511:" or "common man" approach attempts to convince the audience that the propagandist's positions reflect the common sense of the people. It is designed to win the confidence of the audience by communicating in the common manner and style of the target audience. Propagandists use ordinary language and mannerisms (and clothe their message in face-to-face and audiovisual communications) in attempting to identify their point of view with that of the average person. A common example of this type of propaganda is a political figure, usually running for a placement, in a backyard or shop doing daily routine things. This image appeals to the common person. With the plain folks device, the propagandist can win the confidence of persons who resent or distrust foreign sounding, intellectual speech, words, or mannerisms." For example, a politician speaking to a Southern United States crowd might incorporate words such as "
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173:. Propaganda campaigns often follow a strategic transmission pattern to indoctrinate the target group. This may begin with a simple transmission such as a leaflet dropped from a plane or an advertisement. Generally these messages will contain directions on how to obtain more information, via a web site, hot line, radio program, etc. The strategy intends to initiate the individual from information recipient to information seeker through reinforcement, and then from information seeker to
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858:"Information overload can have the same effect as secrecy and certainly in the short term and for democracies today it might be considered more effective." "When information overload occurs, it is likely that a reduction in decision quality will occur." "The glut of information generated by modern technology threatens to make its receivers passive. Overload prompts disengagement."
1083:
1373:, this is a technique of projecting positive or negative qualities (praise or blame) of a person, entity, object, or value onto another to make the second more acceptable or to discredit it. It evokes an emotional response, which stimulates the target to identify with recognized authorities. Often highly visual, this technique often utilizes symbols (for example, the
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an even more extreme position that will make more moderate positions seem more acceptable. This is similar to the door-in-the-face technique. Alternatively, one can moderate one's own position to the edge of the latitude of acceptance and then over time slowly move to the position that was previously held.
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logical fallacy that attempts to discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly refuting or disproving their argument, which is particularly associated with Soviet and
Russian propaganda. When criticisms were leveled at the Soviet Union, the Soviet response would be
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A slogan is a brief, striking phrase that may include labeling and stereotyping. Although slogans may be enlisted to support reasoned ideas, in practice they tend to act only as emotional appeals. Opponents of the US's invasion and occupation of Iraq use the slogan "blood for oil" to suggest that the
1069:
Operant conditioning involves learning through imitation. For example, watching an appealing person buy products or endorse positions teaches a person to buy the product or endorse the position. Operant conditioning is the underlying principle behind the ad nauseam, slogan and other repetition public
1036:
to incite fears and arouse prejudices in their hearers in the intent that the bad names will cause hearers to construct a negative opinion about a group or set of beliefs or ideas that the propagandist wants hearers to denounce. The method is intended to provoke conclusions about a matter apart from
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is used when the intent of the propagandist is to discredit, diminish the perceived quality, or hurt the perceived righteousness of the individual. By creating a "label", "category", or "faction" of a population, it is much easier to make an example of these larger bodies, because they can uplift or
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Works on the principle that people are more willing to accept an argument from a seemingly independent source of information than from someone with a stake in the outcome. It is a marketing strategy commonly employed by Public
Relations (PR) firms, that involves placing a premeditated message in the
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Generalities are deliberately vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations. The intention is to move the audience by use of undefined phrases, without analyzing their validity or attempting to determine their reasonableness or application. The intent is to cause people to draw their
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If a person's message is outside the bounds of acceptance for an individual and group, most techniques will engender psychological reactance (simply hearing the argument will make the message even less acceptable). There are two techniques for increasing the bounds of acceptance. First, one can take
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Generalities are deliberately vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations. The intention is to move the audience by use of undefined phrases, without analyzing their validity or attempting to determine their reasonableness or application. The intent is to cause people to draw their
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Often used by recruiters and salesmen. For example, the perpetrator walks up to the victim and pins a flower or gives a small gift to the victim. The victim says thanks and now they have incurred a psychological debt to the perpetrator. The person eventually asks for a larger favor (e.g., a donation
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A technique used by clandestine professionals: When their veil of secrecy is shredded and they can no longer rely on a phony cover story to misinform the public, they resort to admitting—sometimes even volunteering—some of the truth while still managing to withhold the key and damaging facts in the
527:
A cult of personality arises when an individual uses mass media to create an idealized and heroic public image, often through unquestioning flattery and praise. The hero personality then advocates the positions that the propagandist desires to promote. For example, modern propagandists hire popular
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Lying and deception can be the basis of many propaganda techniques including Ad
Hominem arguments, Big-Lie, Defamation, Door-in-the-Face, Half-truth, Name-calling or any other technique that is based on dishonesty or deception. For example, many politicians have been found to frequently stretch or
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This technique can be used with the aim of lessening the impact of a damaging headline or sound byte. For example, if an upcoming story about taking a 'bribe' will be damaging, by repeatedly using the word for 'bribe' for trivial accusations, the word itself may become more normalized and readily
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According to Adolf Hitler, "The most brilliant propagandist technique will yield no success unless one fundamental principle is borne in mind constantly – it must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over." This idea is consistent with the principle of classical conditioning as
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A straw man argument is an informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position. To "attack a straw man" is to create the illusion of having refuted a proposition by substituting a superficially similar proposition (the "straw man"), and refuting it, without ever having actually
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Used to recruit members to a cult or ideology by having a group of individuals cut off a person from their existing social support and replace it entirely with members of the group who deliberately bombard the person with affection in an attempt to isolate the person from their prior beliefs and
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A half-truth is a deceptive statement that includes some element of truth. It comes in several forms: the statement might be partly true, the statement may be totally true but only part of the whole truth, or it may utilize some deceptive element, such as improper punctuation, or double meaning,
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An attempt to justify an action on the grounds that doing so will make one more patriotic, or in some way benefit a group, country, or idea. The feeling of patriotism this technique attempts to inspire may not necessarily diminish or entirely omit one's capability for rational examination of the
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This technique attempts to arouse prejudices in an audience by labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as something the target audience fears, hates, loathes, or finds undesirable. For instance, reporting on a foreign country or social group may focus on the stereotypical traits that the
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Testimonials are quotations, in or out of context, especially cited to support or reject a given policy, action, program, or personality. The reputation or the role (expert, respected public figure, etc.) of the individual giving the statement is exploited. The testimonial places the official
374:: invites those not already on the bandwagon to join those already on the road to certain victory. Those already or at least partially on the bandwagon are reassured that staying aboard is their best course of action. (e.g., "The debate is over. Nearly everyone who matters agrees with me.")
433:
The repeated articulation of a complex of events that justify subsequent action. The descriptions of these events have elements of truth, and the "big lie" generalizations merge and eventually supplant the public's accurate perception of the underlying events. After World War I the German
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invasion and its human losses was done to access Iraq's oil riches. On the other hand, supporters who argue that the US should continue to fight in Iraq use the slogan "cut and run" to suggest withdrawal is cowardly or weak. Similarly, the names of the military campaigns, such as "
675:
An exaggeration (or hyperbole) occurs when the most fundamental aspects of a statement are true, but only to a certain degree. It is also seen as "stretching the truth" or making something appear more powerful, meaningful, or real than it actually is. Saying that a person ate 20
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This technique hopes to simplify the decision making process by using images and words including interjection words to tell the audience exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other possible choices. Authority figures can be used to give the order, overlapping it with the
105:
The transition from non-propaganda to propaganda is fluid. Effective manipulation presupposes non-manipulative embedding in order to unfold its effect, which is why the reference to these contexts is not yet a refutation of the manipulative character of an act of communication.
408:
or depicts attractive, happy people. This suggests if people buy a product or follow a certain ideology, they too will be happy or successful. (This is used more in advertising for products, instead of political reasons.) Usually for advertising rather than political purposes,
1341:"mouth of the media." The third party technique can take many forms, ranging from the hiring of journalists to report the organization in a favorable light, to using scientists within the organization to present their perhaps prejudicial findings to the public. Frequently,
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This is the repeating of a certain symbol or slogan so that the audience remembers it. This could be in the form of a jingle or an image placed on nearly everything in the picture/scene. This also includes using subliminal phrases, images or other content in a piece of
498:
finds that a certain group of people hates his candidate for senator but loves actor A. They use actor A's endorsement of their candidate to change people's minds because people cannot tolerate inconsistency. They are forced to either dislike the actor or like the
474:, and tells it in such a way that the recipient does not think he is receiving any propaganda... The art of propaganda is not telling lies, but rather selecting the truth you require and giving it mixed up with some truths the audience wants to hear."
666:
The use of an event that generates euphoria or happiness, or using an appealing event to boost morale. Euphoria can be created by declaring a holiday, making luxury items available, or mounting a military parade with marching bands and patriotic
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own interpretations rather than simply being presented with an explicit idea. In trying to "figure out" the propaganda, the audience forgoes judgment of the ideas presented. Their validity, reasonableness and application may still be considered.
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own interpretations rather than simply being presented with an explicit idea. In trying to "figure out" the propaganda, the audience forgoes judgment of the ideas presented. Their validity, reasonableness and application may still be considered.
380:: This technique reinforces people's natural desire to be on the winning side. This technique is used to convince the audience that a program is an expression of an irresistible mass movement and that it is in their best interest to join.
841:, or contemptible people support the same policy, then the members of the group may decide to change their original position. This is a form of bad logic, where A is said to include X, and B is said to include X, therefore, A = B.
470:(SHAEF) during the Second World War said "In propaganda truth pays... It is a complete delusion to think of the brilliant propagandist as being a professional liar. The brilliant propagandist is the man who tells the truth, or
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sanction of a respected person or authority on a propaganda message. This is done in an effort to cause the target audience to identify itself with the authority or to accept the authority's opinions and beliefs as its own.
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or to buy something far more expensive). The unwritten social contract between the victim and perpetrator causes the victim to feel obligated to reciprocate by agreeing to do the larger favor or buy the more expensive gift.
425:. However, some evidence suggests that using sexual appeal to sell a product may not succeed, as the target audience may focus too much on the sexually appealing people in the advertisement rather than the product itself.
780:
sources, political or social movements, political leaders, or other actors and organizations. It is an inevitable process of selective influence over the individual's perception of the meanings attributed to words or
98:) to "sociological propaganda" (propaganda of integration), where the unconscious desire to be manipulated and self manipulation leads the individual to adapt to the socially expected thoughts and behaviours (
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Divide and rule in politics and sociology is gaining and maintaining power by breaking up larger concentrations of power into pieces that individually have less power than the one implementing the strategy.
486:. That is, if A is always present when B is present and B causes a physical reaction (e.g. disgust, pleasure), then when presented with object A in the absence of B, that same reaction will be experienced.
325:
Agenda setting means the "ability to influence the importance placed on the topics of the public agenda". If a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience will regard the issue as more
789:
Using persistent denial, misdirection, contradiction, and lying to sow seeds of doubt in a target individual or group, hoping to make them question their own memory, perception, sanity, and norms.
82:"Propaganda in the broadest sense is the technique of influencing human action by the manipulation of representations. These representations may take spoken, written, pictorial or musical form."
1405:
of the target audience that produce a positive image when attached to a person or issue. Peace, hope, happiness, security, wise leadership, freedom, "The Truth", etc. are virtue words. Many see
805:
Glittering generalities are emotionally appealing words that are applied to a product or idea, but present no concrete argument or analysis. This technique has also been referred to as the PT
688:
A false accusation is a claim or allegation of wrongdoing that is untrue and/or otherwise unsupported by facts. They can be used in any of the following contexts: informally in everyday life,
165:. (Connecticut Historical Society; Civil War Collections; Covers.) In the case of radio and television, propaganda can exist on news, current-affairs or talk-show segments, as advertising or
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Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist.
704:
Sometimes abbreviated as FUD, an attempt to influence public perception by disseminating negative and dubious/false information designed to undermine the credibility of their beliefs.
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as the "deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist".
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The creation or deletion of information from public records, in the purpose of making a false record of an event or the actions of a person or organization, including outright
1141:
Individuals or groups may use favorable generalities to rationalize questionable acts or beliefs. Vague and pleasant phrases are often used to justify such actions or beliefs.
1133:
Selective editing of quotes that can change meanings. Political documentaries designed to discredit an opponent or an opposing political viewpoint often use this technique.
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Bombarding a political opponent with obnoxiously complex questions in rapid fire during a debate to make the opponent appear to not know what they are talking about.
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317:, that is repeated enough times, may begin to be taken as the truth. This approach is more effective alongside the propagandist limiting or controlling the media.
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Speier, Cheri; Valacich, Joseph; Vessey, Iris (1999). "The
Influence of Task Interruption on Individual Decision Making: An Information Overload Perspective".
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Some techniques are classified as logical fallacies, because propaganda uses arguments which may have psychological effects but which are logically invalid.
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Bandwagon and "inevitable-victory" appeals attempt to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action that "everyone else is taking."
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A smear is an effort to damage or call into question someone's reputation, by propounding negative propaganda. It can be applied to individuals or groups.
536:
Making individuals from the opposing nation, from a different ethnic group, or those who support the opposing viewpoint appear to be subhuman (e.g., the
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This technique is used when the propaganda concept would seem less credible if explicitly stated. The concept is instead repeatedly assumed or implied.
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impartial examinations of facts. Name-calling is thus a substitute for rational, fact-based arguments against an idea or belief on its own merits.
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A propaganda technique in which a large number of messages are broadcast rapidly, repetitively, and continuously over multiple channels (such as
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Manipulation can be organized or unorganized, conscious or unconscious, politically or socially motivated. The concept reaches from systematic
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Presenting data or issues that, while compelling, are irrelevant to the argument at hand, and then claiming that it validates the argument.
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This technique is used to persuade a target audience to disapprove of an action or idea by suggesting that the idea is popular with groups
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Guerrero, L., Anderson, P., Afifi, W. (2007). Close
Encounters: Communication in Relationships (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
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A euphemism is a generally innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant.
161:, radio, television, and posters. Less common nowadays are the cow post envelopes, examples of which have survived from the time of the
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reader expects, even though they are far from being representative of the whole country or group; such reporting often focuses on the
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137:. Propaganda is a particular type of communication characterized by distorting the representation of reality and manipulation.
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Specific words and phrases with strong emotional implications are used to influence the audience, for example, using the word
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is used when the propagandist attempts to increase the perceived quality, credibility, or credence of a particular ideal. A
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Enforced reduction of discussion by use of overly simplistic phrases or arguments (e.g., "There is no alternative to war.")
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to convince an audience to believe what the propagandist wants them to believe. Many propaganda techniques are based on
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1264:. In graphic propaganda, including war posters, this might include portraying enemies with stereotyped racial features.
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Favorable generalities are used to provide simple answers to complex social, political, economic, or military problems.
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188:. Identifying these messages is a necessary prerequisite to study the methods by which those messages are spread.
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to lay a false trail, while training hunting dogs—an apocryphal story that was probably the origin of the idiom.
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Efforts to discredit organizations or individuals who disagree with or cast doubt on the prevailing assumptions.
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Appeals to fear seek to build support by instilling anxieties and panic in the general population, for example,
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Is used to increase a person's latitude of acceptance. For example, if a salesperson wants to sell an item for
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bikini-clad women within the advertisement, to make the product more appealing to the audience by targeting
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used in Nazi
Germany, originally a symbol for health and prosperity) superimposed over other visual images.
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A type of logical fallacy, in which a conclusion is made out of an argument that does not justify it. All
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explanation of the cause of their defeat became a justification for Nazi re-militarization and revanchism.
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Propaganda and information warfare in the twenty-first century: altered images and deception operations
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is also a term used synonymously with demonizing, the latter usually serves as an aspect of the former.
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Appeals to authority cite prominent figures to support a position, idea, argument, or course of action.
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A Latin phrase that has come to mean attacking one's opponent, as opposed to attacking their arguments.
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Presenting only two choices, with the product or idea being propagated as the better choice. (e.g., "
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of photographs, motion pictures, broadcasts, and sound recordings as well as printed documents.
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Propaganda towards an adversary to erode fighting spirit, and encourage surrender or defection.
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Logically
Fallacious: The Ultimate Collection of Over 300 Logical Fallacies (Academic Edition)
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by the target audience. Thus if a group that supports a certain policy is led to believe that
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909:"The Conquest or Arrival of Hernán Cortés in Veracruz", 1951, National Palace, Mexico City.
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An attempt to control the social environment and ideas through the use of social pressure
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Information dissemination strategies only become propaganda strategies when coupled with
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64 FehlschlĂĽsse in
Argumenten: Logische und rhetorische Irrwege erkennen und vermeiden
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Scholars have identified many standard techniques used in propaganda and persuasion.
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Some techniques are categorized, analyzed and interpreted psychologically, within
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especially if the intent is to deceive, evade, blame, or misrepresent the truth.
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aka
Vietcong, or "VC", soldiers), worthless, or immoral, through suggestion or
453:
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With regard to political and military conflicts, propaganda is seen as part of
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at a party when they actually ate 7 or 8 would be considered an exaggeration.
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1645:
War and the Media: Essays on News
Reporting, Propaganda and Popular Culture
1434:
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Propaganda is understood as a form of manipulation of public opinion. The
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as a virtue, making associations to this quality effectively beneficial.
1357:
A commonly used phrase, sometimes passing as folk wisdom, used to quell
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messages include news reports, government reports, historical revision,
19:
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2175:
Pedagogies of globalization: the rise of the educational security state
2150:
A Citizens Guide to Understanding Corporate Media Propaganda Techniques
1897:
Cole, Robert, ed. (1998). "<--! left blank: several entries-->".
1519:
Lasswell, Harold Dwight (1937): Propaganda Technique in the World War.
1334:
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838:
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to claim that the Allies sought the extermination of the German people.
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1642:
Paul M. Haridakis, Barbara S. Hugenberg, Stanley T. Wearden (2014),
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884:
defame the individual without actually incurring legal-defamation.
386:
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from the need to fix the problem for which blame is being assigned.
885:
870:
830:
809:. (e.g., the advertising campaign slogan "Ford has a better idea!")
693:
512:
502:
495:
267:
2094:
1298:"The Bulgarian Martyresses", 1877 painting by the Russian painter
5904:
5764:
5599:
5584:
5468:
5385:
5103:
4871:
4801:
3666:
3299:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
3164:
3035:
2454:
2427:
2365:
2205:
The triumph of propaganda: film and national socialism, 1933–1945
1444:
630:, the salesperson first offers the item at a higher price (e.g.,
603:
428:
279:
1719:"Hybride Bedrohungen. Sicherheitspolitik in der Grauzone | APuZ"
1566:
310:
This uses tireless repetition of an idea. An idea, especially a
5999:
5526:
3604:
1222:
1201:
1017:
822:
580:
390:"Getting What He Deserves" American anti-Catholic cartoon from
314:
191:
2071:
Propaganda and counter-terrorism: Strategies for global change
1717:
Florian Schaurer , Hans-Joachim Ruff-Stahl (21 October 2016).
1242:" can also be considered slogans, devised to influence people.
1153:
1012:
Minimisation is the opposite of exaggeration. It is a type of
986:
472:
that selection of the truth which is requisite for his purpose
413:
may also be used. For example, a message promoting a brand of
16:
Methods of mind manipulation, often based on logical fallacies
5989:
5566:
5166:
3398:
1181:
733:
78:
definition targets even more precisely the technical aspect:
41:
research. Many of these same techniques can be classified as
2030:. Washington DC: Headquarters; Department of the Army. 1979.
1535:
1533:
5048:
2511:
1322:
waged with the proclaimed aim of liberating the Bulgarians.
1303:
1117:
The active use of selective truthful statements to mislead.
826:
1424:"What about..." followed by an event in the Western world.
1318:
a year earlier, served to mobilize public support for the
1082:
913:'s political murals depict a modern interpretation of the
1530:
963:
207:
Propaganda to urge immigrants to move to California, 1876
1801:
Kritisch denken – treffend argumentieren: Ein Übungsbuch
1797:
1184:
to an individual or group, thus alleviating feelings of
120:"Propaganda is a major form of manipulation by symbols"
133:, and especially in media impact research, focusing on
118:
manipulation of signs is the essential characteristic (
990:
Anti-Muslim propaganda in Germany produced during the
2696:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
2328:
1539:
528:
personalities to promote their ideas and/or products.
3565:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
2893:
2192:
1863:
1051:
can be considered as special cases of non sequitur.
1024:
in situations where complete denial is implausible.
594:"I want you" image is an example of this technique.
2668:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
1929:
542:National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam
3220:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2772:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
247:, which gain particular importance in the era of
6038:
3115:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
2145:
2143:
1701:
1575:
468:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
195:"Comrade Lenin Cleanses the Earth of Filth" by
3775:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
2258:"When telling the truth is actually dishonest"
2171:
1999:
1936:Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research
1204:, love it or leave it", often used during the
646:A dysphemism is an expression with a negative
482:All vertebrates, including humans, respond to
5701:
4687:
3780:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
3650:
3428:Election denial movement in the United States
2314:
2290:
2140:
2028:Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1
1993:
1932:"News influence on our pictures of the world"
1830:
1731:
2202:; John Broadwin; Volker R. Berghahn (1997).
1674:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1188:from responsible parties and/or distracting
3664:
2648:
2042:"False Accusation Law and Legal Definition"
1688:Garth S. Jowett and Victoria J. O'Donnell,
1157:In 1807, William Cobbett wrote how he used
417:to a male target audience may also include
5708:
5694:
4694:
4680:
3657:
3643:
3100:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
2321:
2307:
2165:
1764:
1608:
720:) without regard for truth or consistency.
494:People desire to be consistent. Suppose a
5715:
4358:
1546:(in German), Greenwood Publishing Group,
1484:Garth Jowett, Victoria O'Donnell (2006),
982:well as the idea of "Staying on Message."
140:
4511:
3453:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
2255:
1975:"Sex Doesn't Sell After All, Study Says"
1543:The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction
1293:
1195:
1152:
1081:
985:
904:
741:- personification of Finnish nationalism
732:
634:) and subsequently reduces the price to
555:
385:
211:
202:
190:
169:announcement "spots" or as long-running
18:
3252:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
404:The type of propaganda that deals with
6057:Promotion and marketing communications
6039:
4701:
3379:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
3170:Soviet influence on the peace movement
2767:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
2067:
626:but the public is only willing to pay
288:
125:Thus, propaganda is a special form of
5689:
4675:
3638:
3526:
3104:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
2892:
2805:
2713:
2647:
2344:
2302:
2289:
2136:. Yale University Press. p. 172.
1314:troops during the suppression of the
940:rather than a more neutral word like
258:
2256:McGregor, Jena (December 29, 2016).
2006:. Taylor & Francis. p. 35.
1896:
1735:An Illustrated Book of Bad Arguments
650:. It is the opposite of a euphemism.
590:technique, but not necessarily. The
519:to create a perception of belonging.
448:You're either with us, or against us
52:
3374:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
2584:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
2129:
1704:"Psychologie der Propaganda | APuZ"
13:
2845:Misinformation related to abortion
2109:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1999.tb01613.x
1867:Ethisch richtig denken und handeln
1057:, intentional vagueness, confusion
888:can be thought of as a sub-set of
14:
6073:
3062:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
2675:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
2133:The Culture of the New Capitalism
1870:(in German), LIT Verlag MĂĽnster,
1798:Paul Walter, Petra Wenzl (2015),
1702:Bussemer Thymian (2 March 2007).
1579:Propaganda: Konzepte und Theorien
1576:Thymian Bussemer (26 June 2008),
1417:Whataboutism is a variant of the
638:to make it seem like a good deal.
462:, the British Deputy Director of
109:
4656:
4655:
3615:United States Information Agency
2894:Operations and events by country
2178:. Psychology Press. p. 60.
1959:
1930:McCombs, M; Reynolds, A (2002).
1901:. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference.
1349:are used to deliver the message.
5338:Party platforms (or manifestos)
3215:Information war against Ukraine
2762:International Jewish conspiracy
2730:Congo Free State propaganda war
2249:
2231:
2208:. Berghahn Books. p. 140.
2154:
2123:
2088:
2061:
2034:
2020:
1967:
1923:
1890:
1857:
1824:
1791:
1758:
1725:
1615:(in German), Psychology Press,
1206:Brazilian military dictatorship
4153:Correlation implies causation
3527:
3443:Information Operations Roadmap
3353:Psychological Warfare Division
2923:Chinese information operations
2872:Water fluoridation controversy
1804:(in German), Springer-Verlag,
1710:
1695:
1682:
1635:
1602:
1582:(in German), Springer-Verlag,
1540:Stanley B. Cunningham (2002),
1513:
1477:
1273:refuted the original position.
464:Psychological Warfare Division
232:, which includes the study of
145:Common media for transmitting
66:, authors Garth S. Jowett and
1:
3550:Active Measures Working Group
3208:during the Russo-Georgian War
3175:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
2068:Briant, Emma (January 2015).
1738:(in German), The Experiment,
1470:
1320:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
346:exploited Theodore Kaufman's
57:
5980:Rally 'round the flag effect
5855:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
5426:Rally 'round the flag effect
3433:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
3110:Fake news in the Philippines
2714:
2482:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
1864:Valentin Zsifkovits (2005),
700:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
7:
3560:Counter Misinformation Team
3555:Counter disinformation unit
3005:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
2492:Forgery as covert operation
2074:. Oxford University Press.
1690:Propaganda & Persuasion
1465:Outline of public relations
1428:
1219:dismissed when encountered.
456:(also called card-stacking)
10:
6078:
4577:I'm entitled to my opinion
3570:The Disinformation Project
3000:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
2356:Algorithmic radicalization
1899:Encyclopedia of Propaganda
1771:(in German), eBookIt.com,
1393:
1353:Thought-terminating cliché
1332:
1281:
1256:, name calling or labeling
951:
892:, another logical fallacy.
755:Foot-in-the-door technique
618:Door-in-the-face technique
564:, urging Americans to buy
5723:
5620:
5565:
5497:
5439:
5371:
5288:
5205:
5157:
5047:
4958:
4885:
4775:
4767:Manipulation (psychology)
4709:
4651:
4560:
4499:
4433:
4349:
4258:
4233:
4208:
4132:
4084:
4020:
3995:
3967:
3932:
3882:
3836:
3827:
3765:
3731:
3687:
3678:
3533:
3522:
3493:
3487:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
3481:
3463:Tobacco industry playbook
3394:CIA Kennedy assassination
3366:
3312:
3286:
3274:
3188:
3135:
3123:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3013:
2987:
2975:
2915:
2903:
2899:
2888:
2720:
2709:
2654:
2643:
2527:Manipulation (psychology)
2351:
2345:
2340:
2296:
2291:Links to related articles
1487:Propaganda and Persuasion
1093:Heroes of the Fiery Cross
764:Framing (social sciences)
392:Heroes of the Fiery Cross
64:Propaganda and Persuasion
47:abusive power and control
4945:Criticism of advertising
4603:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
3703:Affirming the consequent
3575:East StratCom Task Force
3389:9/11 conspiracy theories
2386:List of cognitive biases
1648:(in German), McFarland,
1612:Power: Critical Concepts
1450:List of cognitive biases
5785:Cartographic propaganda
5607:Promotional merchandise
5318:Character assassination
5255:Narcotizing dysfunction
5129:Photograph manipulation
4842:Guerrilla communication
4623:Two wrongs make a right
3954:Denying the correlative
3501:Public opinion brigades
3458:Niger uranium forgeries
3448:Litter boxes in schools
2818:COVID-19 misinformation
2740:Free energy suppression
2649:Books and documentaries
2423:Euphemistic misspeaking
2172:Joel H. Spring (2006).
2000:Scot Macdonald (2007).
1944:10.4324/9781410602428-5
1401:These are words in the
896:Latitudes of acceptance
801:Glittering generalities
442:Black-and-white fallacy
186:propagandistic messages
5970:Propaganda of the deed
5940:New generation warfare
5890:Historical negationism
5728:Accusation in a mirror
5590:Product demonstrations
5019:Historical negationism
4608:Psychologist's fallacy
4545:Argument to moderation
4535:Argument from anecdote
4485:Chronological snobbery
4109:Quoting out of context
4076:Overwhelming exception
3959:Suppressed correlative
3859:Quoting out of context
3734:quantificational logic
3708:Denying the antecedent
3247:2016 Brexit referendum
2596:Scientific fabrication
2507:Historical negationism
1837:(in German), BookRix,
1831:Albert Mößmer (2016),
1732:Ali Almossawi (2014),
1323:
1209:
1162:
1108:
1034:name-calling technique
1032:Propagandists use the
995:
992:Ottoman wars in Europe
918:
742:
568:
560:World War I poster by
540:-era term "gooks" for
484:classical conditioning
478:Classical conditioning
395:
208:
200:
141:Manipulation and media
131:communication research
129:, which is studied in
84:
27:
6052:Psychological warfare
6047:Propaganda techniques
5965:Psychological warfare
5930:Monumental propaganda
5880:Glittering generality
5860:Firehose of falsehood
5717:Propaganda techniques
5522:Reputation management
5441:Psychological warfare
5290:Political campaigning
5099:Firehose of falsehood
4571:The Four Great Errors
4551:Argumentum ad populum
4540:Argument from silence
4244:Argumentum ad baculum
4022:Faulty generalization
3713:Argument from fallacy
3543:Fact-checking website
3348:Operation Mass Appeal
3330:Clockwork Orange plot
2840:Mental illness denial
2735:Climate change denial
2552:Psychological warfare
2522:Internet manipulation
2487:Firehose of falsehood
2413:Disinformation attack
1396:Transfer (propaganda)
1328:Third party technique
1297:
1199:
1156:
1129:Quotes out of context
1102:Pillar of Fire Church
1086:Illustration by Rev.
1085:
989:
908:
862:Intentional vagueness
736:
708:Firehose of falsehood
559:
389:
274:, they are viewed as
241:psychological warfare
234:cognitive distortions
212:Psychological aspects
206:
194:
80:
31:Propaganda techniques
22:
5805:Demonizing the enemy
5557:Corporate propaganda
4589:Invincible ignorance
4395:Reductio ad Stalinum
4381:Reductio ad Hitlerum
4337:Wisdom of repugnance
4104:Moving the goalposts
3969:Illicit transference
3894:Begging the question
3815:Undistributed middle
3723:Mathematical fallacy
3698:Affirming a disjunct
2682:Who's Who in the CIA
2245:. 15 September 2003.
2161:unacceptable message
1359:cognitive dissonance
1200:Nationalist slogan "
1070:relations campaigns.
1065:Operant conditioning
890:guilt by association
854:Information overload
817:Reductio ad Hitlerum
813:Guilt by association
532:Demonizing the enemy
490:Cognitive dissonance
349:Germany Must Perish!
230:cognitive psychology
218:political psychology
33:are methods used in
5995:Shooting and crying
5825:Emotive conjugation
5800:Cult of personality
5750:Atrocity propaganda
5645:Media concentration
5517:Non-apology apology
5507:Cult of personality
5235:Emotive conjugation
4989:Burying of scholars
4322:Parade of horribles
4298:In-group favoritism
4124:Syntactic ambiguity
3767:Syllogistic fallacy
3690:propositional logic
3384:Conspiracy theories
3325:Double-Cross System
3294:Conspiracy theories
3155:Operation INFEKTION
2943:Internet Water Army
2797:Strategy of tension
2662:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
2547:Post-truth politics
1765:Bo Bennett (2017),
1609:John Scott (1994),
1490:(in German), SAGE,
1381:Unstated assumption
1300:Konstantin Makovsky
770:social construction
729:matter in question.
588:appeal to authority
523:Cult of personality
419:sexually attractive
356:Appeal to prejudice
330:Appeal to authority
289:Specific techniques
245:information warfare
153:, books, leaflets,
76:Harold D. Laswell's
39:socio-psychological
5955:Oversimplification
5935:Moralistic fallacy
5628:Influence-for-hire
5421:National mythology
5391:Crowd manipulation
5280:Tabloid journalism
5149:Video manipulation
5094:Fictitious entries
4817:Civil disobedience
4703:Media manipulation
4408:Poisoning the well
4225:Proof by assertion
4200:Texas sharpshooter
4134:Questionable cause
4071:Slothful induction
4030:Anecdotal evidence
3890:Circular reasoning
3785:Exclusive premises
3747:Illicit conversion
3280:HIV/AIDS denialism
3257:Trolls from Olgino
3031:Paid news in India
3021:Fake news in India
2835:HIV/AIDS denialism
2689:Merchants of Doubt
2562:Military deception
2537:Media manipulation
2376:Circular reporting
2130:Sennett, Richard.
1324:
1284:Damaging quotation
1214:Semantic Satiation
1210:
1163:
1109:
1074:Oversimplification
996:
919:
743:
569:
396:
372:Inevitable victory
259:Logic and rhetoric
209:
201:
163:American Civil War
135:media manipulation
68:Victoria O'Donnell
28:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6027:
5920:Managing the news
5745:Appeal to emotion
5683:
5682:
5449:Airborne leaflets
5328:Election promises
5182:Product placement
5057:Alternative facts
4797:Alternative media
4669:
4668:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4583:Ignoratio elenchi
4495:
4494:
4345:
4344:
4307:Not invented here
4012:Converse accident
3934:Correlative-based
3911:Compound question
3854:False attribution
3849:False equivalence
3823:
3822:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3468:Operation Shocker
3270:
3269:
3150:K-1000 battleship
2981:Operation Neptune
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2705:
2704:
2639:
2638:
2631:Yellow journalism
2579:counterpropaganda
2460:List of fallacies
2393:Conspiracy theory
2361:Alternative facts
2215:978-1-57181-122-6
2185:978-0-8058-5557-9
2097:Decision Sciences
2013:978-0-415-77145-0
1877:978-3-8258-8509-0
1844:978-3-7396-3631-3
1811:978-3-658-10554-9
1778:978-1-4566-0737-1
1745:978-1-61519-226-7
1655:978-0-7864-5460-0
1622:978-0-415-07938-9
1497:978-1-4129-0898-6
1455:List of fallacies
1100:published by the
1049:invalid arguments
977:Managing the news
774:social phenomenon
684:False accusations
546:false accusations
226:social psychology
53:General character
43:logical fallacies
6069:
6020:White propaganda
5975:Public relations
5950:Overcomplication
5835:False accusation
5770:Black propaganda
5760:Beautiful people
5755:Bandwagon effect
5710:
5703:
5696:
5687:
5686:
5675:Media proprietor
5499:Public relations
5479:Public diplomacy
5464:Information (IT)
5343:Name recognition
4968:Media regulation
4950:Annoyance factor
4807:Call-out culture
4722:Crowd psychology
4696:
4689:
4682:
4673:
4672:
4659:
4658:
4630:Special pleading
4509:
4508:
4370:Appeal to motive
4356:
4355:
4332:Stirring symbols
4312:Island mentality
4250:Wishful thinking
4231:
4230:
3947:Perfect solution
3924:No true Scotsman
3919:Complex question
3904:Leading question
3883:Question-begging
3869:No true Scotsman
3834:
3833:
3757:Quantifier shift
3752:Proof by example
3685:
3684:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3524:
3523:
3343:MMR autism fraud
3226:On US elections
3160:Operation Toucan
3133:
3132:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2855:anti-vaccination
2803:
2802:
2750:Holocaust denial
2725:Bermuda Triangle
2711:
2710:
2645:
2644:
2574:black propaganda
2542:Potemkin village
2467:False accusation
2443:list of websites
2342:
2341:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2169:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1981:. 18 August 2015
1971:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1537:
1528:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1481:
1343:astroturf groups
973:break the truth.
690:quasi-judicially
637:
633:
629:
625:
460:Richard Crossman
436:stab in the back
400:Beautiful people
88:state propaganda
6077:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6029:
6024:
5910:Loaded language
5719:
5714:
5684:
5679:
5670:Media influence
5665:Media franchise
5650:Media democracy
5616:
5561:
5493:
5435:
5416:Loaded language
5367:
5284:
5201:
5153:
5043:
4972:
4954:
4881:
4822:Culture jamming
4771:
4705:
4700:
4670:
4665:
4639:
4613:Rationalization
4556:
4503:
4491:
4429:
4351:Genetic fallacy
4341:
4254:
4229:
4204:
4128:
4119:Sorites paradox
4099:False precision
4080:
4061:Double counting
4016:
3991:
3963:
3928:
3915:Loaded question
3899:Loaded language
3878:
3819:
3761:
3727:
3674:
3663:
3633:
3624:
3529:
3510:
3489:
3477:
3362:
3358:Zinoviev letter
3308:
3282:
3266:
3190:Post-Soviet era
3184:
3145:Active Measures
3128:
3119:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3009:
2983:
2971:
2911:
2909:Jihadunspun.com
2895:
2876:
2801:
2777:New World Order
2745:Genocide denial
2716:
2701:
2650:
2635:
2557:Memetic warfare
2347:
2336:
2327:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2262:Washington Post
2254:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2200:Hilmar Hoffmann
2197:
2193:
2186:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2128:
2124:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2014:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1954:
1928:
1924:
1909:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1730:
1726:
1715:
1711:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1574:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1538:
1531:
1518:
1514:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1460:Spin (politics)
1431:
1398:
1337:
1286:
1137:Rationalization
1088:Branford Clarke
1022:rationalization
956:
932:Loaded language
923:Limited hangout
768:Framing is the
635:
631:
627:
623:
610:Divide and rule
344:Joseph Goebbels
291:
261:
222:mass psychology
214:
199:. November 1920
143:
112:
60:
55:
24:Anti-capitalist
17:
12:
11:
5:
6075:
6065:
6064:
6062:Public opinion
6059:
6054:
6049:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5900:Indoctrination
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5810:Disinformation
5807:
5802:
5797:
5795:Cherry picking
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5740:Appeal to fear
5737:
5730:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5713:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5690:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5571:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5547:Understatement
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5411:Indoctrination
5408:
5403:
5398:
5396:Disinformation
5393:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5358:Smear campaign
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5275:Sensationalism
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5215:Agenda-setting
5211:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5089:False document
5086:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4994:Catch and kill
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4827:Demonstrations
4824:
4819:
4814:
4812:Cancel culture
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4781:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4699:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4591:
4586:
4579:
4574:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4517:
4515:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4452:
4445:
4443:Accomplishment
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4239:
4237:
4228:
4227:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4195:Slippery slope
4192:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4161:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4114:Slippery slope
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4040:Cherry picking
4032:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:Habbush letter
3435:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:Bell Pottinger
3316:
3314:
3313:United Kingdom
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2976:Czechoslovakia
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2948:PLA Unit 61398
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2823:by governments
2815:
2809:
2807:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2660:Disinformation
2655:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2381:Cognitive bias
2378:
2373:
2371:Cherry picking
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2337:
2334:misinformation
2330:Disinformation
2326:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2282:
2281:
2248:
2230:
2221:
2214:
2191:
2184:
2164:
2153:
2139:
2122:
2103:(2): 337–360.
2087:
2080:
2060:
2033:
2019:
2012:
1992:
1966:
1952:
1922:
1907:
1889:
1876:
1856:
1843:
1823:
1810:
1790:
1777:
1757:
1744:
1724:
1709:
1694:
1692:(5th ed. 2011)
1681:
1654:
1634:
1621:
1601:
1588:
1565:
1552:
1529:
1512:
1496:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1369:Also known as
1367:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1331:
1330:
1316:April Uprising
1302:depicting the
1292:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1194:
1193:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1010:
1005:
1002:
1000:Milieu control
994:, 16th century
984:
983:
979:
974:
970:
961:
954:Milieu control
950:
949:
944:
934:
929:
925:
903:
902:
898:
893:
873:
868:
864:
859:
856:
851:
847:
842:
819:
810:
803:
798:
795:
790:
787:
782:
766:
761:
757:
752:
749:
739:Finnish Maiden
731:
730:
726:
721:
710:
705:
702:
697:
686:
681:
673:
668:
664:
659:
656:
651:
644:
639:
620:
615:
612:
607:
600:
598:Disinformation
595:
583:
578:
575:
573:Demoralization
554:
553:
534:
529:
525:
520:
517:colloquialisms
505:
500:
492:
487:
480:
475:
466:(PWD) for the
457:
454:Cherry picking
451:
444:
439:
431:
426:
423:sexual desires
411:sexual arousal
402:
384:
383:
382:
381:
378:Join the crowd
375:
366:
361:
358:
353:
340:
338:Appeal to fear
335:
332:
327:
323:
321:Agenda setting
318:
308:
303:
300:
290:
287:
260:
257:
249:hybrid warfare
213:
210:
179:indoctrination
175:opinion leader
167:public-service
142:
139:
111:
110:Classification
108:
96:Edward Bernays
92:public opinion
90:to manipulate
62:In their book
59:
56:
54:
51:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6074:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
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5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5845:False dilemma
5843:
5841:
5840:False balance
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5706:
5704:
5699:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5655:Media ecology
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5638:United States
5636:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5613:
5612:Telemarketing
5610:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
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5568:
5564:
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5555:
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5523:
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5518:
5515:
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5510:
5508:
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5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5485:
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5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
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5450:
5447:
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5444:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5401:Fearmongering
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5364:
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5349:
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5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5240:False balance
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5198:
5197:Word of mouth
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
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5147:
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5142:
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5137:
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5110:
5107:
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5087:
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5082:
5078:
5075:
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5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
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5055:
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5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
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5032:
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5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:Broadcast law
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4946:
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4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Deplatforming
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:False balance
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4697:
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4690:
4685:
4683:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4662:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4636:
4633:
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4628:
4624:
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4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
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4604:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:
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4578:
4575:
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4572:
4568:
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4559:
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4548:
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4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4498:
4486:
4483:
4482:
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4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:Invented here
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4066:False analogy
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4035:Sampling bias
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3998:Secundum quid
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3942:False dilemma
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:Illicit minor
3808:
3806:
3805:Illicit major
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:FactCheck.org
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3538:Fact-checking
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3535:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3507:
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3502:
3499:
3498:
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3492:
3488:
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3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
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3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:United States
3365:
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3333:
3331:
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3311:
3305:
3302:
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3291:
3289:
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3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
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2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2963:
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2958:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:50 Cent Party
2926:
2925:
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2918:
2914:
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2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Media culture
2530:
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2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:False dilemma
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
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2240:
2234:
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2195:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2081:9781847799623
2077:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1962:
1955:
1953:9781410602428
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1908:9780765680099
1904:
1900:
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1605:
1591:
1589:9783531161600
1585:
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1580:
1572:
1570:
1555:
1553:9780275974459
1549:
1545:
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1536:
1534:
1527:, S. 214–222.
1526:
1525:0-262-62018-9
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1234:
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1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Pensée unique
1119:
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1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:Zarephath, NJ
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
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1077:
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1072:
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1046:
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1035:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:coupled with
1019:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
988:
980:
978:
975:
971:
969:
965:
962:
960:value system.
958:
957:
955:
948:
945:
943:
939:
935:
933:
930:
926:
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921:
920:
916:
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869:
865:
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855:
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848:
846:
843:
840:
836:
832:
829:, or held in
828:
824:
820:
818:
814:
811:
808:
807:Barnum effect
804:
802:
799:
796:
794:
791:
788:
786:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
765:
762:
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748:
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719:
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621:
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601:
599:
596:
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589:
584:
582:
579:
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574:
571:
570:
567:
566:Liberty Bonds
563:
558:
551:
547:
543:
539:
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533:
530:
526:
524:
521:
518:
514:
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407:
406:famous people
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309:
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286:
284:
281:
278:, ruses, and
277:
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269:
264:
256:
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246:
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227:
223:
220:, especially
219:
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156:
152:
148:
138:
136:
132:
128:
127:communication
123:
121:
117:
107:
103:
101:
100:Jacques Ellul
97:
93:
89:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
21:
6015:Whataboutism
5985:Scapegoating
5945:Obscurantism
5925:Minimisation
5830:Exaggeration
5732:
5716:
5660:Media ethics
5580:Door-to-door
5575:Cold calling
5552:Weasel words
5459:Fifth column
5430:
5353:Push polling
5303:Astroturfing
5265:Pseudo-event
5245:Infotainment
5220:Broadcasting
5139:Urban legend
5062:April Fools'
4935:Testimonials
4905:Infomercials
4732:Dumbing down
4598:Naturalistic
4581:
4569:
4549:
4520:
4504:of relevance
4447:
4425:Whataboutism
4417:
4393:
4387:Godwin's law
4379:
4359:
4242:
4235:Consequences
4216:Law/Legality
4190:Single cause
4163:
4156:
3996:
3864:Loki's Wager
3844:Equivocation
3837:Equivocation
3340:
3275:South Africa
3262:Web brigades
3198:Cyberwarfare
3180:Useful idiot
3129:Soviet Union
3074:Fintas Group
2966:Global Times
2964:
2933:cyberwarfare
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2659:
2626:Whataboutism
2621:Urban legend
2591:Quote mining
2273:. Retrieved
2261:
2251:
2242:
2239:"PROPAGANDA"
2233:
2224:
2204:
2194:
2174:
2167:
2156:
2132:
2125:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2070:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2045:
2036:
2027:
2022:
2002:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1969:
1935:
1925:
1898:
1892:
1881:, retrieved
1866:
1859:
1848:, retrieved
1833:
1826:
1815:, retrieved
1800:
1793:
1782:, retrieved
1767:
1760:
1749:, retrieved
1734:
1727:
1721:(in German).
1712:
1706:(in German).
1697:
1689:
1684:
1659:, retrieved
1644:
1637:
1626:, retrieved
1611:
1604:
1593:, retrieved
1578:
1557:, retrieved
1542:
1515:
1507:
1501:, retrieved
1486:
1479:
1435:Demonization
1418:
1413:Whataboutism
1403:value system
1389:Virtue words
1370:
1347:front groups
1254:Stereotyping
1176:Scapegoating
1159:red herrings
1091:
1043:Non sequitur
1033:
1028:Name-calling
1008:Minimisation
947:Love bombing
941:
937:
915:Black Legend
911:Diego Rivera
718:social media
678:spring rolls
671:Exaggeration
562:Winsor McCay
550:Dehumanizing
515:" and other
377:
371:
347:
292:
265:
262:
253:cyberwarfare
238:
215:
185:
183:
171:advertorials
159:social media
151:junk science
144:
124:
119:
113:
104:
85:
81:
63:
61:
30:
29:
6010:Weasel word
5960:Plain folks
5875:Gish gallop
5865:Flag-waving
5820:Doublespeak
5815:Dog whistle
5775:Blood libel
5532:Sound bites
5512:Doublespeak
5363:Wedge issue
5323:Dog whistle
5298:Advertising
5124:Lying press
5109:Gaslighting
4887:Advertising
4862:Occupations
4752:Obfuscation
4742:Half-truths
4618:Red herring
4375:Association
4056:Conjunction
3977:Composition
3874:Reification
3790:Existential
3742:Existential
3473:Yellow rain
3093:Philippines
2953:Spamouflage
2938:Little Pink
2792:Rothschilds
2782:Red mercury
2497:Gaslighting
2448:Lying press
2418:Doublespeak
2053:18 February
1440:Doublespeak
1407:religiosity
1371:association
1277:Testimonial
1208:(1964–1985)
1172:propaganda.
1145:Red herring
1055:Obfuscation
835:undesirable
793:Gish gallop
785:Gaslighting
724:Flag-waving
648:connotation
538:Vietnam War
509:plain folks
415:motorcycles
197:Viktor Deni
6041:Categories
5885:Half-truth
5790:Censorship
5734:Ad hominem
5633:Media bias
5489:Subversion
5454:False flag
5431:Techniques
5373:Propaganda
5333:Lawn signs
5313:Canvassing
5207:News media
4963:Censorship
4895:Billboards
4847:Hacktivism
4837:Grassroots
4762:Persuasion
4594:Moralistic
4528:Sealioning
4522:Ad nauseam
4449:Ipse dixit
4361:Ad hominem
4185:Regression
3987:Ecological
3800:Four terms
3718:Masked man
3600:PolitiFact
3528:Opposition
3404:Sandy Hook
3203:on Estonia
3137:Soviet era
3050:Team Jorge
3026:Godi-media
2787:Reptilians
2757:Illuminati
2616:Truthiness
2606:Social bot
2569:Propaganda
2502:Half-truth
2477:False flag
2275:2021-11-18
1503:2019-06-30
1471:References
1394:See also:
1335:Soft power
1333:See also:
1282:See also:
1180:Assigning
1167:Repetition
1098:Alma White
1096:by Bishop
1016:involving
952:See also:
881:dysphemism
845:Half-truth
839:subversive
778:mass media
694:judicially
642:Dysphemism
503:Common man
499:candidate.
326:important.
306:Ad nauseam
298:Ad hominem
283:stratagems
147:propaganda
72:Propaganda
58:Definition
35:propaganda
26:propaganda
5895:Ideograph
5850:Fake news
5595:Promotion
5474:Political
5381:Bandwagon
5308:Attack ad
5187:Publicity
5159:Marketing
5072:Fake news
5034:Religious
5029:Political
5009:Euphemism
5004:Cover-ups
4999:Corporate
4867:Petitions
4757:Orwellian
4727:Deception
4635:Straw man
4513:Arguments
4502:fallacies
4476:Tradition
4466:Etymology
4438:Authority
4419:Tu quoque
4403:Bulverism
4173:Gambler's
4142:Animistic
4086:Ambiguity
4052:Base rate
3795:Necessity
3667:fallacies
3595:NewsGuard
3590:Logically
3585:Full Fact
3482:Venezuela
3416:Fake news
3304:AK Trolls
2995:Funkspiel
2517:Infodemic
2433:Fake news
2408:Denialism
2403:Deception
2270:0190-8286
1979:Bloomberg
1938:: 11–28.
1420:tu quoque
1375:swastikas
1310:women by
1308:Bulgarian
1268:Straw man
1262:anecdotal
1190:attention
1113:Paltering
1014:deception
968:deception
877:euphemism
776:often by
667:messages.
654:Euphemism
592:Uncle Sam
364:Bandwagon
272:dialectic
49:tactics.
5915:Newspeak
5780:Buzzword
5542:Transfer
5484:Sedition
5348:Negative
5260:Newspeak
5250:Managing
5192:Research
5167:Branding
5119:Literary
5084:Fakelore
5077:websites
5067:Deepfake
5024:Internet
4915:Modeling
4872:Protests
4852:Internet
4785:Advocacy
4777:Activism
4661:Category
4293:Ridicule
4278:Flattery
4268:Children
4165:Post hoc
4045:McNamara
4007:Accident
3982:Division
3829:Informal
3620:USAFacts
3610:StopFake
3506:Force 47
3411:COVID-19
3335:Euromyth
3086:Peñabots
2960:COVID-19
2865:COVID-19
2850:Vaccines
2715:Examples
2601:Smearing
2117:17160272
2047:US Legal
1985:26 March
1917:37238860
1670:citation
1429:See also
1365:Transfer
1230:enduring
1104:1928 in
942:changes.
886:Labeling
871:Labeling
831:contempt
781:phrases.
662:Euphoria
496:pollster
276:sophisms
268:rhetoric
177:through
116:semiotic
5905:Lawfare
5870:Framing
5765:Big lie
5621:Related
5600:Spaving
5585:Pricing
5527:Slogans
5469:Lawfare
5406:Framing
5386:Big lie
5177:Product
5172:Loyalty
5104:Forgery
5049:Hoaxing
4930:Slogans
4910:Mobiles
4802:Boycott
4710:Context
4480:Novelty
4455:Poverty
4317:Loyalty
4283:Novelty
4260:Emotion
4209:Appeals
4178:Inverse
4158:Cum hoc
4147:Furtive
3665:Common
3494:Vietnam
3165:Seat 12
3036:OpIndia
2988:Germany
2455:Fallacy
2428:Factoid
2366:Big lie
1883:30 June
1850:30 June
1817:30 June
1784:7 April
1751:7 April
1661:30 June
1628:30 June
1445:Factoid
1312:Ottoman
1233:freedom
1223:Slogans
938:reforms
604:forgery
429:Big lie
280:eristic
70:define
6000:Slogan
5225:Circus
5134:Racial
4565:Cliché
4500:Other
4471:Nature
4459:Wealth
4094:Accent
3680:Formal
3605:Snopes
3421:online
3341:Lancet
3287:Turkey
3125:Russia
3081:Mexico
3069:Kuwait
3045:Israel
2904:Canada
2860:autism
2806:Health
2438:online
2268:
2243:Ad Age
2212:
2182:
2115:
2078:
2010:
1950:
1915:
1905:
1874:
1841:
1808:
1775:
1742:
1652:
1619:
1595:2 July
1586:
1559:3 July
1550:
1523:
1494:
1246:Smears
1235:" or "
1202:Brazil
1018:denial
827:feared
581:Dictat
450:....")
315:slogan
312:simple
228:, and
155:movies
5990:Senbu
5567:Sales
5270:Scrum
5230:Cycle
5144:Virus
5014:Films
4979:Books
4920:Radio
4900:False
4877:Youth
4857:Media
4790:group
4747:Media
4327:Spite
4221:Stone
3399:QAnon
3057:Korea
3014:India
2916:China
2830:Ebola
2346:Types
2113:S2CID
1240:cause
1186:guilt
1182:blame
1090:from
964:Lying
928:case.
823:hated
772:of a
692:, or
636:$ 100
632:$ 200
624:$ 100
513:Y'all
507:The "
394:1928.
6005:Spin
5537:Spin
5114:List
5039:Self
4717:Bias
4413:Tone
4288:Pity
4273:Fear
3671:list
3240:2020
3235:2018
3230:2016
2611:Spin
2512:Hoax
2397:list
2332:and
2266:ISSN
2210:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2055:2021
2008:ISBN
1987:2017
1948:ISBN
1913:OCLC
1903:ISBN
1885:2019
1872:ISBN
1852:2019
1839:ISBN
1819:2019
1806:ISBN
1786:2019
1773:ISBN
1753:2019
1740:ISBN
1676:link
1663:2019
1650:ISBN
1630:2019
1617:ISBN
1597:2019
1584:ISBN
1561:2019
1548:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1304:rape
1237:just
966:and
747:Flak
737:The
716:and
714:news
628:$ 50
270:and
251:and
243:and
4925:Sex
3732:In
3688:In
2105:doi
1940:doi
1345:or
1306:of
815:or
548:.
266:In
122:).
102:).
45:or
6043::
4940:TV
4596:/
4478:/
4457:/
4305:/
4223:/
4054:/
3917:/
3913:/
3892:/
2813:5G
2264:.
2260:.
2241:.
2142:^
2111:.
2101:30
2099:.
2044:.
1977:.
1946:.
1934:.
1911:.
1672:}}
1668:{{
1568:^
1532:^
1506:,
875:A
837:,
825:,
285:.
255:.
236:.
224:,
181:.
157:,
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5702:t
5695:v
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4688:t
4681:v
3673:)
3669:(
3658:e
3651:t
3644:v
3127:/
3106:)
3102:(
2399:)
2395:(
2322:e
2315:t
2308:v
2278:.
2218:.
2188:.
2119:.
2107::
2084:.
2057:.
2016:.
1989:.
1956:.
1942::
1919:.
1678:)
1361:.
917:.
696:.
94:(
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