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with some of the Scots to become irretrievably damaged. On 6 December, the
Jacobites and Charles left Derby and began their march north back to Scotland. Charles's route north was the same as the one that he had taken on the journey south. He returned to Manchester on 9 December and after some light resistance from the local population, Charles demanded £5,000 from the town, eventually receiving £2,500 in payment. Charles then proceeded on through Preston, Lancaster and Kendal, until the Jacobite forces eventually met the government forces at
1343:
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1440:. In Florence, he used the title "Count of Albany" as an alias, and his wife Louise was normally referred to as the "Countess of Albany". Charles's health deteriorated in later life, and he was reported to have suffered from asthma, high blood pressure, swollen legs and ulcers. In 1774, while in Florence, he suffered constantly from his illnesses, which required him to be carried by his servants to and from his carriage. Charles was also known to be an alcoholic, a condition that worsened with age.
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928:. Charles was said to have been only 50 paces from the front-line of the battle, and he later expressed remorse that the victory involved killing his own subjects. It was reported during the battle that Charles and Lord Murray had argued with each other over the disposition of forces. The historian Hugh Douglas argues this was to result in an ever worsening relationship between the two that would culminate with ultimate defeat later at Culloden.
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1464:. Charles also gave her the title "Duchess of Albany" in the peerage of Scotland and the style "Her Royal Highness", but these honours did not give Charlotte any right of succession to the throne. Charlotte lived with her father in Florence and Rome for the next five years. Eventually, she survived her father by less than two years, dying unmarried at Bologna in November 1789. In April 1784, Charles was persuaded by the visiting King
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1377:, which his father had lived in for over 40 years. Charles wrote to both the Kings of France and Spain on his accession, but recognition as King Charles III was not granted by either monarch. Charles returned to his social life in Rome, making visits to the Pope and indulging in pastimes such as hunting, shooting, balls, concerts, operas and plays. One notable occasion, was when he met and heard
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1472:, Louise was thereby legally permitted to live separately from her husband, even though she had been doing so for some time. Charles spent the majority of his last years living between Florence and Rome. However, he left Florence for the last time in 1785 and returned to Rome. It was reported that he was limited to light travelling by his doctors owing to his fragility.
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battlefield. He hoped that
Cumberland's army would attack first, and he had his men stand exposed to the accurate fire from government artillery batteries. Seeing the error in this, he quickly ordered an attack, but his messenger was killed before the order could be delivered. The Jacobite attack was uncoordinated, charging into withering musket fire and
1322:. Charles failed to make a good impression, being argumentative and idealistic in his expectations. Choiseul was planning a full-scale invasion of England involving upwards of 100,000 men, to which he hoped to add a number of Jacobites led by Charles. However, he was so little impressed with Charles that he dismissed the prospect of Jacobite assistance.
1448:. Another cause was stated to be Charles himself, who was reported as becoming increasingly irrational and drunk. In November 1780, Louise formally left Charles. After separating, she claimed that Charles had physically abused her. This claim was generally believed by contemporaries. The historian Douglas states that Charles had been drinking following
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father continued to rely on foreign aid in his attempts to restore himself to the
British and Irish thrones. However, Charles became increasingly supportive of the idea of rebellion unassisted by invasion or by support of any kind from abroad. On 23 December 1743, owing to his limited ability to travel to Britain, James named his son Charles
1397:. Charles returned to Paris in early 1771 with the permission of the French authorities under the Duc de Choiseul, who once again wished to discuss the possibility of a Jacobite invasion. However, on the day of the meeting, Charles was reported to be so intoxicated that he was unable to speak coherently, so the discussions were abandoned.
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and Father
Vinceguerra, a Catholic priest. He quickly became conversant in English, French and Italian, although it was said that he never fully mastered any language and was partially illiterate. During his childhood, he was reported to enjoy hunting, horsemanship, a form of golf, music and dancing.
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By the time
Charles entered his 51st year, concern was raised by his Jacobite supporters and the French that he had not yet married, and that only his brother, a priest sworn to celibacy, remained as the only male heir. The French also wished to continue the Stuart line as a potential weapon against
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decided to return to
Scotland given the lack of English Jacobite and French support, as well as rumours that large government forces were being amassed. Charles admitted that he had not heard from the English Jacobites since leaving France despite claiming the contrary; this caused his relationship
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later claimed that his fellow Scots were already concerned by
Charles's autocratic style and fears he was overly influenced by his Irish advisors. A "Prince's Council" of senior leaders was established; Charles resented it as an imposition by the Scots on their divinely appointed monarch, while the
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in 1772. In his later life, Charles's health declined greatly and he was said to be an alcoholic. However, his escapades during the 1745 and 1746 uprising, as well as his escape from
Scotland, led to his portrayal as a romantic figure of heroic failure. His life and the once possible prospects of a
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celebrations, and after accusing Louise of infidelities, may have attempted to rape her, resulting in her screaming to the extent that the household servants intervened. In the years that followed, the Pope awarded Louise half of
Charles's papal pension, and Charles's international reputation was
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In
January 1744, his father believed he had managed to obtain the de facto renewed support of the French government. Following this mistaken belief, Charles Edward travelled covertly to France from Rome, initially under the guise of a hunting party. However, neither the French Government nor King
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After his defeat, Charles indicated to the remaining supporters of the Jacobite cause in England that, accepting the impossibility of his recovering the English and Scottish crowns while he remained a Catholic, he was willing to commit himself to reigning as a Protestant. Accordingly, he visited
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29 September] 1746. On his return, he was initially received warmly by King Louis XV, but as far as obtaining additional military or political assistance was concerned, his efforts proved fruitless. However, he became at once the popular hero and idol of many Parisians on account of his
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By the time he had reached 20, he had become a notable member of upper-class society in Rome and had developed a fondness for alcohol and fine clothes, often in excess of his allowance. He had become increasingly distant from his brother due to Henry's devotion to prayer and religious study. His
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the government in Britain. In 1771, while he was in Paris, Charles dispatched Sir Edmund Ryan, an Irish officer in Berwick's regiment, to seek out a bride for him. Despite some potential negotiations with prospective brides, he was unable to find a wife. A few months later, Charles's companion,
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on behalf of intervention, Charles resolved to launch an expedition to Scotland. The ultimate aim was to instigate a rebellion that would place his father on the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. To assist with funding the expedition, Charles borrowed some 180,000 livres from the Paris
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In both Rome and Paris, Charles met numerous supporters of the Stuart cause; he was aware that there were Jacobite representatives in every key European court. He had now taken a considerable share in correspondence and other actual work connected with the promotion of his own and his father's
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was born 5 years later on 6 March 1725. His mother and father were regularly at disagreement with each other, leading to one notable incident in which Clementina left the palace shortly after Henry's birth in 1725 and moved to a convent, not returning until 1727. As the legitimate heirs to the
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After the defeat, Murray managed to lead a group of Jacobites to Ruthven, intending to continue the fight. Charles thought that he was betrayed, however, and decided to abandon the Jacobite cause. Some 20 miles from the battlefield, Charles rested briefly at Gorthleck, the home of his dubious
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and chose to fight on flat, open, marshy ground, where his forces were exposed to superior firepower from government troops. To ensure his safety, his officers requested that Charles command his army from a position behind the front lines, which prevented him from gaining a clear view of the
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chapels. Bishop Robert Gordon, a staunch Jacobite whose house in Theobald's Row was one of Charles's safe-houses for the visit, is the most likely to have celebrated the communion. A chapel in Gray's Inn, used by the nonjurors, was suggested as the venue as early as 1788. This rebuts
514:, his first exposure to war. While at Gaeta, he observed the final stages of the siege and was said to have come under fire in the trenches of the siegeworks. He returned to Rome in late 1734. In January 1735, shortly after his fourteenth birthday, Charles's mother Clementina died of
831:. Previously pardoned for his participation in the 1715 and 1719 risings, Murray took over from O'Sullivan due to his better understanding of Highland military customs, and the Jacobites spent the next week re-organising their forces. On 14 September, Charles and his forces took
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fired from the cannons, and it met with little success. In the centre, the Jacobites reached the first line of government troops, but this attack was eventually repulsed by a second line of soldiers. The remaining Jacobite survivors in the front line then fled. However, the
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did not surrender and was blockaded until Charles later called off the siege owing to a lack of artillery. On 17 September, Charles entered Edinburgh, accompanied by around 2,400 men. During this time, Charles also gave trophies to his supporters, a prominent example being
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to restore the Stuart monarchy under his father. When the French fleet was partly wrecked by storms, Charles resolved to proceed to Scotland following discussion with leading Jacobites. This resulted in Charles landing by ship on the west coast of Scotland, leading to the
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Charles and Louise left Florence in 1777 and returned to Rome. Their relationship had become increasingly quarrelsome. One cause was said to be the speculation regarding Louise's adulterous relationships with the courtiers Carl Bonstetten and the Italian poet Count
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Charles died in Rome of a stroke on 30 January 1788, aged 67. His brother the Cardinal Duke of York, who was present at the death, had the record read that he died on the morning of 31 January, as it was deemed unlucky to have him declared dead on the same date as
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1032:. However, while the town surrendered immediately, the castle's artillery proved too strong for the Jacobite forces to approach and seize the castle. Government forces also attempted a relief of the siege, which resulted in a victory for Charles in the ensuing
775:. Aware of the potential impact of defeat, they felt that by arriving without French military support, Charles had failed to keep his commitments and were unconvinced by his personal qualities. Undeterred, Charles set sail again and arrived at the bay of
1103:, always barely ahead of the government forces. Many Highlanders aided him during his escape, and none of them betrayed him for the £30,000 reward. While Charles was in the Hebrides, funds had arrived from Spain and France on two ships that called at
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by taking him in a boat disguised as her maid "Betty Burke". Charles remained on Skye until July, when he then crossed back to the mainland. With the aid of a few loyal servants and local supporters, Charles hid from government forces in the western
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cause, and Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain. However, receiving a cool reception from the clan leaders there, many of those contacted advised him to return to France, including
510:, passed through Rome. He offered to take Charles on his expedition, and the boy of thirteen was appointed general of artillery by Don Carlos. On 30 July 1734, he departed Rome with an escort and proceeded with his cousin to the French and Spanish
625:, following repeated attempts by the French to encourage him to leave the Paris region. However, Charles continued to travel regularly to Paris during this period, often incognito and frequenting the hotels of the city to meet with supporters.
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As Charles grew older, he was introduced by his father and the Pope to Italian society. In 1737, James sent his son on a tour through major Italian cities to complete his education as a prince and man of the world. Charles proceeded to visit
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painted Charles entering the Ballroom at Holyroodhouse. Charles and the Jacobites would also be depicted in numerous drawings, prints and on objects, his likeness and coat of arms even depicted on objects such as engraved drinking glasses.
613:. With news of this and following the failed invasion, the French attempted to encourage Charles to return to Italy by refusing to pay him a monthly subsidy. However, when he could no longer afford the rent on the house in Montmartre, the
795:, after Charles provided "security for the full value of his estate should the rising prove abortive." Thereafter, support continued to grow. It is recorded that during this time, Charles began to take lessons in conversational
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With the Jacobite cause lost, Charles spent the remainder of his life on the continent, except for one secret visit to London. On his return, Charles lived briefly in France before he was exiled in 1748 under the terms of the
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with the purpose of accompanying a French Army across to England. The invasion never materialised, as the French fleet was scattered by a storm in the spring equinox, losing 11 ships. By the time it regrouped, the
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units fighting on the north-eastern side of the battlefield, as well as Irish and Scots regulars in the second line, retired in good order, allowing Charles and his personal retinue to escape northwards.
973:. After much discussion, Charles persuaded his council to agree to an invasion of England. By November, Charles was marching south at the head of an army numbering approximately 6,000 men. On 10 November,
1299:(later known as Countess von Alberstrof), whom he met, and may have begun a relationship with, during the 1745 rebellion. She was suspected by many of Charles's supporters of being a spy planted by the
452:. However, Charles was instructed in a regime of exercise and dancing to help improve his constitution, which strengthened his legs by later years. Charles spent much of his early childhood in Rome and
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would later be erected. His mother Maria is also buried nearby at St Peter's. Charles's heart remained in Frascati Cathedral, where it is contained in a small urn beneath the floor, under a monument.
5743:
A Short account of the affairs of Scotland in the years 1744, 1745, 1746 by David, Lord Elcho printed from the original manuscript at Gasford with a memoir and annotations by the Hon. Evan Charteris
940:. Jacobite morale was further boosted in mid-October when the French landed with supplies of money and weapons, together with an envoy, which seemed to validate claims of French backing. However,
376:. Historians differ as to who carried out his baptism ceremony. Kybett reports that it was presided over by Pope Clement, whereas Douglas and Pininski state it was carried out by the Bishop of
473:. While the Pope had raised initial concerns over Charles's religious education under a Protestant governor, James agreed that Charles would be raised as a Catholic. Among his tutors were the
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was forced to return to Brest for repairs, taking the majority of Charles's supplies, including some 1,800 broadswords, 8 artillery pieces and most of the 1,500 muskets he had purchased. The
429:. Many Protestants, including a number of prominent parliamentarians, had been worried that King James aimed to return England fully to the Catholic faith. Since the exile of James and the
1231:, that resulted in a short-lived son named Charles (born 28 July 1748, died 18 January 1749). In December 1748, he was arrested by the French authorities while attending the opera at the
546:" (an historic title adopted by Scottish royals in the 14th century). Despite being Catholic, many European states wished to avoid antagonising Britain, the only exception being Venice.
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411:). Charles Edward's grandfather, James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland, ruled the kingdoms from 1685 to 1688. He was deposed when the English Parliament invited the
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interests. While in Paris and Soissons, Charles sought funding and support for the restoration of the monarchy. Following conversations with Irish and Scottish exiles such as
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1197:, but the King rejected the idea of Spain providing help to restore the Stuarts. His relationship with his brother Henry deteriorated during this time, when Henry accepted a
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1326:, which was Charles's last realistic chance to recover the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland for the Stuart dynasty, was ultimately thwarted by naval defeats at
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Governments of greater European powers: a comparative study of the governments and political culture of Great Britain, France, Germany, and the Soviet Union, Volume 1
1307:. Charles's inability to cope with the collapse of the Jacobite cause led to his problem with alcohol, and mother and daughter separated from Charles with his father
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437:" had striven to return the Stuarts to the thrones of England and Scotland, which had been united in 1603 under James VI and I, with the parliaments joined by the
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Charles would stay again at Callendar House before the Battle of Falkirk Muir. The Earl however would later be executed for his support of Charles in August 1746.
542:. The Italian tour was a shock for Charles, who had believed he would be welcomed as a royal prince. Instead, most European courts would only receive him as the "
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on 6 April. However, he would periodically shut himself away in his rooms, and was said to have formed no new friendships in his later life. He made visits to
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greatly damaged. He was said to live an increasingly isolated and unhappy life, especially after his brother Henry agreed to house Louise at his estate.
335:. Charles eventually returned to Italy, where he spent much of his later life living in Florence and Rome. He had a number of mistresses before marrying
1040:, then Inverness. With a halt in operations until the weather improved, Charles forces then rested at Inverness, including a stay of some four days at
469:. Charles spent much of his early years in the company of older men, several of whom acted as his tutors. Charles Edward's governor was the Protestant
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Born in Rome to the exiled Stuart court, he spent much of his early and later life in Italy. In 1744, he travelled to France to take part in a planned
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bankers John Waters and George Waters. Part of these funds had been raised through support from loyalists in Britain such as Sir Henry Bedingfield of
518:. She had been in a poor state of declining health for many months; however, Charles was said to have been deeply distressed after his mother passed.
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Stewart, James A. Jr. (2001). "Highland Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745–46: 'Forcing Out,' Traditional Documentation and Gaelic Poetry".
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and later Victorian representations of the Jacobites. Charles's departure from Scotland in 1746 is depicted in an engraving of a painting by
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in January 1746. A failure to take the castle, however, resulted in the abandonment of the siege and the Jacobite forces moving northward to
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1259:. In the following years, he was reported to have made several visits in secret to Paris, but was not discovered by the French authorities.
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2231:, however British sources often cite his date of birth as 20 December 1720, as Britain did not switch to the Gregorian calendar until 1752.
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Donald Macleod of Galtrigill and Captain Con O'Neill, who took him to Benbecula. From 16 April until 28 June, Charles travelled through
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did not give Charles the same recognition as "Charles III". However, on 23 January, with the Pope's permission, Charles moved into the
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hat in July 1747. He also deliberately broke off communication with his father in Rome (who had approved of his brother's action).
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who assured him of the strength of the Jacobite movement in Scotland, as well as following receipt of a petition to Charles from
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Charles and his forces reached Glasgow on 26 December where they rested until 3 January 1746. The decision was then made to lay
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agreed to lend him his country estate near Paris where he stayed until January 1745. Charles then moved to the country house of
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By 1783, Charles's health continued to decline, and for a time, he fell seriously ill such to the extent that he was given the
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in May 1744. Owing to his expenditure on his wardrobe, attendants and drinking, Charles became in debt to the amount of 30,000
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The legacy of Charles Stuart and his role in Jacobitism has also influenced songs and music. Examples include the folk songs "
1504:
On his death, a cast of his face was made, and his body was embalmed and placed in a coffin of cypress wood. Adorned with the
1460:. Although Charles recovered, he agreed to create a new will, and signed an act of legitimation for his illegitimate daughter
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1497:. Charles's will left most of his estate to his heir, his daughter Charlotte. There were a few exceptions, including some
854:, leaving the south country undefended. On 16 September, Charles and his army encamped outside the city at Gray's Mill in
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1044:. Charles and his troops were then required to move after word reached them of the pursuit against them by the forces of
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779:. He had hoped for support from a French fleet, but it was not forthcoming and he decided to raise an army in Scotland.
711:, Charles and his party set sail on 5 July for Scotland. During the voyage north, Charles's squadron were fired upon by
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for several weeks. He ultimately evaded capture and on 19 September, he left the country aboard the French frigate
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4487:"Gordon, Robert (Bap. 1703, d. 1779), Jacobite sympathizer and the last bishop of the nonjuring Church of England"
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had recognised James as King of England, Scotland, and Ireland as "James III and VIII", but over 40 years later
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2348:, claimed, without any foundation, that their father, Thomas Allen, was a legitimate son of Charles and Louise.
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to grant Louise a decree of separation. While not a formal divorce, as no such legal procedure existed in the
1288:'s suggestion that it took place at a church in the Strand. and biographers such as Kybett who have suggested
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924:. On 21 September, Charles and his forces defeated Cope's army, the only government army in Scotland, at the
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After the failure of the planned invasion, Charles remained in France, staying at several places, including
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1099:, on 16 April. Charles then hid in the moors of the Highlands of Scotland, before making a flight to the
1086:'Lochaber No More – Prince Charlie leaving Scotland', an 1863 painting by the artist John Blake MacDonald
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Morale was high following the battle at Prestonpans, and Charles returned to Edinburgh, holding court at
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restored Stuart monarchy have left an enduring historical legend that continues to have a legacy today.
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had officially invited Charles. Nevertheless, by February, the French government had agreed to support
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was bishop. At Henry's death in 1807, Charles's remains (except his heart) were moved to the crypt of
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1107:. Too late to assist Charles following Culloden, only the Spanish gold was landed but much of it was
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311:. The Jacobite forces under Charles initially achieved several victories in the field, including the
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While back in France, Charles had numerous mistresses. He had a relationship with his first cousin
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5761:"The Drama of Charles Edward Stuart, Jacobite Propaganda, and French Political Protest, 1745–1750"
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Art and Identity in Scotland. A Cultural History from the Jacobite Rising of 1745 to Walter Scott
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Cope and his army's disastrous defence against the Jacobites was later immortalised in the song "
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5587:. Translated by des Maizeaux. London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, A. Battesworth. p. 106.
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could be in reference to him as a way to refer to him but also to any woman. It was covered by
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920:, a decision he would soon regret. On 20 September, Charles mustered and joined his forces at
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3247:"Sir Henry Bedingfield: National Trust unmasks landowner who spied for Bonnie Prince Charlie"
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daily meetings accentuated divisions between the factions. The council was said to include
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2512:"Charles Edward Stuart – Jacobites, Enlightenment and the Clearances – Scotland's History"
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Charles has been depicted on stage as well as in film and television. He was portrayed by
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in the company of a small retinue and a close but often argumentative family. His brother
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Charles was said to have suffered from weak legs at an early age, possibly as a result of
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controlled the city, which quickly surrendered, although the castle under the command of
787:
Although several clan chiefs initially discouraged him, he gained the crucial support of
590:
realised the diversion that had deceived them and resumed their position in the Channel.
462:
426:
55:
7439:
7414:
6082:
2564:
1593:'s book series. His life has formed a component of numerous historical plays, including
283:, and the Stuart claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1766 as
7892:
7754:
7744:
7729:
7719:
7673:
7561:
7384:
7105:
6774:
6765:
6724:
6679:
6524:
6499:
6434:
6343:
6314:
6299:
6056:
5788:
5780:
5192:
4434:
2228:
1629:
1513:
1413:
as a prospective bride. Accordingly, on 28 March 1772, Charles married Princess Louise
1148:
1061:
994:
890:
816:
708:
438:
422:
320:
7864:
7033:
6116:, engraved for Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839 with a poetical illustration by
5500:
4860:
1544:
Charles has been depicted in painting since the 18th century, much of it belonging to
8097:
7902:
7897:
7859:
7849:
7698:
7614:
7609:
7551:
7399:
7389:
7154:
7011:
6539:
6489:
6469:
6454:
6375:
6046:
6027:
6008:
5989:
5970:
5907:
5888:
5869:
5850:
5831:
5812:
5792:
5747:
5726:
5707:
5685:
5626:
5607:
5541:
5479:
5394:
5196:
4979:
4064:"Prince Charles Edward Stuart Itinerary and Map (Supplement to the Lyon in Mourning)"
2357:
published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839, with a poetical illustration by
1979:
1370:
1256:
1160:
974:
812:
679:
675:
557:
507:
465:, James and his household lived with a sense of pride, and staunchly believed in the
408:
353:
186:
7938:
7359:
5560:
4204:
8102:
7734:
7714:
7683:
7374:
7339:
7283:
6410:
6324:
6188:
5772:
5533:
5182:
4497:
2345:
1915:
1498:
1445:
1318:, Charles was summoned to a meeting in Paris with the French foreign minister, the
1300:
1280:
1219:
was the only child of Charles to survive infancy (painted by Hugh Douglas Hamilton)
1164:
1041:
1014:
978:
796:
400:
280:
7817:
6097:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Murray Pittock, Stana Nenadic & Allan Macinnes (
4509:
846:
Charles's progress onto Edinburgh was helped by the action of the British leader,
7907:
7792:
7668:
7630:
7449:
7293:
7288:
7090:
6996:
6196:
6184:
6132:
5529:
4975:
Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Making of a Myth: A Study in Portraiture, 1720–1892
4211:
1366:
1331:
1139:
1029:
937:
836:
824:
712:
598:
373:
252:
222:
7956:
4501:
1480:
827:
on 4 September. At Perth, his ranks were joined by more sympathisers, including
653:
562:
8079:
8029:
7887:
7764:
7759:
7749:
7645:
7571:
7480:
7475:
7298:
7273:
7253:
7238:
7223:
7208:
6800:
5741:
5338:
2319:
1883:
1633:
1617:
1590:
1533:
1429:
1414:
1342:
1115:
880:
649:
543:
5751:
8168:
8107:
8064:
8034:
8014:
7678:
7604:
7531:
7434:
7364:
7278:
7233:
7218:
7115:
7064:
6282:
5942:
5929:
5699:
5662:
5657:
1651:
1637:
1135:
1096:
884:
776:
551:
372:, Italy, on 31 December 1720, where his father had been given a residence by
358:
6094:
5951:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 940–942.
5313:"For Bonnie Prince Charlie, starring Julia Marlowe & Robert Taber, 1897"
1421:
on 17 April 1772, where the marriage was reported to have been consummated.
1346:
Charles Edward Stuart in his later years (painted by Hugh Douglas Hamilton,
1303:
government of Great Britain. On 29 October 1753, the couple had a daughter,
887:
and, as of 2016, was on display at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.
8117:
8112:
8059:
8049:
8024:
8004:
7724:
7693:
7640:
7635:
7419:
7329:
7268:
7248:
7135:
7059:
2267:
2245:
1694:
1580:
1525:
1469:
1382:
1374:
1204:
1143:
1009:
820:
792:
671:
610:
412:
365:
119:
5776:
1252:
8069:
7854:
7650:
7424:
7263:
7142:
7125:
7120:
3369:"The Second Jacobite Rebellion of 1745: Triumph and Tragedy for Scotland"
2401:
Additional Manuscripts, British Library, 30,090, quoted in Frank McLynn,
2241:
1655:
1570:
1562:
1545:
1276:
1021:
allowing them to continue north through Carlisle and back into Scotland.
990:
921:
903:
762:. Many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant, still supported the
7084:
6060:
5784:
5760:
894:
Bonnie Prince Charlie entering the Ballroom at Holyroodhouse flanked by
8074:
8054:
8039:
8009:
7258:
7169:
7026:
7001:
6991:
6929:
6319:
6271:
5675:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 587.
1285:
1272:
1127:
1123:
998:
986:
977:
surrendered to Charles. Continuing south, Charles and his army reached
804:
763:
719:
606:
594:
587:
434:
415:
68:
5986:
The Road to Culloden Moor. Bonnie Prince Charlie and the 45' Rebellion
5187:
5174:
1275:
the Catholic faith and conformed to the Protestant faith by receiving
7100:
7021:
6154:
5396:
Airs and Melodies peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland and the Isles
3251:
2406:
1295:
Charles lived for several years in exile with his Scottish mistress,
1263:
London incognito in 1750, staying for several weeks primarily at the
1119:
1070:
1060:
Government forces caught up with Charles and his army at the ensuing
851:
808:
1484:
Tomb of Charles, his father and brother in St Peter's Basilica, Rome
758:, an Irish exile and former French officer, and Charles's secretary
7459:
7054:
7047:
6750:
5283:"Outlander' Q&A: Andrew Gower on Playing Bonnie Prince Charlie"
1687:
1501:
for his brother Henry, as well as some annuities for his servants.
1425:
1418:
1386:
1168:
1104:
1100:
1082:
879:
while he was in Edinburgh, which survived in the collection of the
622:
570:
527:
6105:
5928:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
5704:
Charles Edward Stuart: The Life and Times of Bonnie Prince Charlie
5656:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1554:
1212:
815:
by the last week of August. Charles's forces continued on via the
5623:
The Love of a Prince – Bonnie Prince Charlie in France, 1744–1748
1628:". Charles's subsequent flight from Scotland is commemorated in "
1248:
832:
807:
and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march towards
747:
582:
535:
453:
449:
319:
in January 1746. However, by April 1746, Charles was defeated at
217:
5809:
Valour does not wait. The rise and fall of Charles Edward Stuart
4108:(Edinburgh: HMSO, The National Library of Scotland, 1995), p. 27
782:
357:
Charles painted as a five year old in 1725 by the court painter
7130:
1190:
1037:
917:
539:
515:
3861:
3859:
7016:
6240:
5538:
Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe
4116:
4114:
3798:
3796:
2335:
The title is frequently used for him in European publications
1189:
exploits in Scotland. In March 1747, he travelled briefly to
1005:
703:
A 1907 illustration of Prince Charles seen on the battlefield
639:
602:
531:
523:
3588:"Unique Bonnie Prince Charlie painting secured for Scotland"
2279:
A first-hand account of these events is given by James, the
989:
on the 29 November. His army progressed as far south as the
327:
in 1759, Charles was unable to restore the Stuart monarchy.
37:"Bonnie Prince Charlie" redirects here. For other uses, see
6390:
5828:
Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Biography of Charles Edward Stuart
5229:
5219:
Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "poetical illustration".
3856:
2479:
2477:
1390:
1064:
on 16 April. Charles ignored the advice of his subordinate
644:
461:
thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland—according to the
369:
5080:
5078:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5019:
5017:
5004:
5002:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4902:
4900:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4827:
4825:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4771:
4769:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4701:
4699:
4278:
4276:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4234:
4232:
4146:
4144:
4111:
4070:. XXIII 1897: 46 – via National Library of Scotland.
4009:
4007:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3936:
3912:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3808:
3793:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3716:
3348:
2218:
Charles may have also been given the middle name Severino.
1693:
During his pretence as Prince of Wales, Charles claimed a
1239:, he was then expelled from France under the terms of the
916:
Meanwhile, Sir John Cope had brought his forces by sea to
275:(31 December 1720 – 30 January 1788) was the elder son of
5095:
5093:
5034:
5032:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4353:
4351:
3483:
3393:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
2838:
2836:
2811:
2809:
2772:
2770:
2527:
2525:
2344:
John Hay Allen and Charles Manning Allen, later known as
1394:
674:. As security for the loans, Charles was able to use the
5847:
Island Fortress: The Defence of Great Britain, 1603–1945
5540:(2nd ed.). London: Little, Brown. pp. 27, 50.
5440:
5403:
5374:
4614:
4612:
3658:
3656:
3473:
3471:
3446:
3444:
3314:
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3131:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
2946:
2944:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2474:
1512:
and the Cross of St George, Charles was first buried in
1267:
London residence of Lady Primrose, the widow of the 3rd
949:, Lord George Murray, Thomas Sheridan, John O'Sullivan,
726:, with Charles on board, made sail to escape, while the
273:
Charles Edward Louis John Sylvester Maria Casimir Stuart
208:
Charles Edward Louis John Sylvester Maria Casimir Stuart
5958:
The Life and Adventures of Prince Charles Edward Stuart
5604:
Kings over the water: the saga of the Stuart pretenders
5154:
5130:
5075:
5056:
5044:
5014:
4999:
4953:
4941:
4929:
4912:
4897:
4880:
4837:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4781:
4766:
4749:
4728:
4711:
4696:
4684:
4672:
4660:
4648:
4561:
4549:
4525:
4411:
4399:
4387:
4375:
4336:
4300:
4288:
4273:
4256:
4244:
4229:
4217:
4141:
4074:
4043:
4031:
4004:
3985:
3973:
3883:
3871:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3745:
3728:
3557:"Lost Bonnie Prince Charlie portrait found in Scotland"
3336:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2692:
2690:
2653:
2651:
2626:
2624:
2420:"Britain's new monarch to be known as King Charles III"
1017:
in Cumbria on 18 December. The Jacobite forces won the
750:
on 23 July 1745. The group would later be known as the
5142:
5090:
5029:
4636:
4585:
4573:
4460:
4448:
4348:
4156:
4135:
A Selection of Arms Authorised by the Laws of Heraldry
4086:
4019:
3704:
3668:
3641:
3629:
3519:
3417:
3155:
2992:
2860:
2833:
2806:
2782:
2767:
2714:
2663:
2587:
2585:
2522:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
1184:
Charles landed back in France on 10 October [
1171:
from which he made his final departure from Scotland.
1055:
561:
Charles, painted in 1742, by the French court painter
425:, King James's eldest daughter, to replace him in the
5263:
4865:(Second ed.). London: Methuen & Co. p.
4624:
4609:
4597:
4537:
4363:
3924:
3680:
3653:
3617:
3605:
3495:
3468:
3456:
3441:
3429:
3405:
3324:
3309:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3224:
3212:
3200:
3188:
3176:
3143:
3128:
3116:
3104:
3073:
3049:
2980:
2941:
2905:
2893:
2794:
2702:
2675:
2636:
2609:
2537:
2450:
2314:
Charlotte went on to have illegitimate children with
1697:
consisting of those of the kingdom, differenced by a
1417:. The couple met shortly after for the first time at
648:
Charles Edward as the Jacobite leader (a painting in
380:. Regardless, he was given the names Charles for his
348:
4965:
4324:
4312:
3692:
3092:
3061:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2968:
2956:
2929:
2917:
2872:
2848:
2821:
2755:
2738:
2726:
2687:
2648:
2621:
2489:
2438:
1095:, before retreating to Invergarry Castle, by way of
707:
Encouraged by the French victory in May 1745 at the
5625:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
3507:
2597:
2582:
2374:
1559:
Prince Charles Edward, bidding adieu to his friends
1428:in 1774, where he was provided with a residence by
1393:in 1770, where he took to the waters at the city's
803:. On 19 August, he raised his father's standard at
4485:
2462:
30:For other people named Charles Edward Stuart, see
5866:1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World
5577:
3956:"Battle of Culloden (showing Duke of Cumberland)"
3545:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 27 December 2023.
931:
8166:
5811:. Prestonpans: Prestoungrange University Press.
2559:
2557:
746:successfully landed him and seven companions at
5571:
2251:
1114:Charles was assisted by supporters such as the
1008:, despite Charles's objections, his council at
554:, giving him the authority to act in his name.
485:
5501:"Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family"
5360:"New Pretender avoids toll with boat crossing"
2346:John Sobieski Stuart and Charles Edward Stuart
494:Portrait by William Mosman, painted circa 1737
6945:
6256:
5885:Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts
5528:
5498:
5335:"Finding glory in the tale of Prince Charlie"
5210:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "picture".
4176:"Charles Edward Stewart: The Young Pretender"
2554:
2403:Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts
783:Early stages and victory at Prestonpans: 1745
287:. During his lifetime, he was also known as "
8220:Peers created by James Francis Edward Stuart
7074:
7045:
7031:
6043:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium
6005:Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion
5473:
5458:
4496:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
4106:The 'Forty-Five. The Last Jacobite Rebellion
2038:Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien
1179:
1163:marks the traditional spot on the shores of
407:, a Polish noblewoman (the granddaughter of
7140:
2283:in his "Memoir of the Rebellion 1745–1746".
2260:
1609:
1424:They lived first in Rome and then moved to
1247:. He moved first to the Papal territory at
577:, hoping to remove British forces from the
8205:Collection of Derby Museum and Art Gallery
6952:
6938:
6263:
6249:
6081:
2506:
2504:
2308:
2273:
1279:communion, likely at one of the remaining
811:. The force proceeded eastwards, reaching
640:Preparations and journey to Scotland: 1745
395:Charles was the son of the Old Pretender,
54:
6354:"James III & VIII", The Old Pretender
6075:Portraits of Prince Charles Edward Stuart
6021:
5746:. Edinburgh: Published by David Douglas.
5684:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5524:
5522:
5446:
5409:
5380:
5241:
5186:
4971:
2295:
2286:
2234:
1365:Charles's father died on 1 January 1766.
6959:
5964:
5844:
5806:
5661:
5467:
5415:
5084:
4816:
4760:
4531:
4405:
4393:
4342:
4214:ALBA – The Escape of the Young Pretender
3930:
3894:
3877:
3585:
3423:
2866:
2842:
2815:
2788:
2720:
2669:
2531:
2324:Charles Edward Stuart, Count Roehenstart
2292:The Duchy was annexed to France in 1766.
1673:
1665:
1479:
1353:
1341:
1211:
1203:
1081:
889:
698:
686:, an old man-of-war of 66 guns, and the
643:
556:
489:
352:
6040:
5983:
5933:
5720:
5698:
5679:
5639:
5601:
5352:
5235:
5166:
5160:
5148:
5136:
5069:
5050:
5023:
5008:
4959:
4947:
4935:
4923:
4906:
4891:
4843:
4831:
4804:
4792:
4775:
4743:
4722:
4705:
4690:
4678:
4666:
4654:
4567:
4555:
4493:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4431:"The visit of Prince Charles to London"
4417:
4381:
4306:
4294:
4282:
4267:
4250:
4238:
4223:
4150:
4080:
4049:
4037:
4013:
3998:
3979:
3865:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3739:
3710:
3674:
3662:
3647:
3635:
3623:
3611:
3525:
3501:
3477:
3462:
3450:
3435:
3411:
3366:
3354:
3330:
3233:
3206:
3170:
3086:
3055:
2986:
2950:
2911:
2899:
2800:
2776:
2708:
2681:
2642:
2615:
2548:
2501:
2495:
2483:
2456:
2351:
2329:
1670:Arms used by Charles as Prince of Wales
1337:
399:(himself son of the exiled Stuart King
14:
8167:
6002:
5906:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5901:
5882:
5863:
5825:
5758:
5620:
5519:
5392:
5269:
5222:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839
5218:
5213:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839
5209:
5172:
5099:
5038:
4854:
4852:
4642:
4630:
4618:
4603:
4591:
4579:
4543:
4471:
4454:
4369:
4357:
4330:
4318:
4162:
4120:
4092:
4025:
3942:
3918:
3906:
3814:
3802:
3722:
3686:
3489:
3399:
3342:
3318:
3303:
3284:
3272:
3218:
3194:
3182:
3149:
3137:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3067:
3034:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2974:
2962:
2935:
2923:
2887:
2854:
2827:
2761:
2749:
2732:
2696:
2657:
2630:
2603:
2591:
2468:
2444:
2412:
2389:
2338:
2079:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1837:
1727:
1723:
1539:
730:, with her greater firepower, engaged
678:crown jewels of his great-grandfather
39:Bonnie Prince Charlie (disambiguation)
32:Charles Edward Stuart (disambiguation)
8230:People of the Jacobite rising of 1745
7190:
6971:
6933:
6244:
6091:at the National Galleries of Scotland
5955:
5739:
5584:The works of Monsieur de St. Evremond
4858:
4186:from the original on 25 November 2007
3698:
3567:from the original on 21 February 2014
3539:"Charles Edward, the Young Pretender"
3513:
3239:
2221:
2155:
2145:
2141:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2097:
2087:
2083:
2067:
2061:
2051:
2035:
2025:
2021:
2009:
2003:
1993:
1977:
1967:
1963:
1939:
1929:
1913:
1903:
1899:
1887:
1881:
1871:
1855:
1845:
1841:
1825:
1819:
1809:
1793:
1783:
1779:
1767:
1761:
1751:
1735:
1731:
1678:Coat of arms of The Young Pretender (
1409:suggested the latter's sister-in-law
471:James Murray, Jacobite Earl of Dunbar
295:"; in popular memory, he is known as
5474:Publications, Wise (30 March 2011).
5327:
5293:from the original on 1 December 2017
4483:
4205:Queen Anne and the 1707 Act of Union
3549:
3381:from the original on 8 November 2021
1001:, arriving there on the 4 December.
5305:
4859:Mayne, Ethel Colburn (6 May 1909).
4849:
4522:Royal Stuart Journal Number 1, 2009
4423:
4061:
2227:Charles was born in Rome under the
2212:
2158:Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
1573:in the 1948 semi-biographical film
1475:
1217:Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany
1138:. On 28 June, Charles was aided by
1056:Culloden and return to France: 1746
192:Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany
24:
8240:Italian people of Scottish descent
6359:"Charles III", The Young Pretender
5507:from the original on 13 March 2017
5175:"Victorian Representations of War"
2318:, an ecclesiastical member of the
1713:Ancestors of Charles Edward Stuart
1583:in the historical dramatic series
1411:Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern
1359:Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern
1225:Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne
1050:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
349:Childhood and education: 1720–1734
337:Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern
160:Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern
25:
8291:
8200:Scottish people of Polish descent
6761:Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715
6079:National Portrait Gallery, London
6068:
5644:. London: Williams & Norgate.
5179:Cahiers Victoriens et Édouardiens
4132:
3586:Ferguson, Brian (30 March 2016).
3367:Oestman, Olivia (19 April 2019).
1858:Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena
823:, Charles and his forces reached
506:in his struggle for the crown of
175:
8195:18th-century Jacobite pretenders
8148:
8147:
6806:Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1746
6723:
6104:
5921:
5649:
5554:
5492:
5452:
5386:
5275:
5203:
5105:
4516:
4477:
4198:
4168:
4126:
4098:
4055:
3948:
2100:Philip William, Elector Palatine
1579:. Charles was also portrayed by
1553:
801:Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair
628:
262:
136:Palazzo Muti, Rome, Papal States
78:1 January 1766 – 30 January 1788
8265:Violence against women in Italy
8245:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
6685:Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore
5706:. London: Thames & Hudson.
3579:
3531:
3360:
3040:
900:Alexander Forbes, Lord Pitsligo
171:
6826:Old military roads of Scotland
6640:War of the Austrian Succession
6610:Capture of Eilean Donan Castle
6293:Independent Highland Companies
6270:
6213:Reason for succession failure:
5476:The Beatles: Music Roots (PVG)
5362:. Herald Scotland. 29 May 1996
4104:Michael Hook and Walter Ross,
3960:National Galleries of Scotland
2395:
2240:The name was later adopted by
1508:, the Cross of St Andrew, the
1314:In 1759, at the height of the
1245:War of the Austrian Succession
1193:via Lyon for an audience with
932:Invasion of England: 1745–1746
860:Lord Provost Archibald Stewart
652:, attributed to the circle of
579:War of the Austrian Succession
61:Portrait by Allan Ramsay, 1745
27:Jacobite pretender (1720–1788)
13:
1:
8210:Earls in the Jacobite peerage
6821:Traitors Transported Act 1746
6585:War of the Quadruple Alliance
5967:Bonnie Prince Charlie. A Life
5935:Vaughan, Herbert Millingchamp
5640:Chidsey, Donald Barr (1928).
4978:. Bucknell University Press.
2367:
1647:My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean
1530:monument to the Royal Stuarts
1516:near Rome, where his brother
1347:
1174:
1142:, who helped him sail to the
907:
605:, leasing a hilltop house in
575:a planned invasion of England
502:, who was proceeding to join
343:
7191:
7077:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
6376:Sophie, Electress of Hanover
6089:Prince Charles Edward Stuart
5740:Elcho, David Wemyss (1907).
4510:UK public library membership
1699:label argent of three points
1235:. Briefly imprisoned at the
581:. Charles then travelled to
486:Travels in Europe: 1734–1745
18:Prince Charles Edward Stuart
7:
8190:18th-century British people
7046:
6816:Treason Outlawries Act 1748
6218:Grandfather deposed in 1688
6164:James Francis Edward Stuart
6003:Riding, Jacqueline (2016).
2426:. Reuters. 8 September 2022
2126:Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg
1822:James Francis Edward Stuart
1704:
1622:Wha'll be King but Charlie?
1271:. While in London, Charles
397:James Francis Edward Stuart
279:making him the grandson of
277:James Francis Edward Stuart
233:James Francis Edward Stuart
10:
8296:
6972:
6310:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
5765:Eighteenth-Century Studies
5595:
5579:de Saint-Évremond, Charles
5423:"Charlie, he's my darling"
2073:
1957:
1831:
1725:
1642:Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill
1493:of his great-grandfather,
1208:Clementina Walkinshaw 1760
632:
315:in September 1745 and the
36:
29:
8134:
8088:
7990:
7947:
7926:
7873:
7842:
7826:
7773:
7707:
7659:
7623:
7590:
7509:
7468:
7312:
7201:
7197:
7186:
7091:Methodological skepticism
6982:
6978:
6967:
6838:
6783:
6743:
6734:
6721:
6693:
6628:
6573:
6508:
6430:Williamite War in Ireland
6418:
6409:
6278:
6222:
6175:
6160:
6153:
6126:
6022:Silverman, Jerry (2010).
5845:Longmate, Norman (1993).
5826:Kybett, Susan M. (1988).
5621:Bongie, Laurence (1986).
5113:"Monument to the Stuarts"
4972:Nicholson, Robin (2002).
2143:
2135:
2107:
2085:
2081:
2064:Maria Klementyna Sobieska
2045:
2023:
2015:
1987:
1965:
1961:
1923:
1901:
1893:
1865:
1843:
1839:
1803:
1796:Henrietta Maria of France
1781:
1773:
1745:
1729:
1612:Óró sé do bheatha abhaile
1610:
1595:For Bonnie Prince Charlie
1407:Charles Fitz-James Stuart
1241:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
1180:Life in Europe: 1746–1766
896:Donald Cameron of Lochiel
839:, where he persuaded the
789:Donald Cameron of Lochiel
405:Maria Clementina Sobieska
333:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
325:a planned French invasion
258:
248:
243:Maria Clementina Sobieska
238:
228:
216:
207:
202:
198:
185:
153:
140:
126:
106:
102:
92:
82:
74:
67:
53:
48:
6796:Act of Proscription 1746
6595:Marquess of Tullibardine
6118:Letitia Elizabeth Landon
5965:Pininski, Peter (2010).
5807:Johnston, Arran (2010).
5428:. Royal Collection Trust
5399:. Edinburgh. p. 47.
4210:14 February 2007 at the
4068:Scottish History Society
2565:"Bonnie Prince Charlies"
2359:Letitia Elizabeth Landon
2206:
1634:Sir Harold Edwin Boulton
1632:" by the English author
1229:Jules, Prince of Guéméné
619:Anne, Duchess of Berwick
443:Kingdom of Great Britain
364:Charles was born in the
8235:British Roman Catholics
6600:General Joseph Wightman
6465:Battle of Killiecrankie
6026:. Melbay Publications.
5984:Preston, Diana (1995).
5956:Norie, William (1907).
5948:Encyclopædia Britannica
5830:. London: Unwin Hyman.
5759:Kaiser, Thomas (1997).
5680:Coltman, Viccy (2019).
5672:Encyclopædia Britannica
5566:Encyclopædia Britannica
5315:. Vanderbilt University
5251:. The National Archives
5249:"Jacobite wine glasses"
5225:. Fisher, Son & Co.
5216:. Fisher, Son & Co.
5173:Teulié, Gilles (2007).
4502:10.1093/ref:odnb/105934
1684:Palazzo di San Clemente
1661:
1636:and in the Irish song "
1438:Palazzo del Pretendente
1434:Palazzo di San Clemente
1379:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1290:St Martin-in-the-Fields
1233:Théâtre du Palais-Royal
985:on the 26 November and
799:under the tutorship of
696:), a 16-gun privateer.
635:Jacobite rising of 1745
309:Jacobite rising of 1745
8250:Knights of the Thistle
7141:
7075:
7041:Enlightened absolutism
7032:
6670:Battle of Falkirk Muir
6485:Declaration of Finglas
6371:Act of Settlement 1701
6128:Charles Edward Stuart
6114:Francis William Topham
6095:The Jacobite Rebellion
5902:McLynn, Frank (1985).
5883:McLynn, Frank (1988).
5864:McLynn, Frank (2005).
5721:Douglas, Hugh (1975).
5602:Aronson, Theo (1979).
5393:Fraser, Simon (1816).
2281:Chevalier de Johnstone
1690:
1671:
1550:Francis William Topham
1485:
1362:
1351:
1251:, and then in 1749 to
1220:
1209:
1087:
1034:Battle of Falkirk Muir
913:
869:Prince Charlie's Targe
835:and Charles stayed at
704:
657:
565:
495:
361:
317:Battle of Falkirk Muir
8255:Knights of the Garter
8175:Charles Edward Stuart
7007:Counter-Enlightenment
6660:Battle of Prestonpans
6620:Battle of Coille Bhan
6605:Anglo-French Alliance
6565:Battle of Sheriffmuir
6530:1715 general election
6226:Henry Benedict Stuart
6178:— TITULAR —
6170:as James III and VIII
6110:Prince Charles Edward
5887:. London: Routledge.
5777:10.1353/ecs.1997.0035
5723:Charles Edward Stuart
5642:Bonnie Prince Charlie
5478:. Wise Publications.
5459:Herman Finer (1956).
4484:Robb, Steven (2013).
2322:. Their only son was
2006:Jakub Ludwik Sobieski
1942:Charles Edward Stuart
1680:Royal Arms of England
1677:
1669:
1626:Charlie is my darling
1576:Bonnie Prince Charlie
1483:
1357:
1345:
1297:Clementina Walkinshaw
1215:
1207:
1195:Ferdinand VI of Spain
1085:
1019:Clifton Moor Skirmish
981:on 21 November, then
926:Battle of Prestonpans
893:
850:, who had marched to
848:General Sir John Cope
702:
647:
615:Archbishop of Cambrai
560:
498:In 1734, his cousin,
493:
467:divine right of kings
458:Henry Benedict Stuart
439:Acts of Union in 1707
390:Saint Sylvester's Day
356:
313:Battle of Prestonpans
297:Bonnie Prince Charlie
49:Charles Edward Stuart
6961:Age of Enlightenment
6848:"James III and VIII"
6615:Battle of Glen Shiel
6400:Royal Stuart Society
6396:Neo-Jacobite Revival
6340:William III & II
5463:. Holt. p. 178.
4133:Burke, Sir Bernard.
3563:. 22 February 2014.
2518:on 10 November 2015.
2303:Gentleman's Magazine
1738:Charles I of England
1506:Order of the Thistle
1466:Gustav III of Sweden
1403:the Duc d'Aiguillion
1361:(1752–1824), c. 1772
1338:Pretender: 1766–1788
1269:Viscount of Primrose
1237:Château de Vincennes
752:Seven Men of Moidart
386:Edward the Confessor
174: 1772;
122:, Rome, Papal States
87:"James VIII and III"
8270:Jacobite pretenders
7967:Feijóo y Montenegro
7918:Vorontsova-Dashkova
6840:Jacobite succession
6480:Battle of the Boyne
6475:Massacre of Glencoe
6460:General Hugh Mackay
6349:Jacobite succession
6335:Glorious Revolution
6305:Union of the Crowns
6205:Jacobite succession
5868:. London: Pimlico.
5606:. London: Cassell.
5499:Francois R. Velde.
5117:St Peter's Basilica
3945:, pp. 377–378.
3921:, pp. 328–329.
3909:, pp. 209–216.
3817:, pp. 304–305.
3805:, pp. 299–300.
3725:, pp. 175–176.
3492:, pp. 123–125.
3402:, pp. 465–467.
3357:, pp. 152–153.
1764:James II of England
1644:. The popular song
1540:Cultural depictions
1522:St Peter's Basilica
1510:Order of the Garter
1436:, now known as the
1324:The French invasion
951:Murray of Broughton
877:portrait of Charles
663:Sir Thomas Sheridan
479:Sir Thomas Sheridan
463:Jacobite succession
293:the Young Chevalier
289:the Young Pretender
146:St Peter's Basilica
8225:Nobility from Rome
7106:Natural philosophy
6775:Indemnity Act 1717
6766:Disarming Act 1715
6680:Battle of Culloden
6675:Siege of Inverness
6655:Duke of Cumberland
6645:Lord George Murray
6560:Siege of Inverness
6500:Treaty of Limerick
6440:King William's War
6330:James II & VII
6155:Titles in pretence
6045:. 20/21: 141–173.
5238:, p. 149-158.
4435:The National Trust
4123:, p. 216-217.
3868:, p. 135-136.
2569:The Jacobite Trail
2229:Gregorian calendar
1691:
1672:
1630:The Skye Boat Song
1514:Frascati Cathedral
1486:
1450:Saint Andrew's Day
1363:
1352:
1221:
1210:
1149:Grampian Mountains
1088:
1066:Lord George Murray
1062:Battle of Culloden
995:Swarkestone Bridge
914:
841:Earl of Kilmarnock
829:Lord George Murray
817:Corrieyairack Pass
769:MacDonald of Sleat
709:Battle of Fontenoy
705:
692:(sometimes called
667:Sir Hector Maclean
658:
566:
496:
427:Revolution of 1688
362:
69:Jacobite pretender
8280:Scottish folklore
8162:
8161:
8130:
8129:
8126:
8125:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7155:Scientific method
7012:Critical thinking
6927:
6926:
6888:"Robert I and IV"
6834:
6833:
6811:Sheriffs Act 1747
6729:a Jacobite banner
6719:
6718:
6665:Siege of Carlisle
6555:Battle of Preston
6495:Siege of Limerick
6490:Battle of Aughrim
6470:Battle of Dunkeld
6455:Patrick Sarsfield
6239:
6238:
6235:
6232:as Henry IX and I
6223:Succeeded by
6180:
6173:
6024:Songs of Scotland
5976:978-1-84868-194-1
5849:. HarperCollins.
5547:978-0-316-84820-6
5534:Maclagan, Michael
5503:. Heraldica.org.
5485:978-1-78323-981-8
5188:10.4000/cve.10379
4862:Enchanters of Men
4508:(Subscription or
3345:, pp. 83–84.
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
1980:John III Sobieski
1405:, and his cousin
1371:Pope Clement XIII
1257:Duchy of Lorraine
813:Invergarry Castle
680:John III Sobieski
500:the Duke of Liria
431:Act of Settlement
409:John III Sobieski
382:great-grandfather
270:
269:
212:
211:
16:(Redirected from
8287:
8151:
8150:
7199:
7198:
7188:
7187:
7146:
7080:
7051:
7037:
6980:
6979:
6969:
6968:
6954:
6947:
6940:
6931:
6930:
6858:"Henry IX and I"
6741:
6740:
6737:and later events
6727:
6450:Sir Ewen Cameron
6416:
6415:
6411:Jacobite risings
6325:The Killing Time
6265:
6258:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6229:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6176:
6167:
6161:Preceded by
6149:
6142:
6141:31 December 1720
6124:
6123:
6108:
6085:
6064:
6037:
6018:
5999:
5980:
5961:
5952:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5917:
5898:
5879:
5860:
5841:
5822:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5755:
5736:
5725:. London: Hale.
5717:
5695:
5676:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5645:
5636:
5617:
5589:
5588:
5575:
5569:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5526:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5427:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5287:Access Hollywood
5279:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5217:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5190:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5088:
5082:
5073:
5067:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5027:
5021:
5012:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4910:
4904:
4895:
4889:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4856:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4779:
4773:
4764:
4758:
4747:
4741:
4726:
4720:
4709:
4703:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4505:
4489:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4271:
4265:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4139:
4138:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4109:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4002:
3996:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3307:
3301:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3044:
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3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2939:
2933:
2927:
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2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2535:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2514:. Archived from
2508:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2486:, p. 13–19.
2481:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2416:
2410:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2362:
2355:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2312:
2306:
2301:Reported in the
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2219:
2216:
1916:Laura Martinozzi
1719:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1615:
1614:
1557:
1476:Death and burial
1446:Vittorio Alfieri
1349:
1316:Seven Years' War
1042:Kilravock Castle
1028:to Stirling and
912:
909:
475:Chevalier Ramsay
401:James II and VII
281:James VII and II
266:
200:
199:
179:
177:
173:
133:
117:31 December 1720
116:
114:
97:"Henry IX and I"
58:
46:
45:
21:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8260:Sobieski family
8215:House of Stuart
8165:
8164:
8163:
8158:
8157:
8144:
8122:
8084:
7986:
7943:
7922:
7869:
7838:
7834:Carvalho e Melo
7822:
7769:
7703:
7655:
7619:
7586:
7505:
7464:
7308:
7193:
7174:
7160:Spanish America
7034:Encyclopédistes
6997:Civil liberties
6974:
6963:
6958:
6928:
6923:
6830:
6791:Jurors Act 1745
6779:
6736:
6730:
6728:
6715:
6689:
6631:
6624:
6576:
6569:
6511:
6504:
6445:Viscount Dundee
6435:Nine Years' War
6421:
6405:
6274:
6269:
6228:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6202:
6201:
6185:King of England
6181:
6166:
6148:31 January 1788
6143:
6137:
6136:
6133:House of Stuart
6129:
6071:
6053:
6034:
6015:
5996:
5977:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5895:
5876:
5857:
5838:
5819:
5797:
5795:
5733:
5714:
5692:
5665:, ed. (1911). "
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5296:
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5289:. 15 May 2016.
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4212:Wayback Machine
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3054:
3050:
3046:Longmate p. 149
3045:
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3017:
3009:
3005:
3001:, p. xvii.
2997:
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2222:
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2213:
2209:
2204:
1707:
1664:
1599:Young Pretender
1542:
1478:
1381:perform at the
1367:Pope Clement XI
1340:
1320:Duc De Choiseul
1311:'s assistance.
1243:that ended the
1182:
1177:
1155:, commanded by
1140:Flora MacDonald
1058:
1030:Stirling Castle
938:Holyrood Palace
934:
910:
837:Callendar House
785:
756:John O'Sullivan
642:
637:
631:
488:
384:, Edward after
374:Pope Clement XI
351:
346:
181:
178: 1780)
169:
165:
162:
149:
135:
131:
130:30 January 1788
118:
112:
110:
63:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8293:
8283:
8282:
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8275:Exiled royalty
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7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7316:
7314:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7306:
7304:Wollstonecraft
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
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7211:
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7123:
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7113:
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7098:
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7081:
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7067:
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7057:
7052:
7043:
7038:
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7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6983:
6976:
6975:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6956:
6949:
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6934:
6925:
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6922:
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6914:
6907:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6844:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6801:Dress Act 1746
6798:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6784:The Forty-Five
6781:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6747:
6745:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6636:
6634:
6630:The Forty-Five
6626:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6590:Earl Marischal
6587:
6581:
6579:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
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6522:
6516:
6514:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6426:
6424:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6346:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6283:Scottish clans
6279:
6276:
6275:
6268:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6245:
6237:
6236:
6224:
6221:
6174:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6130:
6127:
6122:
6121:
6102:
6101:, 8 May 2003).
6092:
6086:
6070:
6069:External links
6067:
6066:
6065:
6052:978-0674023833
6051:
6038:
6033:978-1609749316
6032:
6019:
6014:978-1408819128
6013:
6007:. Bloomsbury.
6000:
5995:978-0094761704
5994:
5981:
5975:
5962:
5953:
5943:Chisholm, Hugh
5939:Charles Edward
5918:
5913:978-0710201652
5912:
5899:
5894:979-8646825446
5893:
5880:
5875:978-0099526391
5874:
5861:
5856:978-0091748371
5855:
5842:
5837:978-0044403876
5836:
5823:
5818:978-0850111248
5817:
5804:
5771:(4): 365–381.
5756:
5737:
5732:978-0709148159
5731:
5718:
5712:
5700:Daiches, David
5696:
5690:
5677:
5663:Chisholm, Hugh
5646:
5637:
5632:978-0774802581
5631:
5618:
5613:978-0304303243
5612:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5570:
5561:Mary of Modena
5553:
5546:
5518:
5491:
5484:
5466:
5451:
5447:Silverman 2010
5439:
5414:
5410:Silverman 2010
5402:
5385:
5381:Silverman 2010
5373:
5351:
5326:
5304:
5274:
5262:
5240:
5228:
5202:
5181:(66 Automne).
5165:
5163:, p. 147.
5153:
5141:
5139:, p. 272.
5129:
5104:
5102:, p. 446.
5089:
5074:
5072:, p. 269.
5055:
5053:, p. 361.
5043:
5041:, p. 311.
5028:
5026:, p. 267.
5013:
5011:, p. 263.
4998:
4984:
4964:
4962:, p. 942.
4952:
4950:, p. 353.
4940:
4938:, p. 122.
4928:
4926:, p. 262.
4911:
4909:, p. 260.
4896:
4894:, p. 258.
4879:
4848:
4846:, p. 256.
4836:
4834:, p. 257.
4821:
4809:
4807:, p. 307.
4797:
4795:, p. 255.
4780:
4778:, p. 251.
4765:
4748:
4746:, p. 250.
4727:
4725:, p. 249.
4710:
4708:, p. 247.
4695:
4693:, p. 246.
4683:
4681:, p. 406.
4671:
4669:, p. 242.
4659:
4657:, p. 241.
4647:
4645:, p. 450.
4635:
4623:
4608:
4596:
4594:, p. 375.
4584:
4582:, p. 344.
4572:
4570:, p. 265.
4560:
4558:, p. 254.
4548:
4536:
4524:
4515:
4476:
4474:, p. 268.
4459:
4457:, p. 267.
4447:
4422:
4420:, p. 307.
4410:
4398:
4386:
4384:, p. 210.
4374:
4362:
4360:, p. 365.
4347:
4335:
4323:
4311:
4309:, p. 211.
4299:
4297:, p. 203.
4287:
4285:, p. 201.
4272:
4270:, p. 200.
4255:
4253:, p. 226.
4243:
4241:, p. 196.
4228:
4226:, p. 192.
4216:
4197:
4167:
4165:, p. 233.
4155:
4153:, p. 169.
4140:
4137:. p. 113.
4125:
4110:
4097:
4095:, p. 239.
4085:
4083:, p. 170.
4073:
4062:Blaikie, W B.
4054:
4052:, p. 201.
4042:
4040:, p. 165.
4030:
4028:, p. 427.
4018:
4016:, p. 163.
4003:
4001:, p. 162.
3984:
3982:, p. 160.
3972:
3947:
3935:
3923:
3911:
3899:
3882:
3870:
3855:
3853:, p. 133.
3843:
3841:, p. 132.
3831:
3829:, p. 130.
3819:
3807:
3792:
3790:, p. 131.
3780:
3778:, p. 127.
3768:
3766:, p. 126.
3756:
3754:, p. 125.
3744:
3742:, p. 127.
3727:
3715:
3713:, p. 119.
3703:
3701:, p. 289.
3691:
3689:, p. 185.
3679:
3677:, p. 112.
3667:
3652:
3650:, p. 105.
3640:
3638:, p. 103.
3628:
3616:
3604:
3592:Edinburgh News
3578:
3548:
3530:
3528:, p. 111.
3518:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3467:
3455:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3321:, p. 105.
3308:
3306:, p. 117.
3289:
3287:, p. 116.
3277:
3275:, p. 115.
3265:
3238:
3223:
3221:, p. 112.
3211:
3199:
3197:, p. 104.
3187:
3185:, p. 103.
3175:
3173:, p. 941.
3154:
3152:, p. 108.
3142:
3140:, p. 107.
3127:
3125:, p. 101.
3115:
3113:, p. 100.
3103:
3091:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3039:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2832:
2820:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2779:, p. 940.
2766:
2754:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2647:
2635:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2581:
2553:
2536:
2521:
2500:
2488:
2473:
2461:
2459:, p. 305.
2449:
2447:, p. 449.
2437:
2411:
2394:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2350:
2337:
2328:
2307:
2294:
2285:
2272:
2259:
2250:
2233:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:Mary of Modena
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1663:
1660:
1618:Bonnie Charlie
1591:Diana Gabaldon
1541:
1538:
1534:Antonio Canova
1495:King Charles I
1477:
1474:
1430:Prince Corsini
1339:
1336:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1161:Prince's Cairn
1157:Richard Warren
1057:
1054:
933:
930:
881:Earl of Wemyss
864:George Preston
784:
781:
773:Norman MacLeod
738:withdrew, the
650:Traquair House
641:
638:
633:Main article:
630:
627:
544:Duke of Albany
512:siege of Gaeta
487:
484:
435:Jacobite Cause
421:and his wife,
350:
347:
345:
342:
268:
267:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
214:
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
196:
195:
194:(illegitimate)
189:
183:
182:
167:
163:
158:
157:
155:
151:
150:
148:, Vatican City
144:
142:
138:
137:
134:(aged 67)
128:
124:
123:
108:
104:
103:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
65:
64:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8292:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8154:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8141:
8133:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8090:United States
8087:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7989:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7872:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7850:Budai-Deleanu
7848:
7847:
7845:
7841:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7825:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7772:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7706:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7662:
7658:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7622:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7589:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7508:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7467:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7214:Ashley-Cooper
7212:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7189:
7185:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7116:Progressivism
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7065:Individualism
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6981:
6977:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6955:
6950:
6948:
6943:
6941:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6920:
6919:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6853:"Charles III"
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6756:Clan Act 1715
6754:
6752:
6751:Riot Act 1714
6749:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6739:
6733:
6726:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6627:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6572:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6550:Baronet Munro
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6300:The Highlands
6298:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6266:
6261:
6259:
6254:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6234:
6233:
6227:
6219:
6207:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6156:
6152:
6147:
6140:
6135:
6134:
6125:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6029:
6025:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6006:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5988:. Constable.
5987:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5959:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5930:public domain
5919:
5915:
5909:
5905:
5904:The Jacobites
5900:
5896:
5890:
5886:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5810:
5805:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5715:
5713:0-500-25034-0
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5691:9781108278133
5687:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5658:public domain
5647:
5643:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5549:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5462:
5455:
5449:, p. 65.
5448:
5443:
5424:
5418:
5412:, p. 66.
5411:
5406:
5398:
5397:
5389:
5383:, p. 69.
5382:
5377:
5361:
5355:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5314:
5308:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5272:, p. xv.
5271:
5266:
5250:
5244:
5237:
5232:
5224:
5223:
5215:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5157:
5151:, p. 43.
5150:
5145:
5138:
5133:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5101:
5096:
5094:
5087:, p. 97.
5086:
5085:Pininski 2010
5081:
5079:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5052:
5047:
5040:
5035:
5033:
5025:
5020:
5018:
5010:
5005:
5003:
4987:
4985:9780838754955
4981:
4977:
4976:
4968:
4961:
4956:
4949:
4944:
4937:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4893:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4855:
4853:
4845:
4840:
4833:
4828:
4826:
4819:, p. 80.
4818:
4817:Pininski 2010
4813:
4806:
4801:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4763:, p. 81.
4762:
4761:Pininski 2010
4757:
4755:
4753:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4687:
4680:
4675:
4668:
4663:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4633:, p. 81.
4632:
4627:
4621:, p. 84.
4620:
4615:
4613:
4606:, p. 82.
4605:
4600:
4593:
4588:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4557:
4552:
4546:, p. 78.
4545:
4540:
4534:, p. 70.
4533:
4532:Pininski 2010
4528:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4488:
4480:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4456:
4451:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4419:
4414:
4408:, p. 65.
4407:
4406:Pininski 2010
4402:
4396:, p. 63.
4395:
4394:Pininski 2010
4390:
4383:
4378:
4372:, p. 35.
4371:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4345:, p. 61.
4344:
4343:Pininski 2010
4339:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4252:
4247:
4240:
4235:
4233:
4225:
4220:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4164:
4159:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4107:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4046:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4015:
4010:
4008:
4000:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3981:
3976:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3931:Chisholm 1911
3927:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3897:, p. 42.
3896:
3895:Pininski 2010
3891:
3889:
3887:
3880:, p. 41.
3879:
3878:Pininski 2010
3874:
3867:
3862:
3860:
3852:
3847:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3724:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3665:, p. 99.
3664:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3637:
3632:
3626:, p. 86.
3625:
3620:
3614:, p. 98.
3613:
3608:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3516:, p. 54.
3515:
3510:
3504:, p. 90.
3503:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3480:, p. 87.
3479:
3474:
3472:
3465:, p. 73.
3464:
3459:
3453:, p. 70.
3452:
3447:
3445:
3438:, p. 79.
3437:
3432:
3426:, p. 32.
3425:
3424:Pininski 2010
3420:
3414:, p. 77.
3413:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3333:, p. 74.
3332:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3286:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3236:, p. 44.
3235:
3230:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3209:, p. 65.
3208:
3203:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3101:, p. 98.
3100:
3095:
3089:, p. 63.
3088:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3070:, p. 97.
3069:
3064:
3058:, p. 58.
3057:
3052:
3043:
3037:, p. 92.
3036:
3031:
3025:, p. 90.
3024:
3019:
3013:, p. 89.
3012:
3007:
3000:
2995:
2989:, p. 56.
2988:
2983:
2977:, p. 80.
2976:
2971:
2965:, p. 76.
2964:
2959:
2953:, p. 53.
2952:
2947:
2945:
2938:, p. 60.
2937:
2932:
2926:, p. 47.
2925:
2920:
2914:, p. 47.
2913:
2908:
2902:, p. 30.
2901:
2896:
2890:, p. 45.
2889:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2869:, p. 24.
2868:
2867:Johnston 2010
2863:
2857:, p. 40.
2856:
2851:
2845:, p. 29.
2844:
2843:Johnston 2010
2839:
2837:
2830:, p. 38.
2829:
2824:
2818:, p. 28.
2817:
2816:Johnston 2010
2812:
2810:
2803:, p. 40.
2802:
2797:
2791:, p. 26.
2790:
2789:Pininski 2010
2785:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2764:, p. 37.
2763:
2758:
2752:, p. 31.
2751:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2735:, p. 33.
2734:
2729:
2723:, p. 25.
2722:
2721:Pininski 2010
2717:
2711:, p. 37.
2710:
2705:
2699:, p. 32.
2698:
2693:
2691:
2684:, p. 30.
2683:
2678:
2672:, p. 23.
2671:
2670:Pininski 2010
2666:
2660:, p. 28.
2659:
2654:
2652:
2645:, p. 29.
2644:
2639:
2633:, p. 30.
2632:
2627:
2625:
2618:, p. 16.
2617:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2551:, p. 25.
2550:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2534:, p. 22.
2533:
2532:Pininski 2010
2528:
2526:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2392:, p. 20.
2391:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:Tony Sheridan
1649:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1638:Mo Ghile Mear
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:, based upon
1588:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:the execution
1482:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1395:thermal baths
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:Loch nan Uamh
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Isle of Lewis
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:Fort Augustus
1094:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:Jacobite Army
1072:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
939:
929:
927:
923:
919:
905:
902:, painted by
901:
897:
892:
888:
886:
885:Gosford House
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
843:to join him.
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
780:
778:
777:Loch nan Uamh
774:
770:
765:
761:
757:
754:and included
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:
710:
701:
697:
695:
691:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
664:
655:
651:
646:
636:
629:1745 uprising
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
588:British fleet
584:
580:
576:
572:
564:
559:
555:
553:
552:prince regent
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
492:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:Princess Mary
420:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:Montefiascone
375:
371:
367:
360:
359:Antonio David
355:
341:
338:
334:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
265:
261:
257:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:
237:
234:
231:
227:
224:
221:
219:
215:
206:
201:
197:
193:
190:
188:
184:
161:
156:
152:
147:
143:
139:
129:
125:
121:
109:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
8138:
7883:Catherine II
7335:Beaumarchais
7165:Universality
7136:Reductionism
7083:
7060:Human rights
6916:
6909:
6902:
6898:"Francis II"
6863:"Charles IV"
6852:
6735:Consequences
6575:The Nineteen
6520:…in Cornwall
6420:First rising
6358:
6231:
6230:
6203:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6169:
6168:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6098:
6042:
6023:
6004:
5985:
5969:. Amberley.
5966:
5957:
5946:
5903:
5884:
5865:
5846:
5827:
5808:
5796:. Retrieved
5768:
5764:
5742:
5722:
5703:
5681:
5670:
5641:
5622:
5603:
5583:
5573:
5564:
5556:
5537:
5509:. Retrieved
5494:
5475:
5469:
5460:
5454:
5442:
5430:. Retrieved
5417:
5405:
5395:
5388:
5376:
5364:. Retrieved
5354:
5342:. Retrieved
5329:
5317:. Retrieved
5307:
5295:. Retrieved
5286:
5277:
5265:
5253:. Retrieved
5243:
5236:Coltman 2019
5231:
5221:
5212:
5205:
5178:
5168:
5161:Coltman 2019
5156:
5149:Douglas 1975
5144:
5137:Douglas 1975
5132:
5120:. Retrieved
5116:
5107:
5070:Douglas 1975
5051:Aronson 1979
5046:
5024:Douglas 1975
5009:Douglas 1975
4989:. Retrieved
4974:
4967:
4960:Vaughan 1911
4955:
4948:Aronson 1979
4943:
4936:Douglas 1975
4931:
4924:Douglas 1975
4907:Douglas 1975
4892:Douglas 1975
4870:. Retrieved
4861:
4844:Douglas 1975
4839:
4832:Douglas 1975
4812:
4805:Douglas 1975
4800:
4793:Douglas 1975
4776:Douglas 1975
4744:Douglas 1975
4723:Douglas 1975
4706:Douglas 1975
4691:Douglas 1975
4686:
4679:Aronson 1979
4674:
4667:Douglas 1975
4662:
4655:Douglas 1975
4650:
4638:
4626:
4599:
4587:
4575:
4568:Douglas 1975
4563:
4556:Douglas 1975
4551:
4539:
4527:
4518:
4491:
4479:
4450:
4438:. Retrieved
4425:
4418:Aronson 1979
4413:
4401:
4389:
4382:Douglas 1975
4377:
4365:
4338:
4333:, p. 2.
4326:
4321:, p. 1.
4314:
4307:Douglas 1975
4302:
4295:Douglas 1975
4290:
4283:Douglas 1975
4268:Douglas 1975
4251:Preston 1995
4246:
4239:Douglas 1975
4224:Douglas 1975
4219:
4200:
4188:. Retrieved
4180:The Scotsman
4179:
4170:
4158:
4151:Douglas 1975
4134:
4128:
4105:
4100:
4088:
4081:Douglas 1975
4076:
4067:
4057:
4050:Preston 1995
4045:
4038:Douglas 1975
4033:
4021:
4014:Douglas 1975
3999:Douglas 1975
3980:Douglas 1975
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3959:
3950:
3938:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3873:
3866:Douglas 1975
3851:Douglas 1975
3846:
3839:Douglas 1975
3834:
3827:Douglas 1975
3822:
3810:
3788:Preston 1995
3783:
3776:Preston 1995
3771:
3764:Preston 1995
3759:
3752:Preston 1995
3747:
3740:Douglas 1975
3718:
3711:Douglas 1975
3706:
3694:
3682:
3675:Douglas 1975
3670:
3663:Douglas 1975
3648:Douglas 1975
3643:
3636:Douglas 1975
3631:
3624:Preston 1995
3619:
3612:Douglas 1975
3607:
3595:. Retrieved
3591:
3581:
3569:. Retrieved
3560:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3526:Douglas 1975
3521:
3509:
3502:Douglas 1975
3497:
3485:
3478:Douglas 1975
3463:Preston 1995
3458:
3451:Preston 1995
3436:Douglas 1975
3431:
3419:
3412:Douglas 1975
3407:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3362:
3355:Stewart 2001
3350:
3338:
3331:Douglas 1975
3326:
3280:
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3250:
3241:
3234:Preston 1995
3214:
3207:Douglas 1975
3202:
3190:
3178:
3171:Vaughan 1911
3145:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3087:Douglas 1975
3063:
3056:Douglas 1975
3051:
3042:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2987:Douglas 1975
2982:
2970:
2958:
2951:Douglas 1975
2931:
2919:
2912:Douglas 1975
2907:
2900:Preston 1995
2895:
2862:
2850:
2823:
2801:Douglas 1975
2796:
2784:
2777:Vaughan 1911
2757:
2728:
2716:
2709:Douglas 1975
2704:
2682:Douglas 1975
2677:
2665:
2643:Douglas 1975
2638:
2616:Douglas 1975
2611:
2606:, p. 8.
2599:
2594:, p. 6.
2574:17 September
2572:. Retrieved
2568:
2549:Douglas 1975
2516:the original
2498:, p. x.
2496:Douglas 1975
2491:
2484:Preston 1995
2471:, p. 8.
2464:
2457:Aronson 1979
2452:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2423:
2414:
2402:
2397:
2353:
2340:
2331:
2320:Rohan family
2310:
2302:
2297:
2288:
2275:
2268:Johnnie Cope
2262:
2253:
2246:Elizabeth II
2236:
2223:
2214:
1941:
1698:
1695:coat of arms
1692:
1645:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1597:(1897), the
1594:
1584:
1581:Andrew Gower
1574:
1568:
1543:
1503:
1487:
1470:Papal States
1455:
1442:
1437:
1423:
1399:
1383:Chigi Palace
1375:Palazzo Muti
1364:
1328:Quiberon Bay
1313:
1294:
1265:Essex Street
1261:
1222:
1183:
1152:
1144:Isle of Skye
1113:
1089:
1059:
1023:
1010:Exeter House
1003:
935:
915:
873:Allan Ramsay
845:
821:Blair Castle
793:Clan Cameron
786:
760:George Kelly
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
714:
706:
693:
688:
683:
672:Oxburgh Hall
659:
654:Louis Tocqué
592:
567:
563:Louis Tocqué
548:
520:
497:
447:
394:
366:Palazzo Muti
363:
329:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
272:
271:
132:(1788-01-30)
120:Palazzo Muti
43:
8185:1788 deaths
8180:1720 births
8140:Romanticism
7962:Charles III
7803:Poniatowski
7740:Leeuwenhoek
7720:de la Court
7708:Netherlands
7552:Mendelssohn
7547:Lichtenberg
7425:Montesquieu
7143:Sapere aude
7126:Rationalism
7121:Rationality
7111:Objectivity
6878:"Francis I"
6535:Earl of Mar
6525:…in England
6510:The Fifteen
6320:Covenanters
6315:Restoration
6099:In Our Time
5530:Louda, Jiří
5270:Kybett 1988
5255:29 December
5100:McLynn 1988
5039:Kybett 1988
4643:McLynn 1988
4631:McLynn 2005
4619:McLynn 2005
4604:McLynn 2005
4592:McLynn 1985
4580:McLynn 1988
4544:McLynn 2005
4472:Kybett 1988
4455:Kybett 1988
4370:McLynn 1985
4358:Kaiser 1997
4331:Bongie 1986
4319:Bongie 1986
4163:McLynn 1988
4121:Kybett 1988
4093:McLynn 1988
4026:Riding 2016
3943:Riding 2016
3919:Riding 2016
3907:Riding 2016
3815:Riding 2016
3803:Riding 2016
3723:Riding 2016
3687:Riding 2016
3597:15 February
3571:23 February
3490:Riding 2016
3400:Riding 2016
3343:Riding 2016
3319:McLynn 1988
3304:Kybett 1988
3285:Kybett 1988
3273:Kybett 1988
3219:Kybett 1988
3195:Kybett 1988
3183:Kybett 1988
3150:Kybett 1988
3138:Kybett 1988
3123:Kybett 1988
3111:Kybett 1988
3099:Kybett 1988
3068:Kybett 1988
3035:Kybett 1988
3023:Kybett 1988
3011:Kybett 1988
2999:Kybett 1988
2975:Kybett 1988
2963:Kybett 1988
2936:Kybett 1988
2924:Kybett 1988
2888:Kybett 1988
2855:Kybett 1988
2828:Kybett 1988
2762:Kybett 1988
2750:Kybett 1988
2733:Kybett 1988
2697:Kybett 1988
2658:Kybett 1988
2631:Kybett 1988
2604:Kybett 1988
2592:Kybett 1988
2469:McLynn 1988
2445:McLynn 1988
2430:8 September
2409:, 1988), 8.
2390:Kybett 1988
2242:Charles III
1656:the Beatles
1601:(1996) and
1571:David Niven
1563:John Pettie
1561:. In 1892,
1546:Romanticism
991:River Trent
953:, Lochiel,
922:Duddingston
911: 1892
904:John Pettie
791:, Chief of
419:William III
285:Charles III
253:Catholicism
83:Predecessor
75:Pretendence
8169:Categories
7982:Villarroel
7977:Jovellanos
7913:Radishchev
7860:Micu-Klein
7798:Niemcewicz
7765:Swammerdam
7755:Nieuwentyt
7745:Mandeville
7600:Farmakidis
7486:Burlamaqui
7395:La Mettrie
7370:Fontenelle
7325:d'Argenson
7320:d'Alembert
7244:Harrington
7170:Utopianism
7070:Liberalism
7027:Empiricism
7002:Classicism
6992:Capitalism
6883:"Mary III"
6545:Lord Lovat
6366:Queen Anne
6288:Clan chief
6272:Jacobitism
5752:1033725714
5432:27 January
4512:required.)
3965:8 November
3699:Elcho 1907
3543:Britannica
3514:Norie 1907
3385:8 November
2368:References
1458:Sacraments
1301:Hanoverian
1286:David Hume
1281:non-juring
1227:, wife of
1199:cardinal's
1175:Later life
1134:, and the
1128:North Uist
1124:South Uist
1093:Lord Lovat
1091:supporter
999:Derbyshire
987:Manchester
959:Clanranald
942:Lord Elcho
875:painted a
805:Glenfinnan
744:Du Teillay
724:Du Teillay
720:Celtic Sea
689:Du Teillay
607:Montmartre
595:Gravelines
504:Don Carlos
416:Protestant
344:Early life
113:1720-12-31
8103:Jefferson
8045:Hutcheson
7934:Obradović
7903:Lomonosov
7898:Kheraskov
7808:Śniadecki
7572:Weishaupt
7567:Thomasius
7557:Pufendorf
7400:Lavoisier
7385:d'Holbach
7380:Helvétius
7360:Descartes
7355:Condorcet
7350:Condillac
7284:Priestley
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7022:Democracy
6873:"Mary II"
6386:George II
6210:1766–1788
5960:. Caxton.
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5319:21 August
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4991:19 August
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3258:21 August
3252:The Times
2407:Routledge
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1586:Outlander
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1305:Charlotte
1253:Lunéville
1153:L'Heureux
1120:Benbecula
1071:grapeshot
1046:George II
971:Lochgarry
856:Longstone
852:Inverness
809:Edinburgh
740:Elisabeth
728:Elisabeth
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599:Chantilly
259:Signature
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8098:Franklin
8065:Playfair
8035:Ferguson
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7827:Portugal
7793:Krasicki
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7783:Kołłątaj
7735:Koerbagh
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7669:Beccaria
7631:Berkeley
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7501:Saussure
7496:Rousseau
7460:Voltaire
7415:Maréchal
7390:Jaucourt
7345:Châtelet
7340:Chamfort
7289:Reynolds
7192:Thinkers
7096:Midlands
7085:Lumières
7055:Humanism
7048:Haskalah
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6381:George I
6189:Scotland
6061:41219594
5785:30053865
5702:(1973).
5581:(1728).
5505:Archived
5291:Archived
4208:Archived
4184:Archived
3565:Archived
3561:BBC News
3376:Archived
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1426:Florence
1419:Macerata
1415:by proxy
1387:Florence
1277:Anglican
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1105:Lochaber
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975:Carlisle
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8080:Stewart
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8000:Beattie
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7760:Spinoza
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7674:Galiani
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6077:at the
5945:(ed.).
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5596:Sources
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7469:Geneva
7455:Turgot
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7269:Newton
7264:Milton
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7131:Reason
6973:Topics
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6868:Victor
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611:livres
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229:Father
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