Caroline of Brunswick

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vilified George for his extravagance and luxury at a time of war and portrayed Caroline as a wronged wife. She was cheered in public and gained plaudits for her "winning familiarity" and easy, open nature. George was dismayed at her popularity and his own unpopularity, and felt trapped in a loveless marriage with a woman he loathed. He wanted a separation. In April 1796, George wrote to Caroline, "We have unfortunately been oblig'd to acknowledge to each other that we cannot find happiness in our union. ... Let me therefore beg you to make the best of a situation unfortunate for us both." In June, Lady Jersey resigned as Caroline's Lady of the Bedchamber. George and Caroline were already living separately, and in August 1797 Caroline moved to a private residence: The Vicarage or Old Rectory in

42: 296:, in 1796. By 1806, rumours that Caroline had taken multiple lovers and had an illegitimate child led to an investigation into her private life. The dignitaries who led the investigation concluded that there was "no foundation" to the rumours, but Caroline's access to her daughter was still restricted. In 1814, Caroline moved to Italy, where she employed Bartolomeo Pergami as a servant. Pergami soon became Caroline's closest companion, and it was widely assumed that they were lovers. In 1817, Caroline was devastated when Charlotte died in childbirth. She heard the news from a passing courier as George had refused to write and tell her. He was determined to divorce Caroline and set up a second investigation to collect evidence of her adultery. 882:, and the future of the British monarchy looked bright. Then tragedy struck: in November 1817, Charlotte died after giving birth to her only child, a stillborn son. For the most part, Charlotte had been immensely popular with the public, and her death was a blow to the country. George refused to write to Caroline to inform her, leaving it for their son-in-law Leopold to do, but Leopold was deep in grief and delayed writing. George did, however, write to the Pope of the tragedy, and by chance the courier carrying the letter passed by Pesaro, and so it was that Caroline heard the devastating news. Caroline had lost her daughter, but she had also lost any chance of regaining position through the succession of her daughter to the throne. 550: 840: 448: 924: 435:

second son of the Margrave of Baden were all suggested, while her mother and father supported an English and a Prussian Prince, respectively, but none came to fruition. Caroline was later to state that her father had forbidden her to marry a man she had fallen in love with because of his low status. The identity of this man is not clear, but contemporaries point out an officer who was referred to at the time as the "Handsome Irishman" who lived in Brunswick, and with whom Caroline was said to have been in love. There was also a rumour that Caroline had given birth at the age of fifteen.

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Caroline was worried. She informed James Brougham that she would agree to a divorce in exchange for money. However, at this time in England divorce by mutual consent was illegal; it was only possible to divorce if one of the partners admitted or was found guilty of adultery. Caroline said it was "impossible" for her to admit that, so the Broughams advised that only formal separation was possible. Both keen to avoid publicity, the Broughams and the Government discussed a deal where Caroline would be called by a lesser title, such as "

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her dirty clothes. He went on to say that she had "some natural but no acquired morality, and no strong innate notions of its value and necessity". However, Malmesbury was impressed by her bravery; on the journey to England, the party heard cannon fire, as they were not far from the French lines. While Caroline's mother, who was accompanying them to the coast as chaperone, was concerned for their safety, Caroline was unfazed.

307:. George insisted on a divorce from Caroline, which she refused. A legal divorce was possible but difficult to obtain. Caroline returned to Britain to assert her position as queen. She was wildly popular with the British people, who sympathised with her and despised the new king for his immoral behaviour. On the basis of the loose evidence collected against her, George attempted to divorce Caroline by introducing the 1130:. Over the next three weeks, she suffered more and more pain as her condition deteriorated. She realised she was nearing death and put her affairs in order. Her papers, letters, memoirs, and notebooks were burned. She wrote a new will, and settled her funeral arrangements: she was to be buried in her native Brunswick in a tomb bearing the inscription "Here lies Caroline, the Injured Queen of England [ 956:, but they would not agree to a divorce because they feared the effect of a public trial. The government was weak and unpopular, and a trial detailing salacious details of both Caroline's and George's separate love lives was certain to destabilise it further. Rather than run the risk, the government entered into negotiations with Caroline, and offered her an increased annuity of £50,000 if she stayed abroad. 1112: 713:. He restricted Caroline's access to Princess Charlotte further, and Caroline became more socially isolated as members of high society chose to patronise George's extravagant parties rather than hers. She moved her London residence to Connaught House in Bayswater. Caroline needed a powerful ally to help her oppose George's increasing ability to prevent her from seeing her daughter. In league with 677:

improper, but there was no direct proof that she had been guilty of anything more than flirtation. Perhaps Caroline had told Lady Douglas that she was pregnant out of frustrated maternal desire, or as part of a foolish prank that, unfortunately for her, backfired. Later in the year, Caroline received further bad news as Brunswick was overrun by the French, and her father was killed in the

661:. Lady Douglas testified that Caroline herself had admitted to her in 1802 that she was pregnant, and that Austin was her son. She further alleged that Caroline had been rude about the royal family, touched her in an inappropriately sexual way, and had admitted that any woman friendly with a man was sure to become his lover. In addition to Smith, Manby and Canning, artist 909:". As the negotiations continued at the end of 1819, Caroline travelled to France, which gave rise to speculation that she was on her way back to England. In January 1820, however, she made plans to return to Italy, but then on 29 January 1820 George III died. Caroline's husband became king and, at least nominally, she was queen of the United Kingdom. 673:, were also mentioned as potential paramours. Caroline's servants could or would not confirm that these gentlemen were her lovers, nor that she had been pregnant, and said that the child had been brought to Caroline's house by his true mother, Sophia Austin. Sophia was summoned before the commissioners, and testified that the child was hers. 1024:, were called during the reading of the bill, which was effectively a public trial of the Queen. The trial caused a sensation, as details of Caroline's familiarity with Pergami were revealed. Witnesses said the couple had slept in the same room, kissed, and been seen together in a state of undress. The bill passed the 1164:. The scene soon descended into chaos; the soldiers forming the honour guard opened fire and rode through the crowd with drawn sabres. People in the crowd threw cobblestones and bricks at the soldiers, and two members of the public—Richard Honey, a carpenter, and George Francis, a bricklayer—were killed. Eventually, 628:

Charlotte was placed in the care of a governess, in a mansion near Montagu House in the summers, and Caroline visited her often. It seems that a single daughter was not sufficient to sate Caroline's maternal instincts, and she adopted eight or nine poor children who were fostered out to people in the

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On meeting his future wife for the first time, George called for a glass of brandy. He was evidently disappointed. Similarly, Caroline told Malmesbury, " very fat and he's nothing like as handsome as his portrait." At dinner that evening, the Prince was appalled by Caroline's garrulous nature and her

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arrived at Brunswick to escort Caroline to her new life in Britain. In his diary, Malmesbury recorded his reservations about Caroline's suitability as a bride for the prince: she lacked judgement, decorum and tact, spoke her mind too readily, acted indiscreetly, and often neglected to wash, or change

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Though she was not allowed to socialise with men, she was allowed to ride, and during riding, she visited the cottages of the peasantry. She had done this already as a child, during which she had met children to play with, and as an adult, one of these visits allegedly led to a pregnancy. There is no

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In a letter to a friend, the prince claimed that the couple only had sexual intercourse three times: twice the first night of the marriage, and once the second night. He wrote, "it required no small to conquer my aversion and overcome the disgust of her person." Caroline claimed George was so drunk

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politician who favoured reform, she began a propaganda campaign against George. George countered by leaking Lady Douglas's testimony from the "Delicate Investigation", which Brougham repudiated by leaking the testimonies of the servants and Mrs Austin. Charlotte favoured her mother's point of view,

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Caroline was brought up with extremely limited contact with the opposite sex even by the standards of her own time. She was reportedly constantly supervised by her governess and elder ladies, restricted to her room when the family was entertaining and ordered to keep away from the windows. She was

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The commissioners decided that there was "no foundation" for the allegations, but despite being a supposedly secret investigation, it proved impossible to prevent gossip from spreading, and news of the investigation leaked to the press. Caroline's conduct with her gentlemen friends was considered

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In 1794, Caroline and the Prince of Wales were engaged. They had never met—George had agreed to marry her because he was heavily in debt, and if he contracted a marriage with an eligible princess, Parliament would increase his allowance. Caroline seemed eminently suitable: she was a Protestant of

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visited Brunswick in June 1781, she lamented the fact that Caroline, because of her age, could not be present very often. Caroline was given a number of proposals from 1782 onward. Marriage with the Prince of Orange, Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, Charles, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and the

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once a week. Horrified, Princess Charlotte ran away to her mother's house in Bayswater. After an anxious night, Charlotte was eventually persuaded to return to her father by Brougham, since legally she could be placed in her father's care and there was a danger of public disorder against George,

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During the Delicate Investigation, Caroline was not permitted to see her daughter, and afterwards her visits were essentially restricted to once a week and only in the presence of Caroline's own mother, the Dowager Duchess of Brunswick. Meetings took place at either Blackheath or an apartment in

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Her secluded isolation tormented her, which was demonstrated when she was later again banned from attending a ball. She simulated an illness so severe that her parents left the ball to see her. When they arrived, she claimed to be in labour and forced them to send for a midwife. When the midwife

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to Caroline's villa in the hope of establishing whether George had any grounds for divorce. James wrote back to his brother of Caroline and Pergami, "they are to all appearances man and wife, never was anything so obvious." The Milan commission was assembling more and more evidence, and by 1819

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Gossip about Caroline and George's troubled marriage was already circulating. The newspapers claimed that Lady Jersey opened, read and distributed the contents of Caroline's private letters. She despised Lady Jersey and could not visit or travel anywhere without George's permission. The press

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normally refused permission to attend balls and court functions, and when allowed, she was forbidden to dance. Abbé Baron commented during the winter of 1789–90: "She is supervised with the greatest severity, as they claim she is already aware of what she is missing. I doubt if the torches of

761:. She agreed to leave the country in exchange for an annual allowance of £35,000. Both Brougham and Charlotte were dismayed by Caroline's decision, as they both realised that Caroline's absence would strengthen George's power and weaken theirs. On 8 August 1814, Caroline left Britain. 1035:

Even during the trial, the Queen remained immensely popular, as witnessed by over 800 petitions and nearly a million signatures that favoured her cause. As a figurehead of the opposition movement demanding reform, many revolutionary pronouncements were made in Caroline's name.

1103:, who held the office of "Gold Staff". Inglis persuaded her to return to her carriage, and she left. Caroline lost support through her exhibition at the coronation; the crowds jeered her as she rode away, and even Brougham recorded his distaste at her undignified behaviour. 1223:. The coffin was kept overnight at St Peter's Church, Colchester, where Caroline's executors tried unsuccessfully to replace the official inscription plate with one including the phrase "Injured Queen of England". The next day, the coffin was taken to the seaport of 1006:

that demanded political reform and opposed the unpopular king. Nevertheless, the King still adamantly desired a divorce and, the following day, he submitted the evidence gathered by the Milan commission to Parliament in two green bags. On 15 June, the guards in the

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insisted that she be greeted only as a duchess of Brunswick, and not as a queen. In an attempt to assert her rights, she made plans to return to Britain. The King demanded that his ministers get rid of her. He successfully persuaded them to remove her name from the

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mutinied. The mutiny was contained, but the government was fearful of further unrest. Examination of the bags of evidence was delayed as Parliament debated the form of the investigation, but eventually, on 27 June, they were opened and examined in secret by 15

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was her governess, and won her affection, but never managed to teach her to spell correctly, as Caroline preferred to dictate to a secretary. Caroline could understand English and French, but her father admitted that she was lacking in education.

741:, but Caroline was excluded. George's relationship with his daughter was also deteriorating, as Charlotte sought greater freedom from her father's strictures. On 12 July, he informed Charlotte that she would henceforth be confined at 439:

confirmation of this rumour, but it was well known during her life, and referred to as a reason why she married at an older age than was usual, despite being regarded as good-looking and having been given so many proposals.

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will illuminate for her. Although always attired with style and elegance, she is never allowed to dance", and that as soon as the first dance began, she was forced to sit down at the whist table with three old ladies.

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She was chosen as the intended bride of George, Prince of Wales partly because her mother was a favourite sister of George III, partly through the favourable reports of her given by his brothers the Dukes of York and

538:, in London. At the ceremony, George was drunk. He regarded Caroline as unattractive and unhygienic, and told Malmesbury that he suspected that she was not a virgin when they married. He had already secretly married 863:. Baron Friedrich Ompteda, a Hanoverian spy, bribed one of Caroline's servants so that he could search her bedroom for proof of adultery. He found none. By August 1817, Caroline's debts were growing, so she sold 1259:

were found guilty over a series of libels published in the Queen's lifetime, including one that alluded to her as "a shameless woman". It was alleged the libels had embittered the Queen and shortened her life.

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at 10:25 p.m. on 7 August 1821 at the age of 53. Her physicians thought she had an intestinal obstruction, but she may have had cancer, and there were rumours at the time that she had been poisoned.

197: 1002:, she rejected the government's offer. She bid farewell to Pergami, and embarked for England. When she arrived on 5 June, riots broke out in support of her. Caroline was a figurehead for the growing 636:

In 1806, a secret commission was set up, known as the "Delicate Investigation", to examine Lady Douglas's claims. The commission comprised four of the most eminent men in the country: Prime Minister

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and Lady Douglas, who claimed that Caroline had sent them obscene and harassing letters. Lady Douglas accused Caroline of infidelity, and alleged that William Austin was Caroline's illegitimate son.

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But with the end of the trial, her alliance with the radicals came to an end. The government again extended the offer of £50,000 a year, this time without preconditions, and Caroline accepted.

1020:, to strip Caroline of the title of queen and dissolve her marriage. It was claimed that Caroline had committed adultery with a low-born man: Bartolomeo Pergami. Various witnesses, such as 1083:

on 19 July 1821 as queen. Lord Liverpool told Caroline that she should not go to the service, but she turned up anyway. George had Caroline turned away from the coronation at the doors of

1032:

as there was little prospect that the Commons would pass it. To her friends, Caroline joked that she had indeed committed adultery once—with the husband of Mrs. Fitzherbert, the King.

773:, she hired Bartolomeo Pergami as a servant. Pergami soon rose to the head of Caroline's household, and managed to get his sister, Angelica, Countess of Oldi, appointed as Caroline's 963:

Queen Caroline sitting in a chair in profile at her trial in the House of Lords. She is wearing an elaborate headdress with large feathers, a style with which she became associated.

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and Caroline's maid, Louise Demont. In London, Brougham was still acting as Caroline's agent. Concerned that the "Milan commission" might threaten Caroline, he sent his brother

577:

after her father. Just three days after Charlotte's birth, George made out a new will. He left all his property to "Maria Fitzherbert, my wife", while to Caroline he left one

685:, fled to England. Caroline had wanted to return to Brunswick and leave Britain behind her, but with much of Europe controlled by the French she had no safe haven to run to. 1091:, where many guests were gathered before the service began. A witness described how the Queen stood at the door fuming as bayonets were held under her chin until the deputy 705:

Satirical cartoon showing Sir John and Lady Douglas being led to the pillory outside Montagu House, Blackheath, after being discredited in giving evidence against Caroline

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district. In 1802, she adopted a three-month-old boy, William Austin, and took him into her home. By 1805, Caroline had fallen out with her near neighbours,

1118:, etching published by G. Humphrey, London, 1821: Caroline of Brunswick, at a theatre in Genoa, with her secretary and constant companion Bartolomeo Pergami 3277: 1980: 1251:, "that excited a thorough popular feeling. It struck its roots into the heart of the nation; it took possession of every house or cottage in the kingdom." 682: 4709: 4181: 1016:. The peers considered the contents scandalous, and a week later, after their report to the House, the government introduced a bill in Parliament, the 5011: 1168:

Sir Robert Baker ordered that the official route be abandoned, and the cortège passed through the city. As a result, Baker was dismissed from office.

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Instead of being treated like a queen, Caroline found that her estranged husband's accession paradoxically made her position worse. On visiting Rome,

597:. No longer constrained by her husband, or, according to rumour, her marital vows, she entertained whomever she pleased. She flirted with Admiral Sir 832:. Caroline instituted the Order of Saint Caroline, nominating Pergami its Grand Master. In August, they returned to Italy, stopping at Rome to visit 4264: 3603: 4846: 4591: 399:, saw her in 1781, and noted that she was an attractive girl with curly, fair hair. In 1784, she was described as a beauty, and two years later, 1553: 3186:

Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans

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that she was often tired of being a "shuttlecock" between her parents, as whenever she was civil to one of them, she was scolded by the other.

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and Brunswick. The crowd accompanying the procession was incensed and blocked the intended route with barricades to force a new route through

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through London could spark public unrest, Lord Liverpool decided the Queen's cortège would avoid the city, passing to the north on the way to

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and a barony. By this time, Caroline and Pergami were openly eating together, and it was widely rumoured that they were lovers. They visited

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During much of 1820 the "queen's business" captivated the nation. "It was the only question I have ever known," wrote the radical critic

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to gather evidence of Caroline's adultery. Leach sent three commissioners to Milan to interrogate Caroline's former servants, including

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in July 1821. She fell ill in London and died three weeks later. Her funeral procession passed through London on its way to her native

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According to Caroline's mother, who was British, all German princesses learned English in the hope that they would be chosen to marry

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Despite the King's best attempts, Caroline retained a strong popularity among the masses, and pressed ahead with plans to attend the

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royal birth, and the marriage would ally Brunswick and Britain. Although Brunswick was only a small country, Britain was at war with

431: 1883: 1795: 1641: 1330: 288:, Caroline was engaged in 1794 to her cousin George, Prince of Wales, whom she had never met. He was already illegally married to 5179: 4896: 4702: 4257: 4156: 4042: 648: 377:

She was educated by governesses, but the only subject in which she was given a higher education was music. From 1783 until 1791,

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Caroline was brought up in a difficult family situation. Her mother resented her father's open adultery with Baroness Luise von

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jibes at the expense of Lady Jersey. She was upset and disappointed by George's obvious partiality for Lady Jersey over her.

5089: 5084: 3799: 3636: 3591: 1087:. Refused entry at both the doors to the East Cloister and the doors to the West Cloister, Caroline attempted to enter via 630: 501: 479: 470:

and so was eager to obtain allies on the European mainland. Brunswick was ruled by Caroline's father, the esteemed soldier

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The night following Caroline's failed attempt to attend her husband's coronation, she fell ill and took a large dose of

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Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the kings and princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living

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Her mother early favoured a match between one of her children and a member of her English family, and when her nephew

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The story of Caroline's marriage to George and her battle to be recognised as queen served as the basis for the 1996

644: 621: 475: 356: 285: 238: 60: 4980: 4916: 4876: 4288: 4176: 4004: 3999: 3007: 1763: 975:, "Principal Painter in Ordinary to the Queen". Her wedding ring is displayed prominently to emphasise fidelity to 658: 574: 514: 427:

arrived, she stopped her simulation and asked her mother: "Now, Madam, will you keep me another time from a ball?"

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of three points Argent) impaled with those of her father, the whole surmounted by a coronet of the heir apparent.

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From early 1816, she and Pergami went on a cruise around the Mediterranean, visiting Napoleon's former palace on

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Shingleton, Hugh M (November–December 2006). "The Tumultuous Marriage of The Prince and The Princess of Wales".

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After a two-week visit to Brunswick, Caroline headed for Italy through Switzerland. Along the way, possibly in

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All classes will ever find in me a sincere friend to their liberties, and a zealous advocate of their rights.

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that he "passed the greatest part of his bridal night under the grate, where he fell, and where I left him".

315:, but he and the bill were so unpopular and Caroline so popular with the masses that it was withdrawn by the 308: 745:, Windsor, that her household would be replaced, and that she could have no visitors except her grandmother 292:. George and Caroline married the following year but separated shortly after the birth of their only child, 5149: 4673: 4544: 4417: 4375: 4359: 3759: 2945: 886: 549: 420: 3531: 5184: 5006: 4400:

Princesses whose titles were removed due to loss of husband's eligibility or divorce are shown in italics

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By the end of 1811, King George III had become permanently insane, and the Prince of Wales was appointed

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when they visited Germany, and partly for lack of a suitable alternative German Protestant princess.

447: 352: 98: 4657: 4527: 4341: 4324: 3959: 3922: 3456: 3424: 1302: 1029: 972: 678: 543: 47: 3614: 5154: 4932: 4805: 4198: 1080: 1003: 371: 320: 4409: 1191:(blocked), return to Hyde Park where soldiers forced the gates open, Cumberland Gate (blocked), 419:, when she was finally allowed to dance, though only with the groom and his new brother-in-law, 5016: 4353: 3764: 3448: 923: 829: 598: 505: 370:, whom he had installed as his official mistress in 1777, and Caroline was later to confide to 3309: 4727: 3912: 3739: 3722: 3609: 3184: 1449: 1342: 1334: 1297:

as Caroline, drew parallels with the marriage and divorce of Charles, Prince of Wales (later

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Laqueur, Thomas W. "The Queen Caroline Affair: Politics as Art in the Reign of George IV,"

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George was determined to press ahead with a divorce and set up a commission chaired by the

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Caroline, unhappy at her situation and treatment in Britain, negotiated a deal with the

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informed George, "Sir, your bitterest enemy is dead". He replied, "Is she, by God!".

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Poetry and Popular Protest: Peterloo, Cato Street and the Queen Caroline Controversy

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had the doors slammed in her face. Caroline then proceeded back to an entrance near

4393: 3819: 3804: 3711: 3555: 3398: 3282: 3156: 3135:. Heraldry Today. Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press. pp. 283, 286. 1985: 1456: 1401: 1369: 1361: 1280: 1123: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1055:

any more than they can arrest the motion of the tides or the course of the planets.

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By the beginning of June 1820, Caroline had travelled north from Italy, and was at

758: 742: 586: 496:. Delayed by poor weather, they landed a week later, on Easter Sunday, 5 April, at 367: 266: 218: 3294: 1997: 726:

wrote of Caroline: "Poor woman, I shall support her as long as I can, because she

343:, with the courtesy title of Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, on 17 May 1768 at 4872: 4034: 3902: 3859: 3651: 3565: 3560: 1429: 1248: 1180: 856: 813: 774: 746: 662: 641: 360: 2680: 701: 3917: 3829: 3774: 3716: 3706: 3231: 3002: 2759: 1409: 1306: 1208: 1204: 1161: 1025: 1008: 897: 817: 797: 655: 637: 606: 270: 3344: 3286: 1989: 5063: 4665: 4535: 4347: 4130: 4009: 3839: 3376: 3340: 3193:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 53. 1455:

As Princess of Wales she used the arms of her husband (the royal arms with a

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which might prejudice Charlotte's position if she continued to disobey him.

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riding on a donkey in a convoy of camels. Pergami was made a Knight of the

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le Prince est ... très gros, et nullement aussi beau que son portrait

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Argent and Azure (Homburg); 5th, Or, a lion rampant Gules crowned Azure (

1298: 1276: 1172: 1157: 1141: 723: 408: 389:, George III's eldest son and heir apparent and Caroline's first cousin. 122: 4569: 2615: 1365: 878:

The previous year, Caroline's daughter, Princess Charlotte, had married

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The Disastrous Marriage: A Study of George IV and Caroline of Brunswick

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Malmesbury's diary quoted in Robins, p. 16 (and in the original French

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wrote to his publisher that Caroline and Pergami were lovers, and Sir

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described her as "most amiable, lively, playful, witty and handsome".

269:

from 29 January 1820 until her death in 1821 as the estranged wife of

1425: 1267: 1188: 959: 860: 825: 782: 497: 153: 126: 967: 423:– she was, however, still forbidden to dine alone with her brother. 1437: 1127: 992: 821: 734: 578: 487: 3051:"Grave of Richard Honey and George Francis, St Paul's Hammersmith" 3010:(1903). London: John Murray. pp. 361–362, quoted in Robins, p. 312 2098:

Malmesbury's diary quoted in Plowden, pp. 9–18 and Robins, pp. 6–9

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emphasises that the sordid royal squabble captivated all Britons:

261:(Caroline Amelia Elizabeth; 17 May 1768 – 7 August 1821) was 4439: 1413: 1358: 1224: 1212: 1153: 949: 213: 3478: 2116:

Malmesbury's diary quoted in Plowden, p. 15 and Robins, pp. 9–10

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described and made a sketch of their sleeping arrangements in

4871:

Generations are numbered by husband's descent from the first

4560:* Though legally Princess of Wales, she did not use the title 1405: 1354: 809: 805: 801: 770: 3161:

Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe

605:, and may have had a brief relationship with the politician 1397: 1171:

The final route (in heavy rain) took the following course:

1149: 789: 3355:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2898:, (London, 1853) vol. III, p. 149 quoted in Robins, p. 176 1264: 1132: 27:

Queen of the United Kingdom and Hanover from 1820 to 1821

4074:

The generations include wives of princes descended from

3127: 1045:

Queen Caroline, September 1820, quoted in Robins, p. 240

530:

Caroline and George were married on 8 April 1795 at the

263:

Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

5012:

Countess Isabelle of Thurn and Valsassina-Como-Vercelli

573:

on 7 January 1796. Charlotte was second in the line of

504:, George's mistress, who had been appointed Caroline's 2983:

Miss Elizabeth Robertson quoted in Robins, pp. 310–311

565:

Nine months after the wedding, Caroline gave birth to

4861: 3310:"Archival material relating to Caroline of Brunswick" 2657:

Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph

847:

mocking Caroline for her supposed affair with Pergami

415:

A rare occasion was the wedding of her elder brother

851:

By this time, gossip about Caroline was everywhere.

737:'s defeat, nobility from throughout Europe attended 3155: 1496:

Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

4064: 3236:Caroline and Charlotte: Regency Scandals 1795–1821 2659:. London: Imperial College Press. pp. 60–61. 3886:Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the 1700:Caroline, Queen of the United Kingdom and Hanover 1384:); 4th, Gules a lion rampant Or, within a border 943:refused her an audience, and the Pope's minister 683:Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 478:, the sister of George III. On 20 November 1794, 5061: 4265:Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein 2948:, afterwards 4th and Last Lord Holland 1818–1830 4024:Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in 3326:Portraits of Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1072:On 5 May 1821, Napoleon died on St Helena. Sir 542:, but his marriage to Fitzherbert violated the 486:On 28 March 1795, Caroline and Malmesbury left 3238:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. 3163:. London: Little, Brown & Co. p. 30. 4847: 4717: 4703: 4585: 4425: 4050: 3464: 2762:to his brother Henry, quoted in Robins, p. 79 2202: 2200: 2198: 3281:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2043:The Unruly Queen: The Life of Queen Caroline 1984:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1580:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 1554:Duchess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 472:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 282:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 229:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 4991:Princess Alexandra of Ysenburg and Büdingen 2493:, 16 February 1813, quoted in Robins, p. 42 2224: 2222: 1916:Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst 785:, even though her finances were stretched. 18:Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel 4892:Duchess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 4854: 4840: 4710: 4696: 4592: 4578: 4432: 4418: 4220:Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia 4057: 4043: 3471: 3457: 3332: 3318: 2206: 2195: 1858:Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 1227:, and placed on a ship bound for Germany. 40: 4912:Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 4907:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 4599: 4172:Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 4167:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 3112:'Libel On The Late Queen In 'John Bull', 1522:Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1444:); 12th, Argent, a stag's attire in bend 1255:In 1822, the publishers of the newspaper 730:a Woman and because I hate her Husband." 612: 432:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 401:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 303:and Hanover, and Caroline became nominal 4496:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 4115:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 4099:Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 4086:for members of the British royal family. 3339: 3261:Rebel Queen: The Trial of Queen Caroline 2219: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 1884:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 1796:Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1642:Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia 1331:royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom 1320: 1148:Afraid that a procession of the funeral 1110: 966: 958: 922: 838: 777:. In mid-1815, Caroline bought a house, 700: 616: 548: 446: 4897:Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia 4258:Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife 4157:Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia 4078:, who formalised the use of the titles 3278:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3027: 3025: 2722:Plowden, pp. 260–263; Robins, pp. 53–54 2654: 2645:, January 1817, quoted in Robins, p. 73 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1981:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 649:Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales 14: 5062: 2779: 2777: 1837: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1595: 1485: 1481: 880:Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 4986:Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark 4835: 4691: 4573: 4413: 4325:Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz 4299:Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark 4230:Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont 4038: 3508:Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603 3452: 3275:Smith, E. A. "Caroline (1768–1821)". 2381:Plowden, pp. 69–71; Robins, pp. 29–30 2125:Plowden, pp. 20–22; Robins, pp. 11–12 1913: 1903: 1899: 1887: 1881: 1871: 1855: 1845: 1841: 1825: 1819: 1809: 1793: 1783: 1779: 1767: 1761: 1751: 1735: 1725: 1721: 1697: 1687: 1671: 1661: 1657: 1645: 1639: 1629: 1613: 1603: 1599: 1583: 1577: 1567: 1551: 1541: 1537: 1525: 1519: 1509: 1493: 1489: 569:, George's only legitimate child, at 5105:Queens consort of the United Kingdom 4823:Duchess of Cumberland and Teviotdale 3505:Royal consorts in England until 1603 3022: 2965:Plowden, p. 276; Robins, pp. 308–309 2453:Plowden, pp. 122, 133; Robins, p. 36 2004: 1428:); 10th, Argent, a stag's attire in 525: 502:Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey 347:in Germany. She was the daughter of 5130:Princesses in the Holy Roman Empire 4965:Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia 4902:Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 4272:Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia 4225:Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia 4162:Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 3420:Queen consort of the United Kingdom 2774: 2502:Plowden, pp. 184–185; Robins, p. 46 1674:Princess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover 1305:. Caroline was also the subject of 1231:is Caroline's final resting place. 696: 57:Queen consort of the United Kingdom 24: 3975:Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 2846:Plowden, p. 269; Robins, pp. 93–94 2685:Sir Francis Ronalds and his Family 2282:Plowden, p. 48; Robins, pp. 19, 21 1471:Ancestors of Caroline of Brunswick 1392:); 6th, Gules, a lion rampant Or ( 1283:as George IV. The 2008 radio play 259:Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 25: 5196: 5120:Hanoverian princesses by marriage 4863:Hanoverian princesses by marriage 4800:Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 4782:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 4747:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3970:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3944:British royal consorts after the 3413:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3330:National Portrait Gallery, London 3302: 3274: 3218:(1949) pp 84–106; brief narrative 3082:"Rumpus – St Peter's, Colchester" 2616:"British Royal History: Queen Be" 2399:Plowden, pp. 79–82; Robins, p. 31 2390:Plowden, p. 78; Robins, pp. 29–30 2372:Plowden, p. 79; Robins, pp. 29–30 2363:Plowden, pp. 75–78; Robins, p. 29 2327:Plowden, pp. 62–65; Robins, p. 25 2264:Plowden, p. 44; Robins, pp. 20–21 2246:Plowden, pp. 39–40; Robins, p. 20 1977: 1822:Princess Augusta of Great Britain 357:Princess Augusta of Great Britain 286:Princess Augusta of Great Britain 239:Princess Augusta of Great Britain 4981:Countess Monika zu Solms-Laubach 4933:Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg 4917:Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel 4762: 4756: 4294:Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott 4199:Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg 4177:Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel 3177: 3149: 3121: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3074: 3065: 3043: 3034: 3008:Sir Herbert Maxwell, 7th Baronet 1764:Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales 912: 575:succession to the British throne 335:Caroline was born a princess of 319:. The King barred Caroline from 248: 3985:Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3965:Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 3346:"Caroline Amelia Augusta" 3216:The Liberal Awakening 1815–1930 3201: 3040:Plowden, p. 276; Robins, p. 313 3013: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2953:The New Yale Book of Quotations 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2840: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2765: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2673: 2648: 2635: 2626: 2608: 2599: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2438: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2137: 2128: 2119: 2110: 1325:Caroline's arms, used from 1820 1028:, but was not submitted to the 693:designated for Caroline's use. 553:Caroline, Princess of Wales by 299:In January 1820, George became 162: 5180:Burials at Brunswick Cathedral 4650:Princess Victoria Mary of Teck 4634:Princess Caroline of Brunswick 4626:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 4520:Princess Victoria Mary of Teck 4504:Princess Caroline of Brunswick 4253:Princess Victoria Mary of Teck 4066:British princesses by marriage 2101: 2092: 2083: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2047: 1971: 1616:Frederick William I of Prussia 1376:); 3rd, Azure, a lion rampant 546:and so was not legally valid. 13: 1: 4642:Princess Alexandra of Denmark 4512:Princess Alexandra of Denmark 4215:Princess Alexandra of Denmark 4152:Duchess Caroline of Brunswick 3225:(1982) 54#3 pp. 417–466 3133:The Royal Heraldry of England 3094:Robert Chambers, Book of Days 2345:Plowden, p. 60; Robins, p. 27 2318:Plowden, p. 55; Robins, p. 25 2174:Plowden, p. 26; Robins, p. 17 2156:Plowden, p. 25; Robins, p. 16 1964: 1207:, and from there through the 1166:Chief Metropolitan Magistrate 1051:A government cannot stop the 1018:Pains and Penalties Bill 1820 919:Pains and Penalties Bill 1820 796:, where Pergami obtained the 456: 442: 379:Countess Eleonore von Münster 330: 309:Pains and Penalties Bill 1820 5048:British princess by marriage 4618:Princess Caroline of Ansbach 4488:Princess Caroline of Ansbach 4315:Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen 4005:Philip of Greece and Denmark 3960:George of Denmark and Norway 3923:George of Denmark and Norway 3295:UK public library membership 3131:; Pinches, Rosemary (1974). 2916:Robins, pp. 159–164, 240–242 1998:UK public library membership 624:by Sir Thomas Lawrence, 1804 7: 5090:19th-century British people 5085:18th-century British people 5007:Princess Caroline of Monaco 4480:Infanta Catherine of Aragon 2489:Letter from Jane Austen to 2089:Plowden, p. 5; Robins, p. 5 1462: 929:The Trial of Queen Caroline 722:as did most of the public. 179:Princess Charlotte of Wales 10: 5201: 5145:Nobility from Braunschweig 5100:19th-century British women 5095:18th-century British women 4794:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 3980:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 3441:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 1978:Smith, E. A. "Caroline ". 1831: 1738:George II of Great Britain 1715: 1589: 1483: 1404:Or, two bears' paws erect 1337:with her father's arms as 991:. Acting on the advice of 916: 681:. Her mother and brother, 474:, who himself had married 301:King of the United Kingdom 5140:House of Brunswick-Bevern 5115:Queens consort of Hanover 5041: 5025: 4999: 4973: 4957: 4949:Princess Thyra of Denmark 4941: 4925: 4884: 4869: 4815: 4771: 4754: 4725: 4719:Royal consorts of Hanover 4607: 4556: 4451: 4389: 4368: 4333: 4307: 4289:Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 4281: 4245: 4236:Princess Thyra of Denmark 4207: 4191: 4144: 4123: 4107: 4091: 4072: 4022: 3955: 3939: 3935: 3908:Henrietta Maria of France 3898: 3881: 3877: 3499: 3495: 3432: 3417: 3404: 3397: 3369:House of Brunswick-Bevern 3362: 3223:Journal of Modern History 1901: 1893: 1865: 1843: 1839: 1803: 1781: 1773: 1745: 1723: 1719: 1681: 1659: 1651: 1623: 1601: 1597: 1561: 1539: 1531: 1503: 1487: 1368:); 2nd, Gules, two lions 1234: 1060:Queen Caroline quoted in 867:and moved to the smaller 508:. Smith concludes that: 397:Baron Stanley of Alderley 349:Charles William Ferdinand 244: 234: 224: 212: 203:Caroline Amalie Elisabeth 194:Caroline Amelia Elizabeth 193: 188: 184: 172: 147: 133: 108: 81: 77: 66: 55: 39: 34: 5165:Women of the Regency era 5110:Wives of British princes 4736:Sophia of the Palatinate 3750:Ethelreda of Northumbria 3263:. Simon & Schuster. 3256:. London: Jonathan Cape. 2107:Quoted in Plowden, p. 16 1436:); 11th, Argent, a stag 1303:Diana, Princess of Wales 1106: 998:and her lady-in-waiting 764: 679:battle of Jena-Auerstadt 544:Royal Marriages Act 1772 327:, where she was buried. 4806:Marie of Saxe-Altenburg 3352:Encyclopædia Britannica 2596:quoted in Robins, p. 62 1316: 1239:The American historian 1099:, where she was met by 387:George, Prince of Wales 372:Lady Charlotte Campbell 5017:Thyra von Westernhagen 4456:Joan, Countess of Kent 3765:Ermengarde de Beaumont 3517:Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury 3364:Caroline of Brunswick 3159:; Louda, Jiří (1999). 2655:Ronalds, B.F. (2016). 1326: 1119: 1067: 1048: 980: 964: 936: 848: 830:Order of Saint Lazarus 739:celebrations in London 706: 625: 613:Delicate Investigation 589:. Later, she moved to 558: 506:Lady of the Bedchamber 462: 353:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 339:, known in English as 202: 99:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 5175:Duchesses of Cornwall 5125:Duchesses of Rothesay 5070:Caroline of Brunswick 4819:British queen consort 4788:Caroline of Brunswick 4601:Duchesses of Rothesay 4445:Duchesses of Cornwall 3913:Catherine of Braganza 3740:Ingibiorg Finnsdottir 3615:Isabella of Angoulême 3610:Berengaria of Navarre 3522:Æthelflæd of Damerham 3287:10.1093/ref:odnb/4722 3259:Robins, Jane (2006). 3116:, 6 January 1822, p3. 2950:(25 August 1821); in 2641:Letter from Byron to 2435:Plowden, pp. 109, 128 1990:10.1093/ref:odnb/4722 1324: 1286:The People's Princess 1114: 1049: 1038: 970: 962: 926: 917:Further information: 842: 704: 620: 552: 450: 35:Caroline of Brunswick 4677:(2022–present) 4000:Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 3990:Alexandra of Denmark 3845:Francis II of France 3647:Philippa of Hainault 3598:Eleanor of Aquitaine 3592:Geoffrey Plantagenet 3374:Cadet branch of the 3314:UK National Archives 3129:Pinches, John Harvey 2529:Plowden, pp. 201–202 2520:Plowden, pp. 195–196 2511:Plowden, pp. 194–195 2209:ACOG Clinical Review 1416:, Argent and Azure ( 1197:Tottenham Court Road 1136:]". She died at 971:Portrait c. 1820 by 468:revolutionary France 421:the Prince of Orange 5150:Princesses of Wales 4741:Caroline of Ansbach 4674:Catherine Middleton 4545:Catherine Middleton 4464:Lady Cecily Neville 4441:Princesses of Wales 4376:Catherine Middleton 3888:Union of the Crowns 3835:Madeleine of Valois 3825:Margaret of Denmark 3780:Margaret of England 3760:Maud of Northumbria 3755:Sybilla of Normandy 3692:Catherine of Aragon 3677:Elizabeth Woodville 3667:Catherine of Valois 3627:Eleanor of Provence 3586:Matilda of Boulogne 3576:Matilda of Scotland 3571:Matilda of Flanders 3103:Laquer (1982) p 417 3071:Robins, pp. 314–317 2934:Robins, pp. 305–306 2882:Robins, pp. 193–202 2873:Robins, pp. 132–143 2864:Robins, pp. 126–127 2837:Robins, pp. 116–117 1311:The Abandoned Woman 1229:Brunswick Cathedral 903:Duchess of Cornwall 824:. Caroline entered 781:, on the shores of 555:Sir Thomas Lawrence 453:Gainsborough Dupont 359:, eldest sister of 277:from 1795 to 1820. 141:Brunswick Cathedral 5185:Daughters of dukes 5033:Alessandra de Osma 4658:Lady Diana Spencer 4528:Lady Diana Spencer 4342:Lady Diana Spencer 3946:Acts of Union 1707 3790:Elizabeth de Burgh 3745:Margaret of Wessex 3657:Isabella of Valois 3642:Isabella of France 3637:Margaret of France 3632:Eleanor of Castile 3621:Blanche of Castile 3604:Margaret of France 3581:Adeliza of Louvain 3542:Sigrid the Haughty 3437:Title next held by 3409:Title last held by 3250:Richardson, Joanna 2810:Robins, pp. 96–100 2255:Plowden, pp. 42–43 2147:in Plowden, p. 23) 1424:Argent and Gules ( 1327: 1138:Brandenburgh House 1126:and some drops of 1120: 1081:coronation service 1053:march of intellect 1000:Lady Anne Hamilton 981: 965: 937: 849: 707: 626: 567:Princess Charlotte 559: 536:St. James's Palace 463: 317:Liverpool ministry 294:Princess Charlotte 119:Brandenburgh House 70:29 January 1820 – 5160:Repudiated queens 5057: 5056: 4829: 4828: 4685: 4684: 4669:(2005–2022) 4661:(1981–1996) 4653:(1901–1910) 4645:(1863–1901) 4637:(1795–1820) 4629:(1736–1751) 4621:(1714–1727) 4613:(1400–1402) 4611:Marjorie Douglas 4567: 4566: 4562: 4472:Lady Anne Neville 4407: 4406: 4360:Sophie Rhys-Jones 4320:Katharine Worsley 4182:The Princess Mary 4032: 4031: 4018: 4017: 3931: 3930: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3810:Anabella Drummond 3800:Margaret Drummond 3795:Joan of the Tower 3687:Elizabeth of York 3672:Margaret of Anjou 3447: 3446: 3293:(Subscription or 3269:978-0-74324-862-4 3157:Maclagan, Michael 2855:Robins, pp. 93–94 2749:Robins, pp. 76–77 2731:Robins, pp. 74–75 2704:Robins, pp. 72–73 2666:978-1-78326-917-4 2605:Robins, pp. 69–72 2556:Robins, pp. 62–63 2538:Robins, pp. 47–50 2471:Robins, pp. 37–41 2408:Robins, pp. 31–32 2354:Robins, pp. 27–28 2336:Robins, pp. 26–27 2291:Robins, pp. 22–23 1996:(Subscription or 1961: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1412:), in the base a 1339:Duke of Brunswick 1293:as George IV and 1241:Thomas W. Laqueur 1211:, then by way of 1101:Sir Robert Inglis 1085:Westminster Abbey 1022:Theodore Majocchi 954:Church of England 945:Cardinal Consalvi 934:Sir George Hayter 907:Princess of Wales 894:Theodore Majocchi 845:George Cruikshank 755:Foreign Secretary 691:Kensington Palace 652:Lord Ellenborough 540:Maria Fitzherbert 526:Troubled marriage 500:. There, she met 290:Maria Fitzherbert 275:Princess of Wales 256: 255: 208: 207: 103:Holy Roman Empire 16:(Redirected from 5192: 5135:House of Hanover 4856: 4849: 4842: 4833: 4832: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4558: 4467:(1460; disputed) 4434: 4427: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4396:in her own right 4394:British princess 4059: 4052: 4045: 4036: 4035: 3937: 3936: 3879: 3878: 3820:Mary of Guelders 3805:Euphemia de Ross 3785:Yolande de Dreux 3723:Guildford Dudley 3712:Catherine Howard 3556:Emma of Normandy 3502: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3427: 3393: 3386: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3348: 3336: 3322: 3317: 3298: 3290: 3195: 3194: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3125: 3119: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3020: 3017: 3011: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2946:Henry Edward Fox 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2217: 2216: 2204: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2071:Plowden, pp. 5–6 2069: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1975: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1467: 1370:passant guardant 1345:of twelve, 1st, 1341:. The arms were 1281:Richard E. Grant 1279:as Caroline and 1124:milk of magnesia 1093:lord chamberlain 1089:Westminster Hall 1065: 1064:, 7 October 1820 1046: 1030:House of Commons 1004:Radical movement 843:A caricature by 759:Lord Castlereagh 743:Cranbourne Lodge 697:Social isolation 587:Charlton, London 476:Princess Augusta 461: 458: 280:The daughter of 267:Queen of Hanover 252: 219:Brunswick-Bevern 200: 186: 185: 166: 164: 115: 91: 89: 73: 44: 32: 31: 21: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5037: 5021: 4995: 4969: 4953: 4937: 4921: 4880: 4873:king of Hanover 4865: 4860: 4830: 4825: 4811: 4767: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4726:Electresses of 4721: 4716: 4686: 4681: 4603: 4598: 4568: 4563: 4552: 4447: 4438: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4385: 4369:11th generation 4364: 4334:10th generation 4329: 4303: 4277: 4241: 4203: 4187: 4140: 4119: 4103: 4087: 4068: 4063: 4033: 4028: 4014: 3951: 3927: 3903:Anne of Denmark 3894: 3869: 3864: 3860:Anne of Denmark 3770:Joan of England 3728: 3662:Joan of Navarre 3652:Anne of Bohemia 3566:Edith of Mercia 3561:Edith of Wessex 3537:Ælfgifu of York 3491: 3486: and 3477: 3438: 3429: 3422: 3410: 3399:British royalty 3387: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3365: 3308: 3305: 3292: 3232:Plowden, Alison 3207:Gardner, John. 3204: 3199: 3198: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3126: 3122: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2653: 2649: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2592:e.g. Letter of 2591: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2462:Plowden, p. 175 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444:Plowden, p. 109 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2205: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2041:Fraser, Flora: 2040: 2005: 1995: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1465: 1418:Old Bruckhausen 1319: 1272:A Royal Scandal 1249:William Hazlitt 1237: 1181:Kensington Gore 1109: 1066: 1059: 1047: 1044: 921: 915: 905:" rather than " 887:Vice-Chancellor 857:Francis Ronalds 775:lady-in-waiting 767: 747:Queen Charlotte 733:In 1814, after 717:, an ambitious 699: 663:Thomas Lawrence 642:Lord Chancellor 615: 528: 480:Lord Malmesbury 459: 445: 361:King George III 355:, and his wife 333: 196: 195: 168: 165: 1795) 160: 156: 143: 138: 117: 113: 93: 87: 85: 71: 51: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5198: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5155:Regency London 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5026:7th generation 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5003: 5001: 5000:6th generation 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4974:5th generation 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4958:4th generation 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4942:3rd generation 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4926:2nd generation 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4885:1st generation 4882: 4881: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4859: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4776: 4769: 4768: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4723: 4722: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4671: 4663: 4655: 4647: 4639: 4631: 4623: 4615: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4565: 4564: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4548:(2022–present) 4542: 4533: 4525: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4493: 4485: 4477: 4469: 4461: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4437: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4354:Sarah Ferguson 4350: 4345: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4308:9th generation 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4282:8th generation 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4246:7th generation 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4208:6th generation 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4195: 4193: 4192:5th generation 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4145:4th generation 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4124:3rd generation 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4111: 4109: 4108:2nd generation 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4092:1st generation 4089: 4088: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4062: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3918:Mary of Modena 3915: 3910: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3830:Margaret Tudor 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3775:Marie de Coucy 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3719: 3717:Catherine Parr 3714: 3709: 3707:Anne of Cleves 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3493: 3492: 3490:royal consorts 3476: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3445: 3444: 3436: 3431: 3416: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3373: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3343:, ed. (1911). 3341:Chisholm, Hugh 3337: 3323: 3304: 3303:External links 3301: 3300: 3299: 3272: 3257: 3247: 3229: 3219: 3214:Halevy, Elie. 3212: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3176: 3169: 3148: 3141: 3120: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3073: 3064: 3042: 3033: 3031:Robins, p. 313 3021: 3019:Robins, p. 312 3012: 3003:Creevey Papers 2994: 2992:Robins, p. 311 2985: 2976: 2974:Robins, p. 309 2967: 2958: 2936: 2927: 2925:Robins, p. 300 2918: 2909: 2907:Robins, p. 237 2900: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2828:Robins, p. 123 2821: 2819:Robins, p. 100 2812: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2773: 2764: 2760:James Brougham 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2672: 2665: 2647: 2634: 2625: 2607: 2598: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2309:Plowden, p. 50 2302: 2300:Plowden, p. 45 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2237:Plowden, p. 28 2230: 2218: 2194: 2192:Plowden, p. 27 2185: 2176: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2136: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2100: 2091: 2082: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2053:Plowden, p. 44 2046: 2003: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1644: 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August 1821 135: 131: 130: 116:(aged 53) 110: 106: 105: 83: 79: 78: 75: 74: 68: 64: 63: 53: 52: 48:James Lonsdale 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5197: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4852: 4850: 4845: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4770: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4701: 4699: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666:Camilla Shand 4664: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4536:Camilla Shand 4534: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4401: 4397: 4395: 4388: 4382: 4381:Meghan Markle 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4348:Camilla Shand 4346: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4136:Anne Luttrell 4134: 4132: 4131:Maria Walpole 4129: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4027: 4021: 4011: 4010:Camilla Shand 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3855:James Hepburn 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3840:Mary of Guise 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3815:Joan Beaufort 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3443: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3392:7 August 1821 3391: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3377:House of Welf 3371: 3370: 3361: 3354: 3353: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3244:0-7509-4173-1 3241: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3180: 3172: 3170:1-85605-469-1 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3144: 3142:0-900455-25-X 3138: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3083: 3077: 3068: 3052: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3026: 3016: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2956: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2801:Robins, p. 85 2798: 2792:Robins, p. 82 2789: 2783:Robins, p. 80 2780: 2778: 2771:Robins, p. 79 2768: 2761: 2755: 2746: 2740:Robins, p. 55 2737: 2728: 2719: 2713:Robins, p. 74 2710: 2701: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2668: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2632:Robins, p. 72 2629: 2621: 2620:The Economist 2617: 2611: 2602: 2595: 2589: 2583:Robins, p. 69 2580: 2574:Robins, p. 67 2571: 2565:Robins, p. 66 2562: 2553: 2547:Robins, p. 49 2544: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2492: 2486: 2480:Robins, p. 42 2477: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2426:Robins, p. 32 2423: 2417:Robins, p. 31 2414: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2369: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2333: 2324: 2315: 2306: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2273:Robins, p. 22 2270: 2261: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2228:Robins, p. 18 2225: 2223: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2189: 2183:Robins, p. 17 2180: 2171: 2165:Robins, p. 16 2162: 2153: 2146: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2080:Plowden, p. 3 2077: 2068: 2062:Plowden, p. 6 2059: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1800: 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Caroline of Brunswick

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