Brandenburg–Prussia

100: 3355:, who due to high maintenance costs abandoned it and demolished the fort soon after. On 27 July 1685, an expedition was mounted by Frederick William and Raule, who took possession of the vacated colony on 1 October. Subsequently, the fort was rebuilt and contacts to the indigenous population established. France was alarmed and sent a vessel to re-conquer the fort in late 1687, but the attack of a French frigate and a smaller vessel was beaten back by the Brandenburg-Prussian garrison. The victory improved the relations to the indigenous people, many of whom were carried off as slaves by the French before. While Arguin did not reach the economic importance of Großfriedrichsburg, it temporarily advanced to the world's primary staple port for slaves. 487: 434: 1884: 336: 71: 1698: 350: 2316: 1815: 378: 64: 448: 1199: 1264: 1678:

real estate tax to an excise tax. Since 1657, the towns had to contribute not soldiers, but monetary payments to the army, and since 1665, the estates were able to free themselves from contributing soldiers by additional payments. The initial army size of 8,000 men had risen to 25,000 to 30,000 men by 1688. By then, Frederick William had also accomplished his second goal, to finance the army independently of the estates. By 1688, these military costs amounted to considerable 1,500,000

420: 2055:. Frederick III, present at the negotiations as crown prince, assured the Habsburgs of the continuation of the alliance once he was in power, and secretly concluded an amendment to return Schwiebus to the Habsburgs, which he eventually did in 1694. Throughout his reign, Brandenburg-Prussia remained a Habsburg ally and repeatedly deployed troops to fight against France. In 1693, Frederick III began to sound out the possibility of an elevation of his status at the Habsburg court in 322: 406: 539: 534: 364: 3197: 3320: 2334: 1634: 2775: 392: 1147:. In 1563, the Brandenburgian branch of the Hohenzollern was granted the right of succession by the Polish crown. Albert Frederick became duke of Prussia after Albert's death in 1568. His mother died in the same year, and thereafter he showed signs of mental disorder. Because of the duke's illness, Prussia was governed by Albert's nephew 2162: 2800:. Thus, on 5 February 1615, he granted the Lutherans religious freedom, while the Elector's court remained largely Calvinist. When Frederick William I rebuilt Brandenburg-Prussia's war-torn economy, he attracted settlers from all Europe, especially by offering religious asylum, most prominently by the 3160:

fleet that was ordered to capture Spanish vessels carrying silver; it was not successful in this mission. In the following years, the navy was expanded, and the policy of leasing ships was replaced by the policy of building or purchasing them. On 1 October 1684 Frederick William bought all ships that

1677:

Initially, the estates' contributions were limited to six years, yet Frederick William obliged the estates to continue the payments thereafter and created a dedicated office to collect the contributions. The contributions were confirmed by the estates in 1662, but transformed in 1666 by decree from a

3415:

further west. In 1688, 300 Europeans and several hundred slaves lived on the Brandenburgian estates. In November 1695, French forces looted the Brandenburgian (not the Danish) colony. In 1731, the Brandenburg-Prussian company on Saint Thomas (BAAC) became insolvent, and abandoned the island in 1735.

1338:

took over Brandenburg-Prussia in times of a political, economical and demographic crisis caused by the war. Upon his succession, the new elector retired the Brandenburgian army, but had an army raised again in 1643/44. Whether or not Frederick William concluded a truce and neutrality agreement with

1495:

was among the most devastated at the end of the Thirty Years' War. Already before the war, the population density and wealth in the electorate had been low compared to other territories of the empire, and the war had destroyed 60 towns, 48 castles and about 5,000 villages. An average of 50% of the

3108:

as his advisor, who after a first personal meeting with Frederick William in 1675 settled in Brandenburg in 1676 and became the major figure of Brandenburg-Prussia's emerging naval and colonial enterprise. The Brandenburg-Prussian navy was established from ten ships which Frederick William leased

2113:

Frederick decided to raise the Duchy of Prussia to a kingdom. Within the Holy Roman Empire, no one could call himself king except the emperor and the king of Bohemia. However, Prussia was outside the empire, and the Hohenzollerns were fully sovereign over it. The practicability of this plan was

2417:

had strengthened the elector politically, enabling him to reform the constitution of Cleves and Mark in 1660 and 1661 to introduce officials loyal to him and independent of the local estates. In the Duchy of Prussia, he confirmed the traditional privileges of the estates in 1663, but the latter

2486: 2422:

was raised with the estates' consent, the elector by force collected taxes not approved by the Prussian estates for the first time in 1674. Since 1704, the Prussian estates had de facto relinquished their right to approve the elector's taxes while formally still entitled to do so. In 1682, the

1080: 3245:

managed to have three Guinean chieftains sign a contract on 16 May, before the Dutch expelled the vessel from the coastal waters. This treaty, officially declared as trade agreement, included a clause of subjection of the chiefs to Frederick William's overlordship and an agreement allowing

1618:

negotiated by Imperial mediators in October 1651. The underlying religious dispute was only solved in 1672. While military confrontations were avoided and the Brandenburg-Prussian army was primarily occupied with stealing cattle (hence the name), it considerably lowered Frederick William's

2258:

Since Brandenburg was still legally part of the Holy Roman Empire, the personal union between Brandenburg and Prussia technically continued until the empire's dissolution in 1806. However, the emperor's power was only nominal by this time, and Brandenburg soon came to be treated as a

3436:, but since Courland later abandoned the territory and thus was no longer present on the island, the agreement was nullified, and negotiations with the English government which had interests in Tobago did not result in an agreement. In 1695, Brandenburg-Prussia attempted to acquire 2418:

accepted the caveat that these privileges were not to be used to interfere with the exertion of the elector's sovereignty. As in Brandenburg, Frederick William ignored the privilege of the Prussian estates to confirm or veto taxes raised by the elector: while in 1656, an

1548: 1599:, disregarded a 1647 agreement with Frederick William which had favored the Protestants in the duchies, while Frederick William insisted that the agreement be upheld. Besides these religious motives, Frederick William's invasion also aimed at territorial expansion. 2296:

went bankrupt between 1618 and 1625. The margraves further had to yield the veto of the estates in all issues concerning the "better or worse of the country", in all legal commitments, and in all issues concerning pawn or sale of the elector's real property.

1189:

until 1656/7. Since John Sigismund had suffered a stroke in 1616 and as a consequence was severely handicapped physically as well as mentally, his wife Anna ruled the Duchy of Prussia in his name until John Sigismund died of a second stroke in 1619, aged 47.

1682:

or half of the state budget. Ensuring a solid financial basis for the army, undisturbed by the estates, was the foremost objective of Frederick William's administrative reforms. He regarded military success as the only way to gain international reputation.

2401:

chambers to administer and coordinate the elector's domains, tax income and privileges. Such chambers were introduced in Brandenburg in 1652, in Cleves and Mark in 1653, in Pomerania in 1654, in Prussia in 1661 and in Magdeburg in 1680. Also in 1680, the

2250:

regents to not accept Frederick's royal status. Until 1787, papal documents continued to speak of the Prussian kings as "Margraves of Brandenburg". Neither did the Polish–Lithuanian nobility accept Frederick's royal status, seeing the Polish province of

3177:

as the main Brandenburg-Prussian naval base. From Pillau, part of the shipyard, the admiral's house and the wooden church of the employees was transferred to Emden. While Emden was not part of Brandenburg-Prussia, the elector owned a nearby castle,

2354:("Privy Council for the Electorate"), which instead of the estates was to function as the supreme advisory council for the elector. While the council was permanently established in 1613, it failed to gain any influence until 1651 due to the 3222:, and the elector approved. In July 1680, Frederick William issued respective orders, and two ships were selected to establish trade contacts with African tribes and explore places where colonies could be established. On 17 September, 1058:

treated as part of the Prussian kingdom. Frederick and his successors continued to centralize and expand the state, transforming the personal union of politically diverse principalities typical for the Brandenburg-Prussian era into a

1876:(1675). Though a minor skirmish from a military perspective, Frederick William's victory turned out to be of huge symbolic significance. The "Great Elector" started a counter-offensive, pursuing the retreating Swedish forces through 2413:), which since 1667 replaced the property tax raised in Brandenburg for Brandenburg-Prussia's standing army with the estates' consent, was raised by the elector without consultation of the estates. The conclusion of the 2263:

province of the Prussian kingdom. Although Frederick was still only an elector within the portions of his domain that were part of the empire, he only acknowledged the emperor's overlordship over them in a formal way.

1339:

Sweden is disputed: while a relevant 1641 document exists, it was never ratified and has repeatedly been described as a falsification. However, it is not disputed that he established the growth of Brandenburg-Prussia.

3423:

in 1687, but the island was also claimed by other European powers beforehand, and when a second expedition in 1692 found the island under Danish control, the plan was abandoned. In 1689, Brandenburg-Prussia claimed

1653:

was a privilege of the estates, yet Frederick William envisioned a standing army financed independently of the estates. He succeeded in getting the consent and necessary financial contributions of the estates in a

3265:. Throughout its existence, the company was underfunded, and expeditions were financed also by private capital, including payments by Raule and Frederick William. In July 1682, an expedition under East Prussian 1496:

population was dead, in some regions only 10% survived. The rural population, due to deaths and flight to the towns, had dropped from 300,000 before the war to 75,000 thereafter. In the important towns of

2860:

and princes of the empire to participate. The emperor, however, declined the request as he considered it dangerous to disturb the interest of the other European powers. In 1651, Frederick William bought

2852:, Frederick William tried to acquire finances to rebuild the country by participating in oversea trade, and attempted to found a Brandenburg-Prussian East Indies Company. He engaged former Dutch admiral 2431:

was introduced only between 1716 and 1720. Due to Frederick William's reforms, the state income increased threefold during his reign, and the tax burden per subject reached a level twice as high as in

685: 6921: 6519: 2090:

in 1692. Thus, the formerly exclusive club of the prince-electors now had nine members, six of whom were secular princes, and further changes seemed possible. Within the circle of prince-electors,

6499: 3392: 2485: 1914:

over the Duchy of Prussia, and for this purpose concluded an alliance with France on 11 June 1675. France promised assistance and subsidies, while Sobieski in turn allowed French recruitment in

1326: 99: 2446:. Frederick William's testament would have divided Brandenburg-Prussia among his sons, yet firstborn Frederick III with the emperor's backing succeeded in becoming the sole ruler based on the 2062:

The envisioned status elevation did not merely serve a decorative purpose, but was regarded a necessity to prevail in political competition. Though Frederick III held the elevated status of a

2840:(1635–1638). When Frederick William became elector in 1640, he invited Dutch engineers to Brandenburg, sent Brandenburgian engineers to study in the Netherlands, and in 1646 married educated 2106:. From Frederick III's perspective, stagnation in status meant loss of power, and this perspective seemed to be confirmed when the European royals ignored Brandenburg-Prussia's claims in the 2397:

in Mark and Cleves), which were the highest government agencies regarding jurisdiction, finances and administration. The elector attempted to balance the estates' governments by creating

727:

Another consequence of the intermarriage between the nobility was the acquisition / incorporation of the lands far to the west of Brandenburg-Prussia located in western Germany of the

1483:, and while Frederick William valued these territories lower than Western Pomerania, they became step-stones for the creation of a closed, dominant realm in Germany in the long run. 1229: 5232: 7152: 7134: 786:

armies swept the lands back and forth, killing, burning, seizing men and confiscating any food or useful supplies. It is estimated that upwards of half the population of

2853: 1784:

in 1657. The duchy would legally revert to Poland if the Hohenzollern dynastic line became extinct. Hohenzollern sovereignty in the Prussian duchy was confirmed in the

1658:

decree of 26 July 1653. In turn, he confirmed several privileges of the knights, including tax exemption, assertion of jurisdiction and police powers on their estates (

462: 7095: 2361:

Until after the Thirty Years' War, the territories of Brandenburg-Prussia were politically independent from each other, connected only by the common feudal superior.

2837: 1464: 7551: 1413: 7467: 6656: 1456: 1416:

to the Brandenburgian claim. The Peace of Westphalia settled for a partition of the duchy between Brandenburg and Sweden, who determined the exact border in the

6514: 1247:

compelled George William to join Sweden as an ally by occupying substantial territory in Brandenburg-Prussia and concentrating an army before the town walls of

7546: 7541: 7409: 4921:

Gabel, Helmut (1998). "Altes Reich und europäische Friedensordnung. Aspekte der Friedenssicherung zwischen 1648 und dem Beginn des Holländischen Krieges". In

2474:

agencies initially concerned with the administration of the army, but until 1712 transformed into an agency also concerned with general tax and police tasks.

7146: 5001:

Jähnig, Bernhart (2006). "Die politischen und rechtlichen Außenbeziehungen des Herzogtums Preußen (1525–1660)". In Willoweit, Dietmar; Lemberg, Hans (eds.).

1509: 7536: 6504: 4724: 1468: 1185:

The Electors of Brandenburg inherited the Duchy of Prussia upon Albert Frederick's death in 1618, but the duchy continued to be held as a fief under the

1838:. In June 1673, Frederick William abandoned the Dutch alliance and concluded a subsidy treaty with France, who in return withdrew from Cleves. When the 5225: 5022:

Reformatio vitae Johann Jakob Fabricius (1618/20-1673). Ein Beitrag zu Konfessionalisierung und Sozialdisziplinierung im Luthertum des 17. Jahrhunderts

1615: 2816:

Brandenburg-Prussia established a navy and colonies during the reign of Frederick William. The "Great Elector" had spent part of his childhood at the

1995:. Though the Scanian War resulted only in minor territorial gains, attaching a small strip of the Swedish Pomeranian right bank of the lower Oder to 1148: 2450:, which forbade a division of Hohenzollern territories. In 1689, a new central chamber for all Brandenburg-Prussian territories was created, called 2377:

as a central authority for all territories in 1651, but this project proved to be unfeasible. Instead, the elector continued to appoint a governor (

2083: 3105: 2447: 1175: 6565: 1606:, which continued to operate in the region despite the Peace of Westphalia, to intervene on his side, and Frederick William sought support of the 6639: 6046: 5904: 1539:

Despite efforts to resettle the devastated territories, it took some of them until the mid-18th century to reach the pre-war population density.

6555: 2880:

to invest in the project, but since none of these were able or willing to give sufficient money, the treaty with Denmark was nullified in 1653.

7511: 3400: 1228:. While George William had claimed neutrality before, the presence of Wallenstein's army forced him to join the Catholic-Imperial camp in the 989:. Frederick William also started to centralize Brandenburg-Prussia's administration and reduce the influence of the outlying landed estates. 5218: 578: 17: 1504:, the population drop was one third and two-thirds, respectively. Some of the territories gained after the war were likewise devastated: in 6661: 5702: 3286: 1610:. The latter however followed a policy of neutrality and refused to aid Frederick William's campaign, which was furthermore opposed by the 1602:

The conflict had the potential to spark another international war since Wolfgang William wanted to have the still not demobilized army of

7526: 2504: 2362: 1891: 1706: 1596: 2114:

doubted by some of his advisors, and in any case the crown was only valuable if recognized by the European nobility, most important the

7298: 5401: 3294: 2347: 1950:. Inner-Polish Catholic opposition to an intervention on the Protestant Hungarian rebels' side added to the resentments. Thus, while 1335: 1329: 1276: 1163: 962: 219: 5005:. Völker, Staaten und Kulturen in Ostmitteleuropa (in German). Vol. 2. Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 51–72. 7521: 6575: 5195:. Schriften des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa (in German). Vol. 21. Oldenbourg. 3274: 1288: 3444:

via diplomacy, but the negotiations went nowhere, and were eventually called off. Likewise, England declined an offer to purchase

7531: 6494: 5757: 2500: 1954:

ended the Polish-Ottoman war in 1676, Sobieski sided with the emperor instead, and the plan for a Prussian campaign was dropped.

1757:

in June, enhancing the elector's international reputation. Continued pressure on Charles X Gustav resulted in him conceding full

1167: 1088: 6550: 1584: 1560: 1171: 7566: 7277: 6649: 6330: 6303: 6147: 5727: 4758: 3133: 2785: 2687: 2029: 1992: 1931: 1809: 1525: 1209: 1202: 1011: 875: 246: 207: 195: 1251:. George William did not conclude an alliance, but granted Sweden transit rights, two fortresses and subsidies. Consequently, 70: 6171: 6159: 6031: 6019: 5889: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5513: 5289: 5105: 5048: 4854: 3391:

to rent part of Saint Thomas as a base for 30 years, while the sovereignty remained with Denmark and administration with the

3273:. On 24 February 1684, another treaty with indigenous chiefs was signed that allowed the erection of a second fort in nearby 2663: 2239: 1996: 879: 823: 425: 63: 6370: 6350: 1872:

to northern Brandenburg, and encountered the rear of the Swedish army, which was in the process of crossing a swamp, in the

6966: 6540: 6375: 6365: 6360: 6188: 6183: 6135: 6130: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6007: 5992: 5941: 5916: 5827: 5817: 5752: 5747: 3467: 6484: 5921: 1174:. Upon George Frederick's death in 1603, the regency of the Prussian duchy passed to Joachim Frederick. Also in 1603, the 6613: 6545: 6509: 1140: 7415: 4927:

Krieg und Kultur. Die Rezeption von Krieg und Frieden in der Niederländischen Republik und im Deutschen Reich 1568-1648

2841: 2606: 2289: 2196:

On 28 January, Augustus the Strong congratulated Frederick, yet not as Polish king, but as Saxon elector. In February,

2131: 2099: 1915: 1722: 1050:

in 1806. However, by this time the emperor's overlordship over the empire had become in recent decades of a "figleaf"

6570: 3246:

Brandenburg-Prussia to establish a fort, and is thus regarded the beginning of the Brandenburg-Prussian colonial era.

2043:, with whom he concluded an alliance on 22 December 1686. For this alliance, Frederick William relinquished rights on 1220:. The Brandenburg-Saxon antagonism rendered the defense of the circle ineffective, and it was subsequently overrun by 7369: 7334: 6560: 5348: 5200: 5181: 5162: 5143: 5124: 5086: 5067: 5029: 5010: 4991: 4972: 4953: 4934: 4911: 4892: 4873: 4828: 4809: 4736: 4699: 4673: 3775: 3380: 1144: 1124: 6272: 5670: 2028:

in 1657. Already in the last years of the reign of his father, the friendly relations with France established after

7516: 6700: 6315: 5695: 3376: 3372: 2067: 1737:, but had to yield Swedish military supremacy and withdraw to his Prussian duchy. Pursued by Swedish forces to the 1645:

Due to his wartime experiences, Frederick William was convinced that Brandenburg-Prussia would only prevail with a

1985:, he marched his armies east to relieve his Swedish ally, and forced Frederick William to basically return to the 7421: 6417: 2280:

in 1538). The margraviate's liabilities and tax income as well as the margrave's finances were controlled by the

1405: 1389: 1240: 1776:

When the anti-Swedish coalition however gained the upper hand, Frederick William changed sides when Polish king

1576: 5666: 5562: 5153:

Olesen, Jens E. (2003). "Christian IV og dansk Pommernpolitik". In Asmus, Ivo; Droste, Jens E.; Olesen (eds.).

3266: 950: 6666: 3233:(poetic for "Mohr", "Negro") left for Guinea. The ships reached Guinea in January 1681. Since the crew of the 2702: 2614: 1750: 7163: 6618: 6468: 6345: 3457: 2123: 2119: 2059:, and while the first attempt was unsuccessful, elevation to a king remained the central goal on his agenda. 1031: 4902:

Duchhardt, Heinz (2006). "Friedrich Wilhelm, der Große Kurfürst (1640–1688)". In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.).

3305:. Overall, the colony comprised roughly 50 kilometers of coastline, and did not extend into the hinterland. 7506: 7427: 7174: 6673: 6634: 1934:, which French diplomacy despite great efforts failed to achieve. Furthermore, Sobieski was opposed by the 1212:

was elector of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia. He strove, but proved unable to break the dominance of the

901:

in European politics. The emerging Brandenburg-Prussian military potential, based on the introduction of a

4965:

Kurfürstin Luise Henriette. Eine Oranierin als Mittlerin zwischen den Niederlanden und Brandenburg-Preußen

3293:), some 30 kilometers east of Großfriedrichsburg. A fourth fort was built at a spring near the village of 6878: 6405: 6292: 6082: 5959: 5688: 5297: 5003:

Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa. Historische Beziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitimation

3462: 3388: 3250: 2648: 2186: 1834:. This alliance was based on a treaty of 1669, and resulted in French occupation of Brandenburg-Prussian 1718: 1300: 1244: 819: 572: 79: 6164: 6154: 6099: 5309: 2722: 965:, known as "The Great Elector", opened up his realm of Brandenburg-Prussia to large-scale immigration (" 867: 453: 7561: 7112: 7107: 6961: 6386: 6355: 6002: 5722: 5453: 5264: 4944:

Gotthard, Axel (2006). "Zwischen Luthertum und Calvinismus (1598–1640)". In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.).

2694: 2533: 1746: 1452: 1100: 594: 566: 439: 369: 341: 121: 6250: 4984:

Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste. Die brandenburgisch-preussische Kolonie Grossfriedrichsburg in Westafrika

4741: 2181:

On 17 January 1701, Frederick dedicated the royal coat of arms, the Prussian black eagle, and motto, "

7237: 5603: 5599: 5469: 5441: 3428:, but the small rock proved unsuitable for trade or settlement. In 1691, Brandenburg-Prussia and the 3238: 3208: 3110: 2797: 2714: 2622: 2496: 2276:

had become highly dependent on the estates (counts, lords, knights and towns, no prelates due to the

2075: 1958: 1781: 1492: 717: 6520:

Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl)

7556: 7445: 7254: 7243: 7232: 5554: 5432: 5338: 5210: 3191: 2683: 2463: 2273: 1444: 1417: 1409: 1385: 1320: 1316: 1304: 1252: 1236: 1221: 1152: 954: 827: 5802: 3285:

after Frederick William's second wife. On 4 February 1685, a treaty was signed with the chiefs of

1614:

as well as the local ones. Politically isolated, Frederick William aborted the campaign after the

7392: 7387: 7304: 7169: 7101: 7084: 6976: 6971: 6943: 6489: 5874: 5500: 1883: 1754: 1159: 1128: 1092: 910: 86: 5869: 2126:

was about to break out. On 16 November 1700, the emperor approved Frederick's coronation in the

1084: 7340: 7123: 6737: 6605: 6400: 6202: 6087: 5949: 5575: 5533: 5333: 2845: 2492: 2439: 2277: 2166: 2021: 2017: 1987: 1697: 1650: 997: 766:(1618–1648) was especially devastating. The Elector changed sides three times, and as a result 231: 172: 6523: 6308: 6277: 5505: 5368: 2158:, for similar reasons as the emperor, accepted Frederick's elevation prior to the coronation. 1868:(Brandenburg-Swedish War). Frederick William reacted promptly by marching his armies from the 7158: 7128: 6993: 6926: 5931: 5639: 5635: 5588: 5424: 2373:, started to centralize the Brandenburg-Prussian government with an attempt to establish the 2303: 2247: 2213: 1501: 1480: 1179: 1136: 1046:

between Brandenburg and Prussia continued until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire by

713: 653: 616: 6380: 6193: 6073: 5077:

Neugebauer, Wolfgang (2006). "Friedrich III./I. (1688–1713)". In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.).

5041:

Einführung in die deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vom alten Reich bis Weimar (1495 bis 1933)

3396: 3270: 2385:. The most powerful institution in the territories remained the governments of the estates ( 1347: 7345: 7310: 6956: 6757: 6742: 6410: 6024: 5859: 5711: 5608: 5518: 5482: 5313: 5277: 4716: 4708: 3420: 3093: 2849: 2833: 2582: 2355: 2306: 2095: 2071: 1873: 1857: 1801: 1777: 1592: 1460: 1412:

however, Bogislaw XIV had also effectively handed over control of the duchy to Sweden, who

1272: 1225: 1213: 1120: 1064: 1060: 807: 763: 748: 411: 7440:

Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution

6732: 6391: 5822: 2190: 1951: 1710: 8: 7381: 7248: 7202: 7021: 7011: 6843: 6752: 6727: 6474: 6340: 5997: 5566: 5546: 5528: 5302: 5293: 4742:

Leathes, Stanley Mordaunt; Ward, Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter, eds. (1964).

3104:, Frederick William decided to establish a navy. He engaged Dutch merchant and shipowner 2761: 2679: 2667: 2656: 2641: 2633: 2414: 2091: 2079: 1978: 1726: 1556: 1529: 1472: 1448: 1362: 1354: 847: 815: 803: 709: 697: 604: 590: 7208: 6287: 5119:. Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte (in German). Vol. 42 (2 ed.). Oldenbourg. 1432:). Frederick William was dissatisfied by this outcome, and the acquisition of the whole 7357: 7328: 7316: 7265: 7214: 7179: 7016: 6777: 6479: 6325: 6282: 6255: 6245: 6125: 6120: 5987: 5982: 5899: 5864: 5812: 5807: 5643: 5623: 5615: 5523: 5489: 5360: 5325: 5318: 4967:. Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur Nordwesteuropas (in German). Vol. 4. Waxmann. 3441: 3384: 2862: 2857: 2817: 2752: 2745: 2730: 2675: 2443: 2201: 2197: 2115: 2107: 2040: 2012: 1982: 1974: 1966: 1887: 1805: 1741:, Frederick William made peace and allied with Sweden, taking the Duchy of Prussia and 1692: 1588: 1505: 1433: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1217: 1047: 1039: 1035: 1027: 922: 843: 835: 659: 610: 480: 383: 285: 7078: 6797: 6267: 6176: 6041: 2315: 1969:. This was followed by another success against Sweden, when Frederick William cleared 1814: 639: 7433: 7375: 7351: 7220: 7089: 7066: 7001: 6762: 6747: 6106: 5972: 5911: 5884: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5783: 5658: 5417: 5412: 5396: 5388: 5381: 5376: 5196: 5177: 5158: 5139: 5120: 5101: 5082: 5063: 5044: 5025: 5006: 4987: 4968: 4949: 4930: 4907: 4888: 4869: 4850: 4824: 4805: 4732: 4712: 4695: 4669: 3771: 3429: 3097: 2542: 2209: 2205: 2037: 1923: 1907: 1877: 1839: 1789: 1517: 1476: 1455:. With Halberstadt, Brandenburg-Prussia also gained several smaller territories: the 1440: 1429: 1425: 1108: 1015: 859: 728: 165: 105: 4755: 7403: 7397: 7259: 7185: 7117: 7072: 6909: 6787: 6767: 6036: 5926: 5894: 5834: 5460: 5282: 5259: 4922: 4785: 3364: 3282: 3202: 2889: 2877: 2801: 2778: 2710: 2618: 2597: 2590: 2575: 2560: 2235: 2232: 2087: 2033: 1970: 1927: 1827: 1766: 1762: 1702: 1611: 1603: 1572: 1521: 1170:. The marriage ensured the right of succession in the Prussian duchy as well as in 1116: 1112: 1007: 986: 930: 863: 752: 721: 584: 525: 327: 272: 125: 3109:

from Raule, and achieved first successes in the war against Sweden supporting the

1587:

among the belligerents, and Jülich-Berg was since ruled by the Catholic counts of

7363: 7271: 7226: 7140: 7006: 6983: 6782: 6772: 6722: 6452: 6334: 6012: 5879: 5854: 5631: 5269: 4762: 2876:. As Frederick William was unable to raise this sum, he asked several people and 2552: 2442:, the Brandenburg Prussian territories were de facto reduced to provinces of the 2170: 2143: 2008: 1899: 1835: 1734: 1564: 1182:, ruling that their territories were not to be internally divided in the future. 1002: 938: 783: 740: 724:, and secured succession upon the latter's extinction in the male line in 1618. 689: 355: 176: 45: 6235: 3339:). In contrast to the Guinean colony, Arguin had been a colony before: In 1520, 2161: 7322: 6838: 6230: 5936: 5797: 5538: 5273: 3445: 3348: 3182:, and negotiated an agreement with the town to maintain a garrison and a port. 3157: 2829: 2706: 2626: 2610: 2567: 2545: 2366: 2228: 2155: 2063: 1939: 1853: 1831: 1785: 1770: 1607: 1580: 1343: 1292: 1233: 1198: 1104: 1043: 946: 787: 744: 705: 548: 397: 259: 117: 1325: 1263: 1258: 1038:. From 1701 onward, the Hohenzollern dynasty domains were referred to as the 866:

gaining more independence for the Duchy of Prussia and gained territories of

720:, the main branch of the Hohenzollern intermarried with the branch ruling the 7500: 7482: 7469: 7282: 6888: 6589: 6297: 6142: 5792: 5448: 4720: 3371:. In 1684, Brandenburg-Prussia was denied the purchase of the French islands 3368: 2893: 2865: 2252: 2151: 2135: 2103: 1895: 1730: 1646: 1638: 1628: 1051: 970: 902: 767: 598: 560: 467: 5100:. Handbuch der Preußischen Geschichte (in German). Vol. 1. de Gruyter. 2174: 2048: 2025: 1738: 802:

and the other major cities were in ruins, and recovery took decades. By the

139: 6853: 6792: 6704: 6320: 5570: 5436: 3425: 3343:

had built a fort on the main island, which with all of Portugal came under

3241:, the latter confiscated the ship in March. The crew of the remaining ship 3215:

In 1679, Raule presented Frederick William a plan to establish colonies in

3126: 2127: 1186: 1132: 890: 5193:

Preussen in Ostmitteleuropa. Geschehensgeschichte und Verstehensgeschichte

3152:

to pressure Spain to pay promised subsidies. The Spanish ship was renamed

1848:, Brandenburg-Prussia again changed sides and joined the imperial forces. 633: 6915: 6893: 5954: 5464: 5136:

Macht oder Recht: frühneuzeitliche Politik im Obersächsischen Reichskreis

4885:

Preußen und Lateinamerika. Im Spannungsfeld von Kommerz, Macht und Kultur

4694:. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History. Cambridge University Press. 4692:

After the Deluge. Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655-1660

3166: 3101: 2873: 2789: 2322: 2182: 1865: 1860:, dependent on French subsidies, reluctantly occupied the Brandenburgian 1844: 1758: 1087:

visualizing the emergence of Brandenburg-Prussia through the marriage of

898: 795: 771: 736: 669: 521: 2288:("Great Committee") of the estates. This was due to concessions made by 1930:. For this plan to work out, Poland-Lithuania had to first conclude her 1139:. On behalf of her mother Elisabeth of the Brandenburgian Hohenzollern, 6951: 6883: 6260: 5680: 3395:. The first Brandenburgian vessel arrived in 1686 with 450 slaves from 3363:

The African colonies enabled Brandenburg-Prussia to participate in the

3336: 3196: 3137: 2869: 2370: 1911: 1358: 1296: 934: 883: 538: 3319: 533: 6873: 6833: 6214: 6111: 3179: 3129:

coast, Raule established shipyards and enlarged the port facilities.

2805: 2796:, but failed to achieve the conversion of the estates by the rule of 2793: 1861: 1633: 1513: 1378: 1284: 1030:

and other European royals in the course of forming alliances for the

978: 942: 779: 155: 5240: 5098:

Das 17. und 18. Jahrhundert und Große Themen der Geschichte Preußens

4666:

The German way of war. From the Thirty Years' War to the Third Reich

2625:

with Poland-Lithuania), confirmed in 1660 by the signatories of the

2458:). This chamber functioned as a superior agency of the territories' 2333: 1255:

armies repeatedly ravaged Brandenburg and other Hohenzollern lands.

1103:

had been the seat of the main branch of the Hohenzollerns, who were

6848: 6225: 6220: 5155:

Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit

5024:. Historia profana et ecclesiastica (in German). Vol. 9. LIT. 3340: 3290: 2427:

to Pomerania and in 1688 to Magdeburg, while in Cleves and Mark an

1369:") thwarted Frederick William's ambitions to gain control over the 775: 150: 3237:

sold a barrel of brandy to Africans in a territory claimed by the

3118: 1962: 1769:, concluded in December by Sweden and her allies, further awarded 1439:

In the Peace of Westphalia, Frederick William was compensated for

1404:, and would have come into effect by the death of Pomeranian duke 1079: 6823: 5408: 5242: 3437: 3399:. Brandenburg-Prussia was allotted an area near the capital city 3223: 3114: 2825: 2821: 2737: 2255:

endangered, and only in 1764 was the Prussian kingship accepted.

2139: 2052: 2044: 1943: 1919: 1819: 1788:, which ended the war in 1660. Brandenburg-Prussian campaigns in 1780:

confirmed his sovereignty in Prussia, but not in Ermland, in the

1742: 1663: 1374: 1023: 894: 871: 791: 649: 505: 3253:

was founded on 7 March 1682, initially with its headquarters in

2102:

in 1697, and the House of Hanover had secured succession of the

1856:

to relieve her by attacking Brandenburg-Prussia from the north.

1143:

became Albert's second wife in 1550, and bore him his successor

6868: 6863: 6858: 6813: 5343: 3433: 3352: 3332: 3324: 3314: 3278: 3258: 3254: 3219: 3216: 3185: 3174: 3162: 3149: 3122: 2774: 2432: 2292:

in 1541 in turn for financial aid by the estates, however, the

2217: 2056: 1999:, the war resulted in a huge gain of prestige for the elector. 1947: 1935: 1849: 1830:

broke out, with Brandenburg-Prussia involved as an ally of the

1679: 1533: 1497: 1350: 1299:, and the events of the war, of which a meeting with his uncle 1248: 1068: 1019: 982: 958: 799: 665: 645: 554: 509: 135: 5079:

Preußens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II

4946:

Preußens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II

4904:

Preußens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II

3387:, a Brandenburg-Danish agreement was reached that allowed the 1283:). The character of the young elector had been stamped by his 6828: 6818: 4794:

Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 2: 1630–1800

4790:

Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450–1630

3344: 3262: 3170: 3141: 3140:, and in 1680, six Brandenburg-Prussian vessels captured the 2221: 2047:

in favor of the Habsburgs, and in turn received the Silesian

1869: 1568: 732: 2470:) emerged as a second central agency, superior to the local 2381:) for each territory, who in most cases was a member of the 1555:

In June 1651, Frederick William broke the provisions of the

1392:, connecting land-locked Brandenburg to the Baltic Sea. The 1074: 27:

Constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1701

7439: 2243: 1765:

in November to ensure the maintenance of the alliance. The

1547: 1436:

was to become one of the main goals of his foreign policy.

1421: 1370: 993: 926: 918: 914: 906: 855: 851: 839: 831: 811: 756: 3766:

Barnavi, Eli, ed. (1992). "The Return to Western Europe".

3156:("Margrave of Brandenburg") and became the flagship of an 6500:

Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania

4684:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947

3297:, between Großfriedrichsburg and Dorotheenschanze, named 2200:

accepted Frederick's elevation in hope of an ally in the

1761:

in Ducal Prussia and Ermland to Frederick William by the

1330:

Frederick William, "Great Elector" of Brandenburg-Prussia

5095: 4882: 2284:, an institution not controlled by the elector, and the 1532:. In 1670, the Great Elector invited Jews expelled from 1451:

and the right of succession to the likewise secularized

6657:

Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland

3379:. In November 1685, after a failed attempt to purchase 1753:

in January 1656. The alliance proved victorious in the

1420:. Sweden retained the western part including the lower 731:(A.D. c. 800 / 962 to 1806), and situated in the lower 2216:

accepted Frederick as Prussian king in 1703. In 1713,

1516:, once among the wealthiest cities of the empire, was 1310: 1279:, born 1620, who became known as "The Great Elector" ( 1158:

In 1594, Albert Frederick's then 14-year-old daughter

909:, was symbolized by the widely noted victories in the 3335:

archipelago off the West African coast (now part of

1010:'s sovereign status outside the jurisdiction of the 1000:, succeeded in elevating his status to the title of 6505:

Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig

5138:(in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 214ff. 3136:, the navy was used to hijack Swedish ships in the 2118:. In 1699, negotiations were renewed with emperor 1396:(1529) guaranteed Brandenburgian succession in the 1267:

Brandenburg-Prussia (red 1640, red and green 1688).

1149:

George Frederick of Hohenzollern-Ansbach-Jägersdorf

4668:. Modern war studies. University Press of Kansas. 2185:". On 18 January, he crowned himself and his wife 2142:, it was agreed that Frederick would call himself 1119:was created through partial secularization of the 4887:. Europa-Übersee (in German). Vol. 12. LIT. 4082: 4080: 3416:Their last remains were sold by auction in 1738. 3347:control in 1580. In 1638 it was conquered by the 1959:cleared Swedish Pomerania and occupied most of it 1259:"The Great Elector", Frederick William, 1640–1688 917:and [[Battle of Fehrbellin|Battle of Fehrbellin ( 712:realm of the Brandenburgian Royal dynasty of the 7498: 4221: 4219: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 1067:(Royal or Berlin Palace) in the capital city of 7552:1701 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire 6699: 6640:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3657: 3655: 2208:likewise approved in 1701. Most princes of the 2036:. In 1686, Frederick William turned toward the 2002: 1243:, George William again claimed neutrality, yet 1151:(1577–1603). In 1573, Albert Frederick married 5062:(in German). Akademie Verlag. pp. 317ff. 4981: 4077: 4028: 4026: 3906: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3588: 3586: 3079:Total number of European ships in 1669: 25,000 2122:, who in turn was in need of allies since the 1973:of Swedish forces in what became known as the 1729:. Frederick William offered protection to the 1428:), while Brandenburg gained the eastern part ( 104:Brandenburg-Prussia within and outside of the 7547:1610s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 7542:States and territories disestablished in 1701 6644:Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania 5696: 5226: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4616: 4614: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4216: 4150: 4119: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3609: 3607: 2760:Succession based on an entitlement under the 1773:to Brandenburg-Prussia in case of a victory. 1518:burned down with most of the population slain 1491:Of all Brandenburg-Prussian territories, the 1164:Joachim Frederick of Hohenzollern-Brandenburg 7404:Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement 6927:Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians 6662:Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland 5057: 4623: 4280: 3995: 3913: 3830: 3652: 3564: 3562: 3367:, yet it lacked its own trading post in the 3249:To facilitate the colonial expeditions, the 3186:West African Gold Coast (Großfriedrichsburg) 1864:in 1674, starting the German theater of the 1357:in 1648. The Swedish aim of controlling the 1193: 37: 5157:(in Danish). LIT Verlag. pp. 383–396. 4883:Carreras, Sandra; Maihold, Günther (2004). 4549: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4461: 4459: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4209: 4207: 4094: 4092: 4061: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4023: 4016: 4014: 3970: 3968: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3630: 3616: 3583: 3576: 3574: 3534: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3081:Total number of Dutch ships in 1669: 16,000 2828:(1633–1635), and afterwards studied at the 2769: 2365:, who envisioned the transformation of the 1597:Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg 1475:efforts to counterbalance the power of the 1346:dominated Northern Germany, and along with 7537:States and territories established in 1618 5703: 5689: 5233: 5219: 5076: 4632: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4577: 4565: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4323: 4298: 4289: 4258: 4246: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 3883: 3857: 3839: 3604: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3084:Source: van der Heyden (2001), p. 21. 3076:Source: van der Heyden (2001), p. 17. 2686:(incorporation); slightly enlarged by the 2242:protested at the emperor's court, and the 929:). Brandenburg-Prussia also established a 98: 4901: 4110: 3956: 3768:The Historical Atlas of the Jewish People 3595: 3559: 3269:was sent to Guinea to erect the fortress 1894:pursues Swedish troops across the frozen 1795: 1510:only one third of the population survived 1075:Establishment under John Sigismund (1618) 5710: 5019: 4943: 4929:(in German). Waxmann. pp. 463–480. 4863: 4629:Carreras & Maihold (2004), pp. 21–22 4556: 4544: 4532: 4518: 4509: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4456: 4447: 4425: 4411: 4399: 4383: 4367: 4358: 4204: 4089: 4068: 4056: 4044: 4011: 3965: 3807: 3784: 3725: 3700: 3673: 3571: 3529: 3511: 3318: 3195: 3096:and the Brandenburg-Prussian advance in 2773: 2346:To reduce the influence of the estates, 2231:, who despite the secularization of the 2224:also accepted Frederick's royal status. 2160: 1882: 1813: 1696: 1632: 1546: 1324: 1262: 1197: 1078: 751:after the signing and agreements in the 6495:Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany 5171: 5133: 5114: 5043:(in German). Springer. pp. 261ff. 5038: 4799: 4752:Germany under the Old Regime, 1600–1790 4344: 4332: 4237: 4228: 4188: 4172: 3765: 3541: 3484: 3331:A second colony was established at the 2227:The coronation was not accepted by the 1649:. Traditionally, raising and financing 1353:, Sweden became guarantee power of the 1089:John Sigismund, Margrave of Brandenburg 858:), the electors were also freed of old 14: 7499: 6650:Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany 6331:Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939 5152: 5096:von Neugebauer, Wolfgang, ed. (2009). 5000: 4962: 4818: 4663: 3393:Danish West Indies and Guinean Company 3134:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) 2688:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) 2511: 1993:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) 1922:rebel forces who were to distract the 1810:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) 1686: 1203:George William, Elector of Brandenburg 1155:, with whom he had several daughters. 1054:. Hence, after 1701, Brandenburg was 1012:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 876:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) 247:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 7512:17th century in the Holy Roman Empire 7048: 6698: 6440: 6032:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 5890:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 5770: 5684: 5214: 5190: 5081:(in German). Beck. pp. 113–133. 4920: 4844: 4689: 2856:as advisor and tried to persuade the 2406:came under the aegis of the elector. 2032:had cooled, not least because of the 1942:as the greater threat, and by Polish 998:Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg 6922:WWII flight and expulsion of Germans 5176:(in German) (7 ed.). C.H.Beck. 4986:(in German) (2 ed.). Selignow. 4906:(in German). Beck. pp. 95–112. 4645:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 22 4620:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 23 4608:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 21 4599:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 17 4590:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 16 4574:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 15 3468:German colonial projects before 1871 2811: 1842:declared war on France, a so-called 1585:united Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg 1178:was concluded by the members of the 1153:Marie Eleonore of Jülich-Cleves-Berg 880:province of Brandenburgian Pomerania 716:between 1618 and 1701. Based in the 6614:Evangelical State Church in Prussia 6341:Free City of Danzig 1920–1939 5058:Materna, Ingo; Adamy, Kurt (1995). 4948:(in German). Beck. pp. 74–94. 3419:Brandenburg-Prussia tried to claim 1792:did not result in permanent gains. 1443:with the secularized bishoprics of 1311:Conclusion of the Thirty Years' War 1042:, or simply Prussia. Legally, the 846:(1657), these concluded during the 798:period were killed or dislocated. 601:(Poland 1454/1466 – 1772) 24: 7527:Former subdivisions of Brandenburg 6441: 5771: 4086:Gieysztor et al. (1979), pp. 220ff 1725:in the following year started the 1583:in 1614, had partitioned the once 1275:, George William was succeeded by 973:refugees from all across Europe (" 25: 7578: 7335:North German Confederation Treaty 2804:which attracted more than 15,000 2350:in 1604 created a council called 2267: 2238:upheld claims to the region. The 2066:, this status was also gained by 1745:(Ermeland, Warmia) as fiefs from 1400:upon the extinction of the local 6510:Apostolic Administration of Tütz 5922:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952 3770:. Hutchinson. pp. 138–139. 2484: 2409:Frederick William's excise tax ( 2339:…according to the design of 1702 2332: 2314: 1622: 1551:Map of the Lower Rhenish duchies 1526:peripherally involved in the war 1390:long sought to expand northwards 1141:Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1006:. This was made possible by the 933:for on the nearby waters of the 537: 532: 485: 460: 446: 432: 418: 404: 390: 376: 362: 348: 334: 320: 69: 62: 7522:Early modern history of Germany 6418:Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship 6387:Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998 6356:Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975 6172:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 5117:Das Reich in der frühen Neuzeit 4982:van der Heyden, Ulrich (2001). 4823:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 59. 4802:The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia 4780:Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806 4664:Citino, Robert Michael (2005). 4651: 4312: 4141: 4101: 4035: 3986: 3977: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3821: 3798: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3716: 3691: 3664: 1981:concluded the Dutch War by the 1957:By 1678, Frederick William had 1938:, by Polish gentry who saw the 1563:, bordering his possessions in 1342:At the time, the forces of the 1307:was among the most impressive. 1232:and accept garrisons. When the 7532:Former subdivisions of Germany 6566:Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień 6376:Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998 6366:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 6361:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 6273:Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo 6189:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 6184:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 6069:Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998 6064:Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998 6059:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 6054:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 5942:Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998 5917:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 4864:Buchholz, Werner, ed. (1999). 4041:Frost (2000), pp. 210, 213–214 3502: 3407:, and other territories named 3267:Otto Friedrich von der Groeben 1997:Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania 1932:war against the Ottoman Empire 1723:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1486: 1111:, since 1415. In 1525, by the 814:, Brandenburg also gained the 563:(pre – 13th century) 557:(983 – 12th century) 13: 1: 7567:1618 establishments in Europe 6619:Pomeranian Evangelical Church 6556:Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg 6469:Christianization of Pomerania 6346:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia 6316:Free City of Danzig 1807–1814 5241:Territories and provinces of 4657: 4319:(Kotulla (2008), p. 261) 4098:Leathes et al. (1964), p. 356 4074:Leathes et al. (1964), p. 355 4065:Leathes et al. (1964), p. 354 3722:Duchhardt (2006), pp. 98, 104 3478: 3458:List of rulers of Brandenburg 2709:fief), sovereign since 1656 ( 2495:Brandenburg-Prussia. Orange: 2272:In the mid-16th century, the 2124:War of the Spanish Succession 1479:emperor by strengthening the 1032:War of the Spanish Succession 862:vassalage and loyalty by the 822:, also the succession in the 739:of the principalities of the 18:Prince-elector of Brandenburg 7428:Treaty of Good Neighbourship 7278:Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) 7049: 6967:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 6674:Pentecostal Church in Poland 6635:Protestant Church in Germany 6371:Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 6351:Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975 4838: 4769:A History of Modern Germany. 4744:The Cambridge Modern History 4562:van der Heyden (2001), p. 42 4553:van der Heyden (2001), p. 41 4541:van der Heyden (2001), p. 40 4529:van der Heyden (2001), p. 39 4515:van der Heyden (2001), p. 34 4506:van der Heyden (2001), p. 32 4492:van der Heyden (2001), p. 31 4483:van der Heyden (2001), p. 23 4474:van der Heyden (2001), p. 20 4465:van der Heyden (2001), p. 21 4453:van der Heyden (2001), p. 15 4444:van der Heyden (2001), p. 14 4422:van der Heyden (2001), p. 35 4408:van der Heyden (2001), p. 17 4396:van der Heyden (2001), p. 12 4380:van der Heyden (2001), p. 11 4364:van der Heyden (2001), p. 10 3358: 3229:("Seal of Brandenburg") and 3161:had been leased for 110,000 2352:Geheimer Rat für die Kurmark 2134:, who held the provinces of 2018:Frederick III of Brandenburg 2003:Frederick III (I), 1688–1713 1579:between Brandenburg and the 1577:War of the Jülich succession 1471:. This was primarily due to 1014:, and approval by the Royal 7: 7422:German–Polish Border Treaty 7416:German Reunification Treaty 6667:Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław 6406:West Pomeranian Voivodeship 6293:State of the Teutonic Order 6083:West Pomeranian Voivodeship 5960:West Pomeranian Voivodeship 5060:Brandenburgische Geschichte 4925:; Groenveld, Simon (eds.). 4821:Fractured Europe, 1600-1721 4746:. Vol. 1. CUP Archive. 4355:van der Heyden (2001), p. 9 4341:van der Heyden (2001), p. 8 3463:List of monarchs of Prussia 3451: 3389:Brandenburg African Company 3251:Brandenburg African Company 2649:Principality of Halberstadt 1705:paying homage to sovereign 1301:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 1245:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 1230:Treaty of Königsberg (1627) 1121:State of the Teutonic Order 953:were established along the 820:Principality of Halberstadt 10: 7583: 7311:Polish Partitions Treaties 5265:Margraviate of Brandenburg 4849:(in German). wissenmedia. 4800:Shennan, Margaret (1995). 4032:Frost (2000), pp. 210, 213 3992:Buchholz (1999), pp. 273ff 3473: 3312: 3189: 2901:Brandenburg-Prussian navy 2887: 2695:Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia) 2534:Margraviate of Brandenburg 2006: 1910:planned to restore Polish 1799: 1747:Charles X Gustav of Sweden 1690: 1660:Patrimonialgerichtsbarkeit 1626: 1542: 1536:to settle in Brandenburg. 1453:Archbishopric of Magdeburg 1314: 1101:Margraviate of Brandenburg 595:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia 567:Margraviate of Brandenburg 440:Archbishopric of Magdeburg 370:Prince-Bishopric of Minden 342:Margraviate of Brandenburg 122:Margraviate of Brandenburg 7291: 7195: 7059: 7055: 7044: 6992: 6942: 6935: 6902: 6806: 6715: 6711: 6694: 6627: 6597: 6588: 6533: 6515:Prelature of Schneidemühl 6460: 6451: 6447: 6436: 6326:Posen-West Prussia Region 6213: 6098: 5970: 5781: 5777: 5766: 5718: 5655: 5586: 5506:Principality of Neuchâtel 5480: 5359: 5250: 5174:Der Dreissigjährige Krieg 5039:Kotulla, Michael (2008). 4847:Die Chronik der Deutschen 4819:Sturdy, David J. (2002). 4225:Neugebauer (2006), p. 128 4169:Neugebauer (2006), p. 127 4138:Neugebauer (2006), p. 126 3592:Nicklas (2002), pp. 214ff 3432:agreed on a partition of 3308: 3239:Dutch West Indies Company 3209:Lieve Pietersz Verschuier 3073: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2854:Aernoult Gijsels van Lier 2820:court and port cities of 2798:cuius regio, eius religio 2715:Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg 2623:Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg 2617:), sovereign since 1656 ( 2521: 2497:Electorate of Brandenburg 2468:Generalkriegskommissariat 2189:in a baroque ceremony in 2076:Elector of the Palatinate 1782:Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg 1639:Brandenburg-Prussian army 1493:Electorate of Brandenburg 1241:advanced into Brandenburg 1194:George William, 1619–1640 1127:and was governed by Duke 1123:. It was a vassal of the 941:and passages west to the 718:Electorate of Brandenburg 501: 299: 295: 282: 269: 256: 252: 242: 238: 225: 213: 201: 189: 185: 171: 161: 145: 131: 113: 97: 59: 54: 32: 7446:Treaty of Accession 2003 6903:Major demographic events 6475:Diocese of Wollin/Cammin 6165:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 6160:Brandenburgian Pomerania 6020:Brandenburgian Pomerania 5723:10,000 BC – 600 AD 5191:Weber, Matthias (2003). 5134:Nicklas, Thomas (2002). 5115:Neuhaus, Helmut (2003). 4845:Beier, Brigitte (2007). 4690:Frost, Robert I (2004). 4286:Duchhardt (2006), p. 108 4008:Duchhardt (2006), p. 105 3926:Duchhardt (2006), p. 101 3836:Duchhardt (2006), p. 103 3661:Duchhardt (2006), p. 102 3192:Brandenburger Gold Coast 3154:Markgraf von Brandenburg 2770:Religion and immigration 2723:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 2524: 2464:General War Commissariat 2456:Generalfinanzdirektorium 2387:Landständische Regierung 2274:margraves of Brandenburg 2169:after his coronation as 1961:, with the exception of 1418:Treaty of Stettin (1653) 1410:Treaty of Stettin (1630) 1386:Brandenburgian margraves 1321:Treaty of Stettin (1653) 1317:Treaty of Stettin (1630) 1222:Albrecht von Wallenstein 955:Brandenburger Gold Coast 454:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 7517:17th century in Prussia 7313:(1772/1773, 1793, 1795) 6716:Archaeological cultures 5875:Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp 5172:Schmidt, Georg (2006). 5020:Klueting, Harm (2003). 4963:Hammer, Ulrike (2001). 3935:Frost (2000), pp. 168ff 3649:Duchhardt (2006), p. 98 3627:Duchhardt (2006), p. 97 3508:Jähnig (2006), pp. 54ff 2883: 2621:with Sweden) and 1657 ( 2395:Geheime Landesregierung 2246:sent a circular to all 2068:Maximilian I of Bavaria 1662:) and the upholding of 1465:Lordship of Klettenberg 1093:Duchess Anna of Prussia 889:The second half of the 838:(incorporated later in 701: 619:(1918 – 1947) 613:(1701 – 1918) 607:(1618 – 1701) 587:(1525 – 1618) 581:(1356 – 1806) 575:(1224 – 1525) 7341:Peace of Prague (1866) 6936:Languages and dialects 6606:Protestant Reformation 6401:Pomeranian Voivodeship 6304:Pomeranian Voivodeship 6203:Pomeranian Voivodeship 6148:Pomeranian Voivodeship 6088:Pomeranian Voivodeship 5950:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 4868:(in German). Siedler. 4329:Kotulla (2008), p. 264 4309:Kotulla (2008), p. 270 4295:Kotulla (2008), p. 269 4277:Kotulla (2008), p. 263 4255:Kotulla (2008), p. 262 3910:Kotulla (2008), p. 267 3880:Kotulla (2008), p. 266 3854:Kotulla (2008), p. 265 3827:Klueting (2003), p. 57 3804:Klueting (2003), p. 56 3747:Buchholz (1999), p.263 3613:Gotthard (2006), p. 90 3601:Gotthard (2006), p. 88 3568:Gotthard (2006), p. 86 3328: 3235:Wappen von Brandenburg 3227:Wappen von Brandenburg 3212: 3125:(now Baltiysk) on the 2846:House of Orange-Nassau 2781: 2503:; green/yellow: under 2477: 2423:elector introduced an 2278:Protestant Reformation 2178: 2022:Frederick I of Prussia 1988:status quo ante bellum 1903: 1823: 1796:Dutch and Scanian Wars 1714: 1642: 1575:, which had ended the 1552: 1367:dominium maris baltici 1332: 1268: 1205: 1096: 796:Medieval / Middle Ages 693: 672:(1947–1952, from 1990) 642:(1920–1939, from 1945) 599:Royal (Polish) Prussia 579:Elector of Brandenburg 426:Diocese of Halberstadt 38: 7182:(1448/1468/1472/1479) 6551:Archdiocese of Gdańsk 6541:Archdiocese of Berlin 5932:Bezirk Neubrandenburg 5803:Principality of Rügen 4731:. PWN. Warsaw, 1979. 4709:Gieysztor, Aleksander 4147:Neuhaus (2003), p. 22 4116:Hammer (2001), p. 104 3962:Hammer (2001), p. 135 3953:Shennan (1995), p. 20 3670:Olesen (2003), p. 395 3580:Hammer (2001), p. 136 3322: 3313:Further information: 3303:Sophie-Louise-Schanze 3257:and its shipyards in 3199: 3190:Further information: 3094:victory at Fehrbellin 2777: 2214:Charles XII of Sweden 2164: 2007:Further information: 1946:bribed by Berlin and 1886: 1817: 1800:Further information: 1700: 1691:Further information: 1636: 1627:Further information: 1550: 1520:. Least hit were the 1502:Frankfurt an der Oder 1457:Lordship of Derenburg 1328: 1315:Further information: 1291:, a long stay in the 1266: 1201: 1180:House of Hohenzollern 1137:House of Hohenzollern 1082: 897:to become one of the 826:(incorporated in the 714:House of Hohenzollern 708:denomination for the 654:Recovered Territories 617:Free State of Prussia 551:(965 – 983) 273:Prussian independence 7175:Thorn, Second (1466) 6576:Diocese of Włocławek 6546:Diocese of Bydgoszcz 6155:Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn 6025:Starostwo of Draheim 5870:Pomerania-Rügenwalde 5860:Pomerania-Neustettin 5712:History of Pomerania 5519:Grand Duchy of Posen 4717:Emanuel Rostworowski 4682:Clark, Christopher. 4213:Beier (2007), p. 162 4107:Citino (2005), p. 22 4053:Frost (2000), p. 212 4020:Frost (2000), p. 210 3983:Jähnig (2006), p. 68 3818:Gabel (1998), p. 469 3795:Gabel (1998), p. 468 3738:Hammer (2001), p. 20 3713:Hammer (2001), p. 25 3688:Hammer (2001), p. 19 3556:Hammer (2001), p. 24 3538:Jähnig (2006), p. 66 3526:Jähnig (2006), p. 65 3499:Hammer (2001), p. 33 3165:. Also in 1684, the 3117:and the invasion of 2703:Treaty of Königsberg 2615:Treaty of Königsberg 2583:County of Ravensberg 2525:Year of acquisition 2517:List of territories 2070:in 1623, during the 2030:Saint Germain (1679) 1918:and promised to aid 1874:Battle of Fehrbellin 1858:Charles XI of Sweden 1802:Battle of Fehrbellin 1778:John II Casimir Vasa 1751:Treaty of Königsberg 1461:County of Regenstein 1214:Electorate of Saxony 1065:Stadtschloss, Berlin 947:North Atlantic Ocean 772:Evangelical Lutheran 749:County of Ravensberg 412:County of Ravensberg 286:Elevation to kingdom 7507:Brandenburg-Prussia 7479: / 7266:Wehlau and Bromberg 6524:Gorzów Wielkopolski 6490:Diocese of Roskilde 6309:Chełmno Voivodeship 6278:Duchy of Białogarda 5589:Territorial reforms 5547:Province of Prussia 4750:Gagliardo, John G. 4243:Weber (2003), p. 15 4234:Weber (2003), p. 14 4201:Weber (2003), p. 12 4185:Weber (2003), p. 13 3974:Frost (2000), p.178 3944:Frost (2000), p.171 3756:Schmidt (2006), p.5 3697:Sturdy (2002), p.59 3092:In 1675, after the 2762:Peace of Westphalia 2680:Peace of Westphalia 2657:Peace of Westphalia 2642:Peace of Westphalia 2634:Bishopric of Minden 2518: 2512:List of territories 2505:Frederick William I 2415:Second Northern War 2307:residence in Berlin 2080:Peace of Westphalia 2051:which bordered the 2049:County of Schwiebus 1979:Louis XIV of France 1852:pressured her ally 1727:Second Northern War 1707:Frederick William I 1687:Second Northern War 1557:Peace of Westphalia 1365:on the coastline (" 1355:Peace of Westphalia 1208:From 1619 to 1640, 1162:married the son of 1063:subordinate to the 1061:system of provinces 945:with access to the 893:laid the basis for 848:Second Northern War 816:Bishopric of Minden 804:Peace of Westphalia 702:Brannenborg-Preußen 694:Brandenburg-Preußen 681:Brandenburg-Prussia 605:Brandenburg-Prussia 591:Malbork Voivodeship 555:Lutician federation 39:Brandenburg-Preußen 34:Brandenburg–Prussia 7370:Molotov–Ribbentrop 7358:Prussian Concordat 7292:1700–present 7153:Eberswalde, Second 6962:Central Pomeranian 6879:German Pomeranians 6844:Slavic Pomeranians 6733:Ertebølle-Ellerbek 6561:Diocese of Pelplin 6485:Diocese of Chełmno 6480:Diocese of Kolberg 6381:Słupsk Voivodeship 6283:Duchy of Lubiszewo 6256:Duchy of Pomerelia 6194:Słupsk Voivodeship 6126:House of Pomerania 6121:Duchy of Pomerania 6074:Słupsk Voivodeship 6047:List of placenames 5988:House of Pomerania 5983:Duchy of Pomerania 5905:List of placenames 5865:Pomerania-Stargard 5813:House of Pomerania 5808:Duchy of Pomerania 5758:1945–present 5671:Jülich-Cleves-Berg 5663: 5624:Posen-West Prussia 5563:Schleswig-Holstein 4761:2007-11-27 at the 3397:Großfriedrichsburg 3329: 3271:Großfriedrichsburg 3213: 3111:siege of Stralsund 2858:Holy Roman Emperor 2782: 2753:Duchy of Magdeburg 2746:Treaty of Bromberg 2731:Treaty of Bromberg 2676:Treaty of Grimnitz 2516: 2472:Kriegskommissariat 2438:Under the rule of 2379:Kurfürstlicher Rat 2202:Great Northern War 2179: 2146:, instead of King 2130:. With respect to 2116:Holy Roman Emperor 2108:Treaty of Rijswijk 2098:, had secured the 2020:, since 1701 also 2013:Kingdom of Prussia 1975:Great Sleigh Drive 1965:which was held by 1928:war against France 1904: 1888:Great Sleigh Drive 1824: 1806:Great Sleigh Drive 1715: 1693:Treaty of Bromberg 1643: 1589:Palatinate-Neuburg 1553: 1434:Duchy of Pomerania 1414:refused to give in 1402:House of Pomerania 1398:Duchy of Pomerania 1394:Treaty of Grimnitz 1333: 1281:Der Große Kurfürst 1269: 1218:Upper Saxon Circle 1206: 1097: 1048:Napoleon Bonaparte 1040:Kingdom of Prussia 1036:Great Northern War 1028:Holy Roman Emperor 923:Great Sleigh Drive 844:Treaty of Bromberg 836:Duchy of Magdeburg 806:, which ended the 660:Kaliningrad Oblast 611:Kingdom of Prussia 481:Kingdom of Prussia 384:Duchy of Pomerania 278:September 19, 1657 7562:Former monarchies 7483:52.517°N 13.400°E 7462: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7135:Eberswalde, First 7040: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7031: 6763:Nordic Bronze Age 6690: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6584: 6583: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6392:Toruń Voivodeship 6107:Farther Pomerania 5973:Farther Pomerania 5912:Enclave of Police 5885:Swedish Pomerania 5850:Pomerania-Wolgast 5845:Pomerania-Schlawe 5840:Pomerania-Stettin 5784:Western Pomerania 5678: 5677: 5659:Province of Posen 5509:(1814–1848) 5397:Western Pomerania 5389:Minden-Ravensberg 5290:Farther Pomerania 5107:978-3-11-014091-0 5050:978-3-540-48705-0 4923:Lademacher, Horst 4856:978-3-577-14374-5 4786:Ogilvie, Sheilagh 4778:Hughes, Michael. 4729:History of Poland 4725:Henryk Wereszycki 4713:Stefan Kieniewicz 3430:Duchy of Courland 3351:, and in 1678 by 3098:Swedish Pomerania 3090: 3089: 3086: 2850:Thirty Years' War 2812:Navy and colonies 2767: 2766: 2713:), lost in 1657 ( 2684:Treaty of Stettin 2664:Farther Pomerania 2452:Geheime Hofkammer 2440:Frederick III (I) 2363:Frederick William 2356:Thirty Years' War 2348:Joachim Frederick 2210:Holy Roman Empire 2206:Tsardom of Russia 2191:Königsberg Castle 2167:Frederick III (I) 2096:Elector of Saxony 2092:August the Strong 2072:Thirty Years' War 2034:Huguenot question 1983:Nijmegen treaties 1952:Treaty of Żurawno 1908:John III Sobieski 1892:Frederick William 1878:Swedish Pomerania 1840:Holy Roman Empire 1790:Swedish Pomerania 1711:Königsberg Castle 1593:Thirty Years' War 1524:, which was only 1469:Lordship of Lohra 1441:Western Pomerania 1430:Farther Pomerania 1426:Swedish Pomerania 1336:Frederick William 1277:Frederick William 1273:Thirty Years' War 1226:Thirty Years' War 1129:Albert of Prussia 1125:Kingdom of Poland 1109:Holy Roman Empire 1016:House of Habsburg 981:immigration from 977:"), most notably 963:Frederick William 828:Treaty of Stettin 824:Farther Pomerania 808:Thirty Years' War 764:Thirty Years' War 729:Holy Roman Empire 678: 677: 515: 514: 497: 496: 493: 492: 473: 472: 227:• 1688–1701 220:Frederick William 215:• 1640–1688 203:• 1619–1640 191:• 1618–1619 166:Feudal monarchies 106:Holy Roman Empire 16:(Redirected from 7574: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7434:Polish Concordat 7398:Helsinki Accords 7352:Polish Concordat 7113:Stralsund (1370) 7108:Stralsund (1354) 7057: 7056: 7046: 7045: 6940: 6939: 6910:Migration Period 6798:Dębczyn (Denzin) 6713: 6712: 6696: 6695: 6595: 6594: 6571:Diocese of Toruń 6458: 6457: 6449: 6448: 6438: 6437: 6288:Duchy of Świecie 6251:Danish Pomerelia 6246:Polish Pomerelia 6239: 6114: 5927:Bezirk Frankfurt 5900:Stralsund Region 5835:Pomerania-Demmin 5779: 5778: 5768: 5767: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5682: 5681: 5664: 5648: 5628: 5620: 5612: 5579: 5559: 5551: 5543: 5510: 5493: 5492: 5483:Post-Congress of 5473: 5461:New East Prussia 5457: 5445: 5429: 5421: 5405: 5393: 5385: 5373: 5330: 5322: 5306: 5286: 5260:Duchy of Prussia 5235: 5228: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5187: 5168: 5149: 5130: 5111: 5092: 5073: 5054: 5035: 5016: 4997: 4978: 4959: 4940: 4917: 4898: 4879: 4860: 4834: 4815: 4747: 4705: 4679: 4646: 4643: 4630: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4609: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4575: 4572: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4542: 4539: 4530: 4527: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4423: 4420: 4409: 4406: 4397: 4394: 4381: 4378: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4342: 4339: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4256: 4253: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4214: 4211: 4202: 4199: 4186: 4183: 4170: 4167: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4087: 4084: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4054: 4051: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4021: 4018: 4009: 4006: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3911: 3908: 3881: 3878: 3855: 3852: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3782: 3781: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3650: 3647: 3628: 3625: 3614: 3611: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3581: 3578: 3569: 3566: 3557: 3554: 3539: 3536: 3527: 3524: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3413:Bordeaux Estates 3401:Charlotte Amalie 3365:Triangular trade 3283:Dorotheenschanze 3261:, since 1683 in 3203:Brandenburg Navy 3146:Carolus Secundus 3074: 2898: 2897: 2890:Brandenburg Navy 2832:universities of 2824:(1631–1633) and 2802:Edict of Potsdam 2779:Edict of Potsdam 2711:Treaty of Labiau 2619:Treaty of Labiau 2613:vassal in 1656 ( 2598:Duchy of Prussia 2591:Treaty of Xanten 2576:Treaty of Xanten 2561:Treaty of Xanten 2541:Core territory, 2519: 2515: 2488: 2336: 2318: 2233:Duchy of Prussia 2187:Sophie Charlotte 2132:Poland-Lithuania 2088:House of Hanover 1977:. However, when 1916:Poland-Lithuania 1828:Franco-Dutch War 1767:Treaty of Radnot 1763:Treaty of Labiau 1755:Battle of Warsaw 1739:Prussian capital 1703:Prussian estates 1637:Uniforms of the 1616:Treaty of Cleves 1612:Imperial estates 1573:Treaty of Xanten 1522:Duchy of Prussia 1408:in 1637. By the 1361:by establishing 1145:Albert Frederick 1131:, a member of a 1117:Duchy of Prussia 1113:Treaty of Krakow 1008:Duchy of Prussia 987:Edict of Potsdam 931:Brandenburg Navy 911:Battle of Warsaw 864:Treaty of Cracow 753:Treaty of Xanten 722:Duchy of Prussia 688: 636:area (from 1918) 585:Duchy of Prussia 541: 536: 517: 516: 489: 488: 477: 476: 464: 463: 450: 449: 436: 435: 422: 421: 408: 407: 394: 393: 380: 379: 366: 365: 352: 351: 338: 337: 328:Duchy of Prussia 324: 323: 317: 316: 301: 300: 291:January 18, 1701 126:Duchy of Prussia 102: 73: 66: 49: 41: 30: 29: 21: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7557:Personal unions 7497: 7496: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7450: 7364:Reichskonkordat 7287: 7196:1500–1700 7191: 7164:Brześć Kujawski 7124:Raciążek (1404) 7060:1200–1500 7051: 7028: 6988: 6984:Standard German 6977:West Pomeranian 6972:East Pomeranian 6931: 6898: 6802: 6707: 6678: 6623: 6580: 6529: 6443: 6424: 6411:Gmina Biały Bór 6335:Polish Corridor 6268:Duchy of Gdańsk 6234: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6209: 6109: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6100:Lauenburg-Bütow 6094: 6013:Pomerania-Stolp 5976: 5975: 5966: 5880:Pomerania-Barth 5855:Pomerania-Stolp 5786: 5773: 5762: 5753:1933–1945 5748:1806–1933 5743:1500–1806 5738:1300–1500 5733:1100–1300 5714: 5709: 5679: 5674: 5662: 5651: 5646: 5632:Halle-Merseburg 5626: 5618: 5606: 5593: 5590: 5582: 5573: 5557: 5549: 5541: 5508: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5476: 5467: 5451: 5439: 5427: 5415: 5399: 5391: 5379: 5371: 5355: 5328: 5316: 5310:Lauenburg–Bütow 5300: 5280: 5246: 5239: 5209: 5203: 5184: 5165: 5146: 5127: 5108: 5089: 5070: 5051: 5032: 5013: 4994: 4975: 4956: 4937: 4914: 4895: 4876: 4857: 4841: 4831: 4812: 4767:Holborn, Hajo. 4763:Wayback Machine 4702: 4676: 4660: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4578: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4426: 4421: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4384: 4379: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4259: 4254: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4189: 4184: 4173: 4168: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4012: 4007: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3914: 3909: 3884: 3879: 3858: 3853: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3785: 3778: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3653: 3648: 3631: 3626: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3542: 3537: 3530: 3525: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3454: 3361: 3317: 3311: 3205:on the Open Sea 3194: 3188: 3082: 3080: 3078: 2907: 2896: 2886: 2878:Hanseatic towns 2842:Luise Henriette 2814: 2788:converted from 2772: 2682:(entitlement); 2678:(entitlement); 2553:Duchy of Cleves 2514: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2494: 2489: 2480: 2393:in Prussia and 2344: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2310: 2309: 2286:Großer Ausschuß 2270: 2171:King in Prussia 2144:King in Prussia 2084:Ernest Augustus 2082:(1648), and by 2015: 2009:King in Prussia 2005: 1900:Wilhelm Simmler 1896:Curonian Lagoon 1812: 1798: 1735:Treaty of Rinsk 1695: 1689: 1668:Leibeigenschaft 1631: 1625: 1581:count palatines 1545: 1489: 1323: 1313: 1261: 1237:entered the war 1196: 1105:prince-electors 1083:A 19th century 1077: 1003:King in Prussia 951:German colonies 949:and additional 939:Gulf of Finland 868:Lauenburg–Bütow 741:Duchy of Cleves 706:historiographic 684: 640:Klaipėda Region 508: 486: 461: 447: 433: 419: 405: 391: 377: 363: 356:Duchy of Cleves 349: 335: 321: 288: 275: 265:August 27, 1618 262: 228: 216: 204: 192: 153: 109: 93: 92: 91: 88: 87:Coat of arms of 84: 81: 80:Coat of arms of 75: 74: 67: 50: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7580: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7488:52.517; 13.400 7460: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7255:Stettin (1653) 7252: 7246: 7244:Stettin (1630) 7241: 7235: 7233:Stettin (1570) 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7161: 7159:Łęczyca (1433) 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7121: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7063: 7061: 7053: 7052: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7009: 7004: 6998: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6948: 6946: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6912: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6839:Vistula Veneti 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6738:Linear Pottery 6735: 6730: 6725: 6719: 6717: 6709: 6708: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6601: 6599: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6464: 6462: 6455: 6453:Roman Catholic 6445: 6444: 6442:Ecclesiastical 6434: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6403: 6395: 6389: 6384: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6231:Tuchola Forest 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6197: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6157: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6117: 6115: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6077: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6037:Stettin Region 6029: 6028: 6027: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5979: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5944: 5939: 5937:Bezirk Rostock 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5895:Stettin Region 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5805: 5800: 5798:Northern March 5795: 5789: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5774: 5772:Administrative 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5728:600–1100 5725: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5708: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5685: 5676: 5675: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5629: 5621: 5616:Greater Berlin 5613: 5596: 5594: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5560: 5552: 5544: 5539:Rhine Province 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5458: 5446: 5430: 5422: 5406: 5394: 5386: 5374: 5365: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5331: 5323: 5307: 5287: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5215: 5208: 5207: 5201: 5188: 5182: 5169: 5163: 5150: 5144: 5131: 5125: 5112: 5106: 5093: 5087: 5074: 5068: 5055: 5049: 5036: 5030: 5017: 5011: 4998: 4992: 4979: 4973: 4960: 4954: 4941: 4935: 4918: 4912: 4899: 4893: 4880: 4874: 4861: 4855: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4829: 4816: 4810: 4797: 4792:(1995) 416pp; 4783: 4776: 4765: 4756:online edition 4748: 4739: 4706: 4700: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4631: 4622: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4576: 4564: 4555: 4543: 4531: 4517: 4508: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4455: 4446: 4424: 4410: 4398: 4382: 4366: 4357: 4343: 4331: 4322: 4311: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4257: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4187: 4171: 4149: 4140: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4088: 4076: 4067: 4055: 4043: 4034: 4022: 4010: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3912: 3882: 3856: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3806: 3797: 3783: 3776: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3724: 3715: 3699: 3690: 3672: 3663: 3651: 3629: 3615: 3603: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3558: 3540: 3528: 3510: 3501: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3450: 3446:Sint Eustatius 3405:Brandenburgery 3385:Denmark–Norway 3360: 3357: 3349:Dutch Republic 3310: 3307: 3187: 3184: 3106:Benjamin Raule 3088: 3087: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2885: 2882: 2813: 2810: 2786:John Sigismund 2771: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2673: 2670: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627:Peace of Oliva 2605:Succession as 2603: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2568:County of Mark 2564: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2513: 2510: 2501:John Sigismund 2491: 2490: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2462:chambers. The 2448:Treaty of Gera 2367:personal union 2338: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2320: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2269: 2268:Administration 2266: 2229:Teutonic Order 2198:Denmark–Norway 2165:Anointment of 2156:Dutch Republic 2104:British throne 2074:, also by the 2064:prince elector 2024:, was born in 2004: 2001: 1967:Denmark–Norway 1832:Dutch Republic 1797: 1794: 1786:Peace of Oliva 1771:Greater Poland 1731:Royal Prussian 1688: 1685: 1624: 1621: 1608:Dutch Republic 1544: 1541: 1488: 1485: 1377:(Szczecin) in 1344:Swedish Empire 1312: 1309: 1293:Dutch Republic 1260: 1257: 1253:Roman Catholic 1234:Swedish Empire 1210:George William 1195: 1192: 1176:Treaty of Gera 1168:John Sigismund 1076: 1073: 1044:personal union 985:following the 788:Central Europe 784:Roman Catholic 782:and opposing 745:County of Mark 676: 675: 674: 673: 663: 657: 643: 637: 628: 627: 623: 622: 621: 620: 614: 608: 602: 588: 582: 576: 573:Teutonic Order 570: 564: 558: 552: 549:Northern March 543: 542: 529: 528: 513: 512: 503: 499: 498: 495: 494: 491: 490: 483: 474: 471: 470: 465: 457: 456: 451: 443: 442: 437: 429: 428: 423: 415: 414: 409: 401: 400: 398:County of Mark 395: 387: 386: 381: 373: 372: 367: 359: 358: 353: 345: 344: 339: 331: 330: 325: 313: 312: 307: 297: 296: 293: 292: 289: 283: 280: 279: 276: 270: 267: 266: 263: 260:Personal union 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 244: 243:Historical era 240: 239: 236: 235: 229: 226: 223: 222: 217: 214: 211: 210: 208:George William 205: 202: 199: 198: 196:John Sigismund 193: 190: 187: 186: 183: 182: 179: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 154:Elector-Duke: 147: 143: 142: 133: 129: 128: 118:Personal union 115: 111: 110: 103: 95: 94: 85: 78: 77: 76: 68: 61: 60: 57: 56: 52: 51: 36: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7579: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7495: 7492: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7410:Two Plus Four 7408: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7393:Warsaw (1970) 7391: 7389: 7388:Moscow (1970) 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7305:Frederiksborg 7303: 7301:(1719 / 1720) 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7184: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7170:Soldin (1466) 7168: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7085:Soldin (1309) 7083: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7043: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6944:West Germanic 6941: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6435: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6397:Contemporary 6396: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298:Royal Prussia 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6199:Contemporary 6198: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6177:Köslin Region 6175: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6143:Royal Prussia 6141: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6131:List of Dukes 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6108: 6104:classified as 6101: 6097: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6079:Contemporary 6078: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6042:Köslin Region 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6003:Schlawe-Stolp 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5993:List of Dukes 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5946:Contemporary 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5818:List of Dukes 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5793:Billung March 5791: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5694: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5654: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5625: 5622: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5604:Upper Silesia 5601: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5585: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5556: 5553: 5548: 5545: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5449:South Prussia 5447: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5395: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5375: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5236: 5231: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5204: 5202:3-486-56718-7 5198: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5183:3-406-49034-4 5179: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5164:3-8258-7150-9 5160: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5145:3-515-07939-4 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5126:3-486-56729-2 5122: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5088:3-406-54129-1 5084: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5069:3-05-002508-5 5065: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5031:3-8258-7051-0 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5012:3-486-57839-1 5008: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4993:3-933889-04-9 4989: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4974:3-8309-1105-X 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4955:3-406-54129-1 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4936:3-89325-575-3 4932: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4913:3-406-54129-1 4909: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4894:3-8258-6306-9 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4875:3-88680-780-0 4871: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4832: 4830:0-631-20513-6 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4811:0-415-12938-9 4807: 4804:. Routledge. 4803: 4798: 4796:(1996), 448pp 4795: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4737:83-01-00392-8 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4721:Janusz Tazbir 4718: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4701:0-521-54402-5 4697: 4693: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4675:0-7006-1410-9 4671: 4667: 4662: 4661: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4626: 4617: 4615: 4605: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4559: 4550: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4512: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4460: 4450: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4361: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4326: 4320: 4315: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4144: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4071: 4062: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4038: 4029: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3969: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3801: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3779: 3777:0-09-177593-0 3773: 3769: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3719: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3694: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3667: 3658: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3598: 3589: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3505: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3377:Saint Vincent 3374: 3370: 3369:Caribbean Sea 3366: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3204: 3198: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3127:East Prussian 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2894:Prussian Navy 2891: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866:Fort Dansborg 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2844:of the Dutch 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2776: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2528:How obtained 2527: 2520: 2506: 2502: 2499:; red: under 2498: 2493: 2487: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2454:(since 1713: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2391:Oberratsstube 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2335: 2324: 2317: 2308: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2253:Royal Prussia 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2152:Great Britain 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2136:Royal Prussia 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1826:In 1672, the 1821: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1733:towns in the 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1651:army reserves 1648: 1647:standing army 1640: 1635: 1630: 1629:Prussian Army 1623:Standing Army 1620: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1567:at the lower 1566: 1562: 1558: 1549: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1373:estuary with 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1265: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1204: 1200: 1191: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1052:legal fiction 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004: 999: 995: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 969:") of mostly 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 921:) and by the 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 903:standing army 900: 899:great players 896: 892: 887: 885: 882:to the lower 881: 878:expanded the 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 671: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 651: 647: 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 631: 630: 629: 625: 624: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 596: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 561:Old Prussians 559: 556: 553: 550: 547: 546: 545: 544: 540: 535: 531: 530: 527: 523: 519: 518: 511: 507: 504: 502:Today part of 500: 484: 482: 479: 478: 475: 469: 466: 459: 458: 455: 452: 445: 444: 441: 438: 431: 430: 427: 424: 417: 416: 413: 410: 403: 402: 399: 396: 389: 388: 385: 382: 375: 374: 371: 368: 361: 360: 357: 354: 347: 346: 343: 340: 333: 332: 329: 326: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 298: 294: 290: 287: 281: 277: 274: 268: 264: 261: 255: 251: 248: 245: 241: 237: 234:(Frederick I) 233: 232:Frederick III 230: 224: 221: 218: 212: 209: 206: 200: 197: 194: 188: 184: 180: 178: 174: 170: 167: 164: 160: 157: 152: 148: 144: 141: 137: 134: 130: 127: 123: 119: 116: 112: 107: 101: 96: 90: 89:Ducal Prussia 83: 72: 65: 58: 53: 47: 40: 31: 19: 7464: 7129:Thorn, First 6957:Low Prussian 6914: 6758:Comb Ceramic 6743:Funnelbeaker 6705:anthropology 6604: 6522:with see in 6467: 6321:West Prussia 6236:Chełmno Land 5571:Hesse-Nassau 5555:Hohenzollern 5437:West Prussia 5251: 5192: 5173: 5154: 5135: 5116: 5097: 5078: 5059: 5040: 5021: 5002: 4983: 4964: 4945: 4926: 4903: 4884: 4865: 4846: 4820: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4772: 4768: 4751: 4743: 4728: 4691: 4683: 4665: 4652:Bibliography 4625: 4604: 4595: 4558: 4511: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4449: 4360: 4325: 4318: 4314: 4291: 4282: 4239: 4230: 4143: 4112: 4103: 4070: 4037: 3988: 3979: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3832: 3823: 3800: 3767: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3718: 3693: 3666: 3597: 3504: 3426:Peter Island 3418: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3381:Saint Thomas 3373:Sainte Croix 3362: 3330: 3302: 3298: 3248: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3214: 3200: 3167:East Frisian 3153: 3145: 3131: 3091: 3083: 3075: 2874:reichstalers 2872:for 120,000 2848:. After the 2815: 2783: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2437: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2383:Geheimer Rat 2382: 2378: 2375:Geheimer Rat 2374: 2360: 2351: 2345: 2321:…during the 2304:Hohenzollern 2293: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2260: 2257: 2240:Grand Master 2226: 2195: 2180: 2147: 2128:Crown Treaty 2112: 2100:Polish crown 2061: 2016: 1986: 1956: 1906:Polish king 1905: 1898:; fresco by 1843: 1825: 1775: 1717:The Swedish 1716: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1644: 1619:reputation. 1601: 1591:. After the 1559:by invading 1554: 1538: 1498:Berlin-Cölln 1490: 1481:Hohenzollern 1438: 1406:Bogislaw XIV 1383: 1366: 1341: 1334: 1280: 1270: 1207: 1187:Polish Crown 1184: 1157: 1133:cadet branch 1098: 1055: 1001: 991: 974: 966: 891:17th century 888: 842:). With the 794:of the late 761: 726: 710:early modern 680: 679: 310:Succeeded by 309: 304: 149:Population: 120:between the 7486: / 7283:Lund (1679) 7096:Ueckermünde 6994:West Slavic 6916:Ostsiedlung 6894:Slovincians 6753:Corded Ware 6728:Maglemosian 5955:Brandenburg 5667:Lower Rhine 5550:(1824–1878) 5501:Brandenburg 5465:New Silesia 5425:East Frisia 5298:Halberstadt 5252:Before 1701 5245:(1525–1947) 3421:Crab Island 3102:Scanian War 3100:during the 2790:Lutheranism 2323:Renaissance 2183:suum cuique 1926:from their 1866:Scanian War 1845:Reichskrieg 1759:sovereignty 1672:Bauernlegen 1571:river. The 1565:Cleves-Mark 1561:Jülich-Berg 1487:Devastation 1445:Halberstadt 1295:during his 1271:During the 1224:during the 967:Peuplierung 770:groups of 737:Rhine River 670:Brandenburg 662:(from 1945) 656:(from 1945) 569:(1157–1618) 522:Brandenburg 520:History of 305:Preceded by 82:Brandenburg 7501:Categories 7346:Versailles 7249:Westphalia 7022:Slovincian 7012:Pomeranian 6952:Low German 6884:Kashubians 6778:Pomeranian 6701:Demography 6598:Historical 6590:Protestant 6461:Historical 6300:1466–1793 6261:Samborides 6136:Partitions 6008:Partitions 5828:Partitions 5591:after 1918 5534:Westphalia 5361:After 1701 5349:St. Thomas 5339:Gold Coast 5278:Ravensberg 4658:In English 3479:References 3337:Mauritania 3287:Taccararay 3138:Baltic Sea 3132:After the 2888:See also: 2870:Tranquebar 2818:Pomeranian 2546:electorate 2543:Holy Roman 2460:Amtskammer 2404:Kreditwerk 2399:Amtskammer 2371:real union 2294:Kreditwerk 2290:Joachim II 2282:Kreditwerk 2212:followed. 2204:, and the 2175:Königsberg 2026:Königsberg 1912:suzerainty 1902:, ca. 1891 1359:Baltic Sea 1297:grand tour 1026:, and the 971:Protestant 935:Baltic Sea 884:Oder River 834:, and the 768:Protestant 698:Low German 162:Government 140:Königsberg 7382:Zgorzelec 7299:Stockholm 7238:Franzburg 7147:Perleberg 7017:Kashubian 6874:Velunzani 6834:Vidivarii 6748:Havelland 6526:1945–1972 6394:1975–1998 6383:1975–1998 6215:Pomerelia 6196:1975–1998 6112:Pomerelia 6076:1975–1998 5665:From the 5640:Kurhessen 5636:Magdeburg 5514:Pomerania 5490:(1814–15) 5369:Neuchâtel 5326:Magdeburg 4839:In German 4773:1648–1840 3448:in 1697. 3403:, called 3359:Caribbean 3281:), named 3180:Greetsiel 3173:replaced 2838:The Hague 2806:Huguenots 2794:Calvinism 2784:In 1613, 2150:Prussia. 2120:Leopold I 1924:Habsburgs 1920:Hungarian 1862:Uckermark 1818:Siege of 1514:Magdeburg 1506:Pomerania 1379:Pomerania 1363:dominions 1305:Pomerania 1287:nurturer 1285:Calvinist 975:Exulanten 943:North Sea 780:Calvinist 704:) is the 686:‹See Tfd› 634:Działdowo 156:Calvinist 146:Religion 55:1618–1701 7221:Augsburg 7215:Grimnitz 7180:Prenzlau 7050:Treaties 7002:Polabian 6849:Prissani 6788:Wielbark 6768:Lusatian 6226:Kociewie 6221:Kashubia 5661:in 1848. 5377:Guelders 5334:Colonies 4759:Archived 3452:See also 3409:Krum Bay 3341:Portugal 3295:Taccrama 3291:Takoradi 3169:port of 3158:Atlantic 3005:galiote 2936:frigate 2609:vassal, 2444:monarchy 2389:, named 2261:de facto 2248:Catholic 2154:and the 2110:(1697). 2038:Habsburg 1944:magnates 1940:Ottomans 1719:invasion 1604:Lorraine 1477:Habsburg 1467:and the 1348:her ally 1085:allegory 1056:de facto 1034:and the 979:Huguenot 776:Reformed 151:Lutheran 7474:13°24′E 7471:52°31′N 7376:Potsdam 7090:Templin 7067:Kremmen 6824:Lemovii 6807:Peoples 6783:Oksywie 6773:Jastorf 6723:Hamburg 5823:Gützkow 5657:Became 5576:1866–68 5567:Hanover 5529:Silesia 5442:1772–73 5409:Silesia 5404:/ 1815) 5314:Draheim 5243:Prussia 4866:Pommern 4771:Vol 2: 4754:(1991) 3474:Sources 3442:England 3438:Tortola 3345:Spanish 3224:frigate 3217:African 3211:, 1684. 3144:vessel 3142:Spanish 3115:Stettin 2826:Stettin 2822:Wolgast 2738:Draheim 2707:Swedish 2611:Swedish 2369:into a 2236:in 1525 2177:, 1701. 2140:Ermland 2086:of the 2078:in the 2053:Neumark 2045:Silesia 2041:emperor 1991:by the 1971:Prussia 1890:(1678): 1822:in 1677 1820:Stettin 1749:in the 1743:Ermland 1721:of the 1713:, 1663. 1664:serfdom 1656:landtag 1641:in 1698 1543:Cow War 1375:Stettin 1216:in the 1135:of the 1107:in the 1024:Austria 895:Prussia 872:Draheim 792:Germany 733:Rhenish 652:within 650:Masuria 626:Present 597:within 526:Prussia 506:Germany 468:Draheim 284:• 271:• 258:• 173:Elector 132:Capital 7442:(1996) 7436:(1993) 7430:(1991) 7424:(1991) 7418:(1990) 7412:(1990) 7406:(1989) 7400:(1975) 7384:(1951) 7378:(1945) 7372:(1939) 7366:(1933) 7360:(1929) 7354:(1925) 7348:(1919) 7337:(1866) 7331:(1815) 7329:Vienna 7325:(1814) 7319:(1807) 7317:Tilsit 7307:(1720) 7274:(1660) 7268:(1657) 7262:(1656) 7260:Labiau 7251:(1648) 7240:(1627) 7229:(1569) 7227:Lublin 7223:(1555) 7217:(1529) 7211:(1525) 7209:Kraków 7205:(1521) 7188:(1493) 7186:Pyritz 7166:(1435) 7155:(1427) 7149:(1427) 7143:(1422) 7137:(1415) 7131:(1411) 7120:(1390) 7118:Pyzdry 7104:(1343) 7102:Kalisz 7098:(1327) 7092:(1317) 7081:(1282) 7075:(1250) 7073:Landin 7069:(1236) 7007:Polish 6869:Lutici 6864:Veleti 6859:Ukrani 6814:Gepids 6793:Gustow 6628:Extant 6534:Extant 5998:Cammin 5647:(1944) 5644:Nassau 5627:(1922) 5619:(1920) 5558:(1850) 5542:(1822) 5524:Saxony 5485:Vienna 5428:(1744) 5392:(1719) 5372:(1707) 5344:Arguin 5329:(1680) 5294:Minden 5270:Cleves 5199: 5180: 5161: 5142: 5123: 5104: 5085: 5066: 5047: 5028: 5009: 4990: 4971: 4952: 4933: 4910: 4891: 4872: 4853: 4827: 4808: 4782:(1992) 4775:(1962) 4735: 4723:, and 4698: 4686:(2008) 4672: 3774: 3434:Tobago 3353:France 3333:Arguin 3327:(1721) 3325:Arguin 3315:Arguin 3309:Arguin 3279:Akwida 3275:Accada 3259:Pillau 3255:Berlin 3243:Morian 3231:Morian 3220:Guinea 3175:Pillau 3163:talers 3150:Ostend 3123:Pillau 3051:other 3028:yacht 2959:fluyt 2911:Count 2906:Vessel 2863:Danish 2834:Leyden 2668:Cammin 2607:Polish 2433:France 2429:Akzise 2425:Akzise 2420:Akzise 2411:Akzise 2325:period 2218:France 2057:Vienna 1948:Vienna 1936:Papacy 1854:Sweden 1850:France 1836:Cleves 1808:, and 1680:talers 1534:Vienna 1530:Minden 1528:, and 1512:, and 1473:French 1463:, the 1459:, the 1449:Minden 1351:France 1289:Calcum 1249:Berlin 1172:Cleves 1115:, the 1069:Berlin 1020:Vienna 983:France 959:Arguin 874:. The 860:Polish 800:Berlin 690:German 666:Berlin 646:Warmia 510:Poland 181: 136:Berlin 114:Status 108:(1618) 46:German 42: 7272:Oliva 7203:Thorn 7141:Melno 7079:Kępno 6889:Poles 6829:Rugii 6819:Goths 5600:Lower 5413:Glatz 3440:from 3383:from 3323:Fort 3289:(now 3277:(now 3263:Emden 3171:Emden 3148:near 3121:. 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Brandenburg–Prussia

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