1174:
4464:
3973:
56:
238:
1204:
by St DallĂĄn
Forgaill, the first identifiable author in the Irish language. This work, however, survives only in heavily annotated manuscripts from a later time, in an old-fashioned form of the Irish language bearing little similarity to formal Old Irish. The first texts which are widely accepted to
331:
in ordinary writing. Primitive Irish is known only from Ogham fragments, usually personal names, the earliest being dated by academics to the 4th century, although some estimates for the earliest inscriptions range between the 1st and 5th centuries. Scholars agree that the orthodox written tradition
1236:
and the corresponding loss of influence by the druids, the language of the Irish
Christian nobility would have supplanted the ancient Primitive Irish register of the pagan priests, eclipsing it completely in the 7th century. This would give the impression of rapid linguistic development, while
332:
is older than the surviving inscriptions. The latest inscriptions of the orthodox tradition appear to come from the 6th century. The scholastic use of Ogham continued until the early 19th century, the last inscription being found on the tomb of Mary
Dempsey at
410:. Many of the British inscriptions are bilingual in Irish and Latin; however, none show any sign of the influence of Christianity or Christian epigraphic tradition, suggesting they date from before 391, when Christianity became the official religion of the
513:, most known inscriptions of nouns in orthodox Ogham are found in the singular genitive, so it is difficult to fully describe their morphology. The German philologist Sabine Ziegler, however, drawing parallels with reconstructions of the
497:
Surviving Ogham inscriptions are written exclusively with nouns. It is possible to deduce some morphological features of
Primitive Irish nouns from these inscriptions. With the exception of a few inscriptions in the
1404:
Gradually, the grammaticalization of consonant mutations introduced a new characteristic that Irish would eventually share with all other modern Celtic languages. Old Irish phonetic conditions generated different
1461:
ending of the preceding word. The variation in the pronunciation of the word would not have caused a difference in meaning; it would be allophonic. In a later stage of the language, the
Primitive Irish word
1216:
The radical changes that characterize the transition from
Primitive Irish to Old Irish are not uncommon in the development of other languages, but appear to have occurred rapidly in the case of Irish.
667:
for the properly attested stages of the language using the names used in the scholastic tradition for each letter of the Ogham alphabet, which are recorded in the Latin alphabet in later manuscripts.
482:
The brevity of most orthodox ogham inscriptions makes it difficult to analyse the archaic Irish language in depth, but it is possible to understand the basis of its phonology and the rudiments of its
1241:
which had previously been obscured by the conservative influence of the druidic language. This new phase of the language shows influence from Latin, the latter having been introduced to
1755:
Proceedings of the 1st Joint
Workshop on Spoken Language Technologies for Under-resourced Languages (SLTU) and Collaboration and Computing for Under-Resourced Languages (CCURL)
1413:
loss of the conditions which caused the mutations, those mutations became the only way to distinguish between different grammatical forms. Thus, the mutations became
1627:
emerged by the 5th century with the advent of phonetic sĂ©imhiĂș (lenition). In turn, their non-lenited counterparts occasionally and inconsistently became geminates.
4362:
4203:
1779:
4357:
4009:
1228:
and the introduction of Latin as a literary language. The Irish language would then have derogated from the formal register of the language used by
1225:
319:
tradition of memorials, whereas the latter resulted from a tradition of scholarly restoration of the writing system as part of the development of a
4612:
1348:
in non-initial syllables, around 500 AD and the middle of the 6th century, respectively. This loss of vowels caused consonant clusters to develop.
1205:
have been written in Old Irish date from the 7th century, at the inception of a national textual tradition which was cultivated alongside that of
2694:
Schrijver, Peter (2015), "Pruners and trainers of the Celtic family tree: The rise and development of Celtic in the light of language contact",
1328:
to the third syllable of most words with four or more syllables, and also to the fifth syllable of words with six or more, in addition to the
2824:
375:. Many of the characteristics of modern (and medieval) Irish, such as initial mutations, distinct "broad" and "slender" consonants and
4128:
468:, "of the son of the tribe", is used to show tribal affiliation. Inscriptions demonstrating additional information are rare, such as
2776:
3368:
17:
414:. Only about a dozen of the Irish inscriptions show any such sign. There is speculation about the orthodoxy of one inscription in
4500:
4177:
4602:
4002:
1401:. In each case the development of Primitive to Old Irish shows the loss of unstressed syllables and certain consonant changes.
1819:
Dubach Green, Antony (1996). "Some effects of the Weight-to-Stress
Principle and grouping harmony in the Goidelic languages".
1859:
1708:
2329:(Rev. and enl. ed. with suppl ed.). : School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. pp. 58â59.
1564:
was absent in
Primitive Irish, but a letter in scholastic ogham was created for the late introduction of this sound, called
1551:
In Old Irish, these consonants had disappeared. The stops merged with their simple velar counterparts, while /w/ became /f/.
4151:
3557:
4409:
4263:
711:. They are poorly attested, and scholars believe the distinction between them might be arbitrary, in the same way as the
1365:, is memorialised on an Ogham stone near where he died. This gives the late Primitive Irish version of his name (in the
1192:, has its earliest recorded texts possibly in the late 6th century; this is the traditional date of composition for the
3958:
3488:
2739:
2721:
2703:
2434:
4467:
3995:
2627:
2334:
2299:
1762:
1532:
1361:
620:
3317:
2972:
4273:
761:
In later stages of the language, scholastic
Oghamist traditions incorporated five new letters for vowels, called
3498:
3494:
2817:
2786:
2757:
2678:
2649:
2589:
2551:
2499:
1660:). However, the two sounds had likely merged by the Old Irish period, except in their respective lenited forms.
4449:
4255:
3928:
3784:
3449:
3385:
1784:
1527:
1266:
1119:
312:
2481:
Language and history in early Britain: a chronological survey of the Brittonic languages 1st to 12th c. A.D.
212:
4517:
4184:
4034:
3632:
3484:
3361:
2860:
600:
587:
580:
555:
308:
288:
283:
alphabet in Ireland and western Great Britain between the 4th and the 6th century AD, before the advent of
1657:
1653:
1649:
1637:
1624:
1561:
1485:
1452:
1438:
1112:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
964:
944:
930:
923:
901:
897:
883:
878:
873:
868:
861:
856:
851:
833:
828:
743:
739:
700:
696:
692:
348:
279:
This phase of the language is known only from fragments, mostly personal names, inscribed on stone in the
4493:
4167:
4079:
3620:
3535:
3169:
2995:
1324:
This last phenomenon, especially marked in the genesis of Old Irish proper, began with an application of
1238:
616:
2425:
Eska, Joseph (2009) , "The Emergence of the Celtic Languages", in Martin J. Ball; Nicole MĂŒller (eds.),
4172:
4026:
3935:
3608:
3506:
1274:
816:
2810:
1352:
660:
4336:
1833:
4607:
4301:
4146:
4044:
3755:
3206:
3149:
2934:
2893:
1418:
1258:
486:
352:
141:
4213:
4138:
3976:
3897:
3542:
3354:
1410:
1282:
1262:
1242:
656:
131:
4486:
4113:
3603:
3322:
1828:
1522:
1277:("slender") consonants (such consonant alterations may have existed, but they would have been
1178:
4220:
4039:
3299:
2848:
766:
514:
4435:
4425:
2900:
1383:
known from Old Irish sources, are memorialised on a number of stones in their territory as
1329:
1297:. Old Irish does carry with these distinctive features, as well as the loss of grammatical
291:, although scholastic use of the script continued residually until the early 19th century.
4239:
3865:
3793:
1725:
517:'s morphology (whose nouns are classified according to the vowels that characterize their
8:
4525:
4367:
3890:
3825:
3393:
3311:
3201:
3194:
3177:
2943:
2907:
2696:
Proceedings of the XIV International Congress of Celtic Studies, Maynooth University 2011
1341:
890:
1309:
and proper names, the simplification of the inflectional system, the alteration of some
4560:
4234:
4074:
4049:
3811:
3613:
3469:
3428:
3264:
3100:
3058:
2443:
Fanning, T.; Ă CorrĂĄin, D. (1977), "An Ogham stone and cross-slab from Ratass church",
1801:
1505:
1185:
1115:
in an early stage of Primitive Irish, disappearing before the transition to Old Irish.
801:
796:
499:
474:, " of the priest RonĂĄn son of ComgĂĄn". Some inscriptions appear to be border markers.
300:
273:
146:
2459:
Harvey, Anthony (1987), "The Ogam Inscriptions and Their Geminate Consonant Symbols",
1146:
A loss of /n/ before /t/ and /k/, resulting in the gemination of the following sound:
769:
of the orthodox spelling, but these no longer corresponded to Primitive Irish sounds.
228:
4293:
4227:
3703:
3583:
3552:
2916:
2884:
2870:
2782:
2753:
2735:
2717:
2699:
2674:
2645:
2623:
2607:
2585:
2569:
2547:
2524:
2495:
2468:
2448:
2430:
2390:
2340:
2330:
2305:
2295:
1969:
1855:
1805:
1758:
1704:
1474:, losing the final vowel which caused the lenition. However, in the Old Irish phrase
1434:
1414:
1294:
1127:
1022:(questions) due to the obsolescence of their original pronunciations: the first two,
937:
806:
723:
376:
344:
3802:
1848:
Stifter, David (2009). "4. Early Irish". In Ball, Martin J.; MĂŒller, Nicole (eds.).
4118:
4103:
4098:
3818:
3547:
3182:
3157:
3125:
3106:
3067:
3043:
2985:
2961:
2833:
2517:"The Conversion of Ireland and the Emergence of the Old Irish Language, AD 367â637"
2414:
2275:"The Conversion of Ireland and the Emergence of the Old Irish Language, AD 367â637"
1793:
1731:
1333:
1325:
1290:
407:
360:
337:
136:
4417:
3906:
3270:
4123:
4018:
3562:
3225:
3119:
2980:
2666:
2637:
2489:
1694:
1210:
1031:
991:
957:
823:
811:
510:
324:
123:
4327:
2712:
Stifter, David (2009) , "Early Irish", in Martin J. Ball; Nicole MĂŒller (eds.),
4540:
4535:
3474:
3459:
3408:
3403:
3377:
3337:
3293:
3246:
3217:
3073:
3010:
2923:
2560:
McManus, Damian (1983), "A chronology of the Latin loan-words in Early Irish",
1517:
1221:
1189:
846:
782:
368:
328:
261:
169:
1504:. What was originally a phonological feature of the language therefore became
4596:
4565:
4509:
4108:
4069:
3598:
3525:
3464:
3276:
3114:
2611:
2573:
2528:
2472:
2452:
2394:
1580:
with a consonant value, although often used as an equivalent to the digraphs
1366:
1314:
1246:
1108:
506:
426:
391:
205:
102:
88:
61:
3746:
2344:
2309:
4581:
4555:
4530:
4430:
4064:
3567:
3479:
3433:
3423:
3398:
3093:
3023:
1976:, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1946, pp. 9â11; DĂĄibhĂ Ă CrĂłinĂn,
1690:
1656:(it was relatively rare and corresponded to Indo-European words containing
1380:
1376:
1345:
1310:
1270:
1217:
1139:
436:
411:
383:
1750:
1232:
in their ceremonies and teachings. Koch believed that with the decline of
196:
3847:
3676:
3593:
2324:
2289:
1173:
914:
554:, is found in words equivalent to the so-called Proto-Celtic category of
502:
395:
387:
84:
4383:
3874:
382:
More than 300 ogham inscriptions are known in Ireland, including 121 in
3953:
3667:
1648:, the latter probably representing a previously distinct sound such as
1286:
703:
respectively, there is some difficulty in reconstructing the values of
518:
418:
and two in Scotland, but there is no academic consensus on the matter.
356:
320:
3739:
1797:
521:), limited the archaic Irish endings of the singular genitive case to
4550:
4059:
3883:
3418:
3305:
3258:
3086:
3016:
2748:
Stokes, Whitley (2002) , "Celtic Declension", in Daniel Davis (ed.),
1735:
1501:
1406:
1278:
1265:, however it did not display the most distinctive characteristics of
1123:
778:
415:
284:
221:
189:
113:
33:
3856:
3732:
3514:
2418:
1849:
1488:. The lenition was 'reinterpreted' as being caused by the fact that
402:, where Irish colonists settled in the 3rd century, and about 30 in
4320:
3252:
2802:
2698:, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, pp. 191â219,
2516:
2274:
1700:
1448:
1306:
1233:
1107:, also presented particular difficulties due to apparently being a
1055:
422:
403:
372:
3987:
1213:
in Ireland, and which supplanted the archaic literary traditions.
1018:, respectively, were known by the ancient scholastic Oghamists as
738:, respectively, and probably had the respective pronunciations of
3694:
3346:
3189:
3162:
3004:
2877:
2598:
McManus, Damian (1988), "Irish letter-names and their kennings",
1337:
1318:
1201:
664:
567:, with an inscription possibly in the nominative case also using
98:
80:
4478:
4374:
4288:
1142:
as being attested in the earliest Primitive Irish inscriptions:
1118:
Consonant lenition and palatalisation, which feature heavily in
3658:
3649:
3230:
1356:
1298:
1079:
333:
27:
Pre-6th century Goidelic Celtic language of Ireland and Britain
3685:
1344:
of stressless (internal) syllables, and the shortening of all
55:
3588:
1229:
1206:
1197:
712:
676:
399:
364:
316:
307:
alphabet, the usage of which can be divided into two phases,
304:
280:
243:
176:
1237:
actually representing a shift in literature to a vernacular
237:
3763:
561:. This category was also recorded in the dative case using
483:
2445:
Journal of the Kerry Archaeological and Historical Society
2381:
Carney, James (1975), "The Invention of the Ogom Cipher",
3723:
1592:
in Latin spelling. In early loanwords, the Latin letter
1495:
1489:
1475:
1469:
1390:
1042:. However, evidence of the original distinction between
276:, and the ancestor of all languages within this family.
2734:, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, p. 30,
1727:
The Prosodic Structure of Irish, Scots Gaelic, and Manx
615:
Furthermore, according to Damian McManus, Proto-Celtic
1421:
functions. For example, in the Primitive Irish phrase
4438:
4415:
4381:
4372:
4338:
4325:
4225:
4211:
1355:, whose name is recorded in Old Irish king-lists and
1332:, which fell on the first syllable, as is typical of
1854:(2nd ed.). London; New York: 2009. p. 55.
1640:
in scholastic ogham was represented by two letters:
1050:
was still present into the Old Irish period, as the
462:, " of Dalagnos son of Dalos". Sometimes the phrase
390:, and more than 75 found outside Ireland in western
1245:, which influence became more pronounced following
299:Primitive Irish is the oldest recorded form of the
1821:Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory
1321:which resulted in distinctive consonant clusters.
1138:McManus describes the following sound shifts from
691:are recognized by modern scholars as representing
1980:, Longman, 1995, pp. 33â36, 43; James MacKillop,
1224:, theorized that these changes coincide with the
746:. There were also two diphthongs, transcribed as
4594:
2750:The development of Celtic linguistics, 1850-1900
2442:
1484:is still lenited, so the pronunciation would be
425:, consisting of the name of the deceased in the
2770:, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
2716:, London/New York: Routledge, pp. 55â116,
1780:"Interarticulatory Timing and Celtic Mutations"
1751:"Neural Models for Predicting Celtic Mutations"
1500:, a rule of morphosyntax (grammar) rather than
2429:, London/New York: Routledge, pp. 22â27,
1164:Unrounding of *o in final unstressed syllables
675:There is a certain amount of obscurity in the
340:, which is written in both Irish and English.
4494:
4003:
3362:
3173:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)
2818:
1689:
2778:Die Sprache der altirischen Ogam-Inschriften
2673:, no. 1, London: Gill & MacMillan,
1984:, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 309â310
1818:
3933:
3904:
3895:
3881:
3872:
3863:
3854:
3845:
3823:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3744:
3730:
3721:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3618:
3533:
3504:
3451:
2580:McManus, Damian (1991), "A Guide to Ogam",
451:
439:
4501:
4487:
4010:
3996:
3369:
3355:
2825:
2811:
2765:
2667:"Medieval Ireland: The Enduring Tradition"
2322:
1168:
236:
54:
2781:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,
2693:
2635:
2620:The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland
2541:
2491:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
2287:
1832:
1738:– via rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu.
1696:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
579:, in turn, is equivalent to Proto-Celtic
2606:, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy: 127â168,
1748:
1226:conversion of the island to Christianity
1172:
1070:) for lexemes originally represented by
456:) and the name of his grandfather, e.g.
351:, show Primitive Irish to be similar in
287:. These inscriptions are referred to as
4613:Languages attested from the 4th century
2774:
2729:
2711:
2664:
2597:
2579:
2559:
2483:, Edimburgo: Edinburgh University Press
2478:
1847:
781:of Primitive Irish is reconstructed by
623:also correspond to the Primitive Irish
421:The majority of ogham inscriptions are
14:
4595:
2747:
2568:, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy: 21â71,
2467:, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy: 45â71,
2458:
2400:
2389:, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy: 53â65,
2380:
1034:in Old Irish, and the third, probably
679:of Primitive Irish: while the letters
4482:
3991:
3350:
2806:
2617:
2403:Celtic initial consonant mutations â
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2159:
2157:
2066:
2064:
2062:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1723:
1395:, "poet (gen.)", appears in ogham as
789:Consonants of Primitive Irish in IPA
327:art, in parallel with the use of the
315:. The former represents the original
4152:Dependent and independent verb forms
2832:
2752:, vol. 5, New York: Routledge,
2514:
2487:
2424:
2266:
1777:
1724:Green, Antony Dubach (15 May 1997).
1181:contrasting Ogham and Latin scripts.
629:genitive, attested in names such as
450:, " of the grandson", (Modern Irish
4264:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005
4017:
3255:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)
2732:Sengoidelc: Old Irish For Beginners
2584:, no. 4, Maynooth: An Sagart,
2546:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2523:(13), Navan Research Group: 39â50,
1133:
71:(" name of SĂlĂĄn son of FĂĄithloga")
24:
3376:
2214:
2202:
2154:
2059:
1949:
1778:Eska, Joseph F. (1 January 2020).
1409:mutations over time, and with the
1103:), although not counted among the
765:(supplementary), corresponding to
444:), and the name of his father, or
294:
272:, is the oldest known form of the
25:
4624:
4508:
2638:"Early Medieval Ireland 400â1200"
1533:Phonological history of Old Irish
1301:, the introduction of the letter
1122:, may already have existed in an
4463:
4462:
3972:
3971:
3318:Scottish Gaelic-medium education
2291:Early medieval Ireland, 400-1200
2272:
1111:. It was probably pronounced as
406:, although some of these are in
242:Map of locations where Orthodox
3558:Dependent and independent forms
2373:
2360:
2351:
2316:
2294:. London: Longman. p. 44.
2281:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:Early Medieval Ireland 400â1200
1963:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1663:
1630:
1617:
1554:
1545:
3267:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)
2544:Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
1982:Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
1886:
1877:
1868:
1841:
1812:
1771:
1742:
1717:
1683:
1604:, for example Primitive Irish
726:, but they are transcribed as
266:Gaeilge Ărsa, Gaeilge Chianach
13:
1:
4603:History of the Irish language
4256:Education (Scotland) Act 1872
3338:extinct or ancestor languages
1785:Journal of Celtic Linguistics
1676:
1528:Goidelic substrate hypothesis
1494:follows the definite article
1351:As an example, a 5th-century
772:
492:
246:inscriptions have been found.
1749:Scannell, Kevin (May 2020).
1455:due to the influence of the
1372:MAQI CAIRATINI AVI INEQAGLAS
1362:Mac CaĂrthinn UĂ Enechglaiss
1267:other phases of the language
1120:later stages of the language
955:
935:
912:
888:
844:
821:
650:
398:, including more than 40 in
64:, 6th century AD. It reads:
7:
2766:Thurneysen, Rudolf (1946),
2671:New Gill History of Ireland
2323:Thurneysen, Rudolf (1993).
2288:Ă CrĂłinĂn, DĂĄibhĂ. (1995).
2245:Schrijver 2015, pp. 196-197
1808:– via IngentaConnect.
1511:
1252:
1158:Monophthongization of *ou:
785:Damian McManus as follows:
10:
4629:
3936:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge
2642:Longman History of Ireland
2636:Ă CrĂłinĂn, DĂĄibhĂ (1995),
2413:, Boston: Boston College,
1767:– via ACL Anthology.
1126:form, i.e., they were not
1082:originally represented by
477:
471:QRIMTIR RONNN MAQ COMOGANN
347:, which lack a letter for
31:
4574:
4516:
4458:
4402:
4350:
4313:
4281:
4272:
4248:
4202:
4193:
4160:
4137:
4091:
4025:
3967:
3954:Personal and family names
3946:
3921:
3905:
3896:
3882:
3873:
3864:
3855:
3846:
3838:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3783:
3775:
3731:
3722:
3714:
3640:
3631:
3576:
3524:
3442:
3384:
3331:
3286:
3239:
3216:
3153:? (possibly hypothetical)
3141:
3057:
3035:
2994:
2971:
2953:
2942:
2933:
2858:
2840:
2775:Ziegler, Sabine (1994) ,
2665:Richter, Michael (2005),
2542:MacKillop, James (1998),
2479:Jackson, Kenneth (1953),
2254:Jackson 1954, pp. 142-143
1437:), originally pronounced
1152:Loss of intervocalic *s:
972:
970:
968:
963:
961:
952:
950:
948:
943:
941:
929:
927:
922:
920:
918:
909:
907:
905:
896:
894:
865:
850:
841:
839:
837:
832:
827:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
670:
659:with other languages, to
235:
219:
203:
187:
182:
166:
120:
108:
94:
76:
67:NM SILLANN MAQ VATTILLOGG
53:
46:
41:
4302:West Highland Free Press
3785:RTĂ RaidiĂł na Gaeltachta
2190:McManus 1991, pp. 37, 40
1538:
1128:phonemically contrastive
1030:, had merged with plain
655:It is possible, through
606:. The exact function of
509:and one in the singular
379:, are not yet apparent.
303:. It was written in the
116:about the 6th century AD
32:Not to be confused with
18:Primitive Irish language
4410:Gaelic-medium education
3161:? (possibly related to
2730:Stifter, David (2006),
2622:, Abingdon: Routledge,
2618:Nancy, Edwards (2006),
2494:, Bloomsbury Academic,
2079:McManus 1991 pp.141-146
2056:McManus 1988 pp.163-165
1946:McManus 1991, pp. 44-45
1928:Ziegler 1994, pp. 93-96
1496:
1490:
1476:
1470:
1415:differentiated phonemes
1391:
1263:Indo-European languages
1169:Transition to Old Irish
621:dental, and velar stems
4439:
4416:
4382:
4373:
4339:
4326:
4226:
4212:
4114:East Sutherland Gaelic
3959:List of personal names
3934:
3824:
3745:
3702:
3693:
3684:
3675:
3666:
3657:
3648:
3621:An CaighdeĂĄn OifigiĂșil
3619:
3536:An CaighdeĂĄn OifigiĂșil
3534:
3505:
3452:
3323:Welsh-medium education
2973:Southwestern Brittonic
2768:A Grammar of Old Irish
2401:Conroy, Kevin (2008),
2326:A grammar of Old Irish
2181:Koch 2006, pp. 986-988
2151:Richter 2005, p. 54-55
2133:McManus 1991, pp. 84-5
1993:Ziegler 1994, p. 53-92
1974:A Grammar of Old Irish
1523:Early Irish literature
1340:of (final) syllables,
1257:Primitive Irish has a
1182:
1066:(< Primitive Irish
452:
440:
265:
4214:An Comunn GĂ idhealach
3300:Skol Veythrin Karenza
3240:Celtic-speaking areas
3165:or pre-Indo-European)
2124:McManus 1991 pp.36-37
2106:Ziegler 1994 pp.11-12
2088:McManus 1991 pp.36-39
2047:McManus 1991 pp.36-38
1703:. pp. 986â1390.
1669:Lost in later stages.
1625:/f,v,Ξ,Ă°,x,ÉŁ,h,andÎČÌ/
1317:, and, most notably,
1243:pre-Christian Ireland
1176:
515:Proto-Celtic language
2714:The Celtic Languages
2447:(10), Tralee: 14â8,
2427:The Celtic Languages
2038:McManus 1991 p.38-39
2002:Ziegler 1994 p.53-92
1919:Koch 1995, pp. 45-46
1892:Koch 1995, pp. 44-45
1883:McManus 1991, p. 128
1851:The Celtic Languages
1598:was incorporated as
1480:("of the son"), the
1433:being a form of the
1287:inflectional endings
1148:*nt, *nk > tË, kË
724:Anglo-Saxon alphabet
505:, two in the plural
4526:Proto-Indo-European
4035:Proto-Indo-European
3891:Irish Texts Society
3394:Proto-Indo-European
3312:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh
3287:Immersive education
2644:, Harlow: Longman,
2582:Maynooth Monographs
2515:Koch, John (1995),
2488:Koch, John (2006),
2263:McManus 1991, p. 88
2211:McManus 1991, p. 84
2199:McManus 1983, p. 48
2163:Koch 1995, p. 39-40
2070:Stifter 2010, p. 58
1960:Stifter 2010, p. 56
1910:Ziegler 1994, p. 25
1874:McManus 1991, p. 44
1179:Auraicept na n-Ăces
1097:(transliterated as
790:
779:consonant inventory
87:, western coast of
4561:Early Modern Irish
4235:The Gaelic College
4204:Gaelic development
4178:Bible translations
4075:Early Modern Irish
3929:Leaving Cert Irish
3898:Såirséal agus Dill
3470:Newfoundland Irish
3429:Early Modern Irish
3265:Cape Breton Island
3101:Early Modern Irish
2861:Continental Celtic
2097:McManus 1991 p.182
2029:McManus 1991 p.116
2020:McManus 1991 p.108
2011:McManus 1991 p.102
1937:Nancy 2006, p. 103
1901:Carney 1975, p. 57
1295:consonant clusters
1202:St Columba of Iona
1194:Amra Coluim Chille
1183:
1154:/s/ > Ă / V _ V
788:
665:phonemic inventory
548:The first ending,
377:consonant clusters
345:Ogham inscriptions
301:Goidelic languages
274:Goidelic languages
4590:
4589:
4476:
4475:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4333:
4306:
4298:
4294:Stornoway Gazette
4260:
4240:Sabhal MĂČr Ostaig
4129:Dialect phonology
4084:
3985:
3984:
3917:
3916:
3866:ClĂł Iar-Chonnacht
3831:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3609:Modern literature
3543:Initial mutations
3344:
3343:
3137:
3136:
3053:
3052:
2996:Western Brittonic
2885:Cisalpine Gaulish
2366:Conroy 2008, p. 6
2357:Conroy 2008, p. 3
2236:Koch 2006, p. 986
2172:Koch 2006, p. 989
2115:Stifler 2006 p.30
1970:Rudolf Thurneysen
1861:978-0-415-42279-6
1798:10.16922/jcl.21.7
1710:978-1-85109-440-0
1468:became Old Irish
1375:. Similarly, the
1283:initial mutations
1261:similar to other
1188:, written in the
976:
975:
612:remains unclear.
459:DALAGNI MAQI DALI
435:, " of the son" (
251:
250:
60:Ogham stone from
16:(Redirected from
4620:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4480:
4479:
4466:
4465:
4442:
4421:
4387:
4378:
4342:
4331:
4323:
4304:
4296:
4279:
4278:
4258:
4231:
4221:BĂČrd na GĂ idhlig
4217:
4200:
4199:
4119:Galwegian Gaelic
4104:Hebridean Gaelic
4099:Mid-Minch Gaelic
4082:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3975:
3974:
3939:
3910:
3909:
3901:
3900:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3877:
3869:
3868:
3860:
3859:
3851:
3850:
3829:
3821:
3819:BBC Radio Ulster
3815:
3814:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3796:
3788:
3787:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3727:
3726:
3707:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3662:
3653:
3638:
3637:
3624:
3604:Early literature
3539:
3510:
3489:Northern Ireland
3455:
3443:Sociolinguistics
3371:
3364:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3126:Galwegian Gaelic
3107:Classical Gaelic
3068:Classical Gaelic
2962:Common Brittonic
2951:
2950:
2940:
2939:
2834:Celtic languages
2827:
2820:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2771:
2762:
2744:
2726:
2708:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2632:
2614:
2594:
2576:
2556:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2484:
2475:
2455:
2439:
2421:
2397:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2227:Koch 1995, p. 42
2225:
2212:
2209:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2142:Koch 1995, p. 41
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1736:10.7282/T38W3C3K
1721:
1715:
1714:
1687:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:definite article
1432:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1353:king of Leinster
1334:Celtic languages
1326:secondary stress
1134:Internal history
1114:
1102:
1101:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
966:
946:
932:
925:
903:
899:
885:
880:
875:
870:
863:
858:
853:
835:
830:
791:
787:
757:
756:
751:
750:
745:
741:
737:
736:
731:
730:
702:
698:
694:
646:
645:
640:
639:
634:
633:
628:
627:
611:
610:
598:
597:
578:
577:
572:
571:
566:
565:
553:
552:
544:
543:
538:
537:
532:
531:
526:
525:
473:
472:
467:
466:
461:
460:
455:
449:
448:
443:
434:
433:
350:
338:County Tipperary
313:Scholastic Ogham
240:
231:
215:
199:
192:
172:
126:
69:
68:
58:
39:
38:
21:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4608:Ancient Ireland
4593:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4570:
4546:Primitive Irish
4512:
4507:
4477:
4472:
4454:
4390:
4346:
4309:
4268:
4244:
4195:
4189:
4156:
4133:
4124:Canadian Gaelic
4087:
4055:Primitive Irish
4021:
4019:Scottish Gaelic
4016:
3986:
3981:
3963:
3942:
3913:
3834:
3771:
3710:
3627:
3572:
3520:
3499:in Newfoundland
3495:Outside Ireland
3438:
3414:Primitive Irish
3380:
3375:
3345:
3340:
3327:
3282:
3235:
3226:Beurla Reagaird
3212:
3150:Ancient Belgian
3133:
3120:Scottish Gaelic
3080:Primitive Irish
3049:
3031:
2990:
2967:
2946:
2929:
2854:
2836:
2831:
2801:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2760:
2742:
2724:
2706:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2630:
2592:
2554:
2533:
2531:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2437:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2337:
2321:
2317:
2302:
2286:
2282:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1846:
1842:
1834:10.1.1.387.8008
1817:
1813:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1747:
1743:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1635:
1631:
1623:The fricatives
1622:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1514:
1506:grammaticalized
1464:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1443:
1442:
1429:
1428:
1427:("of the son",
1423:
1422:
1419:morphosyntactic
1417:with their own
1397:
1396:
1385:
1384:
1371:
1370:
1285:, some loss of
1255:
1211:Catholic Church
1171:
1136:
1099:
1098:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
775:
754:
753:
748:
747:
734:
733:
728:
727:
677:vowel inventory
673:
653:
643:
642:
637:
636:
631:
630:
625:
624:
608:
607:
599:corresponds to
595:
594:
575:
574:
569:
568:
563:
562:
550:
549:
541:
540:
535:
534:
529:
528:
523:
522:
511:nominative case
495:
480:
470:
469:
464:
463:
458:
457:
446:
445:
431:
430:
297:
295:Written records
268:), also called
254:Primitive Irish
247:
227:
211:
208:
195:
188:
173:
168:
162:
152:Primitive Irish
127:
124:Language family
122:
72:
70:
66:
65:
48:
42:Primitive Irish
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4626:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4541:Proto-Goidelic
4538:
4536:Insular Celtic
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4428:
4423:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4379:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4223:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4045:Insular Celtic
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3922:Qualifications
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3816:
3807:
3803:RaidiĂł Na Life
3798:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3737:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3502:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3475:Leinster Irish
3472:
3467:
3462:
3460:Connacht Irish
3457:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3409:Proto-Goidelic
3406:
3404:Insular Celtic
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3378:Irish language
3374:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3247:Lower Brittany
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3207:Paleo-Hispanic
3198:
3186:
3174:
3166:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3071:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3008:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2957:
2955:
2948:
2937:
2935:Insular Celtic
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2894:Hispano-Celtic
2890:
2889:
2888:
2874:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2800:
2799:
2787:
2772:
2763:
2758:
2745:
2741:978-0815630722
2740:
2727:
2723:978-0415422796
2722:
2709:
2705:978-1855002296
2704:
2691:
2679:
2662:
2650:
2633:
2628:
2615:
2595:
2590:
2577:
2557:
2552:
2539:
2512:
2500:
2485:
2476:
2456:
2440:
2436:978-0415422796
2435:
2422:
2398:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2335:
2315:
2300:
2280:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2213:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1962:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1840:
1811:
1792:(1): 235â255.
1770:
1763:
1741:
1716:
1709:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1629:
1616:
1553:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1518:Irish language
1513:
1510:
1441:, the initial
1439:ËsÉȘndiËËmakÊ·iË
1379:, a people of
1336:. This caused
1330:primary stress
1319:vowel elisions
1273:("broad") and
1254:
1251:
1220:, an American
1190:Latin alphabet
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1160:/ou/ > /oË/
1156:
1150:
1135:
1132:
1038:, merged with
992:transliterated
974:
973:
971:
969:
967:
962:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
947:
942:
940:
934:
933:
928:
926:
921:
919:
917:
911:
910:
908:
906:
904:
895:
893:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
864:
859:
854:
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
836:
831:
826:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
774:
771:
672:
669:
652:
649:
494:
491:
479:
476:
429:, followed by
329:Latin alphabet
309:Orthodox Ogham
296:
293:
289:Orthodox Ogham
270:Proto-Goidelic
249:
248:
241:
233:
232:
225:
217:
216:
209:
204:
201:
200:
193:
185:
184:
183:Language codes
180:
179:
174:
170:Writing system
167:
164:
163:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
142:Insular Celtic
130:
128:
121:
118:
117:
110:
106:
105:
96:
92:
91:
78:
77:Native to
74:
73:
59:
51:
50:
49:Proto-Goidelic
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4625:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4566:Manx language
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4510:Manx language
4504:
4499:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4469:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4418:GĂ idhealtachd
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Argyll Gaelic
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4070:Gaelicisation
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3978:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3908:
3907:GlĂłr na nGael
3903:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3812:RaidiĂł FĂĄilte
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Munster Irish
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3277:Y Fro Gymraeg
3275:
3272:
3271:GĂ idhealtachd
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:Reconstructed
2952:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:Reconstructed
2839:
2835:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2629:9780415220002
2625:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2363:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2336:1-85500-161-6
2332:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2301:0-582-01566-9
2297:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1764:9791095546351
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1691:Koch, John T.
1686:
1682:
1666:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1620:
1613:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1450:
1436:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1367:genitive case
1364:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:vowel harmony
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:, but not of
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1249:'s ministry.
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1109:silent letter
1106:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1033:
1021:
993:
989:
985:
981:
959:
956:
939:
936:
916:
913:
892:
889:
882:
877:
872:
867:
860:
855:
848:
845:
825:
822:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
792:
786:
784:
780:
770:
768:
764:
759:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
706:
690:
686:
682:
678:
668:
666:
662:
658:
648:
622:
618:
613:
605:
603:
592:
590:
585:
583:
560:
558:
546:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:genitive case
504:
501:
490:
488:
485:
475:
454:
442:
438:
428:
427:genitive case
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
346:
341:
339:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
292:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:Archaic Irish
255:
245:
239:
234:
230:
226:
224:
223:
218:
214:
210:
207:
206:Linguist List
202:
198:
194:
191:
186:
181:
178:
175:
171:
165:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
132:Indo-European
129:
125:
119:
115:
112:Evolved into
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
63:
62:Ratass Church
57:
52:
47:Archaic Irish
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
4582:Manx grammar
4556:Middle Irish
4545:
4531:Proto-Celtic
4437:
4414:
4340:nan GĂ idheal
4328:BBC GĂ idhlig
4314:Broadcasting
4228:ClĂŹ GĂ idhlig
4185:Dictionaries
4065:Middle Irish
4054:
4040:Proto-Celtic
3794:RaidiĂł RĂ-RĂĄ
3614:Lexicography
3513:
3480:Ulster Irish
3434:Modern Irish
3424:Middle Irish
3413:
3399:Proto-Celtic
3333:
3205:? (possibly
3200:
3193:? (possibly
3188:
3181:? (possibly
3176:
3168:
3156:
3148:
3124:
3105:
3099:
3094:Middle Irish
3092:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3066:
3042:
3024:Middle Welsh
3022:
3015:
3003:
2960:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2859:
2849:Proto-Celtic
2847:
2792:, retrieved
2777:
2767:
2749:
2731:
2713:
2695:
2684:, retrieved
2670:
2655:, retrieved
2641:
2619:
2603:
2599:
2581:
2565:
2561:
2543:
2532:, retrieved
2520:
2505:, retrieved
2490:
2480:
2464:
2460:
2444:
2426:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2386:
2382:
2374:Bibliography
2362:
2353:
2325:
2318:
2290:
2283:
2273:Koch, John.
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1850:
1843:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1789:
1783:
1773:
1754:
1744:
1726:
1719:
1695:
1685:
1665:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1619:
1611:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1481:
1424:SINDHI MAQQI
1403:
1389:. Old Irish
1381:County Kerry
1377:Corcu Duibne
1360:
1350:
1323:
1311:short vowels
1302:
1291:case marking
1256:
1218:John T. Koch
1215:
1193:
1184:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1140:Proto-Celtic
1137:
1117:
1104:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1071:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1019:
987:
983:
979:
978:The letters
977:
776:
762:
760:
719:
715:
708:
704:
688:
684:
680:
674:
654:
614:
601:
588:
581:
556:
547:
496:
481:
437:Modern Irish
420:
412:Roman Empire
384:County Kerry
381:
367:, Classical
343:Transcribed
342:
321:Celtic style
298:
278:
269:
257:
253:
252:
220:
151:
29:
4249:Legislation
4168:Orthography
4080:Renaissance
3848:Tuairisc.ie
3677:Tuairisc.ie
3594:Gaelic type
3584:Orthography
3553:Conjugation
3453:GaeilgeoirĂ
2947:(Brythonic)
2901:Celtiberian
2794:16 February
2686:20 February
2657:15 February
2534:15 February
2507:14 February
1827:: 117â155.
1610:from Latin
1576:, the only
1447:would have
1346:long vowels
1275:palatalized
1196:, a poetic
1089:The letter
915:Approximant
661:reconstruct
657:comparisons
638:CATTUBUTTAS
559:-stem nouns
503:dative case
465:MAQQI MUCOI
432:MAQI, MAQQI
396:Isle of Man
388:County Cork
357:inflections
85:Isle of Man
4597:Categories
4450:Road signs
4351:Publishers
4337:BBC Radio
4305:(sporadic)
4297:(sporadic)
4282:Newspapers
4173:Literature
3839:Publishers
3767:(sporadic)
3759:(sporadic)
3756:BBC Two NI
3747:Nuacht RTĂ
3715:Television
3668:An tUltach
3548:Declension
3507:BĂ©arlachas
3273:(Scotland)
3249:(Brittany)
3202:Tartessian
3178:Lusitanian
2908:Gallaecian
2788:3525262256
2759:0415226996
2680:0717132935
2651:0582015650
2591:1870684176
2553:0198691572
2501:1851094407
1677:References
1636:The sound
1560:The sound
1411:diachronic
1407:allophonic
1279:allophonic
1269:including
1259:morphology
1247:St Patrick
1124:allophonic
1105:foilceasta
1020:foilceasta
817:Labiovelar
773:Consonants
644:LUGUDECCAS
632:GLASICONAS
493:Morphology
487:morphology
386:and 81 in
353:morphology
4551:Old Irish
4363:Akerbeltz
4194:Official
4083:(present)
4060:Old Irish
3884:Gael Linn
3704:Seachtain
3563:Phonology
3419:Old Irish
3336:indicate
3306:Gaelscoil
3302:(Cornish)
3261:(Ireland)
3259:Gaeltacht
3195:Tyrsenian
3087:Old Irish
3017:Old Welsh
2944:Brittonic
2612:0332-0758
2574:0332-0758
2529:0951-1822
2473:0332-0758
2453:0085-2503
2395:0332-0758
1829:CiteSeerX
1806:213769085
1612:presbyter
1502:phonology
1307:loanwords
1271:velarized
1222:Celticist
1186:Old Irish
1177:Folio of
1062:produced
891:Fricative
783:Celticist
651:Phonology
447:AVI, AVVI
423:memorials
416:Hampshire
285:Old Irish
222:Glottolog
190:ISO 639-3
114:Old Irish
34:Old Irish
4468:Category
4384:Ăr-sgeul
4321:BBC Alba
4147:Alphabet
4092:Dialects
4050:Goidelic
3977:Category
3875:Coiscéim
3641:Journals
3450:List of
3296:(Breton)
3253:Y Wladfa
3170:Ligurian
3059:Goidelic
2917:Lepontic
2871:Galatian
2419:2345/530
2345:31459157
2310:31608471
1701:ABC-CLIO
1693:(2006).
1607:QRIMITIR
1512:See also
1486:/ÉȘnÎČÌak/
1477:in maicc
1386:DOVINIAS
1313:through
1305:through
1299:suffixes
1253:Features
1239:register
1234:paganism
1056:lenition
802:Alveolar
797:Bilabial
767:digraphs
593:, while
500:singular
404:Scotland
394:and the
373:Sanskrit
325:Catholic
229:prim1243
147:Goidelic
4575:Grammar
4518:History
4368:Birlinn
4196:support
4161:Writing
4139:Grammar
4027:History
3740:RTĂ One
3695:An Gael
3599:Braille
3577:Writing
3526:Grammar
3386:History
3334:Italics
3308:(Irish)
3279:(Wales)
3190:Rhaetic
3163:Rhaetic
3158:Camunic
3142:Unknown
3044:Pictish
3036:Pictish
3005:Cumbric
2986:Cornish
2878:Gaulish
1757:: 1â8.
1730:(PhD).
1578:forfeda
1449:lenited
1398:VELITAS
1342:syncope
1338:apocope
1209:by the
1080:lexemes
1052:sĂ©imhiĂș
938:Lateral
807:Palatal
763:forfeda
722:in the
519:endings
484:nominal
478:Grammar
408:Pictish
392:Britain
361:Gaulish
317:Druidic
103:Britain
99:Ireland
89:Britain
81:Ireland
4403:Topics
4259:(past)
3857:An GĂșm
3733:CĂșla 4
3659:Feasta
3650:Comhar
3568:Syntax
3515:FĂĄinne
3485:Status
3314:(Manx)
3231:Shelta
3183:Italic
2981:Breton
2785:
2756:
2738:
2720:
2702:
2677:
2648:
2626:
2610:
2588:
2572:
2550:
2527:
2521:Emania
2498:
2471:
2451:
2433:
2409:bhfuil
2405:nghath
2393:
2343:
2333:
2308:
2298:
1858:
1831:
1804:
1761:
1707:
1646:Straif
1465:SINDHI
1430:SINDHI
1369:), as
1357:annals
1293:, and
1230:druids
1072:Straif
1044:straif
1032:velars
1012:) and
988:Straif
744:/o(Ë)/
740:/e(Ë)/
720:cweorĂ°
701:/u(Ë)/
697:/o(Ë)/
693:/a(Ë)/
671:Vowels
641:, and
604:-stems
591:-stems
584:-stems
334:Ahenny
137:Celtic
95:Region
4431:Music
4426:Names
4358:Acair
4274:Media
3947:Names
3776:Radio
3633:Media
3589:Ogham
3294:Diwan
3218:Mixed
3074:Irish
3011:Welsh
2924:Noric
1802:S2CID
1574:IphĂn
1539:Notes
1491:maicc
1392:filed
1207:Latin
1198:elegy
1130:yet.
1095:hĂath
1058:) of
984:GĂ©tal
958:Trill
824:Nasal
812:Velar
716:peorĂ°
713:runes
617:nasal
400:Wales
369:Greek
365:Latin
305:Ogham
281:Ogham
262:Irish
244:Ogham
177:Ogham
4436:The
4375:CLĂR
4289:DĂ na
3826:Blas
3764:NVTV
3115:Manx
2796:2018
2783:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2700:ISBN
2688:2018
2675:ISBN
2659:2018
2646:ISBN
2624:ISBN
2608:ISSN
2600:Ăriu
2586:ISBN
2570:ISSN
2562:Ăriu
2548:ISBN
2536:2018
2525:ISSN
2509:2018
2496:ISBN
2469:ISSN
2461:Ăriu
2449:ISSN
2431:ISBN
2407:and
2391:ISSN
2383:Ăriu
2341:OCLC
2331:ISBN
2306:OCLC
2296:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1658:/sw/
1654:/sw/
1650:/st/
1644:and
1642:Sail
1588:and
1570:IfĂn
1453:/ÎČÌ/
1091:Ăath
1084:Sail
1078:for
1074:but
1048:sail
1046:and
1036:/st/
1028:/ÉĄÊ·/
1026:and
1024:/kÊ·/
1006:(or
986:and
980:CĂ©rt
847:Stop
777:The
752:and
742:and
732:and
718:and
709:Idad
707:and
705:Edad
699:and
687:and
681:Ailm
609:-AIS
586:and
542:-AIS
539:and
371:and
355:and
311:and
101:and
4440:MĂČd
3724:TG4
3686:NĂłs
2415:hdl
1794:doi
1732:doi
1652:or
1638:/s/
1572:or
1566:PĂn
1562:/p/
1451:to
1359:as
1281:),
1200:to
1113:/j/
1093:or
1076:/h/
1068:/w/
1064:/f/
1060:/s/
1040:/s/
994:as
685:Onn
626:-AS
596:-AS
576:-OS
536:-OS
530:-AS
441:mic
359:to
349:/p/
336:in
323:of
256:or
213:pgl
197:pgl
109:Era
4599::
2669:,
2640:,
2604:39
2602:,
2566:34
2564:,
2519:,
2465:38
2463:,
2387:26
2385:,
2339:.
2304:.
2216:^
2204:^
2156:^
2061:^
1972:,
1951:^
1825:11
1823:.
1800:.
1790:21
1788:.
1782:.
1753:.
1699:.
1590:ia
1586:Ăa
1584:,
1582:io
1568:,
1508:.
1497:in
1471:in
1458:-I
1086:.
1009:GG
1003:NG
1000:,
990:,
982:,
902:sá”
900:,
884:ÉĄÊ·
879:kÊ·
758:.
755:OI
749:AI
695:,
689:Ăr
683:,
663:a
647:.
635:,
619:,
602:*Ä
589:*u
582:*i
573:.
570:-U
564:-U
557:*o
551:-I
545:.
533:,
527:,
524:-I
489:.
453:uĂ
363:,
264::
83:,
4502:e
4495:t
4488:v
4332:)
4324:(
4011:e
4004:t
3997:v
3830:)
3822:(
3751:)
3743:(
3501:)
3497:(
3491:)
3487:(
3370:e
3363:t
3356:v
3209:)
3197:)
3185:)
3104:/
2826:e
2819:t
2812:v
2417::
2411:?
2347:.
2312:.
2277:.
1864:.
1837:.
1796::
1734::
1713:.
1614:.
1601:Q
1595:P
1482:m
1444:M
1303:p
1100:H
1054:(
1015:Z
997:Q
965:r
945:l
931:w
924:j
898:s
874:ÉĄ
869:k
862:d
857:t
852:b
834:n
829:m
735:O
729:E
260:(
36:.
20:)
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