22:
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means to win (for example) 65% of games with Black, and 20% of games with White; or two games out of three with Black, and one game in six with White. A steady player, under the old style of opening, would aim to win games with Black more frequently; a less consistent but more aggressive player would
600:
of old games typically have an annotation showing the handicap position. Even if the game was a one-off challenge, there was very often the implied context: the players had formal ranks, the game might be notionally part of a longer series. The modern way to indicate Black in a
Japanese game record
657:
Over a ten-game match, the worse possibility arises of being beaten down twice. In confrontations between top players, under the older etiquette players were spared the embarrassment, for the series would be suspended. Newspaper sponsors could be less accommodating.
573:
for rank difference of four, and a plain two-stone handicap for rank difference five. From then on the steps replaced a two-stone handicap by a three-stone handicap, for six and seven difference. Theoretically, then, a professional
438:, if 100 points is one amateur rank, the professional levels were notionally more like 35 points apart. That in contemporary Go and under modern playing conditions has been compressed down, to fewer than 30 points apart.
529:
This is the crucial level from the point of view of promotions under the handicap system. To prove one is under-ranked, one should play a match against a player of one rank above. To break even under
526:
describes the handicap of taking Black (making the first move) in two games out of every three. This was the smallest handicap possible between two players in the era before the introduction of komi.
625:(even, BW). A player against whom the handicap moves is said to be 'beaten down', at least a requirement to acknowledge the strength of the opponent, possibly a severe professional humiliation. The
423:
as highest and 9 pin as lowest however). To this day there are nine professional dan levels in China and South Korean as well as in Japan; the same applies in Taiwan. The basic system described at
427:
is insufficient to provide an accurate ranking, because professional levels are closer together. It is considered inconceivable that any pro should take a four-stone handicap from another.
553:, which is having one player pick a handful of stones, and the other player putting one (indicating odd) or two stones (indicating even). If the other players guess right they play black.
434:
spread. In modern times that has become even tighter, since professional shodan is not generally awarded to players who will remain at that level thereafter. In terms of a notional
415:
The professional Go ranks have traditionally been divided into nine levels, with shodan or 1 dan being the initial grade for a student player certified as professional (
456:
was 'one-third of a stone' stronger than he. This is evidence that the spreading of pro levels at three per handicap stone was a standard way of calibrating strengths.
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Usually, after three or four games are won in a row by the same player (or some other agreed threshold is reached), the handicap shifts. For example, when
365:
547:(互い先) is the handicap for players of equal rank. They alternate with Black. The player who first gets Black will be chosen by some method such as
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in
Japanese). The ranks go up to 9 dan, the whole system being based on old customs from the Chinese Imperial court. (The imperial court had 1
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646:, for a game the loss of which loses the whole match (for example 2-3 down in a best-of-seven match, the next game will be a
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was admitted at 11). These players might be at current amateur 6 dan or even 5 dan level, but would be promising talents.
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In the Edo period, however, apprentice professionals would often be admitted as professional 1 dan at a young age (
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expect better success in claiming some wins with White with ambitious strategies to cause confusion on the board.
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and just any ten-game challenge match therefore lies in the drafting of the specific beating-down arrangements.
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in the twentieth century emphasised this competitive aspect, which was part of the negotiated match conditions.
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43:
403:. Knowledge of it is required to understand the conditions of play in historical Go matches, particularly the
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586:) at three stones in every game. This system provided a basis in the Oteai for any two players to compete.
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of professional players, this system has become obsolete. It is now completely superseded by the use of
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The foundation of the old system was that josen applied to a professional rank difference of 2 dan.
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Players are taken to be evenly matched at two ranks apart if the victories are evenly divided at
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is the Go term describing the phase in a series of matches between two players - such as a
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The principles were extended: for a rank difference of three the handicap was
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498:; or in other words the higher-ranked player can manage 50% wins with White.
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system, which from the 1920s had used some handicap games to determine the
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A game which if lost would result in a shift in the handicap is called a
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out of every three, the others being with Black. Then came
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It is documented that
Takagawa let slip the comment that
385:, for handicapping professional players of the game of
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
642:(corner game). This term is also now used in the
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430:Theoretically all nine pro levels were within a
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389:against each other. With the abolition of the
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617:(BWB) was being used, the handicap moves to
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381:were a system developed in Japan, in the
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
445:at 13, but this was by no means young;
1945:
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
491:", or a "one-stone-handicap game".
13:
1848:Taiwan Chi Yuan Culture Foundation
661:The distinction between classical
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14:
1964:
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1920:
680:Kage’s Chronicles of Handicap Go
20:
1801:All Japan Student Go Federation
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31:needs additional citations for
1878:Games played with Go equipment
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1:
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582:(who by definition would be
565:, which meant one game on a
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1843:Singapore Weiqi Association
1788:International Go Federation
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407:that died out around 1960.
55:"Professional Go handicaps"
10:
1969:
1555:Long Ode to Watching Weiqi
1915:
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1766:Chinese Weiqi Association
1748:Australian Go Association
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726:Sensei's Library page on
717:Sensei's Library page on
709:Sensei's Library page on
701:Sensei's Library page on
693:Sensei's Library page on
514:
475:
379:Professional Go handicaps
312:Computers and mathematics
264:Players and organizations
1833:Mind Sports Organisation
1771:Hong Kong Go Association
1482:Lee's broken ladder game
1360:Nihon Ki-in Hall of Fame
668:
629:series sponsored by the
459:
340:AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol
1821:Korea Baduk Association
1783:French Federation of Go
1743:American Go Association
1698:Monte Carlo tree search
1472:The Game of the Century
208:(corner-based openings)
1838:New Zealand Go Society
1778:European Go Federation
1753:British Go Association
1513:The Girl Who Played Go
1367:Professional handicaps
763:
200:(whole-board openings)
1452:AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol
1793:Irish Go Association
1595:The Surrounding Game
1148:Strategy and tactics
432:three-stone handicap
177:Strategy and tactics
40:improve this article
1693:Future of Go Summit
1621:Computer Go UEC Cup
1462:Blood-vomiting game
1442:AlphaGo vs. Fan Hui
335:Internet Go servers
228:History and culture
121:Part of a series on
1883:Go and mathematics
1864:Benson's algorithm
1826:Myongji University
1467:Ear-reddening game
1447:AlphaGo vs. Ke Jie
1302:Dunhuang Go Manual
644:titleholder system
601:is still to write
567:two-stone handicap
320:Go and mathematics
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1703:Smart Game Format
1434:Games and matches
1388:Ranks and ratings
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289:Ranks and ratings
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1582:Sensei's Library
1569:The Master of Go
1477:Kamakura jubango
1457:Atomic bomb game
1350:European players
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172:List of terms
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96:November 2019
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57: –
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52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
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23:
18:
17:
1893:
1870:
1806:Kansai Ki-in
1761:China Qiyuan
1641:AlphaGo Zero
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1541:Hikaru no Go
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1119:Shoulder hit
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609:Beating down
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590:Game records
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425:Go handicaps
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304:Competitions
221:(Go puzzles)
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160:professional
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102:
93:
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76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1811:Nihon Ki-in
1651:Crazy Stone
1424:Tournaments
1376:Competition
1308:Emperor Yao
1038:Monkey jump
1008:Korigatachi
904:Divine move
654:in tennis.
652:match point
330:Go software
325:Computer Go
1900:Capture go
1681:Leela Zero
1656:Darkforest
1562:The MANIAC
1179:Shinfuseki
621:(B) or to
563:sen-ni-sen
531:sen-ai-sen
509:Sen-ai-sen
503:Sen-ai-sen
436:Elo system
411:Pro levels
395:Go ranking
383:Edo period
66:newspapers
1646:AlphaZero
1613:Computers
1328:9 Pin Zhi
1318:Four arts
1233:Mirror Go
1173:Kobayashi
1131:Thickness
846:Clamshell
805:Equipment
783:Handicaps
721:handicaps
571:ni-sen-ni
454:Go Seigen
400:komidashi
241:Equipment
155:Handicaps
1947:Category
1932:Category
1888:Variants
1718:Pandanet
1661:Fine Art
1534:Go World
1339:Oshirogo
1243:Proverbs
775:Overview
711:tagaisen
703:senaisen
623:tagaisen
615:senaisen
545:Tagaisen
539:Tagaisen
521:senaisen
277:European
246:Variants
190:strategy
167:Proverbs
1708:Servers
1631:AlphaGo
1626:Engines
1588:Shibumi
1499:AlphaGo
1413:Jubango
1345:Players
1323:Hoensha
1286:History
1275:Tsumego
1259:Ponnuki
1185:Shusaku
1168:Chinese
1072:Myoushu
1051:Myoushu
1026:Liberty
987:Kikashi
909:Double
826:Katsura
728:kadoban
719:jubango
663:jubango
650:). Cf.
648:kadoban
640:kadoban
627:jubango
603:sen ban
484:jubango
405:jubango
272:Players
236:History
218:Tsumego
182:Opening
80:scholar
1817:Korea
1797:Japan
1757:China
1671:KataGo
1666:GNU Go
1268:Tenuki
1223:Ladder
1207:Taisha
1200:Nadare
1193:Jōseki
1162:Fuseki
1125:Tesuji
1094:Sabaki
1083:Pincer
1058:Nakade
1021:Ladder
1015:Kosumi
966:Kakari
959:Joseki
945:Hayago
931:tenuki
841:Stones
584:Meijin
576:shodan
550:nigiri
282:Female
205:Jōseki
197:Fuseki
186:theory
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1894:Batoo
1857:Other
1723:Tygem
1676:Leela
1576:Ranka
1248:Shape
1218:fight
1114:Shape
1108:Sente
1088:Probe
1065:Nerai
973:Keima
927:sente
886:Atari
870:Terms
857:Yunzi
851:Slate
819:Goban
813:Bowls
795:Rules
695:josen
669:Notes
619:josen
470:Josen
461:Josen
417:kishi
391:Oteai
150:Rules
87:JSTOR
73:books
1905:Sygo
1871:kifu
1137:Yose
1101:Seki
1078:Peep
1044:Moyo
1032:Miai
1001:Komi
980:Kiai
952:Jigo
938:Hane
929:and
923:Gote
917:Eyes
911:hane
898:Dame
833:Kaya
789:Komi
597:kifu
594:The
59:news
1686:Zen
1399:Kyū
1393:Dan
879:Aji
580:dan
515:先相先
496:sen
489:sen
421:pin
42:by
1949::
1216:Ko
994:Ko
925:,
766:Go
605:.
518:,
476:定先
387:Go
188:;
127:Go
1873:)
757:e
750:t
743:v
524:)
512:(
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473:(
367:e
360:t
353:v
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184:(
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103:(
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94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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