Privateer - Knowledge

672: 1599: 503:, the ubiquity of wars and the island nation's reliance on maritime trade enabled the use of privateers to great effect. England also suffered much from other nations' privateering. During the 15th century, the country "lacked an institutional structure and coordinated finance". When piracy became an increasing problem, merchant communities such as Bristol began to resort to self-help, arming and equipping ships at their own expense to protect commerce. The licensing of these privately owned merchant ships by the Crown enabled them to legitimately capture vessels that were deemed pirates. This constituted a "revolution in naval strategy" and helped fill the need for protection that the Crown was unable to provide. 397: 1105:), who presented a proposal for colonizing the island noting its strategic location "lying in the heart of the Indies & the mouth of the Spaniards". Elfrith was appointed admiral of the colony's military forces in 1631, remaining the overall military commander for over seven years. During this time, Elfrith served as a guide to other privateers and sea captains arriving in the Caribbean. Elfrith invited the well-known privateer Diego el Mulato to the island. Samuel Axe, one of the military leaders, also accepted letters of marque from the Dutch authorizing privateering. 1210:, 1,400 soldiers and 600 seamen, arriving on 19 May 1641. At first, Pimienta planned to attack the poorly defended east side, and the English rushed there to improvise defenses. With the winds against him, Pimienta changed plans and made for the main New Westminster harbor and launched his attack on 24 May. He held back his large ships to avoid damage, and used the pinnaces to attack the forts. The Spanish troops quickly gained control, and once the forts saw the Spanish flag flying over the governor's house, they began negotiations for surrender. 924: 572: 1796:

ultimately led to orders forbidding US privateers from attempting to bring their prizes in to port, with captured ships instead having to be burnt. Over 200 American privateer ships were captured by the Royal Navy, many of which were turned on their former owners and used by the British blockading forces. Nonetheless, during the War of 1812 the privateers "swept out from America's coasts, capturing and sinking as many as 2,500 British ships and doing approximately $ 40 million worth of damage to the British economy."

974:. Bermudian trade with the rebellious American colonies actually carried on throughout the war. Some historians credit the large number of Bermuda sloops (reckoned at over a thousand) built-in Bermuda as privateers and sold illegally to the Americans as enabling the rebellious colonies to win their independence. Also, the Americans were dependent on Turks salt, and one hundred barrels of gunpowder were stolen from a Bermudian magazine and supplied to the rebels as orchestrated by Colonel 1402: 1300: 1019: 6488: 479:, in which all major European powers stated that "Privateering is and remains abolished". The United States did not sign the Declaration over stronger language that protects all private property from capture at sea, but has not issued letters of marque in any subsequent conflicts. In the 19th century, many nations passed laws forbidding their nationals from accepting commissions as privateers for other nations. The last major power to flirt with privateering was 6500: 38: 1101:", the alternate name of the Islands of Bermuda) in 1625, discovered two islands off the coast of Nicaragua, 80 kilometres (50 mi) apart from each other. Camock stayed with 30 of his men to explore one of the islands, San Andrés, while Elfrith took the Warwicke back to Bermuda bringing news of Providence Island. Bermuda Governor Bell wrote on behalf of Elfrith to Sir Nathaniel Rich, a businessman and cousin of the Earl of Warwick (the namesake of 1049:, which reduced the Admiralty's reliance on privateers in the western Atlantic, and partly to successful American legal suits and claims for damages pressed against British privateers, a large portion of which were aimed squarely at the Bermudians. During the course of the War of 1812, Bermudian privateers captured 298 ships, some 19% of the 1,593 vessels captured by British naval and privateering vessels between the Great Lakes and the West Indies. 1171:], a ship very richly laden with silver, gold, diamonds, pearls, jewels, and many other precious commodities taken by him in virtue of a commission of the said Earl from the subjects of his Catholic Majesty ... to the infinite wrong and dishonour of his Catholic Majesty, to find himself thus injured and violated, and his subjects thus spoiled, robbed, impoverished and murdered in the highest time of peace, league and amity with your Majesty. 1833: 1457: 120:. The commission also dictated the expected nationality of potential prize ships under the terms of the war. At sea, the privateer captain was obliged to produce the commission to a potential prize ship's captain as evidence of the legitimacy of their prize claim. If the nationality of a prize was not the enemy of the commissioning sovereign, the privateer could not claim the ship as a prize. Doing so would be an act of piracy. 1443:, the Royal Navy was able to concentrate more on defending British ships. Britain lost 3,238 merchantmen, a smaller fraction of her merchant marine than the enemy losses of 3,434. While French losses were proportionally severe, the smaller but better protected Spanish trade suffered the least and it was Spanish privateers who enjoyed much of the best-allied plunder of British trade, particularly in the West Indies. 5382: 140:, a privateer's allegiance to Britain overrode any allegiance to a sovereign providing the commission. This helped bring privateers under the legal jurisdiction of their home country in the event the privateer turned pirate. Other European countries followed suit. The shift from treason to property also justified the criminalisation of traditional sea-raiding activities of people Europeans wished to colonise. 1902: 1231: 241:: "Yea, since the privateering stroke so easily degenerates into the piratical and the privateering trade is usually carried on with so un-Christian a temper and proves an inlet unto so much debauchery and iniquity and confusion, I believe I shall have good men concur with me in wishing that privateering may no more be practised except there may appear more hopeful circumstances to encourage it." 881:. By the middle of the 18th century, Bermuda was sending twice as many privateers to sea as any of the continental colonies. They typically left Bermuda with very large crews. This advantage in manpower was vital in overpowering the crews of larger vessels, which themselves often lacked sufficient crewmembers to put up a strong defence. The extra crewmen were also useful as 1708:

the United States to carry the same into effect, and to issue to private armed vessels of the United States commissions of marque and general reprisal, in such forms as he shall think proper, and under the seal of the United States, against the vessels, goods, and effects of the Government of the said United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the subjects thereof.

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back to England. The Spanish found gold, indigo, cochineal and six hundred black slaves on the island, worth a total of 500,000 ducats, some of the accumulated booty from the raids on Spanish ships. Rather than destroy the defenses, as instructed, Pimienta left a small garrison of 150 men to hold the island and prevent occupation by the Dutch. Later that year, Captain

939:, with their lucrative salt industry, from the late 17th century to the early 19th. The Bahamas made perpetual attempts to claim the Turks for itself. On several occasions, this involved seizing the vessels of Bermudian salt traders. A virtual state of war was said to exist between Bermudian and Bahamian vessels for much of the 18th century. When the Bermudian sloop 94:

authorized in the commission, including after its expiry. A privateer who continued raiding after the expiration of a commission or the signing of a peace treaty could face accusations of piracy. The risk of piracy and the emergence of the modern state system of centralised military control caused the decline of privateering by the end of the 19th century.

1189:, his Sergeant Major, in six small frigates and a galleon. The troops were landed on the island, and a fierce fight ensued. The Spanish were forced to withdraw when a gale blew up and threatened their ships. Carter had the Spanish prisoners executed. When the Puritan leaders protested against this brutality, Carter sent four of them home in chains. 1185:, Governor and Captain-General of Cartagena, resolved to remove the intolerable infestation of pirates on the island. Taking advantage of having infantry from Castile and Portugal wintering in his port, he dispatched six hundred armed Spaniards from the fleet and the presidio, and two hundred black and mulatto militiamen under the leadership of don 1007:), and in the Revolution they used their knowledge of Bermudians and of Bermuda, as well as their vessels, for the rebels' cause. In the 1777 Battle of Wreck Hill, brothers Charles and Francis Morgan, members of a large Bermudian enclave that had dominated Charleston, South Carolina and its environs since settlement, captaining two sloops (the 1767:, was possibly the most financially successful ship of the war. Privateers proved to be far more successful than their US Navy counterparts, claiming three-quarters of the 1600 British merchant ships taken during the war (although a third of these were recaptured prior to making landfall). One of the more successful of these ships was the 1082:, off the coast of Nicaragua. This colony was initially settled largely via Bermuda, with about eighty Bermudians moved to Providence in 1631. Although it was intended that the colony be used to grow cash crops, its location in the heart of the Spanish controlled territory ensured that it quickly became a base for privateering. 1388:. The corsairs included knights of the Order, native Maltese people, as well as foreigners. When they captured a ship, the goods were sold and the crew and passengers were ransomed or enslaved, and the Order took a percentage of the value of the booty. Corsairing remained common until the end of the 18th century. 1258:

conflict. As a consequence, Spain increased the issuing of privateering contracts. These contracts allowed an income option to the inhabitants of these colonies that were not related to the Spanish conquistadores. The most well-known privateer corsairs of the eighteenth century in the Spanish colonies were

1015:, respectively), carried out the only attack on Bermuda during the war. The target was a fort that guarded a little used passage through the encompassing reef line. After the soldiers manning the fort were forced to abandon it, they spiked its guns and fled themselves before reinforcements could arrive. 1148:

had come under the protection of the Providence Island Company. In 1635 a Spanish fleet raided Tortuga. 195 colonists were hung and 39 prisoners and 30 slaves were captured). The company could in turn issue letters of marque to subcontracting privateers who used the island as a base, for a fee. This

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The legal framework around authorised sea-raiding was considerably murkier outside of Europe. Unfamiliarity with local forms of authority created difficulty determining who was legitimately sovereign on land and at sea, whether to accept their authority, or whether the opposing parties were, in fact,

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have been compared to the privateers of by-gone days. These criminals hold computer systems hostage, demanding large payments from victims to restore access to their own computer systems and data. Furthermore, recent ransomware attacks on industries, including energy, food, and transportation, have

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When Spain issued a decree blocking foreign countries from trading, selling or buying merchandise in its Caribbean colonies, the entire region became engulfed in a power struggle among the naval superpowers. The newly independent United States later became involved in this scenario, complicating the

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to eliminate a pair of Bermudian privateering vessels that had been picking off vessels missed by the Royal Navy, returned frustrated, saying, "the Bermudians sailed their ships two feet for every one of ours". Around 10,000 Bermudians emigrated in the years prior to American independence, mostly to

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that war be and the same is hereby declared to exist between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the dependencies thereof, and the United States of America and their Territories; and that the President of the United States is herby authorized to use the whole land and naval force of

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The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, Volume 49 1779 account of capture of "Weymouth" Packet by privateer General Sullivan; the "Weymouth" was later recaptured by The Rawlinson and the Clarendon, of Liverpool recaptured off the Land's End; see Willams, Gomer "History of the Liverpool

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would often be issued to private shipping companies and other private owners of ships, authorizing them to engage vessels deemed to be unfriendly to the issuing government. Crews of ships were awarded the cargo and other prizes aboard any captured vessel as an incentive to search far and wide for

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On 25 May 1641, Pimienta formally took possession and celebrated mass in the church. The Spanish took sixty guns, and captured the 350 settlers who remained on the island – others had escaped to the Mosquito Coast. They took the prisoners to Cartagena. The women and children were given a passage

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In Europe, the practice of authorising sea-raiding dated to at least the 13th century but the word 'privateer' was coined sometime in the mid-17th century. Seamen who served on naval vessels were paid wages and given victuals, whereas mariners on merchantmen and privateers received a share of the

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communities of slave-raiders. The sultans created a carefully spun web of marital and political alliances in an attempt to control unauthorised raiding that would provoke war against them. In Malay political systems, the legitimacy and strength of their Sultan's management of trade determined the

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Privateering allowed sovereigns to raise revenue for war by mobilizing privately owned armed ships and sailors to supplement state power. For participants, privateering provided the potential for a greater income and profit than obtainable as a merchant seafarer or fisher. However, this incentive

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restarted privateering and even removed the need for a sovereign's percentage as an incentive. Sovereigns continued to license British privateers throughout the century, although there were a number of unilateral and bilateral declarations limiting privateering between 1785 and 1823. This helped

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Entrepreneurs converted many different types of vessels into privateers, including obsolete warships and refitted merchant ships. The investors would arm the vessels and recruit large crews, much larger than a merchantman or a naval vessel would carry, in order to crew the prizes they captured.

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However, many of the ships captured by the Americans were recaptured by the Royal Navy. British convoy systems honed during the Napoleonic Wars limited losses to singleton ships, and the effective blockade of American and continental ports prevented captured ships being taken in for sale. This

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Privateers were implicated in piracy for a number of complex reasons. For colonial authorities, successful privateers were skilled seafarers who brought in much-needed revenue, especially in newly settled colonial outposts. These skills and benefits often caused local authorities to overlook a

82:, during wartime. The commission empowered the holder to carry on all forms of hostility permissible at sea by the usages of war. This included attacking foreign vessels and taking them as prizes and taking crews prisoner for exchange. Captured ships were subject to condemnation and sale under 1742:'s 1813-1815 activities at one and a half million dollars. In total, the Baltimore privateer fleet of 122 ships sunk or seized 500 British ships with an estimated value of $ 16 million, which accounts about one-third of all the value of all prizes taken over the course of the whole war. 2626:. The Warwick Excavation is a National Museum of Bermuda (NMB) project in partnership with Texas A&M and the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA), in association with The Global Exploration and Oceanographic Society (G-EOS) and Department of Archaeology at the University of Southampton 1247: 93:

The commission usually protected privateers from accusations of piracy, but in practice the historical legality and status of privateers could be vague. Depending on the specific sovereign and the time period, commissions might be issued hastily; privateers might take actions beyond what was

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Most of the supplies brought into the Confederacy were carried aboard privately owned vessels. When word came about that the Confederacy was willing to pay almost any price for military supplies, various interested parties designed and built specially designed lightweight seagoing steamers,

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was a successful privateer. Operating out of Jamaica, he carried on a war against Spanish interests in the region, often using cunning tactics. His operation was prone to cruelty against those he captured, including torture to gain information about booty, and in one case using priests as

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who abandoned his work as a shoemaker to work as a privateer. Such was the success of Enríquez, that he became one of the wealthiest men in the New World. His fleet was composed of approx. 300 different ships during a career that spanned 35 years, becoming a military asset and reportedly

1218:, who had been chosen to succeed Captain Butler as governor, arrived with a large group of dissatisfied settlers from New England. He found the Spanish occupying the islands, and sailed away. Pimienta's decision to occupy the island was approved in 1643 and he was made a knight of the 841:, which was well suited both to commerce and to commerce raiding. Bermudian merchant vessels turned to privateering at every opportunity in the 18th century, preying on the shipping of Spain, France, and other nations during a series of wars, including the 1688 to 1697 1324:(French: corsaire) were privateers, authorized to conduct raids on shipping of a nation at war with France, on behalf of the French Crown. Seized vessels and cargo were sold at auction, with the corsair captain entitled to a portion of the proceeds. Although not 828:

in the 15th century). Many Bermudians were employed as crew aboard privateers throughout the century, although the colony was primarily devoted to farming cash crops until turning from its failed agricultural economy to the sea after the 1684 dissolution of the

1683:, Spain, and the Netherlands seized approximately 2,500 American ships. Payments in ransom and tribute to the Barbary states amounted to 20% of United States government annual revenues in 1800 and would lead the United States to fight the Barbary states in the 1042:, they seized the vessel and sailed it back to Bermuda. One-hundred and thirty prizes were brought to Bermuda in the year between 4th day of April 1782 and the 4th day of April 1783 alone, including three by Royal Naval vessels and the remainder by privateers. 1178:, formerly Governor of Bermuda, was the last full governor of Providence Island, replacing Robert Hunt in 1638. Butler returned to England in 1640, satisfied that the fortifications were adequate, deputizing the governorship to Captain Andrew Carter. 487:, when Prussia announced the creation of a 'volunteer navy' of ships privately-owned and -manned, but eligible for prize money. (Prussia argued that the Declaration did not forbid such a force, because the ships were subject to naval discipline.) 4045:

English Privateering Voyages to the West Indies, 1588–1595: Documents relating to English voyages to the West Indies, from the defeat of the Armada to the last voyage of Sir Francis Drake, including Spanish documents contributed by Irene A.

631:, who had close contact with the sovereign, was responsible for some damage to Spanish shipping, as well as attacks on Spanish settlements in the Americas in the 16th century. He participated in the successful English defence against the 444:, captured 1,500 English merchant ships, helping to restore Dutch international trade. British trade, whether coastal, Atlantic, or Mediterranean, was also attacked by Dutch privateers and others in the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch wars. 3965: 2320:

Faithful warnings to prevent fearful judgments. Uttered in a brief discourse, occasioned, by a tragical spectacle, in a number of miserables under a sentence of death for piracy. At Boston in N.E. Jun. 22. 1704.: [Five lines of

664:. He arrived in Puerto Rico on June 15, 1598, but by November of that year, Clifford and his men had fled the island due to fierce civilian resistance. He gained sufficient prestige from his naval exploits to be named the official 990:

authorised the sale of supplies to Bermuda, which was dependent on American produce. The realities of this interdependence did nothing to dampen the enthusiasm with which Bermudian privateers turned on their erstwhile countrymen.

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in order to receive full pardons for their previous crimes. Jackson formally requested clemency for Lafitte and the men who had served under him, and the US government granted them all a full pardon on February 6, 1815.

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in the attack on the Spanish fleet at Cadiz and participated in England's defeat of the Spanish Armada. During the war with Spain, Newport seized fortunes of Spanish and Portuguese treasure in fierce sea battles in the

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operated with a style of patriotic-religious authority that Europeans, and later Americans, found difficult to understand and accept. It did not help that many European privateers happily accepted commissions from the

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was a chief privateering port for the American colonies, leading to the British Navy blockading it in 1778–1779. Chief financiers of privateering included Thomas & Nathaniel Shaw of New London and John McCurdy of

916:, and sent him at the head of a force to reclaim the settlement. Before his arrival, however, the pirates had been forced to surrender by a force of Bermudian privateers who had been issued letters of marque by the 539:

England continued to rely on private ships-of-war to attack Iberian shipping because the Queen had insufficient finance to fund this herself. After the war ended many unemployed English privateers turned to piracy.

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allowed her to officially distance herself from their raiding activities while enjoying the gold gained from these raids. English ships cruised in the Caribbean and off the coast of Spain, trying to intercept

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Privateering commissions were easy to obtain during wartime but when the war ended and sovereigns recalled the privateers, many refused to give up the lucrative business and turned to piracy. Boston minister

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the American colonies. Many Bermudians occupied prominent positions in American seaports, from where they continued their maritime trades (Bermudian merchants controlled much of the trade through ports like

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Privateers generally cruised independently, but it was not unknown for them to form squadrons, or to co-operate with the regular navy. A number of privateers were part of the English fleet that opposed the

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for piracy began to shift the legal framework of piracy away from treason towards crime against property. As a result, privateering commissions became a matter of national discretion. By the passing of the

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to destroy Spanish trade, and capture Spanish Merchant vessels. The private armed vessels came largely from the United States. Seamen from Britain, the United States, and France often manned these ships.

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was another privateer who served the Dutch against the Spanish. While their and others' attacks brought home a great deal of money, they hardly dented the flow of gold and silver from Mexico to Spain.

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takings. Privateering thus offered otherwise working-class enterprises (merchant ships) with the chance at substantial wealth (prize money from captures). The opportunity mobilized local seamen as

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History of the American privateers, and letters-of-marque during our war with England in the years 1812, '13 and '14 interspersed with several naval battles between American and British ships of war

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soon became an important source of profit. Thus the company made an agreement with the merchant Maurice Thompson under which Thompson could use the island as a base in return for 20% of the booty.

947:, was to issue letters of marque to Bermudian vessels. In 1706, Spanish and French forces ousted the Bermudians but were driven out themselves three years later by the Bermudian privateer Captain 1160:

to assume the governorship of what was now viewed as a base for privateering. Depredations continued, leading to growing tension between England and Spain, which were still technically at peace.

86:, with the proceeds divided by percentage between the privateer's sponsors, shipowners, captains and crew. A percentage share usually went to the issuer of the commission (i.e. the sovereign). 833:(a spin-off of the Virginia Company which had overseen the colony since 1615). With a total area of 54 square kilometres (21 sq mi) and lacking any natural resources other than the 1587:, and some state governments (on their own initiative), issued privateering licenses, authorizing "legal piracy", to merchant captains in an effort to take prizes from the British Navy and 1328:

personnel, corsairs were considered legitimate combatants in France (and allied nations), provided the commanding officer of the vessel was in possession of a valid Letter of Marque (fr.

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History of the second war between the United States of America and Great Britain: declared by act of Congress, the 18th of June, 1812, and concluded by peace, the 15th of February, 1815

1125: 1759:, due to the construction there of a number of privateers. This was the greatest financial loss of the entire War of 1812 suffered by the Americans. However, the private fleet of 3259: 1612:

About 55,000 American seamen served aboard the privateers. They quickly sold their prizes, dividing their profits with the financier (persons or company) and the state (colony).

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was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early 19th century all merchant ships carried arms. A sovereign or delegated authority issued commissions, also referred to as

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issued letters of marque to anyone who would employ their ship to either attack Union shipping or bring badly needed supplies through the Union blockade into southern ports.

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to prey upon English and Portuguese shipping in 1485; the letters in due course were reissued to the son. Barton was killed following an encounter with the English in 1511.

510:(1558–1603), she "encouraged the development of this supplementary navy". Over the course of her rule, the increase of Spanish prosperity through their explorations in the 1186: 116:. It usually limited activity to one particular ship, and specified officers, for a specified period of time. Typically, the owners or captain would be required to post a 2876: 1719:

authorizing privateers. Overall some 200 of the ships took prizes. The cost of buying and fitting of a large privateer was about $ 40,000 and prizes could net $ 100,000.

873:), this conflict was devastating for the colony's merchant fleet. Fifteen privateers operated from Bermuda during the war, but losses exceeded captures; the 1775 to 1783 348:

in 1588. Privateers generally avoided encounters with warships, as such encounters would be at best unprofitable. Still, such encounters did occur. For instance, in 1815

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The War of 1812 saw an encore of Bermudian privateering, which had died out after the 1790s. The decline of Bermudian privateering was due partly to the buildup of the

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Despite strong sentiments in support of the rebels, especially in the early stages, Bermudian privateers turned as aggressively on American shipping during the

5434: 1034:, they discovered that virtually all of her crew were black slaves. Authorities in Boston offered these men their freedom, but all 70 elected to be treated as 1128:

and engineer Juan de Somovilla Texada to destroy the colony. The Spanish were repelled and forced to retreat "in haste and disorder". After the attack, King

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in what is regarded as the largest prize taken by any American privateer during the war. Retribution was likely part of Gov. Clinton's (NY) motivation for

3177: 729:, the governor of Jamaica. He took an enormous amount of booty, as well as landing his privateers ashore and attacking land fortifications, including the 436:, English privateers attacked the trade on which the United Provinces entirely depended, capturing over 1,000 Dutch merchant ships. During the subsequent 966:. The importance of privateering to the Bermudian economy had been increased not only by the loss of most of Bermuda's continental trade but also by the 1634: 671: 4033:

Wold, Atle L. (2020) "After the Closure of the Ports in 1799." in Privateering and Diplomacy, 1793–1807. (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 213–228.

2657:"Cedar on the reef: archaeological and historical assessments of the Eighteenth-Century Bermuda Sloop, exemplified by the wreck of the Hunter Galley" 1763:, which sailed under the flag of the American government in 1812, was most likely a key factor in the naval campaign of the war. De Wolf's ship, the 1598: 948: 4026:

van Nieuwenhuize, Hielke. (2017) "Prize law, international diplomacy and the treatment of foreign prizes in the seventeenth century: a case study."

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reputation, the word "corsair" is also used generically as a more romantic or flamboyant way of referring to privateers, or even to pirates. The

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Ross, Nicholas (2011) "The Provision of Naval Defense in the Early American Republic: A Comparison of the U.S. Navy and Privateers, 1789–1815."

2777:"Tidewater Triumph: The Development and Worldwide Success of the Chesapeake Bay Pilot Schooner", by Geoffrey Footner. Schiffer Publishing. 1998. 4005:

Rommelse, Gijs. "Privateering as a language of international politics: English and French privateering against the Dutch Republic, 1655–1665."

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to grant letters of marque and reprisal. Between the end of the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, less than 30 years, Britain, France,

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Colás, A. (2016). "Barbary Coast in the expansion of international society: Piracy, privateering, and corsairing as primary institutions."

804:), settled accidentally in 1609, was used as a base for English privateers from the time it officially became part of the territory of the 361:, herself a former American privateer, mistaking her for a merchantman until too late; in this instance, however, the privateer prevailed. 2318: 514:

and the discovery of gold contributed to the deterioration of Anglo-Spanish relations. Elizabeth's authorisation of sea-raiders (known as

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Espersen, Ryan. (2019) "Fifty Shades of Trade: Privateering, Piracy, and Illegal Slave Trading in St. Thomas, Early Nineteenth Century."

1591:(Loyalist) privateers. This was done due to the relatively small number of commissioned American naval vessels and the pressing need for 3269: 2619: 6401: 3683: 3341: 1877: 1853: 1263: 888:

The Bahamas, which had been depopulated of its indigenous inhabitants by the Spanish, had been settled by England, beginning with the

5784: 3241: 1703:, both the British and the American governments used privateers, and the established system was very similar. U.S. Congress declared 668:

of Queen Elizabeth I. Clifford became extremely wealthy through his buccaneering but lost most of his money gambling on horse races.

6411: 1738:. He captured over 50 British merchant ships during the war. One source estimated a total damage to the British merchant navy from 3287: 5900: 643: 380:, French privateers became a menace to British and American shipping in the western Atlantic and the Caribbean, resulting in the 2126:

Craze, Sarah (2016). "Prosecuting Privateers for Piracy: How Piracy Law Transitioned from Treason to a Crime against Property".

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led more attacks on Spanish shipping and settlements than any other English privateer. As a young man, Newport sailed with Sir

5986: 3893: 3848: 3821: 3774: 1914: 1661: 6312: 4352: 2341: 1660:. American privateers not only fought naval battles but also raided numerous communities in British colonies, such as the 5225: 4455: 4250: 2993: 730: 2887: 2198:. The International Library of Essays on Military History. Hants, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 145–168. 1529: 1079: 5454: 5255: 3922:

Alberto, Edite Maria Conceição Martins. (2019) "A Pious Business: the ransoming of captives in Early Modern Portugal."

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Haggerty, Sheryllynne. (2018) "Risk, networks and privateering in Liverpool during the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763."

3431: 3187: 2946: 2837: 2254: 2220: 2107: 1548: 928: 878: 536: 3869: 1486: 6338: 6160: 5464: 4852: 4450: 4392: 1432:, to attack English and Dutch shipping. England lost roughly 4,000 merchant ships during the war. In the following 955:, attacked a Spanish and a French privateer holding a captive English vessel. Defeating the two enemy vessels, the 927:

Bermuda Gazette of 12 November 1796, calling for privateering against Spain and its allies during the 1796 to 1808

809: 384:, a brief conflict between France and the United States, fought largely at sea, and to the Royal Navy's procuring 194:

for a spare ship so the two could continue raiding Spanish cities under a guise of legitimacy. New York Governors

6442: 4414: 4397: 2027: 1508: 1287:, something unheard of due to his ethnic and social background. One of the most famous privateers from Spain was 3957:. (Research in maritime history, no. 11. St. John's, Nfld: International Maritime Economic History Association). 3670: 2643: 601:

in 1707. It was a way to gain for themselves some of the wealth the Spanish and Portuguese were taking from the

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of huge ransoms from large companies, hospitals and city governments with little or no chance of being caught.

1588: 1482: 1193: 858: 745: 472: 315: 5230: 2600:. Center for Digital Antiquity, a collaborative organization and university Center at Arizona State University 2593: 1259: 1250: 253: 206:, to whom Fletcher had granted commissions to sail against the French, but who ignored his commission to raid 6539: 6239: 5877: 5711: 5706: 5583: 5575: 5544: 5235: 4937: 1817: 1672: 1046: 617: 6125: 6006: 5200: 4376: 4339: 4140: 1649: 1515: 963: 908:, and it became a thorn in the side of British merchant trade through the area. In 1718, Britain appointed 874: 556: 432:

Privateers were a large part of the total military force at sea during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the

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for piracy. He had been unable to produce the papers of the prizes he had captured to prove his innocence.

5599: 1108:

The Spanish did not hear of the Providence Island colony until 1635 when they captured some Englishmen in

6534: 5768: 5414: 5007: 2194:(2005). "A Frugal Prudential and Hopeful Trade': Privateering in Jamaica, 1644–89". In Glete, Jan (ed.). 2068: 2021: 1812:

authorized use of privateers. However, the US did offer to adopt the terms of the Declaration during the

1136:

to the Providence Island Company on 21 December 1635 authorizing raids on the Spanish in retaliation for

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American privateers are thought to have seized up to 300 British ships during the war. The British ship

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Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic.

1668: 1580: 1562: 1478: 1440: 1000: 741: 373: 28: 17: 2543: 1497: 1199: 1167:

understands that there is lately brought in at the Isle of Wight by one, Captain James Reskinner [

967: 605:

before beginning their own trans-Atlantic settlement, and a way to assert naval power before a strong

6181: 5913: 5890: 5591: 5489: 5404: 5399: 4797: 4132: 2063: 1433: 1380:, although the practice had begun earlier. Corsairs sailed on privately owned ships on behalf of the 769: 656: 651: 613: 552: 4757: 2969:

The Prince of Privateers: Bridger Goodrich and His Family in America, Bermuda and Britain: 1775–1825

1288: 1235: 6437: 5885: 5793: 5774: 5724: 5638: 5220: 4362: 2053: 1653: 1602: 1467: 1340:. By acting on behalf of the French Crown, if captured by the enemy, they could claim treatment as 1207: 1073: 700: 598: 500: 437: 413: 191: 124: 5744: 3720: 6462: 6447: 6344: 5801: 5734: 5484: 5459: 5419: 5316: 5022: 4347: 3791: 3209: 2952: 2776: 1985: 1733: 1621: 1471: 1406: 1137: 1102: 913: 817: 704: 350: 74:

is a private person or vessel which engages in maritime warfare under a commission of war. Since

63: 4867: 4612: 3948: 3384: 1906: 6529: 6224: 6167: 5764: 5701: 5529: 5474: 5429: 5424: 5394: 5205: 3805: 2913: 2512: 2042: 1411: 1153: 889: 854: 528: 507: 401: 396: 355: 222: 3809: 1726:

was one of the famous and successful American privateers. He commanded the Baltimore schooner

1629:. In the months before the British raid on New London and Groton, a New London privateer took 820:

is named (the Warwick name had long been associated with commerce raiding, as exampled by the

6317: 6307: 6202: 5941: 5607: 5519: 5504: 5245: 4997: 4957: 4927: 4872: 4862: 4672: 4632: 4445: 4265: 4235: 4210: 4108: 3838: 2016: 1932: 1841: 1821: 1788: 1424:, approximately 36,000 Americans served aboard privateers at one time or another. During the 870: 846: 825: 661: 621: 456: 445: 433: 50: 3647:, Chapter 14, George Perkovich and Ariel E. Levite, Eds., Georgetown University Press, 2017. 3345: 2853: 695:

as a privateer for Queen Elizabeth I. He lost an arm whilst capturing a Spanish ship during

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while privateering, in general, occurred in the interests of both the North and the South.

1805: 1769: 1727: 1584: 1421: 1276: 1239: 1129: 987: 862: 830: 548: 515: 476: 460: 422: 283: 238: 4882: 4752: 1384:

of the Order, and were authorized to attack Muslim ships, usually merchant ships from the

8: 6524: 6256: 6101: 6011: 5859: 5633: 5534: 5344: 4617: 4505: 4404: 4203: 3716:

Varias relaciones del Perú y Chile: y conquista de la isla de Santa Catalina, 1535 á 1658

3360: 2914:"A list of 130 prizes (ships) captured and brought into the port of Bermuda between 4..." 2249:. Lebanon, New Hampshire: ForeEdge from University Press of New England. pp. 44–46. 1896: 1617: 1377: 1182: 1121: 917: 905: 866: 850: 683: 665: 590: 484: 259: 4592: 4510: 4480: 3868:. Asociación para el Fomento de los Estudios Históricos en Centroamérica. Archived from 3714: 2686:

In the Eye of All Trade: Bermuda, Bermudians, and the Maritime Atlantic World, 1680–1783

1109: 6416: 6406: 6373: 6118: 6026: 5981: 5971: 5864: 5828: 5819: 5749: 5686: 5620: 5499: 5449: 5439: 4967: 4952: 4817: 4802: 4722: 4662: 4627: 3979:

Prize and Prejudice: Privateering and Naval Prize in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812

3761: 3744:

Dyer, Brainerd (1934). "Confederate Naval and Privateering Activities in the Pacific".

3596: 3579:

Dyer, Brainerd (1934). "Confederate Naval and Privateering Activities in the Pacific".

2371: 2143: 2096: 1865: 1849: 1813: 1688: 1652:

and turned into an American privateer, only to be captured again by the British in the

1522: 1428:, the French adopted a policy of strongly encouraging privateers, including the famous 1203: 1117: 842: 837:, the colonists applied themselves fully to the maritime trades, developing the speedy 594: 586: 560:

establish the privateer's persona as heroic patriots. British privateers last appeared

544: 496: 5037: 3955:

Prize and Prejudice Privateering and Naval Prize in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812

3903:

Wagner, Scott D. (2018). "Why there was no privateering in the Spanish-American War".

2411: 1003:, and Bermudian shipbuilders influenced the development of American vessels, like the 943:

was seized by the Bahamians in 1701, the response of the Governor of Bermuda, Captain

6351: 6286: 6146: 6086: 6081: 5976: 5931: 5836: 5729: 5716: 5673: 5514: 5337: 5162: 5157: 5137: 4977: 4917: 4832: 4767: 4587: 4082: 4060: 3889: 3844: 3817: 3795: 3498: 3475: 3465: 3395: 3264: 2972: 2942: 2833: 2779: 2704: 2375: 2250: 2216: 2147: 2103: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1857: 1684: 1626: 1613: 1592: 1284: 1219: 1133: 1113: 1078:

Bermudians were also involved in privateering from the short-lived English colony on

1004: 983: 979: 923: 897: 765: 757: 737: 377: 199: 187: 1824:

to sea before putting their main effort in the more effective commissioned raiders.

620:, followed the example of his father, who had been issued with letters of marque by 448:

was a brilliantly successful Dutch privateer who captured a Spanish treasure fleet.

440:, Spanish and Flemish privateers in the service of the Spanish Crown, including the 6467: 6266: 6188: 6174: 6061: 6041: 5936: 5779: 5739: 5557: 5539: 5494: 5351: 5323: 5281: 5127: 5112: 5077: 5062: 5042: 5027: 4962: 4932: 4892: 4777: 4742: 4727: 4312: 4220: 4101: 3753: 3588: 2363: 2135: 2011: 1952: 1927: 1716: 1365: 1341: 1175: 1168: 779: 676: 365: 299: 166: 117: 79: 44: 1861:

ships attempting to supply the Confederacy, or aid the Union, as the case may be.

571: 6503: 6457: 6421: 6396: 6219: 6139: 6132: 6051: 6046: 6016: 6001: 5966: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5797: 5302: 5142: 5097: 5092: 5072: 4947: 4922: 4897: 4577: 4572: 4525: 4495: 4322: 4240: 4198: 4183: 2656: 2567: 2367: 2293: 2244: 2210: 2037: 1887:

Neither the United States nor Spain authorized privateers in their war in 1898.

1869: 1774: 1316: 1280: 1145: 1141: 1035: 813: 749: 726: 725:. Despite reproaches for some of his excesses, he was generally protected by Sir 565: 449: 145: 137: 56: 4837: 3182: 6036: 5625: 5250: 5132: 5057: 5032: 4992: 4707: 4667: 4622: 4567: 4562: 4245: 4165: 4160: 4155: 3657: 2191: 2001: 1991: 1881: 1784: 1680: 1425: 1385: 1353: 1349: 1086: 1057: 1053: 901: 805: 636: 632: 523: 426: 409: 345: 293: 287: 273: 131:. By the late 17th century, the prosecution of privateers loyal to the usurped 59: 6031: 3626:

Scott D. Wagner, "Why there was no privateering in the Spanish-American War."

3479: 3413: 3087: 3001: 1163:

On 11 July 1640, the Spanish Ambassador in London complained again, saying he

6518: 6492: 6276: 5996: 5991: 5951: 5260: 5215: 5195: 5167: 5052: 5002: 4982: 4902: 4747: 4702: 4657: 4552: 4475: 4440: 4292: 3399: 2139: 2073: 1760: 1749: 1712: 1620:(1775–1783), as most transports to and from New York went through the Sound. 1574: 1345: 1337: 1090: 1052:

Among the better known (native-born and immigrant) Bermudian privateers were

1023: 995: 936: 909: 838: 834: 753: 709: 687: 628: 575: 519: 459:

proceeded, privateering became increasingly incompatible with modern states'

385: 325: 305: 234: 207: 195: 132: 41: 3986:

Sir Francis Drake: Privateering Sea Captain and Circumnavigator of the Globe

3502: 2939:

The Andrew and the Onions: The Story Of The Royal Navy In Bermuda, 1795–1975

2468:

The Making of the Elizabethan Navy, 1540–1590: From the Solent to the Armada

2453:

The Making of the Elizabethan Navy, 1540–1590: From the Solent to the Armada

2438:

The Making of the Elizabethan Navy, 1540–1590: From the Solent to the Armada

2394:

The Making of the Elizabethan Navy, 1540–1590: From the Solent to the Armada

2102:. New Jersey, United States: Princeton University Press. pp. 310/3153. 1336:), and the officers and crew conducted themselves according to contemporary 1018: 6356: 6281: 6071: 6021: 5961: 5956: 5946: 5552: 5479: 5358: 5309: 5295: 5210: 5172: 5147: 5102: 5087: 5067: 4987: 4887: 4877: 4827: 4822: 4812: 4792: 4782: 4697: 4557: 4465: 4357: 4272: 4225: 1780: 1723: 1410:, one of the most famous American privateers of the War of 1812, capturing 821: 775: 722: 717: 532: 429:

limited the ability of a nation to fund a professional navy via taxation.

263: 218: 5017: 4075:

Andrew Sherburne's Experiences on a Privateer During the Revolutionary War

3439: 1401: 1299: 6271: 6246: 6234: 6096: 5082: 5012: 4807: 4787: 4737: 4652: 4642: 4419: 2006: 1940: 1936: 1700: 1657: 1606: 1325: 971: 959:

then cleared out the thirty-man garrison left by the Spanish and French.

785: 761: 692: 468: 269: 202:

were removed from office in part for their dealings with pirates such as

183: 170: 83: 4074: 2246:

The Politics of Piracy: Crime and Civil Disobedience in Colonial America

249:

Privateers who were considered legitimate by their governments include:

6368: 6302: 6066: 5926: 5846: 5789: 5509: 5190: 5152: 5117: 4912: 4732: 4712: 4682: 4677: 4637: 4582: 4520: 4500: 4485: 4297: 4255: 3765: 3600: 3214:. Instituto Nacional de los Espacios Acuáticos e Insulares. p. 87. 2815:

Bermuda From Sail To Steam: The History Of The Island From 1784 to 1901

2708: 2354:

Rodger, N.A.M (2014). "The law and language of private naval warfare".

1944: 1206:, and sailed from Cartagena to Providence with seven large ships, four 1061: 882: 606: 441: 203: 182:

privateer's shift into piracy when a war ended. The French Governor of

37: 4056:

Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents

3316: 2721:

Cooke, Bill (2002). "Foreign Interlopers at Bermuda's Turks Islands".

699:

in 1590, but despite this, he continued on privateering, successfully

635:

in 1588, though he was also partly responsible for the failure of the

178:

extent he exerted control over the sea-raiding of his coastal people.

127:, piracy, or raiding a ship without a valid commission, was an act of 6251: 5330: 4942: 4847: 4717: 4687: 4215: 4079: 4055: 3671:

What you need to know about ransomware and the future of cyberattacks

2032: 1996: 1956: 1832: 1773:, which once captured nine British prizes in swift succession in the 1429: 647: 602: 579: 511: 381: 331: 103: 3757: 3592: 2530:

Privateering, Piracy and British Policy in Spanish America 1810–1830

1456: 1436:, privateer attacks continued, Britain losing 3,250 merchant ships. 6229: 6076: 6056: 5921: 4907: 4857: 4762: 4647: 4230: 3866:"La cartografía colonial de Centroamérica y el topónimo 'mosquito'" 3361:"The Middle East and the Making of the United States, 1776 to 1815" 3211:

La defensa marítima en la Capitanía General de Venezuela, 1783–1813

2058: 893: 784:. The latter schooner captured over 50 American vessels during the 551:, who did not permit privateering. Desperate to fund the expensive 158: 90:

increased the risk of privateers turning to piracy when war ended.

3712: 3304:

The Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688–1783.

3093: 1246: 5365: 4972: 4307: 4287: 2048: 1948: 1372:) was an important aspect of Malta's economy when the island was 1344:, instead of being considered pirates. Because corsairs gained a 1271: 797: 480: 464: 405: 369: 319: 309: 226: 211: 154: 128: 3317:"Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War" 2644:"Cedar on the Reef", ScholarShip. East Carolina University (PDF) 6363: 6261: 5240: 5122: 4607: 4302: 4277: 4124: 3810:"A Puritan Colony in the Tropics: Providence Island, 1630–1641" 3432:"12 at Midnight; the Hibernia attempting to run the Comet down" 1757:

attacked Essex, Connecticut, and burned the ships in the harbor

1676: 593:

practiced privateering both separately and together after they

174: 113: 107: 75: 5381: 1901: 1230: 6091: 5107: 5047: 4490: 4317: 3227:"The Maltese Corsairs and the Order of St. John of Jerusalem" 2202: 1198:

The Spanish acted decisively to avenge their defeat. General

931:, and with advertisements for crew for two privateer vessels. 646:, was a successful privateer against Spanish shipping in the 162: 3931:

British Privateering Voyages of the Early Eighteenth Century

3414:"Annals of Congress Home Page: U.S. Congressional Documents" 3075: 2941:. Mangrove Bay, Bermuda: The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. 2387: 2385: 1913:

Warships were recruited by the insurgent governments during

34:

Person or ship engaging in maritime warfare under commission

4692: 3130: 3128: 3126: 2879:

Maritime Masters and Seafaring Slaves in Bermuda, 1680–1783

2744:. City of Hamilton, Pembroke Parish, Bermuda: The Bermudian 1745: 1616:

became a hornets' nest of privateering activity during the

994:

An American naval captain, ordered to take his ship out of

3492: 1804:

The US was not one of the initial signatories of the 1856

4093: 3099: 2382: 2295:

History of the State of Rhode Island, Volume I: 1636–1700

1947:

are now the fastest-growing crimes in the United States.

1880:

specifically designed and built to outrun Union ships on

190:

blank privateering commissions, which Grogniet traded to

150: 97: 3840:

Buccaneers of the Caribbean: How Piracy Forged an Empire

3814:

Settlements in the Americas: Cross-Cultural Perspectives

3684:

Protect against the Fastest-Growing Crime: Cyber Attacks

3152: 3123: 3063: 3027: 1939:– possibly with the country's knowledge and approval. 3288:

Privateering and the Private Production of Naval Power

3175: 3140: 2723:

Maritimes: The Magazine of the Bermuda Maritime Museum

543:

Elizabeth was succeeded by the first Stuart monarchs,

3111: 3051: 3039: 2281:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 675:

An action between an English ship and vessels of the

471:, and tight controls on naval armaments led to fewer 112:

The commission was the proof the privateer was not a

4080:

Commerce Raiding: Historical Case Studies, 1755–2009

3658:

Ransomware: Should paying hacker ransoms be illegal?

1030:

When the Americans captured the Bermudian privateer

4089:

Privateers and Letters of Marque: With an Account …

3382: 2121: 2119: 970:, which forbade Bermudian vessels from fishing the 3459: 2854:"1777: The US Navy & The Battle Of Wreck Hill" 2736:Shorto, Lieutenant-Colonel A. Gavin (2018-04-05). 2688:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2095: 1279:. Enríquez was knighted and received the title of 1089:, while on a privateering expedition with Captain 3015: 2514:A Nation of Pirates: English Piracy in its Heyday 824:, thought to have been taken from the Spanish by 6516: 4000:Captain Christopher Newport: Admiral of Virginia 3974:(Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press). 2015. 3645:Understanding Cyber Conflict: Fourteen Analogies 2116: 1732:and then later in the war the Baltimore clipper 578:' men search Spanish ladies for their jewels in 400:16th-century trade routes prey to privateering: 3945:New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 1569:Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War 173:) held only a tenuous authority over the local 3394:. Vol. XI, no. 3. pp. 565–577. 3385:"The Rise, Fall, and Rise Again of Privateers" 1852:privateering took on several forms, including 1641:had carried many of his most cherished items. 217:Some privateers faced prosecution for piracy. 62:in October 1800, as depicted in a painting by 4109: 2679: 2677: 2128:The International Journal of Maritime History 1446: 1152:In March 1636 the Company dispatched Captain 6154:Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island 3283: 3281: 3279: 3207: 2620:"1619: Unrecoverably lost in Castle Harbour" 2544:"The Legendary Captain Morgan Raids Panama!" 2279:Captain Kidd and the War against the Pirates 1799: 1138:a raid that had destroyed the English colony 3171: 3169: 3167: 2917:National Archives of the British Government 2795:Jarvis, Michael (June 2001). "The Exodus". 1485:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1238:was one of the most famous corsairs of the 1067: 4116: 4102: 4021:Battle for the Bay: The Naval War of 1812. 3713:"Conquista de la Isla de Santa Catalina". 3697:How Bitcoin Has Fueled Ransomware Attacks. 3641:Cybersecurity and the Age of Privateering. 2911: 2808: 2806: 2674: 2591: 1396: 1356:were sometimes called "Turkish corsairs". 808:in 1612, especially by ships belonging to 760:. Notable British colonial privateers in 5785:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law 3962:International Journal of Maritime History 3804: 3790: 3276: 3158: 3081: 2936: 2500:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Pr3ess. 1905:"Corsario" (Privateer) by Mexican artist 1549:Learn how and when to remove this message 1303:Advertising for the auction of the prize 1225: 736:Other British privateers of note include 475:. Privateering continued until the 1856 6412:List of ships attacked by Somali pirates 3843:. Harvard University Press. p. 84. 3772: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3306:New York.: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. p. 197 3257: 3164: 3146: 3105: 2842:– via The Bermuda Maritime Museum. 2761: 2699:Kennedy, Sister Jean de Chantal (1963), 2598:tDAR (the Digital Archaeological Record) 2594:"The Wreck of the Warwick, Bermuda 1619" 2527: 2517:. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles. 2485:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2190: 2180:. California: Stanford University Press. 2165:. Singapore: Singapore University Press. 1900: 1831: 1744: 1597: 1400: 1307:, brig captured by the French privateer 1298: 1245: 1229: 1038:. Sent as such to New York on the sloop 1017: 922: 670: 570: 395: 36: 4023:(Fredericton, NB: Goose Lane Editions). 3836: 3734: 3134: 3117: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 2966: 2803: 2698: 2655:Southerly, James Christopher Welliver. 2498:Trade, Plunder and Settlement 1480-1630 2495: 2483:Trade, Plunder and Settlement 1480-1630 2480: 2405: 2403: 2276: 2242: 2215:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 2093: 935:Bermuda was in de facto control of the 900:. Spanish and French attacks destroyed 644:George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland 237:lamented after the execution of pirate 14: 6517: 3993:Power, Law and the End of Privateering 3905:International Journal of Naval History 3902: 3779:. Harvard University Press. p. 46 3773:Hamshere, Cyril (1972). "Providence". 3628:International Journal of Naval History 3260:"A history of plundering on high seas" 3224: 3094:Conquista de la Isla de Santa Catalina 2994:"Bermuda in the Privateering Business" 2827: 2794: 2738:"Bermuda in the Privateering Business" 2735: 2683: 2617: 2510: 2465: 2450: 2435: 2396:. Woodbridge: Boydell. pp. 1, 53. 2391: 2353: 2316: 2298:. New York: Appleton. pp. 540–541 2291: 2236: 2208: 2175: 2160: 98:Legal framework and relation to piracy 5571:Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham 4097: 3863: 3719:. Impr. de M. Ginesta. 1879. p. 3418:American Memory - Library of Congress 3378: 3376: 3292:Gary M. Anderson and Adam Gifford Jr. 3176:Carmen Dolores Trelles (1991-01-09). 3021: 2832:. The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. 2812: 2720: 2654: 2342:Bermuda Gazette and Weekly Advertiser 2285: 2125: 1915:Spanish American wars of independence 1827: 1808:which outlawed privateering, and the 1662:Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782) 1270:. Miguel Enríquez was a Puerto Rican 713:(Mother of God), valued at £500,000. 703:the following year. In 1592, Newport 6313:International Talk Like a Pirate Day 3743: 3578: 3358: 2409: 2400: 1787:in the defeat of the British in the 1783:and his privateers aided US General 1483:adding citations to reliable sources 1450: 1275:outperforming the efficiency of the 3737:Blockade Runners of the Confederacy 3615:Blockade Runners of the Confederacy 3493:Huntsberry, Thomas Vincent (1983). 3383:Tabarrok, Alexander (Winter 2007). 3258:Carabott, Sarah (2 February 2016). 3225:Cassar, Paul (January–March 1963). 2985: 2624:Warwick, 1619: Shipwreck Excavation 2470:. Woodbridge: Boydell. p. 113. 2455:. Woodbridge: Boydell. p. 121. 2098:Mercenaries, pirates and sovereigns 1921: 869:(known in the United States as the 244: 24: 5380: 4037: 3916: 3373: 2991: 2901:– via The Jefferson Library. 2874: 2817:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1120:, Governor and Captain-General of 490: 412:started in 1568 (white) and rival 391: 25: 6551: 6203:Silver: Return to Treasure Island 4068: 2440:. Woodbridge: Boydell. p. 3. 896:driven out of Bermuda during the 388:to combat the French privateers. 6499: 6498: 6486: 6339:A General History of the Pyrates 6161:Castaways of the Flying Dutchman 5682:Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA 3981:(Oxford University Press, 2017). 3816:. University of Delaware Press. 3495:Maryland privateers, War of 1812 3342:"US Navy Fleet List War of 1812" 2532:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2178:Pirates of the South China Coast 1890: 1455: 1439:In the subsequent conflict, the 1391: 1126:Gregorio de Castellar y Mantilla 885:for returning captured vessels. 221:accepted a commission from King 3998:Nichols, A. Bryant Jr. (2007) 3938:Review of International Studies 3924:E-Journal of Portuguese History 3886:Jean Laffite: Prince of Pirates 3706: 3689: 3676: 3663: 3650: 3633: 3620: 3607: 3572: 3563: 3486: 3453: 3424: 3406: 3359:Oren, Michael B. (2005-11-03). 3352: 3334: 3309: 3296: 3251: 3218: 3201: 2960: 2930: 2905: 2868: 2846: 2821: 2788: 2770: 2755: 2729: 2714: 2692: 2648: 2637: 2611: 2585: 2560: 2536: 2521: 2504: 2489: 2474: 2459: 2444: 2429: 2347: 2335: 2317:Mather, Cotton (October 2007). 2310: 2243:Burgess, Douglas R Jr. (2014). 2028:Violent non-state actors at sea 5697:Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden 5692:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden 5445:Anti-piracy in the West Indies 4064:ed. by Jameson, John Franklin. 3800:. Lippincott, Grambo & Co. 3739:. University of Alabama Press. 2766:. Rinehart & Company, Inc. 2762:Williams, Ronald John (1946). 2703:, Bermuda Historical Society, 2292:Arnold, Samuel Greene (1859). 2270: 2184: 2169: 2161:Warren, James Francis (1981). 2154: 2087: 1755:On April 8, 1814, the British 1694: 1194:Spanish capture of Providencia 859:War of the Austrian Succession 473:private-purchase naval weapons 225:to hunt pirates but was later 13: 1: 5553:Blockade of Charleston (Vane) 4007:Journal for Maritime Research 2701:Bermuda's Sailors of Fortune" 2080: 791: 618:Lord High Admiral of Scotland 537:Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604) 364:The United States used mixed 6126:The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea 5376:Pirate battles and incidents 3977:Kert, Faye Margaret. (2017) 3776:The British in the Caribbean 3208:Bracho Palma, Jairo (2005). 3186:(in Spanish). Archived from 2496:Andrews, Kenneth R. (1984). 2481:Andrews, Kenneth R. (1984). 2368:10.1080/00253359.2014.866371 986:, in exchange for which the 964:American War of Independence 875:American War of Independence 650:. He is also famous for his 7: 5525:Battle of the Tiger's Mouth 5008:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami 3883: 3617:(U of Alabama Press, 2005). 3460:Coggeshall, George (1861). 2725:. Vol. 15, no. 2. 2618:Inglis, Doug (2012-06-05). 2277:Ritchie, Robert C. (1986). 2069:William Walker (filibuster) 2022:Foreign Enlistment Act 1870 1962: 1352:of North Africa as well as 55:, a privateer commanded by 10: 6556: 6402:Pirate films and TV series 5842:African Slave Trade Patrol 5410:Action of 11 November 2008 4199:Barbary pirates (corsairs) 4123: 4043:Andrews, K.R. ed. (2017). 3864:Offen, Karl (March 2011). 3735:Cochran, Hamilton (2005). 3569:Ingersoll (1852) pp. 82–83 3240:(1): 26–41. Archived from 2828:Harris, Edward C. (1997). 2592:Bojakowski, Katie (2014). 2528:McCarthy, Matthew (2013). 2094:Thomson, Janice E (1994). 1894: 1669:United States Constitution 1581:American Revolutionary War 1572: 1566: 1563:American Revolutionary War 1560: 1447:American Revolutionary War 1441:War of Austrian Succession 1314: 1191: 1187:Antonio Maldonado y Tejada 1071: 1001:Charleston, South Carolina 731:sack of the city of Panama 374:American Revolutionary War 123:In British law, under the 101: 29:Privateer (disambiguation) 26: 6480: 6430: 6389: 6382: 6330: 6295: 6212: 6110: 5912: 5899: 5891:Trans-Saharan slave trade 5827: 5758: 5490:Battle off Minicoy Island 5465:Battle of Cape Fear River 5435:Anti-piracy in the Aegean 5405:Action of 28 October 2007 5400:Action of 9 November 1822 5375: 5273: 5181: 4545: 4538: 4464: 4428: 4385: 4338: 4331: 4176: 4131: 4028:Comparative legal history 3984:Krasner, Barbara. (2016) 3746:Pacific Historical Review 3581:Pacific Historical Review 2912:John Lenis (1783-04-04). 2511:Senior, Clive M. (1976). 2412:"Letters of Marque Today" 2064:State-sponsored terrorism 1800:1856 Declaration of Paris 1434:War of Spanish Succession 1294: 1202:was given orders by King 660:, the citadel protecting 657:Fort San Felipe del Morro 553:War of Spanish Succession 404:linking the Caribbean to 5886:Indian Ocean slave trade 5775:International piracy law 5712:Pirate attacks in Borneo 5584:Capture of the schooner 5576:Capture of the schooner 5510:Battle of Ocracoke Inlet 5236:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 4019:Smith, Joshua M. (2011) 3884:Ramsay, Jack C. (1996). 3792:Ingersoll, Charles Jared 2684:Jarvis, Michael (2010). 2176:Murray, Dian H. (1987). 2140:10.1177/0843871416663987 2054:Private military company 1810:Confederate Constitution 1654:naval battle off Halifax 1603:Naval battle off Halifax 1359: 1085:Bermuda-based privateer 1074:Providence Island colony 1068:Providence Island colony 652:short-lived 1598 capture 599:Kingdom of Great Britain 414:Portuguese India Armadas 410:Manila-Acapulco galleons 338: 125:Offences at Sea Act 1536 6345:Captain Charles Johnson 5769:1717–1718 Acts of Grace 5480:Battle of Mandab Strait 5460:Battle of Boca Teacapan 5455:Balanguingui Expedition 5420:Action of 23 March 2010 4048:(Taylor & Francis). 3806:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl 3686:, CNBC (July 25, 2017). 2953:Bermuda Maritime Museum 2937:Strannack, Ian (1990). 2830:Bermuda Forts 1612–1957 2212:Pirates of the Americas 2196:Naval History 1500–1680 2163:The Sulu Zone 1768–1898 1622:New London, Connecticut 1397:British Colonial period 1200:Francisco Díaz Pimienta 1060:, Thomas Hewetson, and 1026:engaged as a privateer. 1005:Chesapeake Bay schooner 914:Governor of the Bahamas 877:; and the 1796 to 1808 707:the Portuguese carrack 701:blockading Western Cuba 639:against Spain in 1589. 402:Spanish treasure fleets 165:. The sultans of the 144:pirates. Mediterranean 64:Ambroise Louis Garneray 5702:Operation Ocean Shield 5530:Battle of Tonkin River 5475:Battle of Doro Passage 5430:Action of 5 April 2010 5425:Action of 1 April 2010 5415:Action of 9 April 2009 5395:1985 Lahad Datu ambush 5385: 5221:Jose Campuzano-Polanco 5206:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 4353:British Virgin Islands 4014:The Independent Review 3991:Lemnitzer, Jan (2014) 3947:93.1–2 (2019): 41–68. 3929:Beattie, Tim. (2015). 3392:The Independent Review 2971:. M.& M. Baldwin. 2967:Hartley, Nick (2012). 2797:The Bermudian magazine 2466:Loades, D. M. (2009). 2451:Loades, D. M. (2009). 2436:Loades, D. M. (2009). 2392:Loades, D. M. (2009). 2209:Marley, David (2010). 2043:Neutrality Act of 1794 1933:criminal organizations 1910: 1868:Confederate President 1845: 1752: 1710: 1609: 1417: 1369: 1312: 1264:José Campuzano-Polanco 1254: 1243: 1226:Spain and its colonies 1173: 1027: 982:, and as requested by 932: 906:stronghold for pirates 890:Eleutheran Adventurers 796:The English colony of 733:with only 1,400 crew. 679: 583: 417: 372:and privateers in the 223:William III of England 67: 6318:Pirates versus Ninjas 5745:Slave raid of Suðuroy 5707:Persian Gulf Campaign 5592:Capture of the sloop 5520:Battle of the Leotung 5505:Battle of New Orleans 5384: 5246:Richard Avery Hornsby 4998:Piet Pieterszoon Hein 4958:Moses Cohen Henriques 4928:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal 4673:Christina Anna Skytte 4211:Brethren of the Coast 4194:Baltic Slavic pirates 4141:Ancient Mediterranean 4009:17.2 (2015): 183–194. 3837:Latimer, Jon (2009). 3682:Abigail Summerville, 3560:Ramsay (1996), p. 82. 3551:Ramsay (1996), p. 77. 3542:Ramsay (1996), p. 71. 3533:Ramsay (1996), p. 70. 3524:Ramsay (1996), p. 69. 3515:Ramsay (1996), p. 62. 3178:"En busca de Cofresí" 2410:bean (6 March 2022). 2017:Filibuster (military) 1904: 1842:Confederate privateer 1835: 1789:Battle of New Orleans 1748: 1705: 1601: 1567:Further information: 1404: 1302: 1249: 1233: 1165: 1124:, dispatched Captain 1047:naval base in Bermuda 1021: 926: 871:French and Indian War 826:Warwick the Kingmaker 816:, for whom Bermuda's 674: 662:San Juan, Puerto Rico 622:James III of Scotland 574: 467:could easily outrace 457:Industrial Revolution 446:Piet Pieterszoon Hein 434:first Anglo-Dutch War 399: 40: 6540:Obsolete occupations 6240:skull and crossbones 6196:Mistress of the Seas 5878:Capture of the brig 5855:Atlantic slave trade 5616:Falklands Expedition 5470:Battle of Cape Lopez 5390:1582 Cagayan battles 5317:Queen Anne's Revenge 4868:José Joaquim Almeida 4853:John Newland Maffitt 4773:Hayreddin Barbarossa 4613:Bartolomeu Português 4603:Artemisia I of Caria 4598:Alexandre Exquemelin 4436:Baltic Slavic piracy 4189:Anglo-Turkish piracy 4030:5.1 (2017): 142–161. 3673:. Vox, Jun 16, 2021. 2356:The Mariner's Mirror 1986:Barrett's Privateers 1907:Mauricio García Vega 1806:Declaration of Paris 1770:Prince de Neufchatel 1585:Continental Congress 1479:improve this section 1277:Armada de Barlovento 1240:Golden Age of Piracy 1130:Charles I of England 1056:, Bridger Goodrich, 988:Continental Congress 904:in 1703, creating a 865:); the 1754 to 1763 849:); the 1702 to 1713 831:Somers Isles Company 506:During the reign of 477:Declaration of Paris 461:monopoly on violence 284:Hayreddin Barbarossa 27:For other uses, see 6257:No purchase, no pay 6225:Davy Jones's locker 6168:The Angel's Command 6012:Guybrush Threepwood 5860:Barbary slave trade 5837:African slave trade 5634:Jiajing wokou raids 5535:Battle of Ty-ho Bay 4758:François l'Olonnais 4618:Bartholomew Roberts 4506:Republic of Pirates 4016:16, no. 3 (Winter). 3970:Head, David (2015) 3964:30.1 (2018): 30–51 3699:NPR, June 10, 2021. 3348:on January 9, 2009. 3272:on 3 February 2016. 3247:on 3 February 2016. 3084:, pp. 242–243. 2875:Jarvis, Michael J. 1935:based in or near a 1897:Insurgent Privateer 1689:Second Barbary Wars 1618:American Revolution 1262:of Puerto Rico and 1183:Melchor de Aguilera 1080:Isla de Providencia 918:Governor of Bermuda 857:; the 1740 to 1748 855:War of Jenkins' Ear 853:; the 1739 to 1748 684:Christopher Newport 485:Franco-Prussian War 416:of 1498–1640 (blue) 260:Pieter van der Does 6535:Combat occupations 6417:Timeline of piracy 6374:Piracy kidnappings 6027:Jacquotte Delahaye 5982:Charlotte de Berry 5972:Captain Sabertooth 5865:Blockade of Africa 5820:Piracy Law of 1820 5750:Turkish Abductions 5687:Operation Atalanta 5621:Great Lakes Patrol 5500:Battle of Nam Quan 5450:Attack on Veracruz 5386: 4968:Nicholas van Hoorn 4953:Michel de Grammont 4818:Jacquotte Delahaye 4803:Hippolyte Bouchard 4723:Elise Eskilsdotter 4663:Charlotte de Berry 4628:Benjamin Hornigold 3953:Faye, Kert (1997) 3613:Hamilton Cochran, 2893:on 30 January 2012 2813:Wilkinson, Henry. 2568:"The Newport Ship" 1945:ransomware attacks 1911: 1850:American Civil War 1846: 1828:American Civil War 1814:American Civil War 1753: 1610: 1418: 1313: 1305:Chelmers of London 1255: 1244: 1204:Philip IV of Spain 1118:Francisco de Murga 1028: 933: 847:King William's War 680: 584: 418: 76:robbery under arms 68: 6512: 6511: 6493:Piracy portal 6476: 6475: 6453:Fictional pirates 6352:Truce of Ratisbon 6326: 6325: 6287:Walking the plank 6147:On Stranger Tides 6087:Tony Tony Chopper 5977:Captain Stingaree 5914:Fictional pirates 5730:Sack of Baltimore 5725:Raid on Cartagena 5667:Moscow University 5546:Beluga Nomination 5515:Battle of Pianosa 5440:Antelope incident 5331:Marquis of Havana 5269: 5268: 4978:Olivier Levasseur 4918:Louis-Michel Aury 4883:Klaus Störtebeker 4833:Jeanne de Clisson 4753:François Le Clerc 4588:Anne Dieu-le-Veut 4534: 4533: 4451:South China Coast 4415:Strait of Malacca 4083:Naval War College 4061:Project Gutenberg 3895:978-1-57168-029-7 3850:978-0-674-03403-7 3823:978-0-87413-411-7 3639:Egloff, Florian. 3464:. G. Coggeshall. 3137:, pp. 90–91. 3108:, pp. 48–49. 3072:, pp. 89–90. 3036:, pp. 85–86. 1980:Auxiliary cruiser 1975:Louis-Michel Aury 1970:Armed merchantman 1858:Letters of marque 1717:letters of marque 1713:President Madison 1685:First Barbary War 1614:Long Island Sound 1593:prisoner exchange 1559: 1558: 1551: 1533: 1422:King George's War 1378:Order of St. John 1220:Order of Santiago 1144:earlier in 1635 ( 1134:letters of marque 1114:Isthmus of Panama 1097:(a rendering of " 984:George Washington 980:Benjamin Franklin 929:Anglo-Spanish War 898:English Civil War 879:Anglo-Spanish War 863:King George's War 766:Alexander Godfrey 758:Christopher Myngs 738:Fortunatus Wright 378:French Revolution 306:Sir Francis Drake 278:Hispanic Monarchy 200:Benjamin Fletcher 188:Francois Grogniet 169:(now present-day 80:letters of marque 16:(Redirected from 6547: 6502: 6501: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6387: 6386: 6189:Pirate Latitudes 6182:Long John Silver 6175:Voyage of Slaves 6042:Long John Silver 5937:Captain Birdseye 5910: 5909: 5780:Letter of marque 5740:Salvador Pirates 5735:Sack of Campeche 5558:Chepo Expedition 5540:Battle of Tysami 5495:Battle off Mukah 5485:Battle of Manila 5324:Quedagh Merchant 5282:Adventure Galley 5128:Victual Brothers 5113:Thomas Cavendish 5078:Sayyida al Hurra 5063:Samuel Hall Lord 5043:Roche Braziliano 5028:Robert Culliford 4963:Nathaniel Gordon 4933:Martin Frobisher 4893:Laurens de Graaf 4863:Jørgen Jørgensen 4798:Henry Strangways 4778:Hendrick Lucifer 4728:Eustace the Monk 4593:António de Faria 4543: 4542: 4511:Republic of Salé 4481:Île Sainte-Marie 4336: 4335: 4313:Victual Brothers 4221:Cilician pirates 4118: 4111: 4104: 4095: 4094: 4063: 4002:. (Sea Venture). 3940:, 42#5: 840–857. 3933:(Boydell. 2015). 3912: 3899: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3801: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3769: 3740: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3700: 3693: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3669:Morrison, Sara. 3667: 3661: 3660:BBC 20 May 2021. 3654: 3648: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3438:. Archived from 3428: 3422: 3421: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3344:. Archived from 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3313: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3285: 3274: 3273: 3268:. Archived from 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3231: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3195: 3173: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3009: 3000:. Archived from 2989: 2983: 2982: 2964: 2958: 2956: 2951:– via The 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2892: 2886:. Archived from 2885: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2810: 2801: 2800: 2792: 2786: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2681: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2652: 2646: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2407: 2398: 2397: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2123: 2114: 2113: 2101: 2091: 2012:Commerce raiding 1953:cryptocurrencies 1928:computer hackers 1922:Computer hackers 1878:blockade runners 1854:blockade running 1554: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1491: 1459: 1451: 1342:prisoners of war 1334:Lettre de Course 1330:Lettre de Marque 1176:Nathaniel Butler 1169:James Reiskimmer 1036:prisoners of war 951:. His ship, the 945:Benjamin Bennett 867:Seven Years' War 851:Queen Anne's War 806:Virginia Company 781:Liverpool Packet 778:of the schooner 677:Barbary corsairs 499:, and later the 376:. Following the 328:(Basque Country) 316:Sir John Hawkins 300:Lars Gathenhielm 245:Noted privateers 210:shipping in the 167:Sulu archipelago 118:performance bond 49:(left) battling 21: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6487: 6485: 6472: 6438:Barbary pirates 6426: 6422:Women in piracy 6378: 6322: 6291: 6220:Buried treasure 6208: 6140:Facing the Flag 6133:Treasure Island 6106: 6052:Vaas Montenegro 6047:Monkey D. Luffy 6017:Hector Barbossa 6002:Elizabeth Swann 5967:Captain Pugwash 5904: 5902: 5895: 5872:Veloz Passagera 5870:Capture of the 5823: 5754: 5563:Capture of the 5371: 5303:Flying Dutchman 5265: 5231:Miguel Enríquez 5183: 5177: 5143:William Dampier 5098:Simon Mascarino 5093:Shirahama Kenki 5073:Samuel Pallache 5038:Roberto Cofresí 4948:Mary Wolverston 4923:Mansel Alcantra 4898:Lawrence Prince 4578:Albert W. Hicks 4530: 4468: 4460: 4424: 4381: 4327: 4323:Women in piracy 4288:Sindhi corsairs 4241:French corsairs 4231:Cossack pirates 4184:Albanian piracy 4177:Types of pirate 4172: 4127: 4122: 4071: 4053: 4040: 4038:Primary sources 3919: 3917:Further reading 3896: 3888:. Eakin Press. 3875: 3873: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3782: 3780: 3758:10.2307/3633146 3725: 3723: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3651: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3608: 3593:10.2307/3633146 3577: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3491: 3487: 3472: 3458: 3454: 3445: 3443: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3365: 3363: 3357: 3353: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3301: 3297: 3286: 3277: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3206: 3202: 3193: 3191: 3174: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3007: 3005: 2992:Shorto, Gavin. 2990: 2986: 2979: 2965: 2961: 2949: 2935: 2931: 2922: 2920: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2826: 2822: 2811: 2804: 2793: 2789: 2775: 2771: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2734: 2730: 2719: 2715: 2697: 2693: 2682: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2661:libres.uncg.edu 2653: 2649: 2642: 2638: 2629: 2627: 2616: 2612: 2603: 2601: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2526: 2522: 2509: 2505: 2494: 2490: 2479: 2475: 2464: 2460: 2449: 2445: 2434: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2408: 2401: 2390: 2383: 2352: 2348: 2344:August 15, 1795 2340: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2321:quotations] 2315: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2290: 2286: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2207: 2203: 2192:Zahedieh, Nuala 2189: 2185: 2174: 2170: 2159: 2155: 2124: 2117: 2110: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2038:Merchant raider 1965: 1955:facilitate the 1931:been blamed on 1924: 1899: 1893: 1870:Jefferson Davis 1830: 1802: 1775:English Channel 1697: 1671:authorized the 1577: 1571: 1565: 1555: 1544: 1538: 1535: 1492: 1490: 1476: 1460: 1449: 1399: 1394: 1362: 1350:Barbary pirates 1319: 1317:French corsairs 1297: 1260:Miguel Enríquez 1251:Miguel Enríquez 1228: 1196: 1076: 1070: 949:Lewis Middleton 843:Nine Years' War 814:Earl of Warwick 794: 750:Richard Hawkins 727:Thomas Modyford 566:Napoleonic Wars 529:treasure fleets 508:Queen Elizabeth 493: 491:England/Britain 450:Magnus Heinason 425:in an era when 394: 392:Overall history 341: 254:Miguel Enríquez 247: 186:gave buccaneer 138:Piracy Act 1717 110: 102:Main articles: 100: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6553: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6496: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6463:Piracy by year 6460: 6455: 6450: 6448:Female pirates 6445: 6443:By nationality 6440: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6037:Joshamee Gibbs 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5907: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5844: 5839: 5833: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5817: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5671: 5662: 5653: 5644: 5640:Maersk Alabama 5636: 5631: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5605: 5597: 5589: 5581: 5573: 5568: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5251:Robert Maynard 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5133:Vincenzo Gambi 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5058:Samuel Bellamy 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5033:Robert Surcouf 5030: 5025: 5023:Richard Glover 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4993:Pierre Lafitte 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4768:Grace O'Malley 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4708:Edward England 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4668:Cheung Po Tsai 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4623:Benito de Soto 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4568:Abraham Samuel 4565: 4563:Adam Baldridge 4560: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4516:Saint Augustin 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4393:Horn of Africa 4389: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4377:Gulf of Guinea 4374: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4363:Lake Nicaragua 4355: 4344: 4342: 4340:Atlantic World 4333: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4246:Jewish pirates 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4148: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4121: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4085: 4077: 4070: 4069:External links 4067: 4066: 4065: 4051: 4049: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4024: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3988:(Rosen, 2016). 3982: 3975: 3968: 3958: 3951: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3900: 3894: 3881: 3861: 3849: 3834: 3822: 3802: 3788: 3770: 3752:(4): 433–443. 3741: 3732: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3688: 3675: 3662: 3649: 3632: 3619: 3606: 3587:(4): 433–443. 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3485: 3470: 3452: 3423: 3405: 3372: 3351: 3333: 3308: 3302:Brewer, John. 3295: 3275: 3250: 3217: 3200: 3163: 3161:, p. 250. 3159:Kupperman 1993 3151: 3139: 3122: 3110: 3098: 3086: 3082:Kupperman 1993 3074: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 2984: 2978:978-0947712518 2977: 2959: 2947: 2929: 2904: 2867: 2856:. 8 April 2012 2845: 2838: 2820: 2802: 2787: 2784:978-0870335112 2769: 2754: 2728: 2713: 2691: 2673: 2647: 2636: 2610: 2584: 2559: 2535: 2520: 2503: 2488: 2473: 2458: 2443: 2428: 2399: 2381: 2346: 2334: 2309: 2284: 2269: 2255: 2235: 2221: 2201: 2183: 2168: 2153: 2134:(4): 654–670. 2115: 2108: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 2002:Renato Beluche 1999: 1994: 1992:Samuel Bellamy 1989: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1923: 1920: 1895:Main article: 1892: 1889: 1829: 1826: 1801: 1798: 1785:Andrew Jackson 1696: 1693: 1681:Barbary States 1561:Main article: 1557: 1556: 1463: 1461: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1426:Nine Years War 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1386:Ottoman Empire 1361: 1358: 1315:Main article: 1296: 1293: 1227: 1224: 1192:Main article: 1103:Warwick Parish 1087:Daniel Elfrith 1072:Main article: 1069: 1066: 1058:Henry Jennings 1054:Hezekiah Frith 902:New Providence 818:Warwick Parish 793: 790: 748:, his son Sir 742:Edward Collier 637:English Armada 633:Spanish Armada 597:to create the 524:Walter Raleigh 501:United Kingdom 492: 489: 438:war with Spain 427:state capacity 393: 390: 386:Bermuda sloops 346:Spanish Armada 340: 337: 336: 335: 329: 323: 313: 303: 297: 294:Robert Surcouf 291: 288:Ottoman Empire 281: 274:Spanish Empire 267: 257: 246: 243: 99: 96: 60:Robert Surcouf 57:French corsair 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6552: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6530:Naval warfare 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6505: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331:Miscellaneous 6329: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296:Miscellaneous 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6277:Pirate utopia 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6158: 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5349: 5347: 5346: 5345:Royal Fortune 5342: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5289:Ambrose Light 5286: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5261:Woodes Rogers 5259: 5257: 5256:Thomas Warren 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5216:Julius Caesar 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5196:Chaloner Ogle 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168:Zheng Zhilong 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5053:Sadie Farrell 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5003:Princess Sela 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4983:Pedro Gilbert 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903:Liang Daoming 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4748:Francis Drake 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4703:Dominique You 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4658:Charles Gibbs 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 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CO 37/39/14 2918: 2915: 2908: 2889: 2882: 2880: 2871: 2855: 2849: 2841: 2839:0-921560-11-7 2835: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2809: 2807: 2798: 2791: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2765: 2758: 2743: 2742:The Bermudian 2739: 2732: 2724: 2717: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2687: 2680: 2678: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2645: 2640: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2531: 2524: 2516: 2515: 2507: 2499: 2492: 2484: 2477: 2469: 2462: 2454: 2447: 2439: 2432: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2404: 2395: 2388: 2386: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2323: 2322: 2313: 2297: 2296: 2288: 2280: 2273: 2258: 2256:9781611685275 2252: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2224: 2222:9781598842012 2218: 2214: 2213: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2111: 2109:9780691086583 2105: 2100: 2099: 2090: 2086: 2075: 2074:Dominique You 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1919: 1916: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1891:Latin America 1888: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1825: 1823: 1820:sent several 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1761:James De Wolf 1758: 1751: 1750:James De Wolf 1747: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673:U.S. Congress 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1635:Arnold's Raid 1632: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1575:Whaleboat War 1570: 1564: 1553: 1550: 1542: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1500: – 1499: 1495: 1494:Find sources: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1464:This section 1462: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1416: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1392:United States 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346:swashbuckling 1343: 1339: 1338:admiralty law 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1268:Santo Domingo 1265: 1261: 1252: 1248: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1216:John Humphrey 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1181:In 1640, don 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091:Sussex Camock 1088: 1083: 1081: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1025: 1024:Bermuda sloop 1020: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1009:Fair American 1006: 1002: 997: 996:Boston Harbor 992: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 937:Turks Islands 930: 925: 921: 919: 915: 911: 910:Woodes Rogers 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839:Bermuda sloop 836: 835:Bermuda cedar 832: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 789: 787: 783: 782: 777: 773: 772: 767: 763: 759: 755: 754:Michael Geare 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 732: 728: 724: 723:human shields 719: 714: 712: 711: 710:Madre de Deus 706: 702: 698: 697:an expedition 694: 689: 688:Francis Drake 685: 678: 673: 669: 667: 663: 659: 658: 653: 649: 645: 640: 638: 634: 630: 629:Francis Drake 625: 623: 619: 615: 614:Andrew Barton 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 581: 577: 576:Woodes Rogers 573: 569: 567: 563: 558: 554: 550: 546: 541: 538: 535:. 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