549:
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572:. The counters were able to determine the total energy of each super-high energy cosmic particle individually, a capability no prior satellite had possessed. Though the equipment had been developed eight years earlier (by Professor N. L. Grigorov), the UR-500 was the first booster powerful enough to orbit a satellite carrying the sensitive particle counter. The counters could measure cosmic rays with energy levels up to 100 million
742:
635:
The virtually identical Proton 2 was launched 2 November 1965 12:28 UTC, also from
Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81/23. It reentered Earth's atmosphere on 6 February 1966. At the time of their launch, American experts believed the first Protons were experimental space station components due to their
652:
After an unsuccessful launch of the third test UR-500 on 24 March 1966 14:39 UTC, Proton 3 was successfully launched into Earth orbit from
Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81/23 on 6 July 1966 12:57 UTC on the fourth and final UR-500 test flight and began searching for quarks and other elementary
604:
Proton 4 was considerably more massive at 17,000 kg (37,000 lb). Its primary instrument was an ionization calorimeter composed of steel bars and plastic scintillators. A measuring device comprising one lump of carbon and another of polyethylene provided data on cosmic rays and the energy
626:
spilling on electrical wires. Early in the flight, launch specialists only received signals indicating that the satellite was functioning. Eventually, however, Proton 1 performed normally, returning physics data on ultra-high-energy cosmic particles. Its mission lasted 45 days, and the satellite
730:'), was renamed "Proton" when news reports conflated the launcher and its payload. Though the Proton was never used in the ICBM role it had been built for, the rocket became an extraordinarily successful booster for commercial satellites, serving well into the 1990s.
653:
particles of fractional electron charge. The satellite returned data for most, if not all, of its short time in orbit, reentering Earth's atmosphere on 16 September 1966. Shortly before reentry, Proton 3 was observed tumbling once per second over the
689:
The Proton satellites were heralded by Soviet media as the start of a new stage in Soviet space exploration. The success of Proton afforded
Chelomey a status in the Soviet rocket industry equal to that of
3883:
525:
The Proton satellites were heavy automated laboratories launched 1965–68 to study high energy particles and cosmic rays. These satellites were built to utilize the test launches of the
556:
Protons 1–3 were largely identical craft massing 12,200 kg (26,900 lb), with scientific packages developed under the supervision of
Academician Sergey Nikolayevich Vernov of
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2609:
3876:
2016:
56:
681:
to continue the search for the quark and supplement the earlier Proton satellites' cosmic ray measurements. This final Proton reentered Earth's atmosphere on 24 July 1969.
605:
spectrum in orbit, the possible collisions of cosmic ray particles with atmospheric nuclei of hydrogen, carbon, and iron, and continued the search for the quark.
933:. Washington D.C.: Science and Technical Information Division, Office of Technology Utilization, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. pp. 779–780.
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After the end of the run of UR-500 test launches, the rocket (now designated Proton) and its successors were largely employed in the launch of the
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506:') was a Soviet series of four cosmic ray and elementary particle detecting satellites. Orbited 1965–68, three on test flights of the
4014:
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3072:
2904:
2700:
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
4248:
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2680:
2001:
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1360:
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lunar spacecraft. However, on 16 November 1968 11:40 UTC, the final and much larger Proton 4 was launched into orbit via
587:. The entire experiment package massed 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) and was composed of metal, plastic, and paraffin blocks.
2745:
597:
beacon. Four solar panels powered the crafts, which were cooled by heat exchangers. The
Protons were spin-stabilized, their
4263:
4258:
4253:
2535:
1001:
Akimov, V. V.; Grigorov, N. L.; Nesterov, V. E.; Rapoport, I. D.; Savenko, I. A.; Skuridin, G. A.; Titenkov, A. F. (1970).
4160:
4103:
3999:
3994:
1790:
540:
to carry a 100-megaton nuclear payload. Each Proton was housed in a purpose-built third stage added to the UR-500 stack.
3303:
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
517:
rocket, all four satellites completed their missions successfully, the last reentering the Earth's atmosphere in 1969.
872:
3323:
2243:
1272:
2658:
1003:"Measurements of the primary cosmic ray spectra in the 1011-1014 eV energy range from Proton-1, 2, 3 satellites"
1254:
1007:
Proceedings of the 11th
International Conference on Cosmic Rays, held in Budapest, 25 August – 4 September 1969
678:
619:
263:
259:
1607:
1258:
844:
819:
797:
775:
598:
928:
601:
controlled by jet and an on-board dampener. Satellite systems were controlled by an internal computer.
4268:
90:
17:
4223:
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
2220:
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
557:
2098:
1184:
1092:
565:
1014:
755:
707:
569:
548:
378:
636:
weight and the Soviet use of the word "station" in describing the observatory satellites.
8:
3362:
3351:
3347:
2282:
2271:
2267:
1311:
1300:
1296:
1253:, Ionization-Neutron CAlorimeter – a modern continuation of Proton experiment project at
703:
580:
462:
1144:
1019:
1002:
3315:
2235:
1264:
747:
718:(an important designer of military missiles). The UR-500, originally named "Gerkules" (
623:
3425:
1250:
1224:
983:
906:
534:
4195:
3968:
3254:
2130:
1158:
1118:
944:
719:
622:, though the launch was threatened by a leak in the oxidizer pipeline resulting in
495:
371:
1070:
3168:
3112:
2874:
1040:
3265:
711:
691:
472:
1228:
583:
telescope to attempt to detect the newly postulated fundamental particle, the
4242:
1566:
1245:
910:
987:
560:'s Scientific-Research Institute of Nuclear Physics. Experiments included a
876:
670:
654:
573:
83:
1215:
3813:
3808:
3748:
3466:
3379:
2781:
2637:
2113:
2058:
1659:
1592:
1192:. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Company. 19 September 1966. p. 27
618:
Proton 1 was launched into Earth orbit 16 July 1965 11:16 UTC from
4212:
4200:
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3974:
3927:
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3207:
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2816:
2796:
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2642:
2632:
2583:
2560:
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2450:
2428:
2407:
2370:
2365:
2324:
2319:
2297:
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2108:
1560:
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3184:
2981:
2889:
2827:
2664:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2103:
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2026:
1870:
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1540:
1522:
1491:
1461:
1414:
1382:
1355:
1323:
658:
590:
561:
73:
4231:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
2228:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
4206:
4118:
4040:
3897:
3890:
3623:
3616:
3518:
3404:
3148:
2791:
2603:
2444:
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1881:
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1785:
1780:
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1711:
1665:
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1534:
1528:
1466:
1387:
1217:
Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974
727:
674:
514:
248:
4067:
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3533:
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2914:
2504:
2182:
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1345:
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699:
4185:
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3523:
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2412:
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2118:
1986:
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1770:
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537:
526:
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503:
244:
131:
1000:
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2011:
1991:
1653:
1602:
1365:
1339:
695:
594:
584:
425:
388:
644:
55:
2954:
1099:. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Company. 8 November 1965
530:
510:
3345:
2265:
1294:
1223:. Washington D.C.: NASA. p. 339-440, 967, 971.
737:
1183:
926:
648:Proton 3 as seen from Gemini 11, 13 September 1966
1142:
4240:
627:reentered Earth's atmosphere 11 October 1965.
4227:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
3331:
2251:
2224:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
1280:
847:. NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
822:. NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
800:. NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
778:. NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
1209:
1207:
903:Rockets and People. Volume IV, The Moon Race
1213:
1185:"Gemini 11 Demonstrates Pilot Capabilities"
1085:
3338:
3324:
2258:
2244:
1287:
1273:
1176:
982:. New York: Exeter Books. pp. 82–83.
153:17,000 kg (37,000 lb) (Proton 4)
150:12,200 kg (26,900 lb) (Proton 3)
147:12,200 kg (26,900 lb) (Proton 2)
144:12,200 kg (26,900 lb) (Proton 1)
54:
1204:
1018:
922:
920:
839:
837:
643:
547:
1111:
900:
866:
864:
862:
14:
4241:
1151:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1034:
1032:
1030:
3319:
2239:
1268:
1246:The history of "NPO Mashinostroyenia"
980:The Encyclopedia of Soviet Spacecraft
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
937:
917:
905:. Washington D.C.: NASA. p. 21.
896:
894:
834:
812:
790:
768:
1159:"Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1966"
1136:
1119:"Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1965"
1068:
1038:
994:
977:
945:"Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1965"
859:
543:
1055:
1027:
24:
1190:Aviation Week and Space Technology
1097:Aviation Week and Space Technology
962:
891:
579:Proton 3 also was equipped with a
25:
4280:
1239:
1143:Bruce S. Maccabee (August 2000).
552:Schematic of the Proton satellite
1093:"News Digest (Soviets launched)"
870:
740:
4249:Satellites of the Soviet Union
1255:Institute for Nuclear Research
679:Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81/24
620:Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81/23
454:: 477 kilometres (296 mi)
448:: 585 kilometres (364 mi)
442:: 608 kilometres (378 mi)
436:: 589 kilometres (366 mi)
417:: 248 kilometres (154 mi)
411:: 185 kilometres (115 mi)
405:: 189 kilometres (117 mi)
399:: 183 kilometres (114 mi)
264:Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81/24
260:Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81/23
13:
1:
761:
520:
7:
4264:Spacecraft launched in 1968
4259:Spacecraft launched in 1966
4254:Spacecraft launched in 1965
1259:Russian Academy of Sciences
927:William R. Corliss (1967).
733:
664:
639:
630:
613:
608:
27:Series of Soviet satellites
10:
4285:
4221:
3370:
3301:
3216:
3126:
3055:
2968:
2852:
2774:
2651:
2569:
2513:
2421:
2343:
2290:
2218:
1319:
1073:. Jonathon's Space Report
1043:. Jonathon's Space Report
978:Hart, Douglas M. (1987).
723:
684:
593:was relayed via a 19.910
581:gas-Cerenkov-scintillator
499:
485:
481:
471:
461:
424:
387:
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367:
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173:
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137:
127:
122:
118:
114:
89:
79:
69:
65:
53:
225:: 16 November 1968 11:40
901:Chertok, Boris (2011).
558:Moscow State University
197:: 2 November 1965 12:28
649:
566:scintillator telescope
553:
467:63.5° (1–3), 31.5° (4)
930:Scientific Satellites
647:
570:proportional counters
551:
368:Reference system
123:Spacecraft properties
107:1968-103A (Proton 4)
104:1966-060A (Proton 3)
101:1965-087A (Proton 2)
98:1965-054A (Proton 1)
3354:Orbital launches in
2274:Orbital launches in
1303:Orbital launches in
1069:McDowell, Jonathan.
1039:McDowell, Jonathan.
756:Soviet space program
529:, a heavy two-stage
383:.030 (1–3), .017 (4)
183:: 16 July 1965 11:16
1164:. NASA. p. 285
1124:. NASA. p. 333
1071:"Satellite Catalog"
1020:1970ICRC....1..517A
950:. NASA. p. 342
535:Vladimir Chelomey's
229:1968-11-16UTC11:40Z
215:1966-07-06UTC12:57Z
211:: 6 July 1966 12:57
201:1965-11-02UTC12:28Z
187:1965-07-16UTC11:16Z
50:
879:on 26 October 2020
748:Spaceflight portal
650:
624:nitrogen tetroxide
554:
363:Orbital parameters
327:: 6 September 1966
60:A Proton satellite
32:
4236:
4235:
3313:
3312:
2233:
2232:
1214:Asif A. Siddiqi.
544:Spacecraft design
489:
488:
477:~92 minutes (1–4)
314:: 6 February 1966
301:: 11 October 1965
16:(Redirected from
4276:
4269:Satellite series
4196:Intelsat III F-2
3969:Intelsat III F-1
3359:
3358:
3357:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3255:Soyuz 7K-OK No.1
2279:
2278:
2277:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2236:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1251:The INCA Project
1233:
1232:
1222:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1173:
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1080:
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998:
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957:
955:
949:
941:
935:
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914:
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884:
875:. Archived from
868:
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832:
831:
829:
827:
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772:
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743:
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501:
389:Perigee altitude
347:
345:
334:
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321:
319:
308:
306:
232:
230:
218:
216:
204:
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190:
188:
169:Start of mission
58:
51:
49:
31:
21:
4284:
4283:
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4275:
4274:
4273:
4239:
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4237:
4232:
4217:
4020:Molniya-1 No.14
3759:Molniya-1 No.13
3574:Molniya-1 No.10
3366:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3212:
3169:Lunar Orbiter 2
3122:
3113:Intelsat II F-1
3051:
2964:
2875:Lunar Orbiter 1
2848:
2770:
2647:
2565:
2509:
2417:
2339:
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1212:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1145:"Gemini 11 UFO"
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
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1028:
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739:
736:
687:
667:
657:by the crew of
642:
633:
616:
611:
546:
523:
457:
426:Apogee altitude
420:
350:
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200:
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110:
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33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3306:Crewed flights
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3266:Biosatellite 1
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2484:Molniya-1 No.5
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1240:External links
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712:Mikhail Yangel
698:(developer of
692:Sergei Korolev
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340:: 24 July 1969
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279:End of mission
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3718:Strela-2 No.3
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3473:DS-U1-Ya No.1
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3197:Strela-2 No.1
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3108:Surveyor SM-3
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3004:Zenit-2 No.40
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1836:Surveyor SD-2
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1801:Apollo AS-105
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1730:Zenit-2 No.28
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1567:Luna E-6 No.8
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1561:Intelsat I F1
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1431:Surveyor SD-1
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1378:Apollo AS-103
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1372:DS-P1-Yu No.2
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3889:
3882:
3875:
3870:Gridsphere R
3868:
3863:Gridsphere B
3861:
3856:Gridsphere 2
3854:
3849:Gridsphere 1
3847:
3840:
3833:
3716:
3656:Sfera No.12L
3654:
3622:
3615:
3578:
3471:
3426:E-6LS No.112
3424:
3305:
3275:
3253:
3195:
3183:
3093:Molniya 1-04
3039:
3002:
2980:
2826:
2663:
2615:
2608:
2576:
2556:Molniya 1-03
2482:
2470:
2443:
2402:DS-K-40 No.2
2400:
2302:
2225:
2221:
2209:DS-K-40 No.1
2207:
2145:
2123:
2031:
2007:Molniya 1-02
1904:
1897:
1880:
1861:Calsphere 4A
1846:Dodecapole 2
1728:
1721:
1664:
1652:
1578:Molniya 1-01
1565:
1533:
1521:
1472:Dodecapole 1
1429:
1392:
1370:
1338:
1216:
1194:. Retrieved
1189:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1153:
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1096:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1045:. Retrieved
1041:"Launch Log"
1010:
1006:
996:
979:
952:. Retrieved
939:
929:
902:
881:. Retrieved
877:the original
871:Wade, Mark.
849:. Retrieved
824:. Retrieved
814:
802:. Retrieved
792:
780:. Retrieved
770:
688:
677:rocket from
668:
655:Indian Ocean
651:
634:
617:
603:
589:
578:
555:
533:designed by
524:
491:
490:
451:
445:
439:
433:
414:
408:
402:
396:
379:Eccentricity
337:
324:
311:
298:
222:
208:
194:
180:
128:Manufacturer
84:Soviet Union
70:Mission type
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
3814:Explorer 40
3809:Explorer 39
3749:Explorer 38
3580:7K-L1 No.7L
3467:Explorer 37
3380:Explorer 36
3134:OGCh No.06L
3025:OGCh No.05L
2782:Explorer 33
2665:Gemini IX-A
2638:Explorer 32
2445:Gemini VIII
2114:Explorer 31
2059:Explorer 29
1660:Explorer 28
1593:Explorer 27
1047:30 December
1013:: 517–520.
463:Inclination
344:1969-07-25Z
331:1966-09-07Z
318:1966-02-07Z
305:1965-10-12Z
256:Launch site
174:Launch date
138:Launch mass
4243:Categories
4213:Kosmos 262
4201:Kosmos 261
4191:Kosmos 260
4181:Kosmos 259
4166:Kosmos 258
4146:Kosmos 257
4141:Kosmos 256
4129:Kosmos 255
4124:Kosmos 254
4114:Kosmos 253
4084:Kosmos 252
4079:Kosmos 251
4074:Kosmos 250
4052:Kosmos 249
4047:Kosmos 248
4035:Kosmos 247
4030:Kosmos 246
4010:Kosmos 245
4005:Kosmos 244
3980:Kosmos 243
3975:Kosmos 242
3953:Kosmos 241
3943:Kosmos 240
3933:Kosmos 239
3928:Kosmos 238
3923:Kosmos 237
3918:Kosmos 236
3835:Orbiscal 1
3819:Kosmos 235
3789:Kosmos 234
3784:Kosmos 233
3779:Kosmos 232
3764:Kosmos 231
3754:Kosmos 230
3744:Kosmos 229
3739:Kosmos 228
3724:Kosmos 227
3672:Kosmos 226
3667:Kosmos 225
3650:Kosmos 224
3645:Kosmos 223
3640:Kosmos 222
3635:Kosmos 221
3606:Kosmos 220
3596:Kosmos 219
3591:Kosmos 218
3586:Kosmos 217
3569:Kosmos 216
3564:Kosmos 215
3559:Kosmos 214
3549:Kosmos 213
3544:Kosmos 212
3539:Kosmos 211
3514:Kosmos 210
3509:Kosmos 209
3504:Kosmos 208
3499:Kosmos 207
3484:Kosmos 206
3462:Kosmos 205
3457:Kosmos 204
3437:Kosmos 203
3432:Kosmos 202
3420:Kosmos 201
3400:Kosmos 200
3385:Kosmos 199
3375:Surveyor 7
3283:Kosmos 137
3271:Kosmos 136
3249:Kosmos 135
3224:Kosmos 134
3208:Kosmos 133
3203:Kosmos 132
3191:Kosmos 131
3185:Gemini XII
3179:GATV-5001A
3098:Kosmos 130
3088:Kosmos 129
3030:Surveyor 2
2960:Kosmos 128
2865:Kosmos 127
2839:Kosmos 126
2834:Kosmos 125
2817:Kosmos 124
2797:Kosmos 123
2766:Kosmos 122
2751:Kosmos 121
2686:Kosmos 120
2643:Surveyor 1
2633:Kosmos 119
2589:Kosmos 118
2584:Kosmos 117
2561:Kosmos 116
2546:Kosmos 115
2521:Kosmos 114
2466:Kosmos 113
2451:Kosmos 112
2429:Kosmos 111
2408:Kosmos 110
2396:Kosmos 109
2371:Kosmos 108
2366:Kosmos 107
2325:Kosmos 106
2320:Kosmos 105
2298:Kosmos 104
2203:Kosmos 103
2198:Kosmos 102
2163:Kosmos 101
2158:Kosmos 100
2147:Gemini VIA
2125:Gemini VII
2109:Alouette 2
1687:Titan 3C-7
1535:Gemini III
1394:DS-A1 No.6
1229:1001823253
1103:23 October
1077:23 October
883:23 October
851:23 October
845:"Proton 4"
826:23 October
820:"Proton 3"
804:23 October
798:"Proton 2"
782:23 October
776:"Proton 1"
762:References
521:Background
372:Geocentric
292:Decay date
287:De-orbited
4225:underline
4099:Pioneer 9
2982:Gemini XI
2976:GATV-5006
2969:September
2890:Pioneer 7
2822:GATV-5005
2617:GATV-5004
2439:GATV-5003
2222:underline
2153:Pioneer 6
2141:Kosmos 99
2104:Kosmos 98
2094:Kosmos 97
2089:Kosmos 96
2054:Kosmos 95
2039:Kosmos 94
2033:GATV 5002
2027:Kosmos 93
2022:Kosmos 92
1977:Kosmos 91
1967:Kosmos 90
1962:Kosmos 89
1957:Kosmos 88
1952:Kosmos 87
1947:Kosmos 86
1937:Kosmos 85
1932:Kosmos 84
1927:Kosmos 83
1922:Kosmos 82
1917:Kosmos 81
1912:Kosmos 80
1893:Kosmos 79
1871:Kosmos 78
1851:Tempsat-1
1811:Kosmos 77
1806:Pegasus 3
1796:Kosmos 76
1756:Kosmos 75
1751:Kosmos 74
1746:Kosmos 73
1741:Kosmos 72
1736:Kosmos 71
1717:Kosmos 70
1697:Kosmos 69
1682:Kosmos 68
1666:Gemini IV
1643:Kosmos 67
1638:Pegasus 2
1613:Kosmos 66
1573:Kosmos 65
1541:Kosmos 64
1523:Voskhod 2
1512:Kosmos 63
1507:Kosmos 62
1502:Kosmos 61
1492:Kosmos 60
1462:Solrad 7B
1442:NRL PL142
1437:Kosmos 59
1425:Kosmos 58
1415:Kosmos 57
1410:Kosmos 56
1405:Kosmos 55
1400:Kosmos 54
1383:Pegasus 1
1356:Kosmos 53
1324:Kosmos 52
1196:25 August
1168:26 August
911:775599532
659:Gemini 11
591:Telemetry
562:gamma-ray
233: UTC
219: UTC
205: UTC
191: UTC
91:COSPAR ID
74:Astronomy
4207:Apollo 8
4176:OPS 7684
4171:OPS 4740
4151:OPS 6518
4119:Proton 4
4094:OPS 5296
4089:OPS 1315
4057:OPS 4078
4041:Apollo 7
4025:OPS 0964
3963:OPS 8595
3958:OPS 0165
3938:OPS 5247
3898:SECOR 12
3891:SECOR 11
3804:OPS 5955
3799:OPS 5187
3794:OPS 2222
3734:OPS 5259
3729:OPS 5343
3712:IDCSP 27
3707:IDCSP 26
3702:IDCSP 25
3697:IDCSP 24
3692:IDCSP 23
3687:IDCSP 22
3682:IDCSP 21
3677:IDCSP 20
3662:OPS 5138
3630:OPS 7869
3624:SECOR 10
3617:Nimbus B
3601:OPS 1419
3554:OPS 5165
3519:Apollo 6
3494:OPS 7076
3489:OPS 4849
3479:OPS 5057
3442:OPS 7034
3415:OPS 6236
3410:OPS 2243
3405:Apollo 5
3395:OPS 5028
3390:OPS 1965
3293:OPS 1584
3261:OPS 8968
3229:OPS 1890
3217:December
3174:OPS 1866
3149:OPS 0855
3144:OPS 5424
3139:OPS 2070
3127:November
3083:OPS 5345
3078:OPS 2055
3068:FTV-1583
3047:OPS 4096
3035:OPS 1703
3020:OPS 6874
3015:OPS 1686
3010:OPS 6026
2998:OPS 6874
2993:OPS 1686
2988:OPS 6026
2900:FTV-1352
2895:OPS 2366
2885:OPS 6810
2880:OPS 1832
2870:OPS 1545
2844:OPS 3014
2828:Gemini X
2802:OPS 1850
2792:Proton 3
2756:OPS 1599
2741:OPS 9317
2736:OPS 9316
2731:OPS 9315
2726:OPS 9314
2721:OPS 9313
2716:OPS 9312
2711:OPS 9311
2696:FTV-1351
2676:OPS 1856
2671:OPS 1577
2628:OPS 1788
2623:OPS 0082
2604:Nimbus 2
2599:OPS 6785
2594:OPS 1950
2578:OPS 1508
2541:OPS 0910
2526:OPS 1612
2500:OPS 0340
2478:OPS 1117
2472:N-4 No.3
2461:OPS 0974
2456:OPS 0879
2434:OPS 3488
2386:OPS 3031
2381:OPS 3011
2376:OPS 1184
2361:OPS 1439
2351:OPS 7291
2344:February
2330:OPS 1593
2315:OPS 3179
2310:OPS 7253
2304:OPS 2394
2193:OPS 4639
2188:OPS 1509
2136:OPS 7249
2084:Solrad 8
2079:Venera 3
2074:Venera 2
2069:OPS 6232
2064:OPS 8293
2049:Proton 2
2044:OPS 2155
1997:OPS 5325
1982:OPS 7208
1972:OPS 7221
1942:OPS 8068
1906:OPS 3373
1882:Gemini V
1876:OPS 7208
1866:Surcal 5
1856:Long Rod
1841:OPS 8464
1821:OPS 6761
1816:OPS 5698
1786:OPS 6564
1781:OPS 6577
1776:OPS 5543
1766:OPS 8411
1761:Proton 1
1723:OPS 5810
1712:TIROS-10
1707:OPS 6749
1702:OPS 5501
1692:OPS 8480
1677:OPS 8425
1648:OPS 5236
1628:OPS 8386
1623:OPS 8431
1598:OPS 5023
1588:OPS 6717
1583:OPS 4983
1551:OPS 4682
1546:OPS 4803
1529:Ranger 9
1517:OPS 7353
1497:OPS 4920
1482:OPS 7087
1467:Surcal 4
1420:OPS 4782
1388:Ranger 8
1351:OPS 4703
1334:OPS 7040
1329:OPS 3928
1261:website
1128:24 April
988:17249881
954:24 April
873:"UR-500"
734:See also
728:Hercules
724:Геркулес
675:Proton-K
665:Proton 4
640:Proton 3
631:Proton 2
614:Proton 1
609:Missions
599:attitude
515:Proton-K
452:Proton 4
446:Proton 3
440:Proton 2
434:Proton 1
415:Proton 4
409:Proton 3
403:Proton 2
397:Proton 1
338:Proton 4
325:Proton 3
312:Proton 2
299:Proton 1
284:Disposal
249:Proton-K
223:Proton 4
209:Proton 3
195:Proton 2
181:Proton 1
80:Operator
35:Proton 1
18:Proton 1
4229:italics
4068:Soyuz 3
4062:Soyuz 2
4015:ESRO-1A
3611:ESRO-2B
3534:Luna 14
3288:Luna 13
3277:Ōsumi 2
3103:Luna 12
3073:Secor 8
3056:October
3041:Ōsumi 1
2950:IDSCP 7
2945:IDSCP 6
2940:IDSCP 5
2935:IDSCP 4
2930:IDSCP 3
2925:IDSCP 2
2920:IDSCP 1
2915:Luna 11
2905:Secor 7
2701:Secor 6
2610:Zenit-4
2505:Luna 10
2391:Dipason
2291:January
2226:italics
2183:OSCAR 4
2099:Astérix
1831:SECOR 5
1556:SECOR 4
1487:SECOR 2
1477:OSCAR 3
1457:SECOR 3
1346:TIROS-9
1015:Bibcode
720:Russian
716:OKB-456
708:Voskhod
700:Sputnik
496:Russian
342: (
329: (
316: (
303: (
262:(1–3),
247:(1–3),
227: (
213: (
199: (
185: (
4186:ESSA-8
4156:HEOS-1
4109:Zond 6
4104:ERS-31
4000:ERS-28
3995:ERS-21
3948:Zond 5
3905:Radcat
3829:ESSA-7
3774:OV1-16
3769:OV1-15
3529:OV1-14
3524:OV1-13
3447:Zond 4
3363:1969 →
3348:← 1967
3244:OV1-10
3159:OV4-1T
3154:OV4-1R
3063:ESSA-3
2910:ERS-15
2853:August
2787:AS-203
2761:PAGEOS
2706:ERS-16
2413:ESSA-2
2356:ESSA-1
2335:Luna 9
2283:1967 →
2268:← 1965
2119:Luna 8
1987:Luna 7
1791:ERS-17
1771:Zond 3
1672:Luna 6
1618:Luna 5
1452:GGSE-3
1447:GGSE-2
1312:1966 →
1297:← 1964
1227:
986:
909:
710:) and
706:, and
704:Vostok
685:Legacy
568:, and
538:OKB-52
527:UR-500
508:UR-500
504:proton
500:протон
492:Proton
473:Period
245:UR-500
241:Rocket
132:OKB-52
45:, and
4161:OAO-2
4135:STV-1
3990:OV2-5
3985:LES-6
3912:P68-1
3884:LIDOS
3877:LCS-3
3842:OV5-8
3824:ATS-4
3452:OGO-5
3239:OV1-9
3234:ATS-1
3164:OV1-6
3118:OV3-2
2860:OV3-3
2812:OV1-8
2807:OV1-7
2691:OV3-4
2681:OGO-3
2551:OV3-1
2536:OAO-1
2514:April
2495:OV1-5
2490:OV1-4
2422:March
2178:LES-4
2173:LES-3
2168:OV2-3
2017:LCS-2
2012:OV2-1
2002:OGO-2
1992:OV1-2
1899:OSO-C
1654:OV1-3
1608:LCS-1
1603:LES-2
1366:LES-1
1361:OSO-2
1340:OV1-1
1221:(PDF)
1162:(PDF)
1122:(PDF)
948:(PDF)
696:OKB-1
585:quark
3356:1968
2955:GGTS
2775:July
2746:GGTS
2659:ATDA
2652:June
2276:1966
2131:FR-1
1305:1965
1225:OCLC
1198:2021
1170:2021
1130:2020
1105:2020
1079:2020
1049:2018
984:OCLC
956:2020
907:OCLC
885:2020
853:2020
828:2020
806:2020
784:2020
726:) ('
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