1756:, and the Zeya Watersheds. They may have been divided into five to twenty tribes. They were said to be dressed in fish skins. They may have been nomadic, staying in the marshy lowlands in the winter and the mountains during the summer. The burial was by exposure in trees. Their language is described as being similar to Manchu-Tungusic languages and Khitan. The Türk dynasties (550-740) installed tuduns, or governors over the Shiwei and collected tribute. Other Shiwei may have stayed and become the Ewenkis. The Kitans conquered the Shiwei during the late 9th century. One Shiwei tribe, living near the Amur and Ergune rivers, was called the "Menggu" (Mongol). A few scholars believe they, other Shiwei tribes, and many other peoples from the area moved west from the forest to the Mongolian proper steppe.
1337:, known as Tujue to Chinese chroniclers, revolted against their Rouran rulers. The uprising began in the Altai Mountains, where many of the Türk were serfs working the iron mines. Thus, from the outset of their revolt, they had the advantage of controlling what had been one of the major bases of Rouran power. Between 546 and 553, the Göktürks overthrew the Rouran and established themselves as the most powerful force in North Asia and Inner Asia. This was the beginning of a pattern of conquest that was to have a significant effect upon Eurasian history for more than 1,000 years. The Göktürks were the first people to use this later widespread name. They are also the earliest Inner Asian people whose language is known, because they left behind inscriptions in a runic-like
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1626:, were in eastern Xinjiang, Gansu, and western Inner Mongolia. The Liao state was homogeneous, and the Khitan had begun to lose their nomadic characteristics. The Khitan built cities and exerted dominion over their agricultural subjects as a means of consolidating their empire. To the west and the northwest of Liao were many other Mongol tribes, linked together in various tenuous alliances and groupings, but with little national cohesiveness. In Gansu and eastern Xinjiang, the Tangut—who had taken advantage of the Tang decline—had formed a state,
317:
1192:. The Wuhuan also were prominent in the 2nd century, but they disappeared thereafter; possibly they were absorbed in the Xianbei western expansion. The Xianbei and the Wuhuan used mounted archers in warfare, and they had only temporary war leaders instead of hereditary chiefs. Agriculture, rather than full-scale nomadism, was the basis of their economy. In the 6th century, the Wuhuan were driven out of Inner Asia into the Russian steppe.
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1649:(Korea) in 1226 and invaded the territory of their former allies, the Song, to precipitate a series of wars with China that continued through the remainder of the century. Meanwhile, the defeated Liao ruler had fled with the small remnant of his army to the Tarim Basin, where he allied himself with the Uyghurs and established the
1466:
For half a century, the Tang retained control of
Central Asia and modern-day Mongolia and parts of Inner Asia. Both sides of the Great Wall came under Tang rule. During this period, the Tang expanded Chinese control into the Oxus Valley. At the same time, their allies, the Uyghurs, conquered much of
1356:
For a brief period at the beginning of the 7th century, a new consolidation of the Göktürks, under the
Western Göktürk ruler Tardu, again threatened China proper. In 601 Tardu's army besieged Chang'an (modern Xi'an), then the capital of the Sui dynasty. Tardu was turned back, however, and, upon his
1348:
used in previous centuries by
Xiongnu, Xianbei, Tuoba, and Rouran. Like their predecessors who had inhabited the mountains and the steppes, the attention of the Göktürks quickly was attracted by the wealth of China proper. At first these new raiders encountered little resistance, but toward the end
1195:
Chinese control of parts of Inner Asia did not last beyond the opening years of the 2nd century AD, and, as the
Eastern Han Dynasty ended early in the 3rd century AD, suzerainty was limited primarily to the Gansu corridor. The Xianbei were able to make forays into a China beset with internal unrest
1238:
The Rouran, only temporarily repelled by
Northern Wei, had driven the Xiongnu toward the Ural Mountains and the Caspian Sea and were making raids into China. In the late 5th century, the Rouran established a powerful nomadic empire spreading generally farther north of Northern Wei. It was probably
1609:. During those centuries, the vast region of deserts, mountains, and grazing land was inhabited by people resembling each other in racial, cultural, and linguistic characteristics; ethnologically they were essentially Mongol. The similarities among the Mongols, Göktürk, and
1463:, who inhabited the region between the Altai Mountains and Lake Balkash. Between 641 and 648, the Tang conquered the Western Göktürk, reestablishing Chinese control over Xinjiang and exacting tribute from west of the Pamir Mountains. The Göktürk empire finally ended in 744.
1204:(present-day China's Xizang Autonomous Region) from the west and the southwest. Chaos prevailed as these groups warred with each other and repulsed the vain efforts of the fragmented Chinese kingdoms south of the Yangtze River to reconquer the region.
1470:
Despite these crippling losses, the Tang recovered and, with considerable Uyghur assistance, held their frontiers. Tang dependence upon their northern allies was apparently a source of embarrassment for its rulers, who surreptitiously encouraged the
1636:
A Tungusic people, the
Jurchen, ancestors of the Manchu, formed an alliance with the Song and reduced the Liao dynasty to vassal status in a seven-year war (1115–1122). The Jurchen leader proclaimed himself the founder of a new Chinese dynasty, the
1183:
By the 2nd century AD, the
Xianbei had begun attacking Chinese farms south of the Great Wall, established an empire, which, although short-lived, gave rise to numerous tribal states along the Chinese frontier. Among these states was that of the
1613:
who inhabited this region cause considerable ethnic and historical confusion. Generally, the
Mongols and the closely related Tatars inhabited the northern and the eastern areas; the Göktürk (who already had begun to spread over western
1167:(or Tung Hu, the Eastern Hu), a proto-Mongol and/or Tungus group mentioned in Chinese histories as existing as early as the 4th century BC. The language of the Donghu, unlike that of the Xiongnu, is believed by modern scholars to be
1349:
of the 6th century, as China proper slowly began to recover from centuries of disunity, border defenses stiffened. The original Göktürk state split into eastern and western parts, with some of the
Eastern Göktürk acknowledging
1589:
Free of Uyghur restraint, the Para-Mongolic Khitan expanded in all directions in the latter half of the 9th century and the early years of the 10th century. By 925 the Khitan ruled eastern
Mongolia, most of Manchuria, and the
1179:
in the south. After the Xiongnu were driven back into their homeland by the Chinese (48 AD), the Xianbei (in particular) began moving (from apparently the north or northwest) into the region vacated by the Xiongnu.
1451:(618-907) destroyed the power of the Eastern Göktürk north of the Gobi; established suzerainty over the Khitans, a semi-nomadic proto-Mongol people who lived in areas that became the modern Chinese provinces of
1211:, including much of modern Xinjiang, was dominated by the Tuoba. Emerging as the partially sinicized state of Dai between AD 338 and 376 in the Shanxi area, the Tuoba established control over the region as the
1653:
state (known also as the Western Liao dynasty, 1124–1234), which soon controlled both sides of the Pamir Mountains. The Jurchen turned their attention to the Mongols who, in 1139 and in 1147, warded them off.
1633:
The people of Mongolia at this time were predominantly spirit worshipers, with shamans providing spiritual and religious guidance to the people and tribal leaders. There had been infusion of Buddhism.
923:
in the west. During most of recorded history, this has been an area of constant ferment from which emerged numerous migrations and invasions to the southeast (into China), to the southwest (into
2721:
Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall and Peter Turchin (2006). East-West Orientation of Historical Empires.Journal of World-Systems Research (University of Connecticut). 12 (no. 2): 219–229.
1235:
in Inner Asia, as had the Chinese in the 2nd century. As the empire grew, however, Tuoba tribal customs were supplanted by those of the Chinese, an evolution not accepted by all Tuoba.
1040:, insisted on a proto-Mongolian origin. There are several other theories about the ethnolinguistic identity of the Xiongnu, such as Turkic, Yeniseian, Iranian, Uralic, multiethnic.
1732:
tribes, though little is known, have been considered the ancestors of the Mongols according to ancient Chinese records. Term "Shiwei" was an umbrella term of the Mongolic and some
1479:
to attack the Uyghurs, driving them south into the Tarim Basin. As a result of the Kirghiz action, the Uyghur empire collapsed in 846. Some of the Uyghurs emigrated to the
1329:
Northern Wei was disintegrating rapidly because of revolts of semi-tribal Tuoba military forces that were opposed to being sinicized, when disaster struck the flourishing
853:
was able to unite or conquer the warring tribes, forging them into a unified fighting force that went on to create the largest contiguous empire in world history, the
1171:. The Donghu were among the first peoples conquered by the Xiongnu. By the 1st century AD, the Donghu had split, along geographical lines in two: the proto-Mongolic
1200:(Chang Jiang) had been overrun by nomadic peoples: the Xianbei from the north; some remnants of the Xiongnu from the northwest; and the Chiang people of Gansu and
900:. With the appearance of iron weapons by the 3rd century BC, the inhabitants of Mongolia had begun to form clan alliances and lived a hunter and herder lifestyle.
2730:
Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 475–504.
1491:
several centuries later. Ironically, this weakening of the Uyghurs undoubtedly hastened the decline and fall of the Tang Dynasty over the next fifty years.
1357:
death two years later, the Göktürk state again fragmented. The Eastern Göktürk nonetheless continued their depredations, occasionally threatening Chang'an.
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western and northern Mongolia until, by the middle of the 8th century, the Uyghur seminomadic empire extended from Lake Balkash to Lake Baykal.
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1622:) were in the west and the southwest; the Tangut, who were more closely related to the Tibetans than were the other nomads and who were not a
2707:
Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.", Social Science History Vol. 3, 115-138 (1979)
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1630:(1038–1227), nominally under Song suzerainty. Xinjiang was dominated by the Uyghurs, who were loosely allied with the Song dynasty.
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The period of the 11th and 12th centuries was one of consolidation, preceding the most momentous era in Mongol history, the era of
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1219:(referred to as Ruanruan or Juan-Juan by Chinese chroniclers), a newly arising nomadic Mongol people in the steppes north of the
1008:
The identity of the ethnic core of Xiongnu has been a subject of varied hypotheses and some scholars, including A. Luvsandendev,
1981:
1059:. The Mongolian long song is believed to date back at least 2000 years. A mythical origin of the long song is mentioned in the
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It was not long before the tribes in the region north of the Gobi—the Eastern Göktürks—were following invasion routes into
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2431:"The Northern Route for Human dispersal in Central and Northeast Asia: New evidence from the site of Tolbor-16, Mongolia"
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The proto-Mongols formed various tribal kingdoms who fought against one other for supremacy, such as the
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Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
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from the late 3rd century BC for more than 500 years. The Xiongnu invasions prompted the kingdoms of
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of northern China. By the middle of the 10th century, Khitan chieftains had declared themselves as
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emerged from an area that had been inhabited by humans as far back as 45,000 years ago during the
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Ts. Baasansuren "The scholar who showed the true Mongolia to the world", Summer 2010 vol.6 (14)
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The origins of more modern inhabitants are found among the forest hunters and nomadic tribes of
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826:(916–1125) and ruled Mongolia and portions of the eastern coast of Siberia now known as the
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Felt tents and pavilions: the nomadic tradition and its interaction with princely tentage
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in the 6th to 12th centuries. During the 5th century, they occupied the area east of the
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to invade Europe. By the middle of the 5th century, Northern Wei had penetrated into the
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People and tribes in and around the Mongol Plateau before the 11th or 12th century
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According to a number of sources, one of the ancestors of the Mongols were the
958:. In central and eastern parts of Mongolia were many other tribes, such as the
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and chose a dynastic name in the Chinese fashion; their rule was known as the
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There are many cultural similarities between the Xiongnu and Mongols such as
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By the end of the 4th century, the region between the Yangtze and the
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799:(552–744), which in turn was subdued by the growing strength of the
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94:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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2535:(Научный Татарстан. Гуманитарные науки ed.). Казань: 183–190.
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907:. They inhabited a great arc of land extending generally from the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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By the first millennium BC, bronze-working peoples lived on the
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and political disintegration. By 317 all of China north of the
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in the east, across the northern parts of China to present-day
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hominins inhabited Mongolia as early as 45,000 years ago.
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and contemporary continental Asian polities c. 500 AD
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The Xiongnu were a group of nomads who dominated the
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1641:. Scarcely pausing in their conquests, the Tungusic
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2776:(2003a). "Proto-Mongolic". In Janhunen, J. (ed.).
2767:The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1764:The proto-Mongols founded many states such as the
842:as a way of keeping them distracted from invading
2802:(2003b). "Para-Mongolic". In Janhunen, J. (ed.).
1215:(AD 386–533). Northern Wei armies drove back the
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822:founded also referred to by Chineses sources as
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1188:, a subgroup of the Xianbei, in modern China's
811:resulted in the end of Turkic dominance on the
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2429:Zwyns, Nicolas; et al. (August 2019).
1696:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1533:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1399:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1285:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1107:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2640:Mongolian traditional folk song UNESCO.org
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2490:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 4.
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2377:List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans
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1569:Asia in 900 AD, showing location of the
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1001:to begin erecting what later became the
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237:This article includes a list of general
2852:publication link as of 10 December 2021
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2630:Н.Сэр-Оджав, Монголын эртний түүх. 1977
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791:(330–555) until it was defeated by the
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1147:and other steppe nations around 200 AD
889:Archaeological evidence suggests that
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1694:adding citations to reliable sources
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1531:adding citations to reliable sources
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1397:adding citations to reliable sources
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1283:adding citations to reliable sources
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1239:the Rouran who first used the title
1105:adding citations to reliable sources
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772:. The people there went through the
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150:adding citations to reliable sources
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59:
18:
1760:States established by proto-Mongols
13:
1459:; and formed an alliance with the
1361:Tang Dynasty and the Uyghur Empire
243:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1585:and main polities in Asia c. 1100
34:This article has multiple issues.
3658:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
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2580:"Xiongnu | People & History"
2392:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
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2005:
1974:
1950:
1864:Wanchuan (386-388, 400, 410–412)
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1341:, which was deciphered in 1896.
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1049:mounted use of the composite bow
982:and other steppe nations in 1 AD
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869:, and ending with his grandson
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42:or discuss these issues on the
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1227:left the steppes north of the
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1483:, where they established the
2765:Atwood, Christopher (2004).
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2198:(sometimes considered to be
2014:Ledu (399, 402–406, 410–414)
1443:From 629 to 648, a reunited
1435:Asia in 800 AD, showing the
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939:), and to the west (across
705:Mongolian People's Republic
90:the claims made and adding
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2751:. Vol. 1. Melisende.
2745:Andrews, Peter A. (1999).
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2455:10.1038/s41598-019-47972-1
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2180:4,000,000 km(405 AD)
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877:. Kublai then founded the
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803:. The destruction of the
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1321:Asia in AD 565, showing
2584:Encyclopedia Britannica
2486:Janhunen, Juha (2014).
2190:Mumo City, in Mongolia
2048:2,000,000 km(450)
258:more precise citations.
2810:. Routledge. pp.
2806:The Mongolic languages
2780:The Mongolic languages
2548:Cite journal requires
2325:Qutlugh-Khanid dynasty
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1862:Yongshicheng (385-386)
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2372:List of Mongol states
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849:In the 12th century,
584:Northern Yuan dynasty
440:Khamag Mongol Khanate
2686:The Blue Chronicle,
2602:Rashpunstag (1776) "
1989:Tuoba Xianbei states
1959:Longcheng (397-409)
1871:Dujianshan (409-410)
1690:improve this section
1645:subdued neighboring
1527:improve this section
1393:improve this section
1279:improve this section
1247:Rise of the Göktürks
1213:Northern Wei Dynasty
1101:improve this section
859:Western Liao dynasty
146:improve this article
3653:History of Mongolia
2653:, pp. 391–394.
2447:2019NatSR...911759Z
2012:Lianchuan (397-399)
1957:Zhongshan (386-397)
1906:Longcheng (341-350)
1740:Range, what is the
1592:Sixteen Prefectures
1573:and their neighbors
1143:The proto-Mongolic
1030:Isaac Jacob Schmidt
1014:Henry Hoyle Howorth
873:'s conquest of the
867:Western Xia dynasty
3623:Donghu and Xianbei
2979:Mongolian nobility
2930:Slab Grave culture
2560:Unknown parameter
2528:Дёрфер Г. (2011).
2435:Scientific Reports
1935:Zhangzi (386-394)
1933:Chang'an (385-386)
1877:Dinglian (429-430)
1867:Jincheng (388-395)
1587:
1575:
1495:Khitan and Jurchen
1441:
1327:
1161:
1149:
1026:Peter Simon Pallas
984:
960:Slab Grave culture
881:of China in 1271.
795:, who founded the
560:Jalairid Sultanate
75:possibly contains
3635:
3634:
3615:
3614:
3383:
3382:
2910:Mongolian Plateau
2605:The Crystal Beads
2363:
2362:
2060:capital of former
2058:Shengle (386-398,
2018:Guzang (406-410)
1904:Jicheng (337-341)
1879:Nan'an (430-431)
1869:Xicheng (395-400)
1841:Khangai Mountains
1726:
1725:
1718:
1658:Shiwei and Menggu
1563:
1562:
1555:
1481:Turpan Depression
1439:and its neighbors
1429:
1428:
1421:
1325:and its neighbors
1323:Göktürk Khaganate
1315:
1314:
1307:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1022:Alexey Okladnikov
891:Upper Paleolithic
813:Mongolian Plateau
807:(744–848) by the
770:Upper Paleolithic
762:
761:
302:
301:
294:
284:
283:
276:
222:
221:
214:
196:
120:
119:
112:
77:original research
57:
3665:
3312:Southern Mongols
3308:
3307:
3265:
3264:
2915:Mongol heartland
2889:Mongolic peoples
2882:
2875:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2850:
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2590:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2534:
2530:"О языке гуннов"
2525:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2426:
2282:
2224:
2187:
2173:Rouran Khaganate
2157:
2104:
2055:
2016:Xiping (399-402)
2009:
1978:
1954:
1835:
1779:
1778:
1770:Rouran Khaganate
1734:Tungusic peoples
1721:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1670:
1662:
1596:Chinese emperors
1558:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1507:
1499:
1485:Kingdom of Qocho
1437:Uyghur Khaganate
1424:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1373:
1365:
1331:Rouran Khaganate
1310:
1303:
1299:
1296:
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1259:
1251:
1157:Rouran Khaganate
1132:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1081:
1073:
909:Korean Peninsula
898:Mongolia Plateau
828:Russian Far East
818:The para-Mongol
805:Uyghur Khaganate
789:Rouran Khaganate
754:
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724:
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476:Chagatai Khanate
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254:this article by
245:inline citations
232:
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3591:Sichuan Mongols
3521:
3491:
3397:Altai Uriankhai
3379:
3306:
3256:
3113:Medieval tribes
3107:
2998:
2984:Writing systems
2952:Medieval tribes
2891:
2886:
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2842:Country Studies
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2665:, pp. 1–3.
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2514:. 10 June 2019.
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2402:Five Barbarians
2368:
2272:1124/1125–1221
2235:Dongdan Kingdom
2216:
2108:
2080:
2075:
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2059:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1958:
1934:
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1875:Fuhan (412-429)
1874:
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1738:Greater Khingan
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1221:Altai Mountains
1190:Shanxi Province
1133:
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1116:
1113:
1098:
1082:
1071:
1055:, horn bow and
1038:Byambyn Rinchen
1010:Bernát Munkácsy
972:
917:Pamir Mountains
887:
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728:
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392:Khereid Khanate
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380:Mongol khanates
375:
307:History of the
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250:Please help to
249:
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161:"Proto-Mongols"
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28:
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3648:Mongol peoples
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3335:Eastern Dorbet
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2997:
2996:
2991:
2989:Soyombo symbol
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2962:Nomadic empire
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2945:Proto-Mongolic
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
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2899:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2855:
2854:
2826:
2820:
2800:Janhunen, Juha
2796:
2790:
2774:Janhunen, Juha
2770:
2763:
2757:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2723:
2709:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2663:Janhunen 2003a
2655:
2651:Janhunen 2003b
2643:
2632:
2623:
2610:
2595:
2571:
2550:|journal=
2517:
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2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:(Qara Khitai)
2263:
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2258:
2256:
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2244:
2242:
2240:
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2178:
2175:
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2148:
2145:
2139:
2138:
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2131:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2065:, near modern
2056:
2049:
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2043:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:Southern Liang
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:
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1918:
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1889:
1888:
1886:Murong Xianbei
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1881:
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1853:
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1620:Eastern Europe
1561:
1560:
1511:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1427:
1426:
1377:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:overlordship.
1313:
1312:
1263:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1169:proto-Mongolic
1135:
1134:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1065:, volume 113.
971:
968:
886:
883:
809:Yenisei Kyrgyz
760:
759:
757:
756:
749:
742:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
719:
714:
707:
702:
695:
693:Bogd Khaganate
690:
683:
678:
671:
666:
659:
657:Kalmyk Khanate
654:
647:
641:
634:
632:Arghun dynasty
629:
622:
617:
610:
605:
598:
596:Timurid Empire
593:
586:
581:
574:
569:
562:
557:
550:
545:
538:
533:
526:
521:
514:
509:
502:
500:Turpan Khanate
497:
490:
485:
478:
473:
466:
461:
454:
449:
442:
437:
430:
428:Naiman Khanate
425:
418:
413:
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404:Merkit Khanate
401:
394:
389:
382:
376:
371:
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236:
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134:
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118:
117:
72:
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63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3670:
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3624:
3618:
3608:
3605:
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3599:
3597:
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3585:Yunnan Mongol
3582:
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3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:Upper Mongols
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3450:
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3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
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3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:Ethnic groups
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
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3174:
3172:
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3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Khamag Mongol
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
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3058:
3056:
3053:
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3041:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3004:Proto-Mongols
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Mongol Empire
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:Ordos culture
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2835:public domain
2827:
2823:
2821:9780700711338
2817:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2791:9780700711338
2787:
2784:. Routledge.
2782:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2758:1-901764-03-6
2754:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2677:, p. 72.
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2636:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2567:
2562:|agency=
2555:
2542:
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2524:
2522:
2513:
2512:"Kublai Khan"
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2497:9789027238252
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2382:Mongol Empire
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2200:Para-Mongolic
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2143:Northern Zhou
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2137:
2136:Yuwen Xianbei
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2107:Luoyang (534)
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2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1980:
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1973:
1971:
1968:
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1963:
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1873:Tanjiao (412)
1861:
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1854:
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1842:
1837:
1834:
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1825:
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1822:Xianbei state
1820:
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1766:Xianbei state
1757:
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1720:
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1709:
1699:
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1675:This section
1673:
1669:
1664:
1663:
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1634:
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1629:
1625:
1624:Turkic people
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1571:Khitan people
1567:
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1521:
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1512:This section
1510:
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1378:This section
1376:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1354:
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1347:
1342:
1340:
1339:Orkhon script
1336:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1309:
1306:
1298:
1288:
1284:
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1273:
1269:
1264:This section
1262:
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1242:
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1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
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1214:
1210:
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1203:
1199:
1198:Yangtze River
1193:
1191:
1187:
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1146:
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1131:
1128:
1120:
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1106:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1086:This section
1084:
1080:
1075:
1074:
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1063:
1058:
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1046:
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1000:
996:
991:
989:
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964:Ordos culture
961:
957:
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901:
899:
894:
892:
882:
880:
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864:
860:
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855:Mongol Empire
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:Khitan people
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
782:Central Plain
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:proto-Mongols
755:
750:
748:
743:
741:
736:
735:
733:
732:
718:
715:
706:
703:
694:
691:
682:
679:
670:
667:
658:
655:
645:
644:Mughal Empire
642:
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621:
618:
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486:
477:
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452:Mongol Empire
450:
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438:
429:
426:
417:
416:Tatar Khanate
414:
405:
402:
393:
390:
381:
378:
377:
374:
369:
368:
363:
362:Proto-Mongols
360:
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264:December 2021
257:
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202:November 2021
194:
191:
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163: –
162:
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
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140:
135:This article
133:
129:
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123:
114:
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103:
93:
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85:
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73:This article
71:
62:
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56:
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47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3627:Turco-Mongol
3584:
3003:
2972:Turco-Mongol
2957:Modern clans
2841:
2839:"Mongolia".
2805:
2779:
2766:
2747:
2726:
2682:
2675:Andrews 1999
2670:
2658:
2646:
2635:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2587:. Retrieved
2583:
2574:
2541:cite journal
2506:
2487:
2481:
2441:(1): 11759.
2438:
2434:
2293:Eastern Liao
2267:Western Liao
2208:Liao dynasty
2041:Northern Wei
1866:
1801:(Our state)
1774:Liao dynasty
1763:
1750:Nonni (Noon)
1727:
1712:
1703:
1688:Please help
1676:
1635:
1632:
1607:Genghis Khan
1604:
1602:(916–1125).
1600:Liao dynasty
1588:
1583:Liao dynasty
1549:
1540:
1525:Please help
1513:
1489:Genghis Khan
1469:
1465:
1453:Heilongjiang
1449:Tang dynasty
1445:China proper
1442:
1415:
1406:
1391:Please help
1379:
1355:
1346:China proper
1343:
1328:
1301:
1292:
1277:Please help
1265:
1237:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1162:
1123:
1114:
1099:Please help
1087:
1060:
1045:yurt on cart
1042:
1007:
995:Asian steppe
992:
985:
978:Location of
949:
921:Lake Balkash
902:
895:
888:
879:Yuan dynasty
851:Genghis Khan
848:
844:China proper
824:Liao dynasty
817:
801:Tang dynasty
786:
765:
763:
722:1992-present
524:Golden Horde
464:Yuan dynasty
361:
288:
270:
261:
242:
208:
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
97:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3472:Sart Kalmyk
3222:Qara Khitai
2329:1220s–1306
2118:Western Wei
2090:Eastern Wei
1922:Western Yan
1851:Western Qin
1651:Qara Khitai
1639:Jin dynasty
1628:Western Xia
1233:Tarim Basin
1062:Book of Wei
1018:Bolor Erike
999:North China
925:Transoxiana
915:and to the
871:Kublai Khan
836:North China
830:, northern
488:Moghulistan
256:introducing
3642:Categories
3621:See also:
3596:Sogwo Arig
2589:2021-03-29
2408:References
2313:1216–1219
2309:Later Liao
2297:1211–1220
2255:1122–1123
2112:(534-550)
2084:(534-535)
1916:(357-370)
1893:Former Yan
1799:Bida state
1772:, and the
1742:Hulun Buir
1447:under the
1053:board game
1003:Great Wall
929:Uzbekistan
913:Kazakhstan
905:Inner Asia
674:1640s-1717
646:(in India)
620:Four Oirat
505:1487-1660?
481:1225-1340s
239:references
172:newspapers
84:improve it
39:improve it
3549:Dongxiang
3297:Khotogoid
3282:Dariganga
3252:Uriankhai
3227:Qara'unas
3186:Khongirad
2940:Languages
2619:Mongolica
2564:ignored (
2488:Mongolian
2413:Citations
2343:(Tatabi)
2286:Balasagun
2228:Shangjing
2212:907–1125
2079:(493-534)
2074:(398-493)
2072:Pingcheng
1941:Later Yan
1911:(350-357)
1845:Mongolia
1752:, Middle
1706:July 2020
1677:does not
1543:July 2020
1514:does not
1409:July 2020
1380:does not
1295:July 2020
1266:does not
1117:July 2020
1088:does not
1057:long song
952:Scythians
778:Iron Ages
710:1924–1992
698:1911-1924
686:1634-1758
662:1630-1731
650:1526–1857
637:1479-1599
625:1399-1634
613:1383-1513
601:1370–1507
589:1368-1691
577:1335-1357
565:1335-1432
553:1335-1357
548:Chobanids
541:1256-1335
536:Ilkhanate
529:1240-1502
517:1514-1705
493:1346-1462
469:1271-1368
457:1206-1368
100:July 2020
88:verifying
45:talk page
3510:Hamnigan
3487:Zakhchin
3375:Üzemchin
3345:Khorchin
3340:Kharchin
3237:Taichiud
3211:Olkhonud
3146:Borjigin
2994:Religion
2905:Timeline
2473:31409814
2387:Urheimat
2366:See also
2349:Great Xi
2239:926–936
2177:330–555
2161:Chang'an
2147:557–581
2129:Chang'an
2122:535–557
2094:534–550
2082:Chang'an
2045:386–535
2035:Shengle
2028:315–377
2000:397–414
1969:284–672
1945:384–409
1926:384–394
1897:337–370
1855:385–431
1794:Capital
1475:and the
1335:Göktürks
1229:Aral Sea
1034:Hyacinth
962:and the
927:—modern
861:and the
793:Göktürks
717:Mongolia
608:Kara Del
421:IX – XII
352:Language
342:Nobility
327:Timeline
3576:Monguor
3560:Kangjia
3497:Buryats
3477:Torghut
3462:Myangad
3438:Khoshut
3428:Dzungar
3412:Chantuu
3302:Sartuul
3292:Khalkha
3287:Eljigin
3277:Darkhad
3269:Mongols
3191:Manghud
3176:Katagan
3161:Eljigin
3156:Dughlat
3085:Didouyu
3060:Tuyuhun
3050:Kumo Xi
3033:Yujiulü
3017:Xianbei
2897:History
2738:Sources
2621:, pp.40
2464:6692324
2443:Bibcode
2397:Guifang
2341:Kumo Xi
2196:Khitans
2167:Rouran
2110:Yecheng
2077:Luoyang
1965:Tuyuhun
1914:Yecheng
1909:Jicheng
1826:93–234
1815:Xianbei
1698:removed
1683:sources
1643:Jurchen
1535:removed
1520:sources
1477:Karluks
1473:Kirghiz
1461:Uyghurs
1401:removed
1386:sources
1287:removed
1272:sources
1173:Xianbei
1145:Xianbei
1109:removed
1094:sources
988:Xiongnu
980:Xiongnu
970:Xiongnu
943:toward
941:Scythia
885:Origins
840:Mongols
572:Injuids
357:Mongols
347:Culture
332:History
309:Mongols
252:improve
186:scholar
82:Please
3581:Khatso
3571:Moghol
3565:Mughal
3554:Hazara
3455:Buzava
3453:incl.
3449:Kalmyk
3443:Khoton
3423:Dörbet
3418:Choros
3402:Baatud
3389:Oirats
3355:Naiman
3350:Jaruud
3330:Chahar
3325:Baarin
3201:Naiman
3196:Merkit
3181:Kerait
3171:Jalair
3166:Gorlos
3151:Chonos
3136:Barlas
3126:Baarin
3094:incl.
3090:Khitan
3080:Shiwei
3055:Murong
3031:incl.
3027:Rouran
3022:Wuhuan
3012:Donghu
2925:Rulers
2920:States
2837:.
2818:
2814:–402.
2788:
2755:
2494:
2471:
2461:
2067:Huhhot
1785:Years
1768:, the
1746:Ergune
1730:Shiwei
1647:Goryeo
1611:Tatars
1333:. The
1217:Rouran
1177:Wuhuan
1165:Donghu
956:Yuezhi
945:Europe
935:, and
863:Tangut
834:, and
774:Bronze
445:X-1206
409:XI–XII
397:X-1203
373:States
337:Rulers
241:, but
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
3607:Yugur
3601:Tuvan
3539:Bonan
3533:Aimaq
3526:Other
3516:Soyot
3505:Barga
3433:Khoid
3407:Bayad
3365:Tumed
3360:Ordos
3247:Tumed
3242:Tatar
3232:Sunud
3216:Ongud
3206:Oirat
3141:Bayad
3131:Barga
3065:Tuoba
3045:Yuwen
2533:(PDF)
2353:1123
1838:Orda,
1788:Area
1782:Name
1728:Some
1457:Jilin
1202:Tibet
1186:Tuoba
937:India
865:-led
832:Korea
433:-1204
193:JSTOR
179:books
3544:Daur
3467:Olot
3370:Urad
3320:Asud
3103:Zubu
3096:Yelü
3075:Tufa
3070:Qifu
3040:Duan
2816:ISBN
2786:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2566:help
2554:help
2492:ISBN
2469:PMID
1982:Fuqi
1791:Map
1754:Amur
1681:any
1679:cite
1618:and
1616:Asia
1581:The
1518:any
1516:cite
1455:and
1384:any
1382:cite
1270:any
1268:cite
1241:khan
1225:Huns
1209:Gobi
1163:The
1155:The
1092:any
1090:cite
1036:and
933:Iran
919:and
776:and
764:The
385:IX-X
165:news
2812:391
2459:PMC
2451:doi
2063:Dai
2024:Dai
1692:by
1529:by
1395:by
1351:Sui
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1103:by
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