare Quality Among Racial and Ethnic Groups: Selected Findings from the 2011 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Reports. Fact Sheet"
1414:(NRT), hypnosis, and self-motivated behavioral change. Studies have shown long term success rates (>1 year) of 20% for hypnosis and 10%-20% for group therapy.
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Folland, S., Goodman, A.C., & Stano, M. (2016). Demand for Health Capital. The Economics of Health and Healthcare, 7th ed. (p. 130). New York, NY: Routledge.
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5899:
Wright DR, Kenney EL, Giles CM, Long MW, Ward ZJ, Resch SC, et al. (July 2015). "Modeling the Cost Effectiveness of Child Care Policy Changes in the U.S".
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cancer cases. Primary prevention of cancer can also prevent other diseases, both communicable and non-communicable, that share common risk factors with cancer.
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Primordial prevention refers to all measures designed to prevent the development of risk factors in the first place, early in life, and even preconception, as
4682:
4538:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
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Health insurance coverage impacts lifestyle choices, even intermittent loss of coverage had negative effects on healthy choices in the U.S. The repeal of the
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deliveries before 39 weeks, reductions in healthcare associated bloodstream infections, and improvements in the utilization of antenatal corticosteroids.
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recognizes the potential of preventive care to improve patients' health at individual and population levels while decreasing the healthcare expenditure.
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improving quality of care and the patient experience. Preventive care can lead to improved health outcomes and cost savings potential. Services such as
9048:
6004:
Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Byers T (March 1993). "Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature".
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Chou CP, Li Y, Unger JB, Xia J, Sun P, Guo Q, et al. (April 2006). "A randomized intervention of smoking for adolescents in urban Wuhan, China".
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581:, soup kitchens, and other resources for low-income people, obesity and the chronic conditions that come along with it would be better controlled. A
314:(AQI) to check the level of pollution in the outside air before engaging in sporting activities. Some common disease screenings include checking for
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such as diabetes or hypertension. Any effect on their cognitive development may also affect their contributions to society and socioeconomic status.
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394:. However, these measures are not affordable for every individual and the cost effectiveness of preventive healthcare is still a topic of debate.
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Gofrit ON, Shemer J, Leibovici D, Modan B, Shapira SC. Quaternary prevention: a new look at an old challenge. Isr Med Assoc J. 2000;2(7):498-500.
511:
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Galama TJ, van Kippersluis H (2013). "Health Inequalities through the Lens of Health-Capital Theory: Issues, Solutions, and Future Directions".
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Carrillo JE, Carrillo VA, Perez HR, Salas-Lopez D, Natale-Pereira A, Byron AT (May 2011). "Defining and targeting health care access barriers".
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Thrul J, Bühler A, Herth FJ (2014). "Prevention of teenage smoking through negative information giving, a cluster randomized controlled trial".
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Methods to mitigate or avoid results of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system, including potential violations of rights.
67:
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5017:"Addressing access barriers to health services: an analytical framework for selecting appropriate interventions in low-income Asian countries"
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5765:"The 10-year cost-effectiveness of lifestyle intervention or metformin for diabetes prevention: an intent-to-treat analysis of the DPP/DPPOS"
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6220:
Folland, S., Goodman, A., & Stano, M. (2013). The economics of health and health care. (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.
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is globally the second most common cancer in women and the third-most common in men, and the fourth most common cause of cancer death after
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MMWR. Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control
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4997:
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2020:
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Methods to avoid occurrence of disease either through eliminating disease agents or increasing resistance to disease. Examples include
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Schmeiser MD (April 2012). "The impact of long-term participation in the supplemental nutrition assistance program on child obesity".
2215:""New parents" secure a lifelong well-being for their offspring by refusing to be victims of societal stress during its primal period"
1329:, started within 72 hours (optimally less than 1 hour) after exposure to high-risk fluids, can also protect against HIV transmission.
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A 2010 study reported that in the United States, vaccinating children, cessation of smoking, daily prophylactic use of aspirin, and
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5078:"A Monte Carlo simulation approach for estimating the health and economic impact of interventions provided at a student-run clinic"
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Gollwitzer ES, Marsland BJ (November 2015). "Impact of Early-Life Exposures on Immune Maturation and Susceptibility to Disease".
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is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and Europe and is a major cause of death in other countries.
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Gandjour A, Lauterbach KW (July 2005). "Does prevention save costs? Considering deferral of the expensive last year of life".
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efforts exclusively on preventive care, the interventions that bring about the highest level of health should be prioritized.
286:(WHO), about 55 million people died worldwide in 2011, and two-thirds of these died from non-communicable diseases, including
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1018:– or underlying contributors to earlier death – may not be included as "preventable" causes of death. A study concluded that
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There is no general consensus as to whether or not preventive healthcare measures are cost-effective, but they increase the
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624:, sewage treatment, and the development of personal hygienic routines, such as regular hand-washing, safe sex to prevent
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17:
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6819:"Health-Care Cost Projections for Diabetes and other Chronic Diseases: The Current Context and Potential Enhancement"
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6092:
6041:"The cost savings and cost-effectiveness of clinical preventative [sic] care. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation"
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Jones G, Steketee RW, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, Morris SS (July 2003). "How many child deaths can we prevent this year?".
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resources, can help prevent and cease adolescent smoking. Other cessation techniques include group support programs,
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has a significant impact on human health and food quality monitoring has increased. Water, including drinking water,
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Methods to detect and address an existing disease prior to the appearance of symptoms. Examples include treatment of
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are included in standard healthcare as switching from a "typical Western diet" could often extend life by a decade.
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1701:
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Countdown to 2015, decade report (2000–10)—taking stock of maternal, newborn and child survival WHO, Geneva (2010)
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Lelieveld, Jos; Pozzer, Andrea; Pöschl, Ulrich; Fnais, Mohammed; Haines, Andy; Münzel, Thomas (1 September 2020).
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8804:
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Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL (March 2004). "Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000".
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Weinstein MC, Stason WB. "Hypertension: a policy perspective. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976.
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Institute of Medicine (US) Roundtable on Evidence-Based Medicine, Yong PL, Saunders RS, Olsen LA (2010-01-01).
4940:. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. September 2012. AHRQ Publication No. 12-0006-1-EF.
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Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2009). The cost savings and cost-effectiveness of clinical preventive care.
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1304:, which are highly effective at preventing disease, but also to other devices meant to prevent STIs, such as
1265:. Diabetes is the main cause of kidney failure, limb amputation, and new-onset blindness in American adults.
31:
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Harrington SE (1 January 2010). "U. S. Health-care Reform: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act".
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programs were on the rise but the economics and effectiveness data were continuing to evolve and develop.
278:. This same study estimates that 400,000 people die each year in the United States due to poor diet and a
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302:. This is an increase from the year 2000, during which 60% of deaths were attributed to these diseases.)
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Weinstein MC, Stason WB (March 1978). "Economic considerations in the management of mild hypertension".
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children aim to visit their doctor for regular check-ups, even if they feel healthy, to perform disease
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6744:"ACA: Preventive Care Coverage Requirements—Compliancedashboard: Interactive Web-Based Compliance Tool"
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Health Inequalities through the Lens of Health Capital Theory: Issues, Solutions, and Future Directions
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Systemic and Pulmonary Vascular Dysfunction in Children Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technologies
1952:
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79:
7584:"The Nutrition Source – Healthy Living Guide 2020/2021: A Digest on Healthy Eating and Healthy Living"
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Gandjour A (March 2009). "Aging diseases--do they prevent preventive health care from saving costs?".
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6614:"The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: implications for public health policy and practice"
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3570:"Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective"
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4451:"Effective screening programmes for cervical cancer in low- and middle-income developing countries"
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Fan, Sue-Yuan; Khuntia, Sucharita; Ahn, Christine Heera; Zhang, Bing; Tai, Li-Chia (January 2022).
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83:
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Pega F, Náfrádi B, Momen NC, Ujita Y, Streicher KN, Prüss-Üstün AM, et al. (September 2021).
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physicians to make quicker and more accurate diagnoses and has allowed for tailored treatments or
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Hu, Frank; Cheung, Lilian; Otis, Brett; Oliveira, Nancy; Musicus, Aviva, eds. (19 January 2021).
6231:"The Promise of Telehealth For Hospitals, Health Systems and Their Communities, TrendWatch | AHA"
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Black N, Johnston DW, Peeters A (September 2015). "Childhood Obesity and Cognitive Achievement".
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Baicker K, Cutler D, Song Z (February 2010). "Workplace wellness programs can generate savings".
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with patients and must integrate a variety of preventive health measures from different sources.
655:
4243:"Primary prevention of skin cancer: a review of sun protection in Australia and internationally"
2413:"'Be Smart, Don't Start' campaign launched to deter youths from smoking - The Malta Independent"
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The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), a panel of national experts in prevention and
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Leading preventive interventions as of 2003 reducing deaths in children 0–5 years old worldwide
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7000:"The broader economic impact of vaccination: reviewing and appraising the strength of evidence"
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4815:"Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease: an analysis of population-based data"
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3088:"Food is Prevention: The Case for Integrating Food and Nutrition Interventions into Healthcare"
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75:
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Lourida I, Hannon E, Littlejohns TJ, Langa KM, Hyppönen E, Kuzma E, Llewellyn DJ (July 2019).
3282:"Electrochemical Devices to Monitor Ionic Analytes for Healthcare and Industrial Applications"
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assess cost effectiveness of diabetes preventive services by the Congressional Budget Office.
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8523:
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7899:
6847:"Estimating the Effects of Federal Policies Targeting Obesity: Challenges and Research Needs"
5001:
3345:"Infection Prevention Precautions for Routine Anesthesia Care During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic"
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tobacco education and control programs and has led to a decline of tobacco use in the state.
1317:
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527:
and "specific protection". Health promotion activities include prevention strategies such as
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Gortmaker SL, Long MW, Resch SC, Ward ZJ, Cradock AL, Barrett JL, et al. (July 2015).
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conducted a 2012 study evaluating the costs and benefits in quality-adjusted life-years or
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is a major risk factor for a wide variety of conditions including cardiovascular diseases,
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Dieleman JL, Baral R, Birger M, Bui AL, Bulchis A, Chapin A, et al. (December 2016).
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Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).
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3329:. Park Ridge, Illinois: American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology. 2015. pp. 3–25.
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Some challenges with evaluating the effectiveness of child obesity interventions include:
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5817:"Cost Effectiveness of Childhood Obesity Interventions: Evidence and Methods for CHOICES"
4325:
Pincus MW, Rollings PK, Craft AB, Green A (1991). "Sunscreen use on Queensland beaches".
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347:
279:
275:
267:
7100:"Productivity loss due to overweight and obesity: a systematic review of indirect costs"
6998:
Jit M, Hutubessy R, Png ME, Sundaram N, Audimulam J, Salim S, Yoong J (September 2015).
6960:
5680:
5093:
4570:
4295:
4134:"Tobacco smoking in China: prevalence, disease burden, challenges and future strategies"
647:
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5117:
5038:
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4916:
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4834:
4683:"Development of a draft global action plan on the public health response to dementia"
4664:
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7147:
6204:
5704:
5503:
5370:
4980:
4432:
4354:
4311:
4167:
4043:
Risser NL (November 1996). "Prevention of lung cancer: the key is to stop smoking".
3982:
3953:
Vineis P, Wild CP (February 2014). "Global cancer patterns: causes and prevention".
3775:
3713:
3501:
3073:
2398:
10784:
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10690:
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8662:
8637:
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7986:
7927:
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7656:
7351:
7343:
7332:"Obesity Prevention Policies in U.S. States and Localities: Lessons from the Field"
7119:
7111:
7070:
7062:
7021:
7011:
6768:"Preventive Services Covered by Private Health Plans under the Affordable Care Act"
6641:
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5208:
5200:
5159:"US Healthcare reform should focus on prevention efforts to cut skyrocketing costs"
5140:
5107:
5097:
5028:
4960:
4906:
4898:
4826:
4654:
4646:
4635:"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission"
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2531:
2520:"Does preventive care save money? Health economics and the presidential candidates"
2483:
2386:
2351:
2281:
1627:
1531:
1417:
1312:. Other means for preventing STIs include education on how to use condoms or other
944:
528:
524:
426:
387:
5519:"Longevity and health care expenditures: the real reasons older people spend more"
3455:
1337:
Genetically modified mosquitoes are being used in developing countries to control
540:
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7768:
6539:
5912:
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5832:
5636:
5523:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
5102:
3867:
3643:
3361:
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1986:
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1262:
1258:
1219:
548:
383:
375:
7561:
7305:
7115:
6504:
6256:"Telehealth Strategies for the Delivery of Maternal Health Care: A Rapid Review"
6117:
5598:
5135:
Haninger K, Miller W, Rein D, O'Grady M, Yeung JE, Eichner J, McMahon M (2013),
4493:. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. 2014.
4194:
10609:
10551:
10486:
10426:
10411:
10354:
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10186:
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9690:
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8672:
8609:
8594:
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8535:
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8218:
7932:
7917:
7788:
7571:
7533:
7306:"Health Impact in 5 Years | Health System Transformation | AD for Policy | CDC"
6629:
5273:"Intermittent lack of health insurance coverage and use of preventive services"
5057:
3889:
3412:
3240:
2947:
2235:
1671:
1526:
It is also highly preventable; about 80 percent of colorectal cancers begin as
1516:
1468:
1189:
683:
556:
391:
7402:"Philadelphia, Penn., Code tit Chapter 19-4100 (current through Nov. 7, 2017)"
7347:
7016:
5762:
5249:
5144:
3225:"Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions"
3055:
2487:
2355:
1386:
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8142:
7706:
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7681:
7280:
6279:
6102:
5535:
5518:
3792:
Kumanyika S, Jeffery RW, Morabia A, Ritenbaugh C, Antipatis VJ (March 2002).
3593:
3307:
3248:
2911:
2285:
2095:
1981:
1803:
1638:
estimated that $ 101 billion was spent in 2013 on the preventable disease of
1480:
1089:
1027:
873:
643:
363:
319:
299:
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5204:
5033:
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2439:
10011:
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9547:
9397:
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9328:
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8481:
8459:
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8282:
8196:
8019:
7952:
7947:
7853:
7828:
7783:
7365:
7252:"Projections of the Size and Composition of the U.S. Population: 2014–2060"
7193:
7133:
7084:
7035:
6872:"A prevention prescription for improving health and health care in America"
6690:
6655:
6555:
6512:
6359:
6287:
6196:
6188:
6152:
6017:
5990:
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5920:
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5644:
5544:
5445:
5410:
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5222:
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4902:
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4022:
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3819:
3810:
3793:
3767:
3705:
3662:
3611:
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3493:
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3266:
3012:
2971:
2919:
2871:
2676:
2632:
2545:
2495:
2363:
2293:
2105:
1811:
1710:
1571:
1520:
1309:
1254:
923:
893:
687:
460:
444:
440:
379:
331:
315:
224:
44:"Disease control" redirects here. For the same concept in agriculture, see
6445:"Perinatal Quality Collaboratives | Perinatal | Reproductive Health | CDC"
6025:
5749:
5606:
5495:
5288:
4964:
4735:
4389:
4346:
4303:
4113:
4064:
3585:
3143:
2853:
2838:"Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease"
2824:
Maltreated Children: Experience, Brain Development and the Next Generation
2778:
1968:
Hispanics/Latinos, Asian Americans, Alaska Natives and Pacific Islanders.
1618:, show great value. However, that method does not account for the cost of
666:
regulations establish some protection in combination with the monitoring.
10566:
9870:
9815:
9712:
9567:
9542:
9360:
9209:
8906:
8604:
8513:
8476:
7645:
5696:
4080:"An analysis of the successful 1992 Massachusetts tobacco tax initiative"
2667:
2650:
2536:
2519:
2080:
1951:
Health benefits of preventive care measures can be described in terms of
1535:
1512:
1445:
1394:
1305:
1139:
639:
582:
504:
463:(a risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases), and cancer screenings.
359:
30:"Preventive medicine" redirects here. For the peer-reviewed journal, see
6846:
6682:
6637:
6590:
6547:
6144:
5461:""Though much is taken": reflections on aging, health, and medical care"
1734:
9958:
9843:
9810:
9582:
9532:
9517:
9512:
9505:
9490:
9480:
8835:
8557:
7863:
7823:
6399:"A and B Recommendations | United States Preventive Services Taskforce"
5487:
5460:
4095:
1807:
1402:
1355:
1003:
954:
849:
552:
239:
7066:
6668:
5780:
4887:"Association of Lifestyle and Genetic Risk With Incidence of Dementia"
3787:
3785:
10031:
9773:
9768:
9632:
9610:
9485:
9449:
8933:
8752:
8322:
8203:
7858:
7742:
6271:
6136:
5982:
5947:
5402:
3906:
Ecological Aspects for Application of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes
1179:
1061:
1019:
578:
355:
7464:"Trends in Television Food Advertising to Young People: 2016 Update"
5479:
4711:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
1591:
1562:
involves reducing the number of risk factors for the development of
9537:
9314:
8799:
8552:
8186:
8156:
7778:
7732:
7722:
6326:. Research on Economic Inequality. Vol. 21. pp. 263–284.
5585:
Russell LB (July 1993). "The role of prevention in health reform".
4813:
Norton S, Matthews FE, Barnes DE, Yaffe K, Brayne C (August 2014).
3782:
2948:"Children׳s Environmental Health-The Role of Primordial Prevention"
2560:
Concepts of primary prevention: A framework for program development
1563:
1492:
1297:
1289:
1057:
797:
371:
351:
291:
271:
220:
208:
154:
6067:"Promoting health, preventing disease: Is there an economic case?"
6066:
5622:
5189:"US Spending on Personal Health Care and Public Health, 1996-2013"
5076:
Arenas DJ, Lett LA, Klusaritz H, Teitelman AM (28 December 2017).
3036:"The Importance of Healthy Living and Defining Lifestyle Medicine"
2809:
2473:
1646:. In an effort to encourage healthy lifestyle choices, as of 2010
880:
Leading causes of preventable death worldwide as of the year 2001
731:
Leading causes of preventable deaths in the United States in 2000
10143:
10016:
9476:
9444:
9337:
8471:
7942:
7838:
7727:
7485:"State Mandates on Immunization and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases"
7484:
7208:"Cost Savings and Cost-Effectiveness of Clinical Preventive Care"
7182:"Cost savings and cost-effectiveness of clinical preventive care"
4633:
Livingston G, Huntley J, Sommerlad A, et al. (August 2020).
4617:
3791:
3514:
3343:
Bowdle A, Jelacic S, Shishido S, Munoz-Price LS (November 2020).
2344:
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
1575:
1527:
1421:
outcomes, which supports widespread investment in such programs.
1398:
1338:
1322:
1250:
1065:
958:
670:
448:
243:
8111:
7566:
6173:
4950:
3846:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
3798:
International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders
3342:
2757:
Patterson C, Chambers LW (June 1995). "Preventive health care".
1870:
1341:. This approach has been subject to objections and controversy.
1332:
425:
Primal prevention has been propounded as a separate category of
10466:
8766:
7773:
7591:
5727:
5137:
A Review and Analysis of Economic Models of Prevention Benefits
5015:
Jacobs B, Ir P, Bigdeli M, Annear PL, Van Damme W (July 2012).
3323:
Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines for Anesthesia Care
3168:
1714:
1441:
An image of melanoma, one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer
1437:
1374:
1301:
287:
212:
7614:
4448:
2214:
2204:
1472:
The presence of cancer (adenocarcinoma) detected on a Pap test
10627:
8928:
7048:
5763:
The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (April 2012).
5559:"Obesity and the Economics of Prevention | OECD READ edition"
5344:(ASPA), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (2013-06-10).
5134:
4884:
2835:
1479:
ranks among the top three most common cancers among women in
6975:"Immunization and Infectious Diseases | Healthy People 2020"
6902:
Chatterjee A, Kubendran S, King J, DeVol R (February 2014).
6901:
5075:
4880:
4878:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4759:
4282:
Broadstock M (March 1991). "Sun protection at the cricket".
4241:
Stanton WR, Janda M, Baade PD, Anderson P (September 2004).
2836:
Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thornburg KL (July 2008).
2209:
2207:
1792:
1538:. Other methods of screening for polyps and cancers include
9283:
9054:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
8860:
7576:
7534:"Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) | CDC"
7281:"Health in All Policies | AD for Policy and Strategy | CDC"
6253:
2271:
1727:
1488:
1230:
Antimalarial intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy
1119:
10112:
6310:
The Synthesis Project: New Insights from Research Results.
6003:
4861:"WHO Media centre fact sheets: Dementia. Fact sheet N°362"
4632:
3567:
1608:
1043:
priority for prevention healthcare in workplace settings.
7572:
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
6526:
Fein O (September 2010). "Keep the single payer vision".
4875:
4812:
4801:
4240:
3471:
2934:
Why Silicon Valley's Paid Leave Policies Need to Go Viral
1911:
1293:
386:
can also be performed to screen for mutations that cause
339:
6720:"Affordable Care Act Implementation FAQs - Set 12 | CMS"
6115:
5863:
4483:
4324:
3745:
3223:
Longo, Valter D.; Anderson, Rozalyn M. (28 April 2022).
2952:
Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care
2330:
Smoking is Critical to Our Health. Be Smart, Don't Start
390:
or predisposition to certain diseases such as breast or
227:
against diseases is a key preventive healthcare measure.
7440:"Children's Food & Beverage Advertising Initiative"
6997:
6116:
Hackl F, Halla M, Hummer M, Pruckner GJ (August 2015).
6085:
Promoting health, preventing disease: the economic case
5468:
The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society
4760:"International Research Network on Dementia Prevention"
4535:
7567:
Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC)
6490:
6423:"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force - Annual Reports"
5814:
5186:
4367:
4001:
Goodman GE (March 2000). "Prevention of lung cancer".
3682:
2648:
1838:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
712:
646:
in many cases for securing health. There also is some
7562:
United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)
7237:
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials
7097:
6321:
5898:
5014:
4402:
3624:
2517:
1735:
Cost-effectiveness of childhood obesity interventions
555:. Preventing disease and creating overall well-being
535:, and are current, non-clinical life choices such as
7581:
5933:
5372:
Pathway to the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect
2802:
2562:. Sacramento, California Department of Mental Health
2518:
Cohen JT, Neumann PJ, Weinstein MC (February 2008).
2031:
1783:
1534:, which can be easily detected and removed during a
503:. New knowledge in molecular biology, in particular
488:
4953:
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
3561:
2987:"Is the Environment Associated With Preterm Birth?"
5423:
4449:Sankaranarayanan R, Budukh AM, Rajkumar R (2001).
3279:
3040:Lifestyle Medicine: A Manual for Clinical Practice
2897:
2644:
2642:
2010:
1893:
1268:
37:"Prophylaxis" redirects here. For other uses, see
6082:
5516:
5235:
2756:
2649:Chiolero A, Paradis G, Paccaud F (October 2015).
2599:"Primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease"
2341:
2230:
2228:
2155:American Osteopathic Board of Preventive Medicine
1592:Health disparities and barriers to accessing care
10822:
7186:The Synthesis Project. Research Synthesis Report
7098:Goettler A, Grosse A, Sonntag D (October 2017).
7051:"Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2012"
3033:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2376:
1622:or future lost earnings because of poor health.
1390:Distribution of lung cancer in the United States
7380:"Chapter 19-4100. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax"
7261:. United States Census Bureau. pp. 25–1143
6957:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6939:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6381:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5666:
3857:
3855:
3452:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2639:
2434:
2432:
1739:There are at least four nationally implemented
5517:Yang Z, Norton EC, Stearns SC (January 2003).
4236:
4234:
4232:
4180:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
2571:Baker, Sara Josephine. Fighting for Life.1939.
2225:
1946:
1210:Antibiotics for premature rupture of membranes
593:
10128:
9299:
8127:
7630:
7173:
6377:"Preventive Health Care: What is the Problem"
3222:
2592:
2590:
2456:
2342:Isensee B, Hanewinkel R (November 2018). "".
1871:Affordable Care Act and preventive healthcare
1333:Malaria prevention using genetic modification
64:The examples and perspective in this article
7509:"Birth-18 Years Immunization Schedule | CDC"
7179:
7049:American Diabetes Association (April 2013).
6427:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)
5008:
3852:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3118:"Access to Good Food as Preventive Medicine"
2752:
2750:
2429:
2236:"Primal Health Research Databank - Glossary"
7424:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7249:
6671:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
5270:
4998:"WHO | Fact file on health inequities"
4444:
4442:
4229:
4029:
3902:
3842:"Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) - NIDDK"
3095:Center for Health Law and Policy Innovation
2584:, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2011
1818:
1636:Journal of the American Medical Association
523:Primary prevention consists of traditional
10135:
10121:
9588:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
9306:
9292:
9089:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8134:
8120:
7637:
7623:
6793:"Preventative [sic] care services"
6568:
5669:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
5618:
5616:
5071:
5069:
4517:. World Health Organization. February 2010
4281:
4131:
3952:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3467:
3465:
2651:"The pseudo-high-risk prevention strategy"
2587:
1850:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1454:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
9929:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
9049:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
9039:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
7596:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
7399:
7355:
7123:
7074:
7025:
7015:
6904:"Chronic Disease and Wellness in America"
6897:
6895:
6645:
6611:
6474:Center for Connected Health Policy (CCHP)
6349:
6083:Merkur S, Sassi F, McDaid D (June 2015).
5968:
5840:
5788:
5534:
5296:
5212:
5111:
5101:
5032:
4910:
4658:
4569:
4466:
4455:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
4258:
4149:
4103:
3948:
3946:
3809:
3794:"Obesity prevention: the case for action"
3720:
3652:
3642:
3601:
3536:
3521:"Pollution and health: a progress update"
3420:
3360:
3297:
3256:
3002:
2861:
2747:
2666:
2622:
2535:
2076:Genetic modifications preventing diseases
2066:Effects of climate change on human health
1920:
1793:Clinical preventive services and programs
1614:such as the quality years of life method
246:. Disease and disability are affected by
192:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
186:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
102:Learn how and when to remove this message
7148:"Business Pulse Series | CDC Foundation"
6708:. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.
6371:
6369:
5388:
4600:
4439:
4132:Zhang J, Ou JX, Bai CX (November 2011).
4127:
4125:
4123:
3909:. University of California. pp. X.
3448:"Skin Cancer Module: Practice Exercises"
2552:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
1929:
1642:, and another $ 88 billion was spent on
1523:, having caused 715,000 deaths in 2010.
1467:
1436:
1385:
1272:
1084:Percent of all child deaths preventable
330:(high blood cholesterol), screening for
219:
27:Prevention of the occurrence of diseases
9094:Health departments in the United States
7473:. University of Connecticut. June 2017.
7329:
7180:Neumann PJ, Cohen JT (September 2009).
6953:"Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion"
6932:"CDC National Health Report Highlights"
6816:
6706:The economics of health and health care
6703:
6118:"The Effectiveness of Health Screening"
5901:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
5866:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
5821:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
5625:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
5613:
5584:
5580:
5578:
5066:
4992:
4990:
4932:
4930:
4327:The Australasian Journal of Dermatology
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4003:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
4000:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3734:
3462:
3034:Mechanick JI, Kushner RF, eds. (2016).
2596:
2379:Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy
2149:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
1962:
1609:Economics of lifestyle-based prevention
677:
14:
10823:
10345:Nursing credentials and certifications
9099:Council on Education for Public Health
6892:
6216:
6214:
6078:
6076:
5810:
5808:
5368:
5343:
4042:
3943:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3515:Fuller, Richard; Landrigan, Philip J;
3442:
3440:
3390:
3388:
3338:
3336:
3115:
2739:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
1912:Mortality from modifiable risk factors
872:worldwide share similar trends to the
699:
654:such as via maximum pollution levels,
605:
499:Primal prevention is health promotion
10116:
9287:
9157:Professional degrees of public health
9064:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
8115:
7982:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
7618:
7233:"The Economic Case for Health Equity"
6403:www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org
6366:
5458:
5156:
4120:
3394:
2984:
2945:
2655:International Journal of Epidemiology
2502:
2305:
2303:
2252:
2143:American Board of Preventive Medicine
2121:Pollution prevention (disambiguation)
1240:
620:Specific protective measures such as
518:
322:(high blood sugar, a risk factor for
282:. According to estimates made by the
10791:
10633:Nursing Interventions Classification
10067:
9828:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
9254:
9147:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
6525:
5575:
5271:Sudano JJ, Baker DW (January 2003).
4987:
4944:
4927:
4405:International Journal of Dermatology
4209:
3989:
2978:
1503:
545:lifestyle-related medical conditions
50:
10803:
10077:
9266:
8415:Workers' right to access the toilet
8256:Human right to water and sanitation
7602:from the original on 5 October 2021
7471:Rudd Center for Obesity Food Policy
6211:
6073:
5805:
5587:The New England Journal of Medicine
5321:"Prevention and Public Health Fund"
4296:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121157.x
4077:
3669:
3437:
3385:
3333:
2842:The New England Journal of Medicine
2683:
2524:The New England Journal of Medicine
2440:"Medical Encyclopedia: MedlinePlus"
2175:
1879:
1842:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
713:Leading causes of preventable death
447:and exercise regimen, and avoiding
24:
9964:Medical Scientist Training Program
8057:reform debate in the United States
7250:Colby SL, Ortman JM (March 2015).
6332:10.1108/S1049-2585(2013)0000021013
5689:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb25625.x
5325:American Public Health Association
4339:10.1111/j.1440-0960.1991.tb00676.x
2582:RNA, Life's Indispensable Molecule
2300:
2051:Urban green space#Impact on health
1463:
1296:, are common but preventable with
1200:Nevirapine and replacement feeding
1046:
1034:A landmark study conducted by the
888:Deaths caused (millions per year)
760:Poor diet and physical inactivity
25:
10852:
8688:Commercial determinants of health
8141:
8084:(Category Health care by country)
7594:: Department of Nutrition at the
7555:
6571:The Journal of Risk and Insurance
6312:Research Synthesis Report No. 18.
6038:
5277:American Journal of Public Health
4780:"The Global Dementia Observatory"
3004:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2239
2826:, Norton Professional Books, 1996
2615:10.1161/circulationaha.115.014849
1784:Economics of U.S. preventive care
1040:International Labour Organization
489:Primal and primordial preventions
421:Primal and primordial prevention
10802:
10790:
10779:
10778:
10096:
10086:
10076:
10066:
10057:
10056:
9265:
9253:
9242:
9241:
8271:National public health institute
8096:
8095:
7526:
7501:
7477:
7456:
7432:
7393:
7372:
7323:
7298:
7273:
7243:
7225:
7200:
7164:
7140:
7091:
7042:
6991:
6967:
6945:
6924:
6864:
6839:
6810:
6785:
6760:
6736:
6712:
6697:
6662:
6605:
6583:10.1111/j.1539-6975.2010.01371.x
6562:
6519:
6484:
6462:
6437:
6415:
6391:
6315:
6302:
6247:
6223:
6177:American Journal of Perinatology
6167:
6109:
6059:
6047:. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
6032:
5997:
5962:
5927:
5892:
5857:
5756:
5721:
5711:
5660:
5651:
5062:. National Academies Press (US).
4417:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01412.x
4284:The Medical Journal of Australia
4151:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02062.x
2034:
1906:
1682:
1551:This section is an excerpt from
717:
682:Secondary prevention deals with
551:, and create a sense of overall
55:
10643:Nursing Outcomes Classification
10638:Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)
10310:Associate of Science in Nursing
10097:
8668:Open-source healthcare software
8410:Sociology of health and illness
7644:
5551:
5510:
5452:
5417:
5382:
5362:
5337:
5313:
5264:
5229:
5180:
5150:
5128:
5059:Missed Prevention Opportunities
5049:
4853:
4772:
4752:
4728:
4712:"Home | World Dementia Council"
4704:
4675:
4594:
4529:
4507:
4396:
4361:
4318:
4275:
4174:
4071:
3896:
3882:
3834:
3618:
3508:
3314:
3273:
3216:
3186:
3161:
3136:
3109:
3080:
3027:
2939:
2936:, Vogue, culture, opinion, 2015
2926:
2891:
2878:
2829:
2816:
2793:
2574:
2565:
2558:Goldston, S. E. (Ed.). (1987).
2011:Childhood immunization policies
1894:Evaluating incremental benefits
1286:Sexually transmitted infections
1269:Sexually transmitted infections
934:Sexually transmitted infections
837:Sexually transmitted infections
626:sexually transmitted infections
443:against disease, maintaining a
10315:Bachelor of Science in Nursing
9954:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
9388:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
9029:Caribbean Public Health Agency
8841:Sexually transmitted infection
8738:Statistical hypothesis testing
8499:Occupational safety and health
8400:Sexual and reproductive health
8313:Occupational safety and health
7793:Academic health science centre
6612:Rosenbaum S (1 January 2011).
5438:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2004.11.009
4247:Health Promotion International
2405:
2370:
2335:
2321:
2111:Preventive and social medicine
1834:Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
1432:
1381:
1170:Newborn temperature management
180:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
13:
1:
10537:Psychiatric and mental health
8683:Social determinants of health
8030:Health information management
8015:health information technology
7753:Health information management
7330:Chriqui JF (September 2013).
4831:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70136-x
4651:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6
4554:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
4057:10.1016/S0749-2081(96)80024-6
4015:10.1016/s1040-8428(99)00074-8
3967:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62224-2
3760:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13811-1
3698:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60560-1
3538:10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0
3486:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68770-9
2771:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90119-1
2168:
2161:Preventive Medicine (journal)
1344:
1279:Fool the Axis Use Prophylaxis
1100:Insecticide-treated materials
115:Preventive medicine physician
32:Preventive Medicine (journal)
10330:Master of Science in Nursing
9934:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
9701:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
9313:
8743:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
8504:Human factors and ergonomics
8005:Translational bioinformatics
6748:complianceadministrators.com
6540:10.1097/mlr.0b013e3181f28be4
5913:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.016
5878:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.005
5833:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.032
5637:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.03.012
5163:U.S. News & World Report
5103:10.1371/journal.pone.0189718
4382:10.1016/0091-7435(92)90072-p
4045:Seminars in Oncology Nursing
3644:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595
3362:10.1213/ANE.0000000000005169
3299:10.3390/chemosensors10010022
2964:10.1016/j.cppeds.2015.12.008
2597:Gillman MW (February 2015).
2391:10.3109/09687637.2013.798264
2311:"The top 10 causes of death"
1993:
1412:nicotine replacement therapy
1359:pharmacological treatments.
1024:years of potential life lost
863:
344:sexually transmitted disease
39:Prophylaxis (disambiguation)
7:
10142:
8924:Good manufacturing practice
8728:Randomized controlled trial
8035:Consumer health informatics
7406:Healthy Food Policy Project
7116:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014632
6851:Congressional Budget Office
6505:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.03.023
6470:"Reports and Policy Briefs"
6260:Annals of Internal Medicine
5599:10.1056/nejm199307293290511
5426:Journal of Health Economics
4195:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.01.002
3903:Takken W, Scott TW (1991).
3525:The Lancet Planetary Health
2027:
1975:
1953:quality-adjusted life-years
1947:Quality-adjusted life years
1840:(OECD), and efforts by the
1746:cost-effectiveness analysis
1545:
870:causes of preventable death
686:and attempts to prevent an
648:monitoring of air pollution
594:Food education and guidance
397:
78:, discuss the issue on the
10:
10857:
10325:Doctor of Nursing Practice
8994:Theory of planned behavior
8919:Good agricultural practice
8824:Public health surveillance
8716:epidemiological statistics
8360:Public health intervention
7259:Current Population Reports
6630:10.1177/003335491112600118
5021:Health Policy and Planning
3413:10.1007/s00540-020-02846-z
3241:10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002
2137:Journals and organizations
1979:
1550:
1366:
1348:
1245:
1150:Water, sanitation, hygiene
724:preventable cause of death
609:
598:It has been proposed that
492:
342:and other common types of
270:, unintentional injuries,
43:
36:
29:
10774:
10651:
10618:
10585:
10482:Women's Health Care Nurse
10373:
10289:
10240:
10217:Clinical nurse specialist
10209:
10200:
10159:
10150:
10052:
9974:
9912:
9673:
9601:
9556:
9465:
9336:
9321:
9237:
9172:
9131:
9116:World Toilet Organization
9111:World Health Organization
9018:
9007:
8944:
8869:
8785:
8713:
8678:Public health informatics
8618:
8423:
8385:Right to rest and leisure
8214:Globalization and disease
8149:
8091:
8045:
8025:Public health informatics
7961:
7938:Electronic health records
7908:
7872:
7816:
7808:Supervised injection site
7761:
7748:Allied health professions
7715:
7652:
7577:Preventive Health Checkup
7348:10.1007/s13679-013-0063-x
7017:10.1186/s12916-015-0446-9
6087:. McGraw-Hill Education.
5250:10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0626
5145:10.13140/RG.2.1.1225.6803
4784:World Health Organization
4687:World Health Organization
3890:"STD Data and Statistics"
3631:Environment International
3198:Twin Cities Mobile Market
3056:10.1007/978-3-319-24687-1
2488:10.1377/hlthaff.2008.0701
2356:10.1007/s00103-018-2825-9
2315:World Health Organization
2086:Mental illness prevention
1362:
1327:Post-exposure prophylaxis
1036:World Health Organization
669:Preventive measures like
571:
284:World Health Organization
200:
165:
160:
148:
136:
124:
119:
10661:International Nurses Day
10177:Licensed practical nurse
9888:Transplantation medicine
9779:Clinical neurophysiology
9696:Obstetric anesthesiology
9616:Interventional radiology
9376:Digestive system surgery
9162:Schools of public health
8954:Diffusion of innovations
8653:Health impact assessment
8365:Public health laboratory
8261:Management of depression
7400:smithaa02 (2017-11-13).
6879:Bipartisan policy center
5157:Frist B (May 28, 2015).
4716:worlddementiacouncil.org
4491:World Cancer Report 2014
3349:Anesthesia and Analgesia
3194:"It's a Market on a Bus"
3124:. Atlantic Media Company
2912:10.1016/j.it.2015.09.009
2327:LeChelle Saunders, BSc:
2286:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238
2240:primalhealthresearch.com
2101:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
1819:Economics for investment
1702:United States healthcare
1665:point for intervention.
1014:However, several of the
557:prolongs life expectancy
495:Parent education program
238:, is the application of
10340:Nurse Licensure Compact
9759:Intensive care medicine
9733:Mass gathering medicine
9578:Maternal–fetal medicine
9225:Social hygiene movement
9152:Doctor of Public Health
8984:Social cognitive theory
8786:Infectious and epidemic
8568:Fecal–oral transmission
7973:Medical image computing
7923:Artificial intelligence
7336:Current Obesity Reports
5742:10.1001/jama.265.9.1145
5205:10.1001/jama.2016.16885
3574:Cardiovascular Research
3116:Marucs E (2014-04-07).
2985:Etzel RA (April 2020).
2131:Treatment as prevention
1857:evidence-based medicine
1277:U.S. propaganda poster
1257:, certain cancers, and
1016:leading causes of death
656:regulation of chemicals
652:environmental standards
600:healthy longevity diets
562:
537:eating nutritious meals
318:(high blood pressure),
9351:Cardiothoracic surgery
9220:Germ theory of disease
8999:Transtheoretical model
8010:Translational medicine
6189:10.1055/s-0032-1316439
6018:10.1006/pmed.1993.1014
5536:10.1093/geronb/58.1.S2
4903:10.1001/jama.2019.9879
4603:"Colorectal Neoplasia"
4601:Burke CA, Bianchi LK.
3811:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801938
2946:Etzel RA (June 2016).
2417:www.independent.com.mt
2126:Sick building syndrome
1921:Childhood vaccinations
1744:been studied, and the
1560:prevention of dementia
1553:Prevention of dementia
1473:
1442:
1406:and eventually death.
1391:
1351:Thrombosis prophylaxis
1282:
264:cardiovascular disease
254:, disease agents, and
252:genetic predisposition
228:
10572:Travel health nursing
10172:Clinical nurse leader
10002:Personalized medicine
9861:Reproductive medicine
9786:Occupational medicine
9740:Evolutionary medicine
9104:Public Health Service
8989:Social norms approach
8979:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
8425:Preventive healthcare
8318:Pharmaceutical policy
8167:Chief Medical Officer
7999:Computational biology
7900:Universal precautions
7152:www.cdcfoundation.org
6979:www.healthypeople.gov
6826:Fight Chronic Disease
6618:Public Health Reports
6045:The Synthesis Project
5378:. Harvard University.
5289:10.2105/AJPH.93.1.130
5034:10.1093/heapol/czr038
4965:10.1353/hpu.2011.0037
4819:The Lancet. Neurology
4562:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
4260:10.1093/heapro/dah310
3517:Balakrishnan, Kalpana
3401:Journal of Anesthesia
3395:Obara S (June 2021).
2854:10.1056/NEJMra0708473
1930:Health capital theory
1471:
1440:
1389:
1276:
1110:Complementary feeding
634:personalized medicine
478:Quaternary prevention
456:Secondary prevention
378:), and screening for
248:environmental factors
232:Preventive healthcare
223:
46:Pesticide application
10397:Correctional nursing
10022:Traditional medicine
9982:Alternative medicine
9849:Addiction psychiatry
9663:Transfusion medicine
9658:Medical microbiology
9573:Gynecologic oncology
9425:Reproductive surgery
9180:Sara Josephine Baker
9079:Public Health Agency
8964:Health communication
8829:Disease surveillance
8795:Asymptomatic carrier
8777:Statistical software
8465:Preventive nutrition
8293:Medical anthropology
8182:Environmental health
7993:Behavior informatics
7588:www.hsph.harvard.edu
7387:City of Philadelphia
6920:on 28 February 2017.
5004:on November 9, 2011.
3458:on 22 February 2012.
2900:Trends in Immunology
2537:10.1056/nejmp0708558
1963:Minority populations
1401:is an environmental
1314:such barrier devices
989:Indoor air pollution
678:Secondary prevention
660:occupational hygiene
616:Biomarker (medicine)
612:Screening (medicine)
543:often, that prevent
468:Tertiary prevention
405:Sara Josephine Baker
328:hypercholesterolemia
242:measures to prevent
84:create a new article
76:improve this article
66:may not represent a
10841:Nursing specialties
10836:Preventive medicine
10831:Medical terminology
10731:Republic of Ireland
10507:Occupational health
10497:Nursing informatics
10273:Psych/mental health
10044:History of medicine
10027:Veterinary medicine
9834:Preventive medicine
9686:Adolescent medicine
9528:Infectious diseases
9190:Carl Rogers Darnall
9185:Samuel Jay Crumbine
8959:Health belief model
8812:Notifiable diseases
8748:Regression analysis
8583:Waterborne diseases
8172:Cultural competence
7977:imaging informatics
7885:Cultural competence
6493:Preventive Medicine
6387:on 10 January 2016.
6006:Preventive Medicine
5681:1978NYASA.304..424W
5094:2017PLoSO..1289718A
4370:Preventive Medicine
4183:Preventive Medicine
3586:10.1093/cvr/cvaa025
3204:on 20 November 2015
2810:"Primal Prevention"
2201:Publishing Company.
2116:Primary Health Care
2091:Pandemic prevention
2061:Consumer protection
1887:Affordable Care Act
1846:Affordable Care Act
1757:sweetened beverages
1655:Affordable Care Act
1584:physical inactivity
1572:high blood pressure
1077:
969:Physical inactivity
881:
785:Infectious diseases
772:Alcohol consumption
732:
700:Tertiary prevention
664:consumer protection
606:Protective measures
436:Primary prevention
280:sedentary lifestyle
276:infectious diseases
268:respiratory disease
116:
10595:Nursing assessment
10457:Legal consultation
10320:Diploma in Nursing
10305:Nightingale Pledge
10232:Nurse practitioner
9992:Molecular oncology
9949:Doctor of Medicine
9939:Master of Medicine
9856:Radiation oncology
9728:Emergency medicine
9681:Addiction medicine
9648:Clinical chemistry
9643:Clinical pathology
9435:Transplant surgery
9393:Orthopedic surgery
9371:Colorectal surgery
8788:disease prevention
8723:Case–control study
8395:Security of person
8244:Health care reform
7963:Health informatics
7738:Healthcare science
6704:Folland S (2010).
5369:Schorr LB (2007).
4790:on 3 February 2017
4693:on 17 October 2016
4645:(10248): 413–446.
4605:. Cleveland Clinic
4548:(9859): 2095–128.
4096:10.1136/tc.5.3.220
2932:Garcia, Patricia,
2668:10.1093/ije/dyv102
2317:. 9 December 2020.
1800:health assessments
1667:Cost-effectiveness
1648:workplace wellness
1620:chronic conditions
1598:health disparities
1540:fecal occult blood
1530:, commonly called
1485:sub-Saharan Africa
1474:
1443:
1392:
1283:
1241:Preventive methods
1160:Antenatal steroids
1075:
879:
811:Traffic collisions
730:
622:water purification
533:lifestyle medicine
519:Primary prevention
229:
174:Doctor of Medicine
167:Education required
114:
18:Primary prevention
10818:
10817:
10605:Nursing care plan
10600:Nursing diagnosis
10285:
10284:
10281:
10280:
10253:Adult-gerontology
10241:NPs by population
10222:Nurse anesthetist
10202:Advanced practice
10110:
10109:
9944:Master of Surgery
9908:
9907:
9893:Tropical medicine
9839:Prison healthcare
9754:Hospital medicine
9718:Disaster medicine
9708:Aviation medicine
9523:Hospital medicine
9430:Surgical oncology
9415:Pediatric surgery
9409:
9356:Endocrine surgery
9281:
9280:
9233:
9232:
9143:Higher education
8974:Positive deviance
8969:Health psychology
8945:Health behavioral
8872:safety management
8846:Social distancing
8620:Population health
8600:Smoking cessation
8548:Pharmacovigilance
8519:Injury prevention
8487:Infection control
8405:Social psychology
8355:Prisoners' rights
8298:Medical sociology
8266:Public health law
8162:Biological hazard
8109:
8108:
7873:Skills / training
7797:Teaching hospital
7067:10.2337/dc12-2625
6853:. 26 October 2015
6480:on 3 August 2017.
6433:on 10 March 2016.
6341:978-1-78190-553-1
5781:10.2337/dc11-1468
5459:Fuchs VR (1984).
5346:"Preventive Care"
5199:(24): 2627–2646.
4736:"Dementia - OECD"
4500:978-92-832-0432-9
3692:(9832): 2151–61.
3580:(11): 1910–1917.
3480:(9524): 1747–57.
3148:Food is Power.org
3065:978-3-319-24685-7
3050:. pp. 9–15.
3044:Cham, Switzerland
2991:JAMA Network Open
2884:Scherrer et al.,
2350:(11): 1446–1452.
2219:Primal Prevention
1769:chronic condition
1741:childhood obesity
1632:life expectancies
1509:Colorectal cancer
1504:Colorectal cancer
1373:In recent years,
1369:Cancer prevention
1238:
1237:
1012:
1011:
991:from solid fuels
861:
860:
824:Firearm incidents
650:. In many cases,
644:is also monitored
486:
485:
388:genetic disorders
368:colorectal cancer
324:diabetes mellitus
312:air quality index
256:lifestyle choices
218:
217:
112:
111:
104:
86:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
10848:
10806:
10805:
10794:
10793:
10782:
10781:
10472:Medical-surgical
10375:Specialties and
10335:Board of nursing
10207:
10206:
10182:Registered nurse
10157:
10156:
10137:
10130:
10123:
10114:
10113:
10100:
10099:
10090:
10080:
10079:
10070:
10069:
10060:
10059:
9764:Medical genetics
9749:General practice
9626:Nuclear medicine
9501:Gastroenterology
9457:Vascular surgery
9407:
9334:
9333:
9308:
9301:
9294:
9285:
9284:
9269:
9268:
9257:
9256:
9245:
9244:
9139:Health education
9016:
9015:
8870:Food hygiene and
8851:Tropical disease
8663:Infant mortality
8638:Community health
8514:Controlled Drugs
8450:Health promotion
8380:Right to housing
8224:Health economics
8136:
8129:
8122:
8113:
8112:
8099:
8098:
7987:Neuroinformatics
7928:Connected health
7639:
7632:
7625:
7616:
7615:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7489:www.immunize.org
7481:
7475:
7474:
7468:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7423:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7397:
7391:
7390:
7384:
7376:
7370:
7369:
7359:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7302:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7266:
7256:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7239:. Arlington, VA.
7229:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7177:
7171:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7127:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7078:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7029:
7019:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6963:on 2 March 2014.
6959:. Archived from
6949:
6943:
6942:
6936:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6913:. Archived from
6911:Milken Institute
6908:
6899:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6876:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6823:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6797:UnitedHealthcare
6789:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6649:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6476:. Archived from
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6429:. Archived from
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6383:. Archived from
6373:
6364:
6363:
6353:
6319:
6313:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6272:10.7326/M22-0737
6266:(9): 1285–1297.
6251:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6209:
6208:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6137:10.1002/hec.3072
6125:Health Economics
6122:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6080:
6071:
6070:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5983:10.1002/hec.1714
5971:Health Economics
5966:
5960:
5959:
5948:10.1002/hec.3211
5936:Health Economics
5931:
5925:
5924:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5844:
5812:
5803:
5802:
5792:
5760:
5754:
5753:
5725:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5664:
5658:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5620:
5611:
5610:
5582:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5538:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5465:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5403:10.1002/hec.1370
5391:Health Economics
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5216:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5165:. Archived from
5154:
5148:
5147:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5115:
5105:
5088:(12): e0189718.
5073:
5064:
5063:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5036:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5000:. Archived from
4994:
4985:
4984:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4934:
4925:
4924:
4914:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4810:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4786:. Archived from
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4689:. Archived from
4679:
4673:
4672:
4662:
4630:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4573:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4238:
4227:
4224:
4207:
4206:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4153:
4129:
4118:
4117:
4107:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4040:
4027:
4026:
3998:
3987:
3986:
3961:(9916): 549–57.
3950:
3941:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3920:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3892:. 2 August 2021.
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3813:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3743:
3732:
3729:
3718:
3717:
3680:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3646:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3605:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3540:
3531:(6): e535–e547.
3512:
3506:
3505:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3454:. Archived from
3444:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3364:
3355:(5): 1342–1354.
3340:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3235:(9): 1455–1470.
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3200:. Archived from
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3092:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3006:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2943:
2937:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2895:
2889:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2833:
2827:
2822:Perry, Bruce D,
2820:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2765:(8965): 1611–5.
2754:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2715:. Archived from
2714:
2704:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2594:
2585:
2580:Darnell, James,
2578:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2515:
2500:
2499:
2471:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2339:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2269:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2211:
2202:
2198:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
1880:Health insurance
1751:Gortmaker, S.L.
1628:infant mortality
1418:Cancer screening
1318:testing partners
1288:(STIs), such as
1078:
1074:
914:High cholesterol
882:
878:
742:% of all deaths
733:
729:
662:requirements or
529:health education
525:health promotion
427:health promotion
410:
409:
150:Activity sectors
117:
113:
107:
100:
96:
93:
87:
59:
58:
51:
21:
10856:
10855:
10851:
10850:
10849:
10847:
10846:
10845:
10821:
10820:
10819:
10814:
10770:
10647:
10620:
10619:Classification
10614:
10587:Nursing process
10581:
10422:Faith community
10387:Ambulatory care
10378:
10376:
10369:
10295:
10293:
10277:
10236:
10196:
10192:Nurse scientist
10152:
10146:
10141:
10111:
10106:
10048:
10037:Chief physician
9970:
9915:
9904:
9898:Travel medicine
9883:Sports medicine
9866:Sexual medicine
9806:Palliative care
9801:Pain management
9745:Family medicine
9723:Diving medicine
9669:
9597:
9559:
9552:
9468:
9461:
9420:Plastic surgery
9366:General surgery
9346:Cardiac surgery
9327:
9325:
9317:
9312:
9282:
9277:
9229:
9200:Margaret Sanger
9168:
9127:
9011:
9009:
9003:
8946:
8940:
8912:Safety scandals
8871:
8865:
8787:
8781:
8715:
8709:
8705:Social medicine
8698:Race and health
8633:Child mortality
8614:
8573:Open defecation
8455:Human nutrition
8445:Family planning
8433:Behavior change
8419:
8375:Right to health
8288:Maternal health
8278:Health politics
8229:Health literacy
8145:
8140:
8110:
8105:
8087:
8041:
8040:
8039:
7957:
7904:
7868:
7844:Overutilization
7812:
7803:Pharmacy school
7769:Assisted living
7757:
7711:
7648:
7643:
7605:
7603:
7558:
7553:
7552:
7543:
7541:
7532:
7531:
7527:
7518:
7516:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7493:
7491:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7466:
7462:
7461:
7457:
7448:
7446:
7438:
7437:
7433:
7417:
7416:
7410:
7408:
7398:
7394:
7382:
7378:
7377:
7373:
7328:
7324:
7315:
7313:
7304:
7303:
7299:
7290:
7288:
7279:
7278:
7274:
7264:
7262:
7254:
7248:
7244:
7231:
7230:
7226:
7217:
7215:
7206:
7205:
7201:
7178:
7174:
7169:
7165:
7156:
7154:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7110:(10): e014632.
7096:
7092:
7047:
7043:
6996:
6992:
6983:
6981:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6934:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6917:
6906:
6900:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6874:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6856:
6854:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6830:
6828:
6821:
6815:
6811:
6801:
6799:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6777:
6775:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6752:
6750:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6728:
6726:
6718:
6717:
6713:
6702:
6698:
6677:(39): 1348–50.
6667:
6663:
6610:
6606:
6567:
6563:
6524:
6520:
6489:
6485:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6454:
6452:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6407:
6405:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6375:
6374:
6367:
6342:
6320:
6316:
6307:
6303:
6252:
6248:
6239:
6237:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6219:
6212:
6172:
6168:
6120:
6114:
6110:
6095:
6081:
6074:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6050:
6048:
6037:
6033:
6002:
5998:
5967:
5963:
5942:(9): 1082–100.
5932:
5928:
5897:
5893:
5862:
5858:
5813:
5806:
5761:
5757:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5712:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5621:
5614:
5583:
5576:
5567:
5565:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5515:
5511:
5480:10.2307/3349821
5463:
5457:
5453:
5422:
5418:
5387:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5354:
5352:
5342:
5338:
5329:
5327:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5269:
5265:
5234:
5230:
5185:
5181:
5172:
5170:
5155:
5151:
5133:
5129:
5074:
5067:
5054:
5050:
5013:
5009:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4949:
4945:
4936:
4935:
4928:
4883:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4811:
4802:
4793:
4791:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4744:
4742:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4696:
4694:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4631:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4599:
4595:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4447:
4440:
4401:
4397:
4366:
4362:
4323:
4319:
4280:
4276:
4239:
4230:
4225:
4210:
4179:
4175:
4130:
4121:
4084:Tobacco Control
4078:Koh HK (1996).
4076:
4072:
4041:
4030:
3999:
3990:
3951:
3944:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3901:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3868:Merriam-Webster
3861:
3860:
3853:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3790:
3783:
3754:(9377): 65–71.
3744:
3735:
3730:
3721:
3681:
3670:
3623:
3619:
3566:
3562:
3513:
3509:
3470:
3463:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3393:
3386:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3278:
3274:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3066:
3048:Springer Nature
3032:
3028:
2983:
2979:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2927:
2906:(11): 684–696.
2896:
2892:
2883:
2879:
2834:
2830:
2821:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2755:
2748:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2710:"Archived copy"
2708:
2705:
2684:
2647:
2640:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2516:
2503:
2472:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2444:medlineplus.gov
2438:
2437:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2375:
2371:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2280:(10): 1238–45.
2270:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2199:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2071:Health security
2056:Chemoprevention
2042:Medicine portal
2040:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2013:
1996:
1987:Chronic disease
1984:
1978:
1965:
1949:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1909:
1896:
1882:
1873:
1821:
1795:
1786:
1737:
1721:In 2008, Cohen
1689:quality of life
1685:
1611:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1556:
1548:
1506:
1487:, and parts of
1477:Cervical cancer
1466:
1464:Cervical cancer
1435:
1384:
1371:
1365:
1353:
1347:
1335:
1271:
1263:type 2 diabetes
1259:type 2 diabetes
1248:
1243:
1220:Measles vaccine
1049:
1047:Child mortality
866:
748:Tobacco smoking
720:
715:
702:
684:latent diseases
680:
618:
608:
596:
588:urban gardening
574:
565:
549:quality of life
521:
497:
491:
400:
384:Genetic testing
376:cervical cancer
362:(to screen for
205:
203:
168:
151:
139:
138:Occupation type
108:
97:
91:
88:
73:
60:
56:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10854:
10844:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10816:
10815:
10813:
10812:
10800:
10788:
10775:
10772:
10771:
10769:
10768:
10758:
10751:United Kingdom
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10663:
10657:
10655:
10649:
10648:
10646:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10624:
10622:
10616:
10615:
10613:
10612:
10610:Nursing theory
10607:
10602:
10597:
10591:
10589:
10583:
10582:
10580:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10527:Perianesthesia
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10383:
10381:
10371:
10370:
10368:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10355:Nurse registry
10352:
10350:Nursing school
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10301:
10299:
10287:
10286:
10283:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10276:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10263:Women's health
10260:
10255:
10250:
10244:
10242:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10213:
10211:
10204:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10194:
10189:
10187:Graduate nurse
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10163:
10161:
10154:
10148:
10147:
10140:
10139:
10132:
10125:
10117:
10108:
10107:
10105:
10104:
10094:
10084:
10074:
10064:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10047:
10046:
10041:
10040:
10039:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9978:
9976:
9975:Related topics
9972:
9971:
9969:
9968:
9967:
9966:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9924:Medical school
9920:
9918:
9910:
9909:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9902:
9901:
9900:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9878:Sleep medicine
9875:
9874:
9873:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9852:
9851:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9825:
9820:
9819:
9818:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9782:
9781:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9742:
9737:
9736:
9735:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9704:
9703:
9698:
9691:Anesthesiology
9688:
9683:
9677:
9675:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9666:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9630:
9629:
9628:
9623:
9621:Neuroradiology
9618:
9607:
9605:
9599:
9598:
9596:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9564:
9562:
9558:Obstetrics and
9554:
9553:
9551:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9509:
9508:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9473:
9471:
9463:
9462:
9460:
9459:
9454:
9453:
9452:
9442:
9440:Trauma surgery
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9411:
9410:
9403:Otolaryngology
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9373:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9342:
9340:
9331:
9329:subspecialties
9319:
9318:
9311:
9310:
9303:
9296:
9288:
9279:
9278:
9276:
9275:
9263:
9251:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9176:
9174:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9141:
9135:
9133:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9125:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9107:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9083:
9082:
9081:
9076:
9068:
9067:
9066:
9058:
9057:
9056:
9051:
9043:
9042:
9041:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9022:
9020:
9013:
9008:Organizations,
9005:
9004:
9002:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8950:
8948:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8938:
8937:
8936:
8931:
8921:
8916:
8915:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8875:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8832:
8831:
8821:
8820:
8819:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8797:
8791:
8789:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8779:
8774:
8773:
8772:
8764:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8719:
8717:
8714:Biological and
8711:
8710:
8708:
8707:
8702:
8701:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8680:
8675:
8673:Multimorbidity
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8624:
8622:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8610:Vector control
8607:
8602:
8597:
8595:School hygiene
8592:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8578:Sanitary sewer
8575:
8570:
8565:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8544:
8543:
8536:Patient safety
8533:
8532:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8496:
8495:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8462:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8429:
8427:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8351:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8241:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8219:Harm reduction
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8153:
8151:
8147:
8146:
8139:
8138:
8131:
8124:
8116:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8103:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8064:United Kingdom
8061:
8060:
8059:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8042:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7996:
7990:
7984:
7979:
7969:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7933:Digital health
7930:
7925:
7920:
7918:3D bioprinting
7914:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7880:Bedside manner
7876:
7874:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7820:
7818:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7789:Medical school
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7765:
7763:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7719:
7717:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7642:
7641:
7634:
7627:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7557:
7556:External links
7554:
7551:
7550:
7525:
7500:
7476:
7455:
7431:
7392:
7371:
7342:(3): 200–210.
7322:
7297:
7272:
7242:
7224:
7199:
7172:
7163:
7139:
7090:
7061:(4): 1033–46.
7041:
6990:
6966:
6944:
6923:
6891:
6863:
6838:
6809:
6784:
6759:
6735:
6711:
6696:
6661:
6604:
6577:(3): 703–708.
6561:
6518:
6483:
6461:
6436:
6414:
6390:
6365:
6340:
6314:
6301:
6246:
6222:
6210:
6183:(10): 787–93.
6166:
6108:
6093:
6072:
6058:
6031:
5996:
5977:(4): 386–404.
5961:
5926:
5891:
5856:
5804:
5755:
5736:(9): 1145–51.
5720:
5710:
5659:
5650:
5612:
5574:
5550:
5509:
5451:
5416:
5381:
5361:
5336:
5312:
5263:
5238:Health Affairs
5228:
5179:
5149:
5127:
5065:
5048:
5027:(4): 288–300.
5007:
4986:
4943:
4926:
4897:(5): 430–437.
4874:
4852:
4800:
4771:
4751:
4727:
4703:
4674:
4616:
4593:
4528:
4506:
4499:
4482:
4461:(10): 954–62.
4438:
4395:
4360:
4317:
4274:
4228:
4208:
4173:
4144:(8): 1165–72.
4119:
4070:
4028:
3988:
3942:
3915:
3895:
3881:
3863:"Prophylactic"
3851:
3833:
3781:
3733:
3719:
3668:
3617:
3560:
3507:
3461:
3436:
3407:(3): 351–355.
3384:
3332:
3313:
3272:
3215:
3185:
3160:
3144:"Food Deserts"
3135:
3108:
3079:
3064:
3026:
2997:(4): e202239.
2977:
2938:
2925:
2890:
2877:
2828:
2815:
2801:
2792:
2746:
2682:
2661:(5): 1469–73.
2638:
2609:(7): 599–601.
2586:
2573:
2564:
2551:
2501:
2482:(9): 1656–60.
2476:Health Affairs
2455:
2428:
2404:
2369:
2334:
2320:
2299:
2251:
2224:
2203:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2029:
2026:
2012:
2009:
1995:
1992:
1977:
1974:
1964:
1961:
1948:
1945:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1895:
1892:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1820:
1817:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1736:
1733:
1684:
1681:
1610:
1607:
1593:
1590:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1528:benign growths
1505:
1502:
1465:
1462:
1434:
1431:
1383:
1380:
1367:Main article:
1364:
1361:
1349:Main article:
1346:
1343:
1334:
1331:
1270:
1267:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1190:Tetanus toxoid
1186:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1130:Clean delivery
1126:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1048:
1045:
1010:
1009:
1006:
996:
995:
992:
985:
984:
981:
975:
974:
971:
965:
964:
961:
951:
950:
947:
940:
939:
936:
930:
929:
926:
920:
919:
916:
910:
909:
906:
900:
899:
896:
890:
889:
886:
865:
862:
859:
858:
855:
852:
846:
845:
842:
839:
833:
832:
829:
826:
820:
819:
816:
813:
807:
806:
803:
800:
794:
793:
790:
787:
781:
780:
777:
774:
768:
767:
764:
761:
757:
756:
753:
750:
744:
743:
740:
739:Deaths caused
737:
719:
716:
714:
711:
701:
698:
679:
676:
607:
604:
595:
592:
573:
570:
564:
561:
547:, improve the
520:
517:
501:par excellence
490:
487:
484:
483:
480:
474:
473:
469:
465:
464:
457:
453:
452:
437:
433:
432:
422:
418:
417:
414:
399:
396:
392:ovarian cancer
374:(to check for
296:cardiovascular
294:, and chronic
274:, and certain
216:
215:
206:
201:
198:
197:
196:
195:
189:
183:
177:
169:
166:
163:
162:
158:
157:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
137:
134:
133:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
110:
109:
70:of the subject
68:worldwide view
63:
61:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10853:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10828:
10826:
10811:
10810:
10801:
10799:
10798:
10789:
10787:
10786:
10777:
10776:
10773:
10766:
10762:
10761:United States
10759:
10756:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10716:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10671:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10658:
10656:
10654:
10650:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10625:
10623:
10617:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10592:
10590:
10588:
10584:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10547:Public health
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10532:Perioperative
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10402:Critical care
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10384:
10382:
10380:
10372:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10302:
10300:
10298:
10292:
10288:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10245:
10243:
10239:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10227:Nurse midwife
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10214:
10212:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10199:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10167:Student nurse
10165:
10164:
10162:
10158:
10155:
10149:
10145:
10138:
10133:
10131:
10126:
10124:
10119:
10118:
10115:
10103:
10095:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10083:
10075:
10073:
10065:
10063:
10055:
10054:
10051:
10045:
10042:
10038:
10035:
10034:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10007:Public health
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9987:Allied health
9985:
9983:
9980:
9979:
9977:
9973:
9965:
9962:
9961:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9917:
9911:
9899:
9896:
9895:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9872:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9850:
9847:
9846:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9817:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9796:Oral medicine
9794:
9792:
9791:Ophthalmology
9789:
9787:
9784:
9780:
9777:
9776:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9734:
9731:
9730:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9693:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9678:
9676:
9672:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9653:Cytopathology
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9635:
9634:
9631:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9613:
9612:
9609:
9608:
9606:
9604:
9600:
9594:
9593:Urogynecology
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9561:
9555:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9496:Endocrinology
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9478:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9470:
9464:
9458:
9455:
9451:
9448:
9447:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9406:
9405:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9324:
9320:
9316:
9309:
9304:
9302:
9297:
9295:
9290:
9289:
9286:
9274:
9273:
9264:
9262:
9261:
9252:
9250:
9249:
9240:
9239:
9236:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9195:Joseph Lister
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9177:
9175:
9171:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9130:
9123:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9074:Health Canada
9072:
9071:
9069:
9065:
9062:
9061:
9059:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9040:
9037:
9036:
9034:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9019:Organizations
9017:
9014:
9006:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8951:
8949:
8943:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8868:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8856:Vaccine trial
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8822:
8818:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8810:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8784:
8778:
8775:
8771:
8769:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8733:Relative risk
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8712:
8706:
8703:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8693:Health equity
8691:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8658:Health system
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8648:Global health
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8628:Biostatistics
8626:
8625:
8623:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8534:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8497:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8439:
8436:
8435:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8426:
8422:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8370:Right to food
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8304:
8303:Mental health
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8251:Housing First
8249:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8239:Health system
8237:
8236:
8235:
8234:Health policy
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8143:Public health
8137:
8132:
8130:
8125:
8123:
8118:
8117:
8114:
8102:
8094:
8093:
8090:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8052:United States
8050:
8048:
8044:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:in healthcare
8000:
7997:
7995:in healthcare
7994:
7991:
7989:in healthcare
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7966:
7964:
7960:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7815:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7760:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7651:
7647:
7640:
7635:
7633:
7628:
7626:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7539:
7535:
7529:
7514:
7510:
7504:
7490:
7486:
7480:
7472:
7465:
7459:
7445:
7441:
7435:
7427:
7421:
7407:
7403:
7396:
7388:
7381:
7375:
7367:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7326:
7311:
7307:
7301:
7286:
7282:
7276:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7213:
7209:
7203:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7176:
7167:
7153:
7149:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7094:
7086:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7055:Diabetes Care
7052:
7045:
7037:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6994:
6980:
6976:
6970:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6948:
6940:
6933:
6927:
6916:
6912:
6905:
6898:
6896:
6880:
6873:
6867:
6852:
6848:
6842:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6773:
6769:
6763:
6749:
6745:
6739:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6707:
6700:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6665:
6657:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6565:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6534:(9): 759–60.
6533:
6529:
6522:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6487:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6465:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6370:
6361:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6305:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6250:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6217:
6215:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6170:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6131:(8): 913–35.
6130:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6094:9780335262267
6090:
6086:
6079:
6077:
6068:
6062:
6046:
6042:
6035:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6012:(2): 167–77.
6011:
6007:
6000:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5965:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5907:(1): 135–47.
5906:
5902:
5895:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5872:(1): 148–59.
5871:
5867:
5860:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5827:(1): 102–11.
5826:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5809:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5775:(4): 723–30.
5774:
5770:
5769:Diabetes Care
5766:
5759:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5724:
5714:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5675:(1): 424–40.
5674:
5670:
5663:
5654:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5619:
5617:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5581:
5579:
5564:
5563:OECD iLibrary
5560:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5474:(2): 143–66.
5473:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5432:(4): 715–24.
5431:
5427:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5397:(3): 355–62.
5396:
5392:
5385:
5374:
5373:
5365:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5244:(2): 304–11.
5243:
5239:
5232:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5169:on 2015-05-28
5168:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5131:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4959:(2): 562–75.
4958:
4954:
4947:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4879:
4862:
4856:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4825:(8): 788–94.
4824:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4761:
4755:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4604:
4597:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4516:
4510:
4502:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
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4376:(5): 654–69.
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2722:on 2010-08-27
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2099:
2097:
2096:Public health
2094:
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2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
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2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
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2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1982:Health policy
1973:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1907:Economic case
1904:
1900:
1891:
1888:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:prenatal care
1802:/screenings,
1801:
1790:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
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1754:
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1742:
1732:
1729:
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1706:
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1693:
1690:
1683:Effectiveness
1680:
1677:
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1660:
1656:
1651:
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1645:
1644:heart disease
1641:
1637:
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1518:
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1482:
1481:Latin America
1478:
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1107:
1103:
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1090:Breastfeeding
1088:
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1081:Intervention
1080:
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1067:
1063:
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1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1028:air pollution
1025:
1021:
1017:
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997:
993:
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874:United States
871:
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718:United States
710:
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657:
653:
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645:
641:
637:
635:
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627:
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617:
613:
603:
601:
591:
589:
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580:
569:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
516:
513:
512:Ruth A. Etzel
508:
506:
502:
496:
481:
479:
476:
475:
470:
467:
466:
462:
458:
455:
454:
450:
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442:
438:
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434:
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428:
423:
420:
419:
415:
412:
411:
408:
406:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:screening, a
369:
365:
364:breast cancer
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:hyperglycemia
317:
313:
309:
303:
301:
300:lung diseases
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
226:
222:
214:
210:
207:
199:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
170:
164:
159:
156:
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144:
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10783:
10736:South Africa
10542:Private duty
10210:APNs by role
10012:Rural health
9997:Nanomedicine
9833:
9548:Rheumatology
9479: /
9398:Hand surgery
9383:Neurosurgery
9270:
9258:
9246:
9215:Radium Girls
9210:Typhoid Mary
8897:Microbiology
8767:
8759:
8643:Epidemiology
8541:Organization
8492:Oral hygiene
8482:Hand washing
8460:Healthy diet
8424:
8390:Right to sit
8283:Labor rights
8020:Telemedicine
7953:Telemedicine
7948:Nanomedicine
7784:Nursing home
7604:. Retrieved
7587:
7542:. Retrieved
7540:. 2021-07-01
7537:
7528:
7517:. Retrieved
7515:. 2021-06-16
7512:
7503:
7492:. Retrieved
7488:
7479:
7470:
7458:
7447:. Retrieved
7443:
7434:
7409:. Retrieved
7405:
7395:
7386:
7374:
7339:
7335:
7325:
7314:. Retrieved
7312:. 2019-07-01
7309:
7300:
7289:. Retrieved
7287:. 2019-06-18
7284:
7275:
7263:. Retrieved
7258:
7245:
7236:
7227:
7216:. Retrieved
7214:. 2009-09-01
7211:
7202:
7185:
7175:
7166:
7155:. Retrieved
7151:
7142:
7107:
7103:
7093:
7058:
7054:
7044:
7007:
7004:BMC Medicine
7003:
6993:
6982:. Retrieved
6978:
6969:
6961:the original
6956:
6947:
6938:
6926:
6915:the original
6910:
6882:. Retrieved
6878:
6866:
6855:. Retrieved
6850:
6841:
6829:. Retrieved
6825:
6812:
6800:. Retrieved
6796:
6787:
6776:. Retrieved
6774:. 2015-08-04
6771:
6762:
6751:. Retrieved
6747:
6738:
6727:. Retrieved
6723:
6714:
6705:
6699:
6674:
6670:
6664:
6624:(1): 130–5.
6621:
6617:
6607:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6531:
6528:Medical Care
6527:
6521:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6478:the original
6473:
6464:
6453:. Retrieved
6451:. 2021-05-07
6448:
6439:
6431:the original
6426:
6417:
6406:. Retrieved
6402:
6393:
6385:the original
6380:
6323:
6317:
6309:
6304:
6263:
6259:
6249:
6238:. Retrieved
6234:
6225:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6145:10419/115079
6128:
6124:
6111:
6084:
6061:
6049:. Retrieved
6044:
6034:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5939:
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5929:
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5723:
5718:1990:437-41.
5713:
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5668:
5662:
5653:
5631:(1): 52–61.
5628:
5624:
5593:(5): 352–4.
5590:
5586:
5566:. Retrieved
5562:
5553:
5529:(1): S2-10.
5526:
5522:
5512:
5471:
5467:
5454:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5371:
5364:
5353:. Retrieved
5349:
5339:
5328:. Retrieved
5324:
5315:
5283:(1): 130–7.
5280:
5276:
5266:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5171:. Retrieved
5167:the original
5162:
5152:
5136:
5130:
5085:
5081:
5058:
5051:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5002:the original
4956:
4952:
4946:
4894:
4890:
4865:. Retrieved
4863:. April 2012
4855:
4822:
4818:
4792:. Retrieved
4788:the original
4783:
4774:
4763:. Retrieved
4754:
4743:. Retrieved
4740:www.oecd.org
4739:
4730:
4719:. Retrieved
4715:
4706:
4695:. Retrieved
4691:the original
4686:
4677:
4642:
4638:
4607:. Retrieved
4596:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4519:. Retrieved
4509:
4490:
4485:
4458:
4454:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4330:
4326:
4320:
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4283:
4277:
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4246:
4189:(4): 280–5.
4186:
4182:
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4090:(3): 220–5.
4087:
4083:
4073:
4051:(4): 260–9.
4048:
4044:
4006:
4002:
3958:
3954:
3905:
3898:
3884:
3874:December 30,
3872:. Retrieved
3866:
3845:
3836:
3801:
3797:
3751:
3747:
3689:
3685:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3528:
3524:
3510:
3477:
3473:
3456:the original
3451:
3404:
3400:
3352:
3348:
3322:
3316:
3289:
3286:Chemosensors
3285:
3275:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3202:the original
3197:
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3172:
3169:"GreenThumb"
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3147:
3138:
3126:. Retrieved
3122:The Atlantic
3121:
3111:
3099:. Retrieved
3094:
3082:
3039:
3029:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2958:(6): 202–4.
2955:
2951:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2848:(1): 61–73.
2845:
2841:
2831:
2823:
2818:
2804:
2795:
2762:
2758:
2724:. Retrieved
2717:the original
2658:
2654:
2606:
2602:
2581:
2576:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2530:(7): 661–3.
2527:
2523:
2479:
2475:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:
2407:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2328:
2323:
2314:
2277:
2273:
2243:. Retrieved
2239:
2218:
2159:
2147:
2136:
2135:
2106:Preparedness
2018:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1985:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1901:
1897:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1812:telemedicine
1796:
1787:
1775:appreciated.
1761:
1752:
1750:
1738:
1722:
1720:
1711:heart attack
1707:
1694:
1686:
1663:
1652:
1635:
1624:
1612:
1603:
1595:
1525:
1521:liver cancer
1507:
1498:
1475:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1393:
1372:
1354:
1336:
1310:latex gloves
1284:
1278:
1255:hypertension
1249:
1070:
1050:
1033:
1013:
1000:Unsafe water
924:Malnutrition
894:Hypertension
868:The leading
867:
722:The leading
721:
707:
703:
688:asymptomatic
681:
668:
638:
630:
619:
597:
575:
566:
522:
509:
500:
498:
461:hypertension
445:healthy diet
441:immunization
424:
401:
380:osteoporosis
332:colon cancer
316:hypertension
304:
260:
235:
231:
230:
225:Immunization
98:
89:
65:
10809:WikiProject
10726:Philippines
10711:New Zealand
10567:Telenursing
10517:Orthopedics
10447:Home health
10160:Generalists
10082:Wikiproject
9871:Venereology
9816:Neonatology
9713:Dermatology
9568:Gynaecology
9560:gynaecology
9543:Pulmonology
9361:Eye surgery
9323:Specialties
9272:WikiProject
9012:and history
8892:Engineering
8605:Vaccination
8477:Food safety
8079:New Zealand
7834:End-of-life
7716:Professions
7646:Health care
7538:www.cdc.gov
7513:www.cdc.gov
7444:BBBPrograms
7310:www.cdc.gov
7285:www.cdc.gov
6817:O'Grady M.
6724:www.cms.gov
6449:www.cdc.gov
6235:www.aha.org
4609:January 12,
4333:(1): 21–5.
4138:Respirology
3933:|work=
3097:. July 2015
2603:Circulation
2081:Epigenetics
1779:frequently.
1536:colonoscopy
1446:Skin cancer
1433:Skin cancer
1395:Lung cancer
1382:Lung cancer
1306:dental dams
1140:Hib vaccine
640:Food safety
583:food desert
515:materials.
505:epigenetics
416:Definition
360:mammography
236:prophylaxis
161:Description
10825:Categories
10653:By country
10522:Pediatrics
10502:Obstetrics
10462:Management
10452:Hyperbaric
10437:Geriatrics
10258:Pediatrics
10151:Levels of
9844:Psychiatry
9830:(PM&R)
9823:Phlebology
9811:Pediatrics
9638:Anatomical
9603:Diagnostic
9583:Obstetrics
9533:Nephrology
9518:Hematology
9513:Geriatrics
9506:Hepatology
9491:Cardiology
9481:Immunology
9025:Caribbean
8902:Processing
8836:Quarantine
8758:Student's
8558:Sanitation
8192:History of
8046:By country
7910:Technology
7849:Palliative
7677:Philosophy
7667:Guidelines
7606:11 October
7544:2021-07-05
7519:2021-07-05
7494:2021-07-05
7449:2021-07-05
7411:2021-07-05
7316:2021-07-05
7291:2021-07-05
7218:2021-07-05
7157:2021-07-05
7010:(1): 209.
6984:2021-07-05
6857:2016-03-25
6778:2016-03-25
6753:2016-03-25
6729:2021-07-05
6455:2021-07-05
6408:2021-07-05
6240:2021-07-05
5568:2017-03-27
5355:2017-03-24
5330:2017-03-24
5173:2016-03-24
4867:21 January
4794:2017-10-31
4765:2017-10-31
4745:2017-10-31
4721:2017-10-31
4697:2017-10-31
4521:January 5,
4290:(6): 430.
3637:: 106595.
2726:2014-03-16
2449:2021-07-05
2422:2021-07-05
2245:2021-07-05
2169:References
1980:See also:
1808:telehealth
1659:depression
1630:, shorter
1403:carcinogen
1356:Thrombosis
1345:Thrombosis
1056:including
1004:sanitation
955:Overweight
850:Drug abuse
693:root cause
610:See also:
579:food banks
553:well-being
541:exercising
493:See also:
336:depression
266:, chronic
240:healthcare
204:employment
188:(M.B.B.S.)
120:Occupation
92:March 2023
10686:Hong Kong
10666:Australia
10477:Midwifery
10417:Emergency
10412:Education
10377:areas of
10297:licensure
10291:Education
10032:Physician
9916:education
9774:Neurology
9769:Narcology
9633:Pathology
9611:Radiology
9486:Angiology
9450:Andrology
9205:John Snow
9132:Education
9122:Full list
9010:education
8934:ISO 22000
8887:Chemistry
8800:Epidemics
8753:ROC curve
8563:Emergency
8343:Radiation
8323:Pollution
8307:Ministers
8204:Euthenics
8074:Australia
7895:Education
7890:Diagnosis
7743:Dentistry
7687:Providers
7662:Equipment
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6831:March 24,
6802:March 23,
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1054:infection
1020:pollution
1002:and poor
864:Worldwide
798:Toxicants
356:gonorrhea
348:chlamydia
308:screening
209:Hospitals
202:Fields of
143:Specialty
130:Physician
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10721:Pakistan
10715:timeline
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10432:Forensic
10379:practice
10268:Neonatal
10153:practice
10062:Category
9538:Oncology
9469:medicine
9467:Internal
9315:Medicine
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8882:Additive
8553:Safe sex
8524:Medicine
8438:Theories
8209:Genomics
8187:Eugenics
8177:Deviance
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7762:Settings
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4515:"Cancer"
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1626:rate of
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1517:stomach
1399:Tobacco
1339:malaria
1323:Truvada
1302:condoms
1251:Obesity
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1026:) from
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959:obesity
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8770:-test
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