803:
1501:. (Rb, Re, Lu, and Th have half-lives somewhat longer than the age of the universe.) For a complete list of the 35 known primordial radionuclides, including the next 28 with half-lives much longer than the age of the universe, see the complete list below. For practical purposes, nuclides with half-lives much longer than the age of the universe may be treated as if they were stable. Rb, Re, Lu, Th, and U have half-lives long enough that their decay is limited over geological time scales; K and U have shorter half-lives and are hence severely depleted, but are still long-lived enough to persist significantly in nature.
1908:—bismuth (83), thorium (90), and uranium (92). If plutonium (94) turns out to be primordial (specifically, the long-lived isotope Pu), then it would be a fourth radioactive primordial, though practically speaking it would still be more convenient to produce synthetically. Bismuth's half-life is so long that it is often classed with the 80 primordial stable elements instead, since its radioactivity is not a cause for serious concern. The number of elements is smaller than the number of nuclides, because many of the primordial elements are represented by multiple
861:
816:
1623:). Mathematically, considering the likely initial abundances of these nuclides, primordial Sm and Pu should persist somewhere within the Earth today, even if they are not identifiable in the relatively minor portion of the Earth's crust available to human assays, while Nb and all shorter-lived nuclides should not. Nuclides such as Nb that were present in the primordial solar nebula but have long since decayed away completely are termed
31:
2009:
These 35 primordial nuclides represent radioisotopes of 28 distinct chemical elements (cadmium, neodymium, osmium, samarium, tellurium, uranium, and xenon each have two primordial radioisotopes). The radionuclides are listed in order of stability, with the longest half-life beginning the list. These
1988:, but the predicted half-lives are so long (some exceeding 10 years) that such decays could hardly be observed in the near future. Nevertheless, the number of nuclides with half-lives so long that they cannot be measured with present instruments—and are considered from this viewpoint to be
2037:. Only four of these 35 nuclides have half-lives shorter than, or equal to, the age of the universe. Most of the remaining 30 have half-lives much longer. The shortest-lived primordial isotope, U, has a half-life of 703.8 million years, about one sixth of the age of the Earth and the
1948:(list below), it becomes very difficult to determine the exact total number of radioactive primordials, because the total number of stable nuclides is uncertain. There exist many extremely long-lived nuclides whose half-lives are still unknown, in fact, all nuclides heavier than
1849:, meaning that they are decay or fission products of uranium or other actinides in subsurface rocks. All such nuclides have shorter half-lives than their parent radioactive primordial nuclides. Some other geogenic nuclides do not occur in the
3182:
A running positive integer for reference. These numbers may change slightly in the future since there are 251 nuclides now classified as stable, but which are theoretically predicted to be unstable (see
2000:
list of primordial nuclides, and the total number of primordial nuclides remains unchanged. For practical purposes, these nuclides may be considered stable for all purposes outside specialized research.
1627:
if they have no other means of being regenerated. As for Pu, calculations suggest that as of 2022, sensitivity limits were about one order of magnitude away from detecting it as a primordial nuclide.
2052:
At the end of the list, two more nuclides have been added: Sm and Pu. They have not been confirmed as primordial, but their half-lives are long enough that minute quantities should persist today.
1936:. These questions do not impact the question of whether a nuclide is primordial, since all "nearly stable" nuclides, with half-lives longer than the age of the universe, are also primordial.
916:, and potentially from other processes. They are the stable nuclides plus the long-lived fraction of radionuclides surviving in the primordial solar nebula through planet
1834:, whose half-life is on the order of a billion years and thus has been generating argon since early in the Earth's existence. (Primordial argon was dominated by the
2010:
radionuclides in many cases are so nearly stable that they compete for abundance with stable isotopes of their respective elements. For three chemical elements,
1588:). Pu was reported to exist in nature as a primordial nuclide in 1971, but this detection could not be confirmed by further studies in 2012 and 2022.
3653:
3187:), so that future experiments may show that some are in fact unstable. The number starts at 252, to follow the 251 (observationally) stable nuclides.
1892:
with at least one primordial nuclide. There are 251 stable primordial nuclides and 35 radioactive primordial nuclides, but only 80 primordial stable
3760:
3687:
2038:
1298:
The seven shortest-lived primordial nuclides (i.e., the nuclides with the shortest half-lives) to have been experimentally verified are
936:
long enough to have survived from the formation of the Earth, occur as primordial nuclides. These 35 primordial radionuclides represent
904:. Primordial nuclides were present in the interstellar medium from which the solar system was formed, and were formed in, or after, the
3434:
1925:
847:
761:
3459:
Samir Maji; et al. (2006). "Separation of samarium and neodymium: a prerequisite for getting signals from nuclear synthesis".
1822:
isotope Ar is actually more common as a radiogenic nuclide than as a primordial nuclide, forming almost 1% of the Earth's
1956:, including those indicated by even the most modern empirical methods to be stable, must be radioactive and can decay by
110:
3211:
Mass of the average nucleon of this nuclide relative to the mass of a neutron (so all nuclides get a positive value) in
3586:
3663:
414:
802:
3502:
Hoffman, D. C.; Lawrence, F. O.; Mewherter, J. L.; Rourke, F. M. (1971). "Detection of
Plutonium-244 in Nature".
606:
311:
3625:
840:
3778:
1882:
3585:
Wu, Yang; Dai, Xiongxin; Xing, Shan; Luo, Maoyi; Christl, Marcus; Synal, Hans-Arno; Hou, Shaochun (2022).
3848:
624:
594:
95:
2022:, a very long-lived radioactive primordial nuclide is found in greater abundance than a stable nuclide.
1870:
671:
221:
3184:
1928:. For a complete list noting which of the "stable" 251 nuclides may be in some respect unstable, see
557:
3698:
3439:
917:
833:
820:
552:
256:
3291:
1497:
These are the seven nuclides with half-lives comparable to, or somewhat less than, the estimated
547:
444:
409:
105:
1992:—is limited. Even when a "stable" nuclide is found to be radioactive, it merely moves from the
1639:
901:
601:
251:
216:
3623:
P. K. Kuroda (1979). "Origin of the elements: pre-Fermi reactor and plutonium-244 in nature".
3843:
913:
726:
611:
503:
1802:). Other examples of common naturally occurring but non-primordial nuclides are isotopes of
1275:(100 million years) for practical considerations. For example, for a nuclide with half-life
666:
3735:
3556:
3513:
3468:
3419:
3414:
3404:
1953:
1624:
736:
711:
528:
1841:
A similar radiogenic series is derived from the long-lived radioactive primordial nuclide
8:
3721:
3311:
2090:
2034:
1854:
1634:
often consist of more than one primordial isotope, there are only 83 distinct primordial
1498:
631:
510:
404:
347:
340:
330:
271:
266:
100:
3739:
3560:
3517:
3472:
3858:
3804:
3529:
1815:
1723:
574:
384:
3747:
1295:) of that nuclide being present at the formation of Earth, only 4 atoms remain today.
1283:(60 million years), this means 77 half-lives have elapsed, meaning that for each
3853:
3754:
3659:
3484:
3399:
3331:
3321:
3247:
2042:
2004:
1985:
1945:
746:
741:
701:
579:
318:
306:
289:
261:
231:
72:
3819:
3743:
3634:
3598:
3564:
3533:
3521:
3504:
3476:
3429:
3394:
3361:
3281:
1981:
1952:
are theoretically radioactive. For example, it is predicted theoretically that all
1929:
1913:
1889:
1719:
1635:
1256:
941:
766:
756:
686:
439:
357:
325:
145:
77:
3351:
1763:
1642:
isotope and three additional primordial elements have only radioactive isotopes (
909:
881:
865:
751:
731:
706:
636:
523:
451:
397:
362:
22:
3723:
3602:
3823:
3568:
3424:
3341:
1989:
1957:
1949:
1933:
929:
807:
661:
656:
535:
468:
276:
211:
188:
175:
162:
62:
40:
3837:
3547:
Lachner, J.; et al. (2012). "Attempt to detect primordial Pu on Earth".
3389:
3200:
1866:
1835:
1718:) are not primordial, as they must be constantly regenerated. This occurs by
1700:
1534:
1114:
1094:
1034:
1014:
864:
Relative abundance of the chemical elements in the Earth's upper continental
786:
781:
776:
771:
721:
379:
352:
196:
135:
88:
67:
1846:
3488:
3409:
3376:
2079:
1962:
1853:
of Th, U, or U but can still fleetingly occur naturally as products of the
1831:
1506:
1440:
1356:
1154:
1134:
873:
716:
691:
676:
421:
369:
226:
3261:
2046:
1850:
1842:
1468:
1412:
1384:
1328:
1300:
1284:
1234:
1214:
994:
974:
681:
374:
296:
149:
3638:
3199:
and the symbol for the corresponding chemical element (implies a unique
3301:
3271:
1901:
1897:
1896:—hydrogen through lead, atomic numbers 1 to 82, with the exceptions of
1827:
1823:
1680:
1653:
1599:, Sm must survive 45 half-lives (and hence be reduced by 2 ≈
1562:
1194:
1174:
877:
860:
651:
641:
498:
478:
301:
171:
3525:
3480:
3458:
2015:
1818:
daughters of uranium decay and are found in uranium ores. The stable
1660:
1268:
1074:
1054:
957:
949:
933:
696:
646:
473:
461:
456:
335:
1591:
Taking into account that all these nuclides must exist for at least
3803:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
1909:
1881:"Primordial element" redirects here. For a concept in algebra, see
1807:
1607:), Pu must survive 57 (and be reduced by a factor of 2 ≈
961:
905:
3774:
3722:
David Curtis, June
Fabryka-Martin, Paul Dixon, Jan Cramer (1999),
2005:
List of 35 radioactive primordial nuclides and measured half-lives
30:
2019:
1858:
1647:
1643:
969:
945:
937:
893:
158:
131:
123:
55:
45:
1960:, but as of 2013 this could only be measured experimentally for
2011:
1944:
Although it is estimated that about 35 primordial nuclides are
1811:
965:
50:
3501:
1924:
As noted, these number about 251. For a list, see the article
1762:), or (rarely) by such processes as geonuclear transmutation (
2025:
The longest-lived radionuclide known, Te, has a half-life of
1819:
1803:
953:
897:
1838:
nuclide Ar, which is significantly rarer than Ar on Earth.)
1615:), and Nb must survive 130 (and be reduced by 2 ≈
1830:
of the extremely long-lived radioactive primordial isotope
3587:"Direct search for primordial Pu in Bayan Obo bastnaesite"
3212:
1862:
1504:
The longest-lived isotope not proven to be primordial is
16:
Nuclides predating the Earth's formation (found on Earth)
2045:, although some like Bi decay by other methods such as
3724:"Nature's uncommon elements: plutonium and technetium"
1919:
1658:
Some unstable isotopes which occur naturally (such as
912:
in stars and supernovae followed by mass ejection, by
900:
that have existed in their current form since before
3802:
1654:
Naturally occurring nuclides that are not primordial
3195:Nuclide identifiers are given by their mass number
1857:of one of these three long-lived nuclides, such as
1939:
3805:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
1271:of the given nuclides must be greater than about
3835:
920:until the present; 286 such nuclides are known.
3580:
3578:
1869:, has also been detected. There are five other
3375:Multiple values for (maximal) decay energy in
3798:
3796:
3794:
841:
3759:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3622:
3584:
3575:
3185:Stable nuclide § Still-unobserved decay
3791:
3775:"Interactive Chart of Nuclides (Nudat2.5)"
848:
834:
3435:List of elements by stability of isotopes
3379:are mapped to decay modes in their order.
1926:list of elements by stability of isotopes
1861:, which makes up about 10 of all natural
972:each have two primordial radioisotopes (
859:
3546:
3836:
3688:"Research on measurement of Sn by AMS"
3685:
1904:(61)—and three radioactive primordial
1876:
3655:Groundwater geochemistry and isotopes
3651:
3395:Table of nuclides sorted by half-life
2244:
2060:
932:, plus another 35 nuclides that have
3495:
3452:
1920:Naturally occurring stable nuclides
13:
3540:
2041:. Many of these nuclides decay by
2033:, which is 160 trillion times the
1845:. These nuclides are described as
14:
3870:
1980:. Similarly, all four primordial
1638:. Of these, 80 have at least one
815:
814:
801:
29:
3728:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
3369:
3176:
3171:
3139:
3110:
1940:Radioactive primordial nuclides
3767:
3715:
3679:
3645:
3616:
1826:, which is regenerated by the
1:
3748:10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00282-8
3626:Accounts of Chemical Research
3445:
3245:
3243:All times are given in years.
3779:National Nuclear Data Center
3237:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3019:
3016:
3013:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2120:
2117:
2114:
1883:Primordial element (algebra)
1632:primordial chemical elements
923:
7:
3603:10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.036
3383:
1871:long-lived fission products
1524:, which has a half-life of
595:High-energy nuclear physics
10:
3875:
3658:. CRC Press. p. 118.
3569:10.1103/PhysRevC.85.015801
3189:
1888:A primordial element is a
1880:
1766:of uranium in the case of
3205:
1984:are expected to decay to
1267:(4.6 billion years), the
3824:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
3686:H.-T. Shen; et al.
3591:Chinese Chemical Letters
3440:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
3292:double electron capture
106:Interacting boson model
1916:for more information.
1640:observationally stable
869:
3695:accelconf.web.cern.ch
1625:extinct radionuclides
928:All of the known 251
914:cosmic ray spallation
868:, on a per-atom basis
863:
493:High-energy processes
191:– equal all the above
89:Models of the nucleus
3420:Monoisotopic element
3415:Mononuclidic element
3405:Isotope geochemistry
1954:isotopes of tungsten
529:nuclear astrophysics
3740:1999GeCoA..63..275C
3652:Clark, Ian (2015).
3639:10.1021/ar50134a005
3561:2012PhRvC..85a5801L
3518:1971Natur.234..132H
3473:2006Ana...131.1332M
3342:isomeric transition
3312:spontaneous fission
3075:1.311, 1.505, 1.505
2901:1.044, 1.737, 1.737
2035:age of the Universe
1877:Primordial elements
1855:spontaneous fission
1724:cosmogenic nuclides
1499:age of the universe
890:primordial isotopes
886:primordial nuclides
511:Photodisintegration
434:Capturing processes
348:Spontaneous fission
341:Internal conversion
272:Valley of stability
267:Island of stability
101:Nuclear shell model
3849:Radiometric dating
1816:radiogenic nuclide
870:
808:Physics portal
602:Quark–gluon plasma
385:Radiogenic nuclide
3812:Chinese Physics C
3549:Physical Review C
3512:(5325): 132–134.
3467:(12): 1332–1334.
3400:Table of nuclides
3367:
3366:
3169:
3168:
2043:double beta decay
1636:chemical elements
858:
857:
544:
290:Radioactive decay
246:Nuclear stability
73:Nuclear structure
3866:
3828:
3827:
3809:
3800:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3758:
3750:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3703:
3697:. Archived from
3692:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3597:(7): 3522–3526.
3582:
3573:
3572:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3526:10.1038/234132a0
3499:
3493:
3492:
3481:10.1039/b608157f
3456:
3430:List of nuclides
3362:neutron emission
3282:electron capture
3255:
3254:
3234:
3156:
3154:
3127:
3125:
3098:
3096:
3069:
3067:
3040:
3038:
3011:
3009:
2982:
2980:
2953:
2951:
2924:
2922:
2895:
2893:
2866:
2864:
2837:
2835:
2808:
2806:
2779:
2777:
2750:
2748:
2721:
2719:
2692:
2690:
2663:
2661:
2634:
2632:
2605:
2603:
2576:
2574:
2547:
2545:
2518:
2516:
2489:
2487:
2460:
2458:
2431:
2429:
2402:
2400:
2373:
2371:
2344:
2342:
2315:
2313:
2286:
2284:
2257:
2255:
2228:
2226:
2199:
2197:
2170:
2168:
2141:
2139:
2112:
2110:
2055:
2054:
2032:
2030:
1982:isotopes of lead
1979:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1930:list of nuclides
1914:chemical element
1890:chemical element
1814:, which are all
1801:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1722:(in the case of
1720:cosmic radiation
1717:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1650:, and uranium).
1622:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1294:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1257:age of the Earth
1251:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1001:
1000:
991:
989:
988:
981:
980:
902:Earth was formed
888:, also known as
850:
843:
836:
823:
818:
817:
810:
806:
805:
682:Skłodowska-Curie
542:
358:Neutron emission
126:' classification
78:Nuclear reaction
33:
19:
18:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3807:
3801:
3792:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3752:
3751:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3650:
3646:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3583:
3576:
3545:
3541:
3500:
3496:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3386:
3372:
3352:proton emission
3251:
3240:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3208:
3192:
3179:
3174:
3152:
3150:
3123:
3121:
3094:
3092:
3065:
3063:
3036:
3034:
3007:
3005:
2978:
2976:
2949:
2947:
2920:
2918:
2891:
2889:
2862:
2860:
2833:
2831:
2804:
2802:
2775:
2773:
2746:
2744:
2717:
2715:
2688:
2686:
2659:
2657:
2630:
2628:
2601:
2599:
2572:
2570:
2543:
2541:
2514:
2512:
2485:
2483:
2456:
2454:
2427:
2425:
2398:
2396:
2369:
2367:
2340:
2338:
2311:
2309:
2282:
2280:
2253:
2251:
2224:
2222:
2195:
2193:
2166:
2164:
2137:
2135:
2108:
2106:
2091:age of universe
2089:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2028:
2026:
2007:
1990:stable nuclides
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1942:
1922:
1886:
1879:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:neutron capture
1758:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1489:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
996:
995:
993:
987:
985:
984:
983:
979:
977:
976:
975:
973:
940:of 28 separate
930:stable nuclides
926:
910:nucleosynthesis
882:nuclear physics
854:
813:
800:
799:
792:
791:
627:
617:
616:
597:
587:
586:
531:
527:
524:Nucleosynthesis
516:
515:
494:
486:
485:
435:
427:
426:
400:
398:Nuclear fission
390:
389:
363:Proton emission
292:
282:
281:
247:
239:
238:
140:
127:
116:
115:
91:
23:Nuclear physics
17:
12:
11:
5:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3830:
3829:
3790:
3766:
3734:(2): 275–285,
3714:
3678:
3664:
3644:
3615:
3574:
3539:
3494:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Stable isotope
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:double β decay
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:double β decay
3319:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3220:
3215:/c, formally:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3043:α or SF or 2 β
3041:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2006:
2003:
1974:
1966:
1958:alpha emission
1950:dysprosium-164
1941:
1938:
1934:stable nuclide
1921:
1918:
1878:
1875:
1797:
1789:
1779:
1771:
1757:
1749:
1739:
1731:
1712:
1704:
1692:
1684:
1672:
1664:
1655:
1652:
1574:
1566:
1546:
1538:
1532:, followed by
1518:
1510:
1480:
1472:
1452:
1444:
1424:
1416:
1396:
1388:
1368:
1360:
1340:
1332:
1312:
1304:
1246:
1238:
1226:
1218:
1206:
1198:
1186:
1178:
1166:
1158:
1146:
1138:
1126:
1118:
1106:
1098:
1086:
1078:
1066:
1058:
1046:
1038:
1026:
1018:
1006:
998:
986:
978:
925:
922:
856:
855:
853:
852:
845:
838:
830:
827:
826:
825:
824:
811:
794:
793:
790:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
628:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
604:
598:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
583:
582:
577:
572:
563:
562:
561:
560:
555:
550:
539:
538:
536:Nuclear fusion
532:
522:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
508:
507:
506:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
482:
481:
476:
466:
465:
464:
459:
449:
448:
447:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
419:
418:
417:
407:
401:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
344:
343:
338:
328:
323:
322:
321:
316:
315:
314:
299:
293:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
277:Stable nuclide
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
252:Binding energy
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:
224:
219:
214:
208:
207:
193:
192:
185:
184:
168:
167:
155:
154:
142:
141:
128:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
92:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:
75:
70:
65:
63:Nuclear matter
60:
59:
58:
53:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3871:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3825:
3821:
3818:(3): 030001.
3817:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3762:
3756:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3704:on 2017-11-25
3700:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3667:
3665:9781466591745
3661:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3619:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3555:(1): 015801.
3554:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:Alpha nuclide
3388:
3387:
3378:
3374:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3201:proton number
3198:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:1.3 trillion
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:160 trillion
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2086:Approx. ratio
2085:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:10 years
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1836:alpha process
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1765:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1696:
1676:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1597:10 years
1589:
1586:10 years
1578:
1558:10 years
1550:
1530:10 years
1522:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1492:10 years
1484:
1464:10 years
1456:
1436:10 years
1428:
1408:10 years
1400:
1380:10 years
1372:
1352:10 years
1344:
1324:10 years
1316:
1296:
1293:10 atoms
1286:
1281:10 years
1273:10 years
1270:
1265:10 years
1258:
1253:
1250:
1230:
1210:
1190:
1170:
1150:
1130:
1110:
1090:
1070:
1050:
1030:
1010:
990:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
867:
862:
851:
846:
844:
839:
837:
832:
831:
829:
828:
822:
812:
809:
804:
798:
797:
796:
795:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
626:
621:
620:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
596:
591:
590:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
565:
564:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
541:
540:
537:
534:
533:
530:
525:
520:
519:
512:
509:
505:
504:by cosmic ray
502:
501:
500:
497:
496:
490:
489:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
453:
450:
446:
443:
442:
441:
438:
437:
431:
430:
423:
420:
416:
415:pair breaking
413:
412:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
399:
394:
393:
386:
383:
381:
380:Decay product
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Cluster decay
351:
349:
346:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
329:
327:
324:
320:
317:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
304:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
291:
286:
285:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
243:
242:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
206:
202:
198:
197:Mirror nuclei
195:
194:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179: −
178:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
147:
144:
143:
139:
138:
133:
130:
129:
125:
120:
119:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
90:
85:
84:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
68:Nuclear force
66:
64:
61:
57:
54:
52:
49:
48:
47:
44:
42:
39:
38:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
3844:Geochemistry
3815:
3811:
3782:. Retrieved
3769:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3706:. Retrieved
3699:the original
3694:
3681:
3669:. Retrieved
3654:
3647:
3633:(2): 73–78.
3630:
3624:
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3594:
3590:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3410:Radionuclide
3371:Decay energy
3231:
3224:
3217:
3196:
3178:No. (number)
3172:List legends
3072:β or K or β
2898:β or K or β
2582:2.205, 1.038
2556:130 million
2527:333 million
2498:510 million
2469:671 million
2440:640 million
2411:1.5 billion
2382:1.5 billion
2353:1.7 billion
2350:4.274, .0058
2324:2.3 billion
2295:8.0 billion
2237:130 billion
2208:160 billion
2179:670 billion
2088:half-life to
2080:Decay energy
2051:
2039:Solar System
2024:
2008:
1997:
1993:
1943:
1923:
1905:
1893:
1887:
1851:decay chains
1840:
1657:
1631:
1629:
1590:
1503:
1496:
1297:
1255:Because the
1254:
927:
889:
885:
874:geochemistry
871:
569:
422:Photofission
370:Decay energy
297:Alpha α
204:
200:
180:
176:
163:
150:
136:
2585:10 million
2266:87 billion
2047:alpha decay
1946:radioactive
1865:. Another,
727:Oppenheimer
405:Spontaneous
375:Decay chain
326:K/L capture
302:Beta β
172:Isodiaphers
96:Liquid drop
3838:Categories
3784:2009-06-22
3708:2018-02-06
3608:29 January
3446:References
2614:5 million
1902:promethium
1898:technetium
1828:beta decay
1824:atmosphere
934:half-lives
878:geophysics
757:Strassmann
747:Rutherford
625:Scientists
580:Artificial
575:Cosmogenic
570:Primordial
566:Nuclides:
543:Processes:
499:Spallation
3859:Metrology
3239:Half-life
2016:tellurium
1900:(43) and
1269:half-life
958:neodymium
950:tellurium
924:Stability
918:accretion
896:found on
762:Świątecki
677:Pi. Curie
672:Fr. Curie
667:Ir. Curie
662:Cockcroft
637:Becquerel
558:Supernova
262:Drip line
257:p–n ratio
232:Borromean
111:Ab initio
3854:Isotopes
3755:citation
3489:17124541
3384:See also
3147:7.826221
3118:8.626136
3089:7.897198
3060:8.909707
3031:7.872551
3002:7.918533
2973:8.374665
2944:8.291732
2915:9.043718
2886:8.698320
2857:8.610593
2828:8.267764
2799:8.311850
2770:8.562868
2741:8.849910
2730:150,000
2712:8.302508
2701:170,000
2683:8.652947
2672:510,000
2654:8.607423
2643:560,000
2625:8.859372
2596:8.392287
2567:9.055759
2538:8.347127
2509:8.565759
2480:8.933167
2451:8.562594
2422:8.766578
2393:8.961359
2364:8.158689
2335:8.992452
2306:8.836146
2277:9.017596
2248:8.742574
2219:9.034656
2190:8.706805
2161:9.022349
2132:8.778264
2103:8.743261
2071:(years)
2061:Nuclide
1998:unstable
1910:isotopes
1906:elements
1894:elements
1847:geogenic
1808:polonium
1726:such as
1630:Because
962:samarium
942:elements
938:isotopes
906:Big Bang
894:nuclides
821:Category
722:Oliphant
707:Lawrence
687:Davisson
657:Chadwick
553:Big Bang
440:electron
410:Products
331:Isomeric
222:Even/odd
199: –
174:– equal
161:– equal
159:Isotones
148:– equal
134:– equal
132:Isotopes
124:Nuclides
46:Nucleons
3736:Bibcode
3671:13 July
3557:Bibcode
3534:4283169
3514:Bibcode
3469:Bibcode
3461:Analyst
3302:β decay
3272:β decay
3262:α decay
3228:nuclide
3191:Nuclide
3159:α or SF
3101:α or SF
3014:α or SF
2759:32,000
2064:Energy
2020:rhenium
1996:to the
1986:mercury
1873:known.
1648:thorium
1644:bismuth
1466:), and
970:uranium
946:Cadmium
777:Thomson
767:Szilárd
737:Purcell
717:Meitner
652:N. Bohr
647:A. Bohr
632:Alvarez
548:Stellar
452:neutron
336:Gamma γ
189:Isomers
146:Isobars
41:Nucleus
3662:
3532:
3505:Nature
3487:
3207:Energy
3165:0.006
3136:0.008
2579:β or β
2524:1.9644
2083:(MeV)
2018:, and
2012:indium
1994:stable
1912:. See
1812:radium
1810:, and
1698:, and
1560:) and
1212:; and
968:, and
966:osmium
892:, are
819:
787:Wigner
782:Walton
772:Teller
702:Jensen
469:proton
212:Stable
3808:(PDF)
3702:(PDF)
3691:(PDF)
3530:S2CID
3248:Decay
3162:4.666
3133:2.529
3107:0.05
3104:4.679
3093:7.038
3078:0.09
3064:1.251
3046:4.270
3035:4.468
3017:4.083
3006:1.405
2988:1.193
2977:3.764
2959:.0026
2948:4.122
2919:4.972
2890:1.021
2872:2.310
2861:1.061
2843:3.252
2814:2.963
2788:8000
2785:2.203
2727:2.823
2716:2.002
2698:1.905
2687:2.292
2669:1.986
2658:7.005
2611:2.497
2553:2.509
2542:1.801
2495:3.035
2466:3.367
2426:8.806
2379:3.137
2339:2.301
2321:2.809
2310:3.102
2292:2.995
2263:2.620
2234:2.039
2205:2.462
2194:2.165
2176:2.846
2147:2.864
2118:2.530
2076:mode
2074:Decay
2067:Half-
1820:argon
1804:radon
954:xenon
908:, by
898:Earth
866:crust
752:Soddy
732:Proca
712:Mayer
692:Fermi
642:Bethe
217:Magic
3761:link
3673:2020
3660:ISBN
3610:2024
3485:PMID
3250:mode
3122:1.03
3049:0.3
3020:1.0
2991:2.7
2962:3.0
2933:3.6
2930:.283
2904:7.4
2875:7.7
2832:4.83
2817:810
2803:1.12
2756:.499
2640:.321
2513:4.62
2484:7.07
2437:.868
2368:2.01
2069:life
2058:No.
1932:and
1784:and
1744:and
1554:8.08
1526:1.03
1494:).
1460:1.25
1289:6.02
1285:mole
1261:4.58
880:and
742:Rabi
697:Hahn
607:RHIC
227:Halo
3820:doi
3744:doi
3635:doi
3599:doi
3565:doi
3522:doi
3510:234
3477:doi
3465:131
3377:MeV
3328:2 β
3318:2 β
3213:MeV
3151:8.0
3141:288
3112:287
3083:286
3054:285
3025:284
2996:283
2967:282
2938:281
2909:280
2880:279
2851:278
2846:35
2822:277
2793:276
2774:1.1
2764:275
2745:4.4
2735:274
2706:273
2677:272
2648:271
2629:7.7
2619:270
2600:7.0
2590:269
2571:1.4
2561:268
2532:267
2503:266
2492:2 β
2474:265
2463:2 β
2455:9.3
2445:264
2434:2 β
2416:263
2408:3.4
2405:2 β
2397:2.0
2387:262
2358:261
2347:2 β
2329:260
2318:2 β
2300:259
2289:2 β
2281:1.1
2271:258
2252:1.2
2242:257
2231:2 β
2223:1.8
2213:256
2202:2 β
2184:255
2165:9.2
2155:254
2136:1.8
2126:253
2115:2 β
2107:2.2
2097:252
2027:2.2
1863:tin
1593:4.6
1582:3.5
1488:7.0
1438:),
1432:4.5
1410:),
1404:1.4
1382:),
1376:3.8
1354:),
1348:4.1
1326:),
1320:5.0
1259:is
1252:).
872:In
612:LHC
526:and
3840::
3816:45
3814:.
3810:.
3793:^
3777:.
3757:}}
3753:{{
3742:,
3732:63
3730:,
3726:,
3693:.
3631:12
3629:.
3595:33
3593:.
3589:.
3577:^
3563:.
3553:85
3551:.
3528:.
3520:.
3508:.
3483:.
3475:.
3463:.
3308:SF
3288:KK
3230:/
3223:−
3203:).
3155:10
3144:Pu
3126:10
3115:Sm
3097:10
3068:10
3039:10
3010:10
2999:Th
2981:10
2970:Lu
2952:10
2941:Re
2923:10
2912:Rb
2894:10
2883:La
2865:10
2854:Sm
2836:10
2825:Pt
2807:10
2796:Os
2778:10
2767:Gd
2749:10
2738:In
2720:10
2709:Os
2691:10
2680:Nd
2662:10
2651:Sm
2633:10
2622:Cd
2604:10
2593:Hf
2575:10
2546:10
2517:10
2506:Eu
2488:10
2477:Mo
2459:10
2448:Nd
2430:10
2419:Te
2401:10
2390:Zr
2372:10
2361:Bi
2343:10
2332:Ca
2314:10
2303:Cd
2285:10
2274:Se
2260:KK
2256:10
2245:Ba
2227:10
2216:Ge
2198:10
2187:Xe
2173:KK
2169:10
2158:Kr
2144:KK
2140:10
2129:Xe
2111:10
2100:Te
2049:.
2014:,
1867:Tc
1859:Sn
1843:Th
1806:,
1793:Pu
1775:Np
1708:Pu
1678:,
1646:,
1621:10
1613:10
1605:10
1570:Nb
1542:Pu
1514:Sm
1392:Th
1364:Lu
1336:Re
1308:Rb
1232:,
1202:Os
1192:,
1182:Os
1172:;
1162:Sm
1152:,
1142:Sm
1132:;
1122:Nd
1112:,
1102:Nd
1092:;
1082:Xe
1072:,
1062:Xe
1052:;
1042:Te
1032:,
1022:Te
1012:;
1002:Cd
992:,
982:Cd
964:,
960:,
956:,
952:,
948:,
944:.
884:,
876:,
479:rp
445:2×
312:0v
307:2β
203:↔
3826:.
3822::
3787:.
3763:)
3746::
3738::
3711:.
3675:.
3641:.
3637::
3612:.
3601::
3571:.
3567::
3559::
3536:.
3524::
3516::
3491:.
3479::
3471::
3358:n
3348:p
3338:I
3298:β
3278:K
3268:β
3258:α
3235:.
3232:A
3225:m
3221:n
3218:m
3197:A
3153:×
3130:α
3124:×
3095:×
3086:U
3066:×
3057:K
3037:×
3028:U
3008:×
2985:β
2979:×
2956:β
2950:×
2927:β
2921:×
2892:×
2869:α
2863:×
2840:α
2834:×
2811:α
2805:×
2782:α
2776:×
2753:β
2747:×
2724:α
2718:×
2695:α
2689:×
2666:α
2660:×
2637:β
2631:×
2608:α
2602:×
2573:×
2564:V
2550:α
2544:×
2535:W
2521:α
2515:×
2486:×
2457:×
2428:×
2399:×
2376:α
2370:×
2341:×
2312:×
2283:×
2254:×
2225:×
2196:×
2167:×
2138:×
2109:×
2029:×
1970:W
1885:.
1832:K
1753:H
1735:C
1688:H
1668:C
1619:×
1617:1
1611:×
1609:1
1603:×
1601:4
1595:×
1584:×
1580:(
1556:×
1552:(
1528:×
1490:×
1486:(
1476:U
1462:×
1458:(
1448:K
1434:×
1430:(
1420:U
1406:×
1402:(
1378:×
1374:(
1350:×
1346:(
1322:×
1318:(
1291:×
1287:(
1279:×
1277:6
1263:×
1242:U
1222:U
849:e
842:t
835:v
474:p
462:r
457:s
319:β
205:N
201:Z
181:Z
177:N
164:N
151:A
137:Z
56:n
51:p
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