941:
1073:
1087:
641:
76:
478:, and now covers a considerable part of upland moorland. Once valued and gathered for use in animal bedding, tanning, soap and glass making, and as a fertiliser, bracken is now seen as a pernicious, invasive, and opportunistic plant, taking over from the plants traditionally associated with open moorland and reducing easy access by humans. It is toxic to cattle, dogs, sheep, pigs, and horses, and is also linked to cancers in humans. It can harbour high levels of sheep ticks, which can pass on
56:
549:
262:
1006:. In May and June, temporary close grazing or mob stocking on small areas away from nests, particularly using cattle, horses, pigs, or ponies may crush emerging bracken fronds resulting in reduced bracken cover. Sufficient fodder will be required to prevent livestock eating the bracken. This may suit steep areas where human access is difficult and herbicide undesirable.
624:
769:. They were eaten by exploring or hunting groups away from permanent settlements. The plant was widely distributed across New Zealand as a result of prehistoric deforestation, and planting on rich soils, which produced the best rhizomes. The rhizomes were dried, and could be heated and softened with a pounder (
1048:
Allowing plants to grow in its place, e.g., the establishment of woodland, causes shade that inhibits bracken growth. In the UK, trees, notably rowan, have done well since grazing reduced greatly after the foot-and-mouth epidemic in 2000 but young saplings struggle in high bracken. In decades to come
1037:
recommends that only Asulam can be sprayed aerially, Glyphosate requires spot treatment, e.g. using a weedwiper or knapsack spray. The toxicity of Asulam is low and has been generally highly cost-effective but its use is now restricted by the EU after 2012, at least until specific registered uses can
489:
Bracken is a well-adapted pioneer plant which can colonise land quickly, with the potential to extend its area by as much as 1%–3% per year. This ability to expand rapidly at the expense of other plants and wildlife can cause major problems for land users and managers. It colonises ground with an
1062:
A Bracken
Control Group was established in 2012 to provide best-practice guidance for all bracken control techniques. The Group has also been responsible for submitting an application for an Emergency Authorisation to secure the continued availability of Asulam for bracken control, following the
972:
Some small level of scattered cover can provide beneficial habitats for some wildlife, at least in the UK (as given above). However, on balance, removing bracken encourages primary habitats to re-establish, which are of greater importance for wildlife. Control is a complex question with complex
976:
All methods need follow-up over time, starting with the advancing areas first. Given the decades elapsed to arrive at the current levels of coverage on many sites, slowing or reversing the process will be also of necessity long-term, with consistency and persistence from all parties being key.
861:
to detoxify the plant before eating. Ptaquiloside also degenerates at room temperature, and denatures almost completely at boiling temperature. Despite this, moderation of consumption is still recommended to reduce chances of cancer formation. The
British Royal Horticultural Society recommends
560:
chemicals, which is an important factor in its ability to dominate other vegetation, particularly in regrowth after fire. Its chemical emissions, shady canopy, and thick litter inhibit other plant species from establishing themselves – with the occasional exception of plants which support rare
789:
and can contain as much as 55%. It has advantages over other sources of plant ash, such as hardwood, due to its high potash yield as a percentage of both dry and fresh mass, abundance, growth rate, and ease of harvesting. Bracken has been recognized as a source of potash since at least the
790:
10th century AD, with numerous references in
European texts, typically in relation to its use for soap and glass making. The turn to mined sources of potash in the industrial age ended significant use of bracken as a source of potash, contributing to its status as a troublesome weed.
458:
2.8 to 8.6. Exposure to cold or high pH inhibits its growth. It causes such a problem in invading pasturelands that at one time the
British government had an eradication programme. Special filters have even been used on some British water supplies to filter out the bracken spores.
1063:
decision not to register the product under new regulations in the EU. Registration has been re-applied for but this will not be available until 2017 at the earliest. Until re-registration is approved the Group will aim to keep Asulam available under the emergency provisions.
1049:
and if permitted, tree shade cover may increase and so may reduce bracken growth, but this is both long-term and in some cases is contentious in the change it would bring to traditionally open heath or moorland, both aesthetically and as a valuable habitat.
493:
Bracken presents a threat to biodiversity. Many plant species occur only on upland moorland, tied to unique features in the habitat. The loss and degradation of such areas due to the dominance of bracken has caused many species to become rare and isolated.
453:
regions throughout much of the world. It is a prolific and abundant plant in the moorlands of
Ireland, where it is limited to altitudes of below 600 metres. It does not like poorly drained marshes or fen. It has been observed growing in soils from
865:
Ptaquiloside has been shown to leach from wild bracken plants into the water supply, which has been implicated in high rates of stomach and oesophageal cancers in areas with high bracken growth, such as Wales and South
America.
1017:
is not; but the latter has the advantage that the effects can be seen soon after application. They are applied when the fronds are fully unfurled to ensure that the chemical is fully absorbed. Rare ferns such as adder's tongue
973:
answers, which need to form part of a wider approach. Management can be difficult and expensive; plans may need to be about cost-effective, practical limitation and control rather than give an expectation for eradication.
927:
and 20-hydroxyecdysone, are found in bracken. These cause uncontrollable, repeated moulting in insects ingesting the fronds, leading to rapid death. Bracken is currently under investigation as a possible source of new
903:
In cattle, bracken poisoning can occur in acute and chronic forms, acute poisoning being the most common. Milk from cows that have eaten bracken may also contain ptaquiloside, which is especially concentrated in
2018:
Jbilou R, Amri H, Bouayad N, Ghailani N, Ennabili A, Sayah F (March 2008). "Insecticidal effects of extracts of seven plant species on larval development, α-amylase activity and offspring production of
285:. This rootstock may travel a meter or more underground between fronds. The fronds may grow up to 2.5 m (8 ft) long or longer with support, but typically are in the range of 0.6–2 m (2–
215:(eggs and sperm). Brackens are noted for their large, highly divided leaves. They are found on all continents except Antarctica and in all environments except deserts, though their typical habitat is
846:, where bracken is often eaten, but it is unclear whether bracken plays a role. Consumption of ptaquiloside-contaminated milk is thought to contribute to human gastric cancer in the Andean states of
1136:
painting circa 1920 by the
Swedish botanist C. A. M. Lindman (1856–1928), taken from his book(s) Bilder ur Nordens Flora (first edition published 1901–1905, supplemented edition 1917–1926?).
857:
However, ptaquiloside is water-soluble and destroyed in heat (by cooking) and alkaline conditions (by soaking). Korean and
Japanese cooks have traditionally soaked the shoots in water and
2113:
1041:
Selective sprays like
Starane, Access, Metsulfuron 600WG, etc. work well but only if sprayed in late autumn so the rhizomes store food for winter and hence absorb the poison.
354:
1914:
Amelot ME, Alonso (February 2005). "Kinetics of the natural evolution of hydrogen cyanide in plants in neotropical
Pteridium arachnoideum and its ecological significance".
2167:
530:
1570:
Gomes, Joana; Magalhães, Ana; Michel, Valérie; Amado, Inês F; Aranha, Paulo; Ovesen, Rikke G; Hansen, Hans C B; Gärtner, Fátima; Reis, Celso A; Touati, Eliette (2012).
314:. The linear, leaf-edge pattern of these in bracken is different from that in most other ferns, where the sori are circular and occur towards the center of the leaf.
576:
where the woodland does not exist. These plants are intolerant to stock trampling. Dead bracken provides a warm microclimate for development of the immature stages.
964:
and other physical evidence. These rhizomes may travel a metre or more underground between fronds and form 90% of the plant, with only the remainder being visible.
335:
419:
1967:
Kaplanis, J. N.; Thompson, M. J.; Robbins, W. E.; Bryce, B. M. (22 September 1967). "Insect Hormones: Alpha Ecdysone and 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Bracken Fern".
400:
462:
Bracken is a characteristic moorland plant in Ireland which over the last decades has increasingly out-competed characteristic ground-cover plants such as
408:
370:
346:
1002:
Livestock treading — During winter, encouraging livestock to bracken areas with food. They trample the developing plants and allow frost to penetrate the
389:
486:
reduced commercial livestock production. Global climatic changes have also suited bracken well and contributed to its rapid increase in land coverage.
2202:
561:
butterflies. Herb and tree seedling growth may be inhibited even after bracken is removed, apparently because active plant toxins remain in the soil.
2212:
1030:) and lemon-scented ferns can also be found in similar habitats and it is important that these are not destroyed in the process of bracken control.
381:
2207:
989:
2511:
2160:
1572:"Pteridium aquilinum and Its Ptaquiloside Toxin Induce DNA Damage Response in Gastric Epithelial Cells, a Link with Gastric Carcinogenesis"
653:
dessert. The darker jelly on the left is made from pure bracken powder, while the lighter jelly on the right uses other starches as well.
483:
2093:
2560:
1755:
900:
in some animals. Animals may ingest the plant when other sources of food are unavailable, such as during droughts or after snowfalls.
2152:
1730:
2420:
2334:
1387:
Encyclopaedia of ferns : an introduction to ferns, their structure, biology, economic importance, cultivation and propagation
733:(蕨菜), and is eaten like vegetables or preserved by drying. Also called "fernbrake", it is used as a vegetable in soups and stews.
2485:
2433:
1678:
1661:
1052:
Burning — Useful for removing the litter, but may be counter-productive as bracken is considered to be a fire-adapted species.
1430:
2490:
1289:
1545:
1357:
1118:
1072:
2660:
2329:
1400:
2195:
1486:
748:. Both fronds and rhizomes have been used to produce beer in Siberia, and among indigenous peoples of North America.
2614:
1160:
2516:
2459:
2578:
944:
Bracken in Ireland with a linear pattern running across the hillside, a possible indication of past cultivation.
2609:
1456:
1337:
2498:
2655:
2129:
1086:
940:
2472:
2303:
2412:
2386:
2573:
714:
rice cakes, is a popular traditional dessert, although commercial variants are often made with cheaper
2438:
1044:
On archaeological sites, chemical control is usually required as mechanical methods may cause damage.
751:
Bracken leaves are used in the Mediterranean region to filter sheep's milk, and to store freshly made
75:
2650:
2526:
1419:
Lehnebach, Carlos A.; Regnault, Claire; Rice, Rebecca; Awa, Isaac Te; Yates, Rachel A. (2023-11-01).
442:
17:
1928:
502:
Evolutionarily, bracken may be considered one of the most successful ferns. It is considered highly
1784:
1662:"Possible association between gastric cancer and bracken fern in Venezuela: An epidemiologic study"
38:
1102:
Bracken is commonly referred to by local populations in the north of England as 'Moorland Scrub'.
211:
that have alternating generations, large plants that produce spores and small plants that produce
2565:
2407:
1701:
1611:
I A Evans; B Widdop; R S Jones; G D Barber; H Leach; D L Jones & R Mainwaring-Burton (1971).
1353:
2552:
2285:
960:. The root systems of established bracken stands degrade archaeological sites by disrupting the
2381:
2233:
2216:
1923:
1261:
919:
is released by the young fronds of bracken when eaten by mammals or insects. Two major insect
2547:
2539:
1392:
1385:
1026:
1020:
957:
585:
536:
238:, both meaning fern. In the past, the genus was commonly treated as having only one species,
2221:
2105:
798:
Bracken has traditionally been used for animal bedding, which later breaks down into a rich
2342:
1976:
1759:
597:
362:
247:
Like other ferns, brackens do not have seeds or fruits, but the immature fronds, known as
8:
2399:
2271:
1266:
603:
490:
open vegetation structure, but is slow to colonise healthy, well managed heather stands.
482:. Grazing provided some control by stock trampling, but this has almost ceased since the
437:
327:
303:
and, as it requires well-drained soil, is generally found growing on the sides of hills.
240:
2373:
1980:
1185:
1145:
996:
Cutting — Once or twice a year, repeatedly cutting back the fronds for at least 3 years.
2622:
2394:
2081:
2000:
1949:
1876:
1851:
1809:
Pan, Xiaohua; Nan, Xuemei; Yang, Liang; Jiang, Linshu; Xiong, Benhai (September 2018).
1637:
1612:
1528:
1294:
1223:
1198:
672:
In Korea, bracken (sometimes referred to as 'fernbrake' in Korean recipes) is known as
661:
have been eaten by many cultures throughout history, either fresh, cooked, or pickled.
577:
524:
70:
2534:
2316:
2187:
2077:
2040:
1992:
1941:
1881:
1832:
1683:
1642:
1593:
1492:
1482:
1426:
1396:
1333:
1228:
2085:
2004:
1953:
2627:
2179:
2073:
2036:
2032:
1984:
1933:
1871:
1863:
1822:
1673:
1632:
1624:
1583:
1524:
1445:
1218:
1210:
916:
834:, which causes damage to DNA, thus leading to cancers of the digestive tract. High
573:
204:
201:
140:
2321:
2295:
1988:
880:(vitamin B1). Excessive consumption of bracken can lead to vitamin B1 deficiency (
2308:
1034:
981:
569:
565:
503:
2601:
2503:
806:. It is also used as a winter mulch, which has been shown to reduce the loss of
762:
640:
1549:
1325:
1106:
1059:
Any bracken control programme must be completed, or bracken will re-establish.
835:
741:
208:
100:
1937:
1827:
1810:
1362:
2644:
2256:
2203:
Natural England — Bracken control, vegetation restoration and land management
2183:
1836:
715:
2057:
Marrs, R.H.; Watt, A.S. (2006). "Biological Flora of the British Isles 245:
1588:
1571:
1496:
1199:"Carcinogenic effects of ptaquiloside in bracken fern and related compounds"
2591:
2477:
2191:
2044:
1945:
1687:
1597:
1232:
1214:
831:
623:
591:
The high humidity in the stands helps mosses survive underneath, including
557:
479:
219:. The genus probably has the widest distribution of any fern in the world.
130:
1996:
1885:
1646:
1447:
340:
2446:
2265:
1852:"The possible human hazard of the naturally occurring bracken carcinogen"
1613:"The possible human hazard of the naturally occurring bracken carcinogen"
1476:
1364:
Authentic Guizhou Special Sauerkraut with Wild Herbs and Green Vegetables
929:
862:
against consumption of bracken altogether, by both humans and livestock.
843:
777:
were important ritual items, and several distinct styles were developed.
704:
645:
450:
158:
55:
31:
1867:
1628:
548:
2425:
1679:
10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1028>3.0.CO;2-H
1014:
953:
908:. In pigs and horses, bracken poisoning induces vitamin B1 deficiency.
905:
897:
873:
827:
658:
507:
463:
249:
2161:
Independent page devoted to bracken (uses older classification scheme)
310:
are contained in structures found on the underside of the leaf called
2451:
2368:
2355:
2280:
1811:"Thiamine status, metabolism and application in dairy cows: a review"
949:
847:
807:
666:
588:
also seem to benefit from the conditions found under bracken stands.
581:
475:
446:
300:
278:
261:
253:, are sometimes eaten, although some are thought to be carcinogenic.
227:
2227:
1610:
1515:
Rymer, Julia (July 1976). "The history and ethnobotany of bracken".
2586:
2250:
1003:
924:
920:
885:
881:
877:
811:
678:
471:
467:
413:
216:
2464:
2360:
1064:
244:, but the recent trend is to subdivide it into about ten species.
2347:
2168:"Human carcinogenesis and bracken fern: a review of the evidence"
815:
752:
737:
691:
375:
282:
1446:
McGlone, Matt S.; Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Leach, Helen M. (2005).
1010:
961:
870:
802:
that could be used as fertilizer. It is still used this way in
786:
568:, and is important for giving shade to European plants such as
424:
394:
270:
212:
1481:. Kane, Mark. Santa Rosa, CA: Metamorphic Press. p. 268.
999:
Crushing/rolling — Using rollers, again for at least 3 years.
744:, the rhizome was historically used to make a porridge called
441:(bracken or common bracken) is the most common species with a
851:
839:
803:
799:
710:
685:
650:
519:
311:
307:
274:
269:
Bracken is one of the oldest ferns, with fossil records over
193:
87:
1966:
1850:
Evans IA, Widdop B, Jones RS, et al. (September 1971).
30:"Pteridium" redirects here. For the Ediacaran organism, see
985:
773:), after which the starch could be sucked from the fibers.
723:
719:
197:
120:
110:
1290:"At Cafe Lily, the Korean-Uzbek Menu Evokes a Past Exodus"
265:
Sori (paler green) along outer edge on underside of leaves
2017:
1569:
1478:
Designing and maintaining your edible landscape naturally
1249:. Bingley, England: Sports Turf Research Institute. 2003.
988:
to control bracken either individually or in combination
858:
350:- Mexico, Central and South America, Florida, West Indies
1418:
273:
having been found. The plant sends up large, triangular
1420:
1055:
Ploughing — Late in the season followed by sowing seed.
948:
Many sites have archaeological remains dating from the
455:
888:
are less vulnerable because they synthesize thiamine.
718:
instead. The fiddleheads are also preserved in salt,
564:
Bracken substitutes the characteristics of a woodland
2165:
1660:
Alonso-Amelot, Miguel E; Avendaño, Marisabel (2001).
1659:
528:
can be found growing under the bracken canopy. Both
702:(わらび), and is steamed, boiled, or cooked in soups.
1384:
765:of New Zealand as a staple food, and are known as
1448:"An ecological and historical review of bracken (
682:, a popular mixed rice dish. Stir-fried bracken (
299: ft) high. In cold environments, bracken is
2642:
2023:(Herbst) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)".
1898:
1849:
1452:) in New Zealand, and its cultural significance"
1328:(2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).
1105:The creature ’Bracken’ from the 2023 video game
1808:
1013:(also known as Asulox) is selective for ferns;
896:Ptaquiloside from bracken has been shown to be
884:), especially in animals with simple stomachs.
740:can be ground into flour to make bread. In the
366:- China, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand
708:bracken jelly, named after its resemblance to
1540:
1538:
2224:: Identification and edible parts of bracken
1778:
1776:
1510:
1508:
1506:
2166:Alonso-Amelot ME, Avendaño M (March 2002).
1724:
1722:
1186:NBN distribution map for the United Kingdom
543:
431:
1731:"The Bracken Fern: A Natural Born Killer?"
1535:
1260:Fontella, Amelia Cook (16 February 2017).
854:have also been implicated as carcinogens.
54:
2056:
1927:
1913:
1875:
1826:
1782:
1773:
1677:
1636:
1587:
1503:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1222:
1719:
1517:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1391:. Portland, Ore.: Timber Press. p.
1352:Longmeimei cooking channel: Archived at
1259:
939:
761:rhizomes were traditionally used by the
639:
622:
556:Bracken is known to produce and release
547:
540:grow primarily from dead bracken stems.
260:
2208:RSPB: Bracken management in the uplands
2108:on 2015-09-24 – via ars-grin.gov.
2102:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1843:
1324:
14:
2643:
1474:
1422:Flora: Celebrating our Botanical World
1309:
1287:
1196:
990:RSPB Bracken management in the uplands
980:Various techniques are recommended by
676:(고사리), and is a typical ingredient in
513:
2232:
2231:
1514:
1414:
1412:
1382:
339:- Mexico, Central and South America,
2615:b275dce4-6396-470c-807f-94ad9d48b200
2527:b9727996-e363-427a-84ab-ecf82fa563da
1783:Ravilious, Kate (9 September 2004).
1728:
484:2001 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak
1288:Mishan, Ligaya (16 February 2017).
1119:List of plants poisonous to equines
869:Uncooked bracken also contains the
780:
157:Gled. ex Scop. 1760 not Raf. 1814 (
24:
2579:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17210050-1
1529:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1976.tb02020.x
1409:
358:- Zaire, Zambia, Tanzania, Burundi
25:
2672:
2146:
1197:Potter, D.M. (4 September 2000).
631:) at a food market in South Korea
277:from a wide-creeping underground
2078:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01177.x
1085:
1071:
785:Green bracken ferns average 25%
74:
2011:
1960:
1907:
1892:
1802:
1748:
1694:
1666:International Journal of Cancer
1653:
1604:
1563:
1468:
1439:
1376:
1346:
2037:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.017
1457:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1425:. Te Papa Press. p. 310.
1330:The Cultural History of Plants
1281:
1253:
1239:
1190:
1179:
1153:
1139:
1130:
935:
729:In China, bracken is known as
698:In Japan, bracken is known as
689:) is also a common side dish (
256:
13:
1:
1989:10.1126/science.157.3795.1436
1124:
1097:
1065:Bracken Control Group website
911:
891:
649:bracken jelly, a traditional
1815:British Journal of Nutrition
355:Pteridium centrali-africanum
174:
7:
1916:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1899:Auld, RA; Medd, RW (1992).
1146:The Plant List, search for
1112:
821:
552:Young bracken fronds curled
230:origin, related to Swedish
207:. Ferns (Pteridophyta) are
10:
2677:
2153:World fern species list —
2136:. Flora of North America.
1247:Bracken and Its Management
1109:is named after the plant.
967:
814:in the soil, and to lower
613:Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus
497:
317:
36:
29:
2661:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
2240:
1938:10.1007/s10886-005-1343-z
1828:10.1017/S0007114518001666
1729:Shaw, Hank (2011-06-30).
1332:. Routledge. p. 35.
1203:British Journal of Cancer
793:
531:Camarographium stephensii
443:cosmopolitan distribution
385:- Mexico, Central America
171:
166:
71:Scientific classification
69:
62:
53:
48:
2184:10.2174/0929867023370743
1383:Jones, David L. (1987).
665:is especially common in
544:Other plant associations
432:Distribution and habitat
39:Bracken (disambiguation)
2213:Bracken for Butterflies
1903:. Sydney: Inkata Press.
1475:Kourik, Robert (1986).
1262:"I brake for fernbrake"
635:
627:Dried bracken bundles (
618:
609:Pseudoscelopodium purum
2217:Butterfly Conservation
1576:Toxicological Sciences
1215:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1368
945:
654:
632:
553:
336:Pteridium arachnoideum
266:
2548:Paleobiology Database
1702:"Pteridium aquilinum"
1589:10.1093/toxsci/kfr329
1027:Trichomanes speciosum
1021:Ophioglossum vulgatum
958:Industrial Revolution
943:
826:Bracken contains the
643:
626:
586:chickweed wintergreen
551:
537:Typhula quisquiliaris
506:, and can survive in
331:- nearly cosmopolitan
281:, and may form dense
264:
2222:Edibility of Bracken
1450:Pteridium esculentum
1161:"SPORES FOR THOUGHT"
876:, which breaks down
598:Hypnum cupressiforme
593:Campylopus flexuosus
420:Pteridium yunnanense
363:Pteridium esculentum
271:55 million years old
37:For other uses, see
2656:Japanese vegetables
2132:Pteridium aquilinum
2116:Pteridium aquilinum
2096:Pteridium aquilinum
2059:Pteridium aquilinum
2021:Tribolium castaneum
1981:1967Sci...157.1436K
1975:(3795): 1436–1438.
1868:10.1042/bj1240029pa
1629:10.1042/bj1240029pa
1167:. 22 September 1996
1079:Pteridium aquilinum
838:rates are found in
663:Pteridium aquilinum
604:Polytrichum commune
514:Fungal associations
438:Pteridium aquilinum
401:Pteridium revolutum
328:Pteridium aquilinum
241:Pteridium aquilinum
64:Pteridium aquilinum
2120:. Flora Europaea.
2066:Journal of Ecology
2025:Bioresour. Technol
1756:"Dol Sot Bibimbap"
1546:"Uses for Bracken"
1295:The New York Times
946:
655:
633:
578:Climbing corydalis
554:
525:Mycena epipterygia
409:Pteridium tauricum
371:Pteridium falcatum
347:Pteridium caudatum
267:
2638:
2637:
2535:Open Tree of Life
2234:Taxon identifiers
1432:978-1-9911509-1-2
1165:independent.co.uk
1092:Fronds of bracken
629:P. aquilinum
390:Pteridium lineare
196:of large, coarse
181:
180:
162:
16:(Redirected from
2668:
2651:Dennstaedtiaceae
2631:
2630:
2618:
2617:
2605:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2581:
2569:
2568:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2542:
2530:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2507:
2506:
2504:NHMSYS0000462114
2494:
2493:
2481:
2480:
2468:
2467:
2455:
2454:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2389:
2377:
2376:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2229:
2228:
2199:
2194:. Archived from
2141:
2125:
2109:
2104:. Archived from
2089:
2072:(6): 1272–1321.
2063:
2049:
2048:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1931:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1785:"The fatal fern"
1780:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1758:. Archived from
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1726:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1548:. Archived from
1542:
1533:
1532:
1523:(1–3): 151–176.
1512:
1501:
1500:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1390:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1322:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1089:
1075:
923:hormones, alpha
917:Hydrogen cyanide
781:Source of potash
298:
297:
293:
290:
205:Dennstaedtiaceae
156:
141:Dennstaedtiaceae
79:
78:
58:
46:
45:
21:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2600:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2236:
2172:Curr. Med. Chem
2149:
2144:
2128:
2112:
2092:
2061:
2052:
2016:
2012:
1965:
1961:
1929:10.1.1.517.4271
1912:
1908:
1897:
1893:
1848:
1844:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1781:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1735:theatlantic.com
1727:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1658:
1654:
1609:
1605:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1513:
1504:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1358:Wayback Machine
1351:
1347:
1340:
1326:Pieroni, Andrea
1323:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1076:
1035:Natural England
982:Natural England
970:
956:through to the
938:
914:
894:
824:
796:
783:
638:
621:
570:common bluebell
546:
516:
500:
445:, occurring in
434:
429:
320:
295:
291:
288:
286:
259:
209:vascular plants
155:
73:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2674:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2628:wfo-4000031876
2619:
2606:
2596:
2583:
2570:
2557:
2544:
2531:
2521:
2508:
2495:
2482:
2469:
2456:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2404:
2391:
2378:
2365:
2352:
2339:
2326:
2313:
2300:
2290:
2277:
2262:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:on 2011-10-06.
2163:
2158:
2148:
2147:External links
2145:
2143:
2142:
2126:
2110:
2090:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2010:
1959:
1906:
1891:
1862:(2): 29P–30P.
1842:
1821:(5): 491–499.
1801:
1772:
1747:
1718:
1693:
1672:(2): 252–259.
1652:
1623:(2): 29P–30P.
1603:
1562:
1534:
1502:
1487:
1467:
1438:
1431:
1408:
1402:978-0881920543
1401:
1375:
1345:
1338:
1308:
1280:
1252:
1238:
1209:(7): 914–920.
1189:
1178:
1152:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1107:Lethal Company
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1032:
1031:
1024:), killarney (
1007:
1000:
997:
969:
966:
937:
934:
913:
910:
893:
890:
836:stomach cancer
823:
820:
795:
792:
782:
779:
742:Canary Islands
637:
634:
620:
617:
582:wild gladiolus
545:
542:
515:
512:
499:
496:
433:
430:
428:
427:
416:
405:
397:
386:
382:Pteridium feei
378:
367:
359:
351:
343:
332:
323:
319:
316:
258:
255:
179:
178:
169:
168:
164:
163:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
121:Polypodiopsida
118:
114:
113:
111:Polypodiophyta
108:
104:
103:
98:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
67:
66:
60:
59:
51:
50:
27:Genus of ferns
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2673:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2588:
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2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:(6): 675–86.
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:(5): 959–64.
2030:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1922:(2): 315–31.
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1762:on 2011-11-11
1761:
1757:
1751:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1723:
1707:
1706:www.fs.fed.us
1703:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1552:on 2009-12-12
1551:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1488:0-9615848-0-7
1484:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
993:
991:
987:
983:
978:
974:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
942:
933:
931:
926:
922:
918:
909:
907:
901:
899:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
872:
867:
863:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
791:
788:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:P. esculentum
756:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
716:potato starch
713:
712:
707:
706:
701:
696:
694:
693:
688:
687:
681:
680:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
652:
648:
647:
642:
630:
625:
616:
614:
610:
606:
605:
600:
599:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
559:
550:
541:
539:
538:
533:
532:
527:
526:
521:
511:
509:
505:
495:
491:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:
426:
422:
421:
417:
415:
411:
410:
406:
403:
402:
398:
396:
392:
391:
387:
384:
383:
379:
377:
373:
372:
368:
365:
364:
360:
357:
356:
352:
349:
348:
344:
342:
338:
337:
333:
330:
329:
325:
324:
322:
315:
313:
309:
304:
302:
284:
280:
276:
272:
263:
254:
252:
251:
245:
243:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:
185:
177:
176:
170:
165:
160:
154:
153:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:Tracheophytes
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
77:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2241:
2196:the original
2175:
2171:
2154:
2137:
2131:
2121:
2115:
2106:the original
2101:
2095:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1789:the Guardian
1788:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1696:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1582:(1): 60–71.
1579:
1575:
1565:
1554:. Retrieved
1550:the original
1520:
1516:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1421:
1386:
1378:
1368:, retrieved
1363:
1354:Ghostarchive
1348:
1329:
1299:. Retrieved
1293:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1265:
1255:
1246:
1241:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1164:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1104:
1101:
1078:
1061:
1058:
1043:
1040:
1038:be defined.
1033:
1025:
1019:
1009:Herbicide —
979:
975:
971:
947:
930:insecticides
915:
902:
898:carcinogenic
895:
868:
864:
856:
832:ptaquiloside
828:carcinogenic
825:
797:
784:
774:
770:
766:
763:Māori people
758:
757:
750:
745:
735:
730:
728:
709:
703:
699:
697:
695:) in Korea.
690:
683:
677:
673:
671:
662:
656:
644:
628:
612:
608:
602:
596:
592:
590:
574:wood anemone
563:
558:allelopathic
555:
535:
529:
523:
517:
501:
492:
488:
480:Lyme disease
464:moor grasses
461:
436:
435:
418:
407:
399:
388:
380:
369:
361:
353:
345:
334:
326:
321:
305:
268:
248:
246:
239:
235:
231:
223:
221:
188:
187:
183:
182:
172:
151:
150:
131:Polypodiales
94:
63:
43:
2447:iNaturalist
2266:Wikispecies
2138:efloras.org
2122:rbge.org.uk
954:Bronze Ages
936:Archaeology
844:North Wales
705:Warabimochi
659:fiddleheads
646:Warabimochi
451:subtropical
257:Description
250:fiddleheads
234:and Danish
159:Pteridaceae
32:Pteridinium
2645:Categories
1856:Biochem. J
1766:2011-12-19
1617:Biochem. J
1556:2009-07-08
1464:: 165–184.
1370:2021-06-26
1339:0415927463
1125:References
1098:In culture
1015:glyphosate
912:In insects
906:buttermilk
892:In animals
874:thiaminase
775:Patu aruhe
771:patu aruhe
667:East Asian
508:acid soils
107:Division:
2400:Pteridium
2369:FloraBase
2335:Pteridium
2281:AlgaeBase
2272:Pteridium
2242:Pteridium
2155:Pteridium
2062:(L.) Kuhn
1924:CiteSeerX
1837:0007-1145
1148:Pteridium
950:Neolithic
886:Ruminants
848:Venezuela
830:compound
808:potassium
669:cuisine.
518:Woodland
447:temperate
341:Galápagos
301:deciduous
279:rootstock
228:Old Norse
222:The word
213:sex cells
189:Pteridium
152:Pteridium
84:Kingdom:
18:Pteridium
2610:VicFlora
2599:VASCAN:
2592:40019408
2587:Tropicos
2465:328202-2
2348:47172677
2330:eFloraSA
2251:Wikidata
2192:11945131
2086:85114338
2045:17493805
2005:37746757
1954:30063246
1946:15856786
1688:11146454
1598:22143989
1497:14258849
1356:and the
1301:19 April
1273:19 April
1233:10970694
1113:See also
1004:rhizomes
984:and the
925:ecdysone
921:moulting
882:beriberi
878:thiamine
822:Toxicity
812:nitrogen
755:cheese.
738:rhizomes
736:Bracken
679:bibimbap
657:Bracken
651:Japanese
522:such as
504:invasive
476:heathers
472:bilberry
468:cowberry
414:Caucasus
283:thickets
217:moorland
167:Species
137:Family:
49:Bracken
2540:5602395
2426:5275011
2257:Q258034
1997:6037858
1977:Bibcode
1969:Science
1886:5158492
1877:1177200
1794:6 April
1740:6 April
1711:6 April
1647:5158492
1638:1177200
1267:Isthmus
1224:2374682
1171:6 April
968:Control
816:soil pH
753:ricotta
692:banchan
684:gosari
498:Ecology
404:- China
376:Guangxi
318:Species
294:⁄
224:bracken
200:in the
192:) is a
184:Bracken
147:Genus:
127:Order:
117:Class:
88:Plantae
2561:PLANTS
2553:319937
2524:NZOR:
2413:127416
2387:127416
2296:194163
2293:APDB:
2190:
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1011:Asulam
962:strata
871:enzyme
852:spores
850:. The
794:Others
787:potash
731:juecai
700:warabi
674:gosari
584:, and
566:canopy
474:, and
425:Yunnan
395:Yunnan
308:spores
275:fronds
236:bregne
232:bräken
226:is of
202:family
2566:PTERI
2517:32100
2491:17223
2478:45595
2452:52683
2439:10076
2395:FoAO2
2374:20905
2361:1PTEG
2309:57356
2286:42956
2082:S2CID
2001:S2CID
1950:S2CID
1901:Weeds
840:Japan
804:Wales
800:mulch
767:aruhe
746:gofio
722:, or
711:mochi
686:namul
520:fungi
306:Fern
198:ferns
194:genus
95:Clade
2602:1600
2574:POWO
2512:NCBI
2486:ITIS
2460:IPNI
2434:GRIN
2421:GBIF
2356:EPPO
2322:74L6
2304:APNI
2188:PMID
2041:PMID
1993:PMID
1942:PMID
1882:PMID
1833:ISSN
1796:2018
1742:2018
1713:2018
1684:PMID
1643:PMID
1594:PMID
1493:OCLC
1483:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1303:2017
1275:2017
1229:PMID
1173:2018
986:RSPB
952:and
842:and
810:and
724:miso
720:sake
636:Food
619:Uses
611:and
572:and
534:and
449:and
312:sori
175:text
173:See
2623:WFO
2499:NBN
2473:ISC
2408:FoC
2382:FNA
2343:EoL
2317:CoL
2215:by
2180:doi
2074:doi
2064:".
2033:doi
1985:doi
1973:157
1934:doi
1872:PMC
1864:doi
1860:124
1823:doi
1819:120
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