42:
276:
58:
395:
65:
2804:
34:
298:
50:
2814:
843:(निउरो). There are three varieties of fiddlehead most commonly found in Nepali cuisine, namely सेती निउरो having whitish green stem, काली निउरो having dark purple stem, and ठूलो निउरो having large green stems. It is served as a vegetable side dish, often cooked in local clarified butter. It is also pickled.
920:
Fiddleheads are sold fresh and frozen. Fresh fiddleheads are available in the market for only a few weeks in springtime, and are fairly expensive. Pickled and frozen fiddleheads, however, can be found in some shops year-round. The vegetable is typically steamed, boiled and/or sautéed before being
940:
associated a number of food-borne illness cases with fiddleheads in the early 1990s. Although they did not identify a toxin in the fiddleheads, the findings of that case suggest that fiddleheads should be cooked thoroughly before eating. The cooking time recommended by health authorities is 15
283:
Available seasonally, fiddleheads are both foraged and commercially harvested in spring. When picking fiddleheads, it is recommended to take only one third the tops per plant/cluster for sustainable harvest. Each plant produces several tops that turn into fronds.
932:
To cook fiddleheads, it is advised to remove the brown papery husk before washing in several changes of cold water, then boil or steam them. Boiling reduces the bitterness and the content of
1139:
941:
minutes if boiled and 10 to 12 minutes if steamed. The cooking method recommended by gourmets is to spread a thin layer in a steam basket and steam lightly, just until tender crisp.
893:
and Maine, and the vegetable is considered particularly emblematic of New
Brunswick. North America's largest grower, packer and distributor of wild fiddleheads established
1070:
Gomes, Joana; Magalhães, Ana; Michel, Valérie; Amado, Inês F; Aranha, Paulo; Ovesen, Rikke G; Hansen, Hans C B; Gärtner, Fátima; Reis, Celso A; Touati, Eliette (2012).
580:, bracken fiddleheads are a prized dish, and roasting the fiddleheads is reputed to neutralize any toxins in the vegetable. In Japan, fiddleheads of flowering fern (
1046:
1264:
1112:
1721:
106:). As fiddleheads are harvested early in the season, before the frond has opened and reached its full height, they are cut fairly close to the ground.
1185:
1154:
1318:
1072:"Pteridium aquilinum and Its Ptaquiloside Toxin Induce DNA Damage Response in Gastric Epithelial Cells, a Link with Gastric Carcinogenesis"
41:
2818:
937:
1714:
889:
in the 1780s. Fiddleheads remain a traditional dish in these regions, with most commercial harvesting occurring in New
Brunswick,
1009:: two Chinese princes who were said to have famously survived exile in the wilderness for a long while on a diet of fiddleheads
1646:
1388:
1367:
1299:
746:(नियुरो) and is common as a vegetable side dish, often mixed with local cheese and sometimes pickled. In Southern regions of
1409:
Bushway, A. A.; Wilson, A. M.; McGann, D. F.; Bushway, R. J. (1982). "The
Nutrient Composition of Fresh Fiddlehead Greens".
2807:
1707:
362:
411:
334:
1680:
1665:
1241:
381:
1268:
1116:
341:
1030:
2231:
418:
where they are often picked in the wild in autumn, preserved in salt over winter, and then consumed in spring.
319:
267:
Fiddleheads' ornamental value makes them very expensive in the temperate regions where they are not abundant.
2860:
348:
2855:
315:
2618:
857:), known locally as "fiddleheads", grow wild in wet areas of northeastern North America in spring. The
330:
1913:
1195:
997:) is not thought to cause cancer, although there is evidence it contains a toxin unidentified as yet.
2845:
2840:
1730:
776:
598:
69:
2875:
2870:
2850:
914:
707:
2338:
1886:
308:
1328:
2764:
2221:
1359:
882:
219:
2709:
2375:
2273:
1856:
1323:
1229:
185:
2445:
2303:
2293:
2278:
2073:
2068:
2063:
1836:
467:
8:
2088:
2058:
2048:
1612:
634:
484:
141:
103:
1463:
877:
have traditionally harvested fiddleheads, and the vegetable was introduced first to the
672:
In Mandi (Himachal
Pradesh) it is called Lingad and used for vegetable pickling. In the
355:
2385:
2037:
1559:
1449:
1422:
669:
language. It is usually eaten stir fried with chicken, eggs, prawns or other proteins.
451:
275:
2420:
2308:
2288:
2032:
1977:
1676:
1661:
1642:
1594:
1551:
1516:
1508:
1363:
1295:
1237:
1093:
985:
Further, there is some evidence that certain varieties of fiddleheads, e.g. bracken (
922:
764:
573:, southernmost island of South Korea, collecting it in April to May is a convention.
177:, found in northern regions worldwide, and the central/eastern part of North America
27:
426:
In
Indonesia, young fiddlehead ferns are cooked in a rich coconut sauce spiced with
2779:
2769:
2754:
2380:
2201:
2017:
1987:
1967:
1923:
1801:
1586:
1563:
1543:
1534:
Evans, I. A.; Osman, M. A. (1974). "Carcinogenicity of bracken and shikimic acid".
1500:
1445:
1418:
1216:
1083:
719:
677:
582:
415:
57:
1693:
1577:
Caldwell, M. E.; Brewer, W. R. (1980). "Possible
Hazards of Eating Bracken Fern".
817:. In Ramban district of Jammu and Kashmir, it is called "DheeD" in Khah language.
2719:
2640:
2405:
2317:
2157:
1999:
1918:
1034:
711:
658:
646:
394:
209:
1590:
949:
661:; fiddlehead fern is prepared by stir frying as bhaja served as a side dish. In
2865:
2784:
2750:
2623:
2582:
2350:
2253:
2078:
2022:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1876:
1763:
1738:
1006:
870:
703:
253:
240:
153:
1952:
1935:
989:
genus), are toxic. It is recommended to fully cook fiddleheads to destroy the
2834:
2759:
2540:
2515:
2460:
2216:
2185:
2012:
2007:
1908:
1851:
1699:
1512:
1504:
1028:
Fern. Encyclopedia of Earth. National council for
Science and the Environment
990:
910:
898:
886:
830:
792:
693:
666:
203:
195:
1488:
1088:
1071:
2789:
2774:
2613:
2535:
2425:
2370:
2365:
2333:
2323:
2268:
2243:
2226:
2132:
2027:
1520:
1190:
1097:
563:
427:
224:
170:
68:
Fiddlehead sculpture at the Saint John Arts Centre by sculptor Jim Boyd in
1598:
1555:
673:
110:
19:"Fiddle head" redirects here. For the part of the musical instrument, see
2724:
2665:
2555:
2550:
2525:
2508:
2498:
2489:
2355:
2206:
2101:
1841:
1436:
Evans, W. C. (1976). "Bracken thiaminase-mediated neurotoxic syndromes".
902:
747:
723:
715:
642:
620:
612:), are commonly eaten in springtime. Fiddleheads in Japan are considered
569:
462:
64:
2635:
2630:
2587:
2570:
2560:
2530:
2520:
2470:
2360:
2248:
2137:
1957:
1866:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1780:
1756:
1265:"Real Food Right Now and How to Cook It: Fiddleheads - A Brief History"
1140:"Midin (Stenochlaena palustris), the popular wild vegetable of Sarawak"
971:
926:
862:
853:
733:
557:
476:
435:
322: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
114:
2660:
1027:
2714:
2565:
2435:
2410:
2298:
2283:
2263:
2122:
2053:
2043:
1940:
1930:
1861:
1846:
1811:
1673:
Vermonters: Oral
Histories from Down Country to the Northeast Kingdom
1547:
866:
806:
638:
455:
248:
92:
33:
925:, butter, lemon, vinegar and/or garlic, or chilled in salad or with
834:
741:
402:
Fiddleheads have been part of traditional diets in much of
Northern
297:
2455:
2328:
2313:
2211:
2167:
2152:
2142:
2127:
2117:
1871:
1796:
1657:
979:
975:
953:
878:
858:
796:
654:
551:
545:), which consists of prepared fernbrake fiddleheads that have been
439:
431:
49:
809:. It is also cooked as a dry vegetable side dish to be eaten with
2697:
2692:
2682:
2655:
2575:
2475:
2440:
2430:
2415:
2172:
2083:
1947:
1826:
1489:"Human carcinogenesis and bracken fern: a review of the evidence"
1355:
906:
894:
814:
662:
650:
531:
261:
230:
160:
133:
2740:
2702:
2687:
2650:
2608:
2603:
2503:
2258:
2162:
1831:
1791:
968:
933:
890:
784:
737:
618:, or wild vegetables. They are also traditionally used to make
614:
519:
403:
137:
125:
20:
1234:
The Self-Reliance
Manifesto: Essential Outdoor Survival Skills
2670:
2545:
2465:
2450:
2397:
2147:
2106:
1898:
1776:
1751:
1613:"Ostrich Fern Poisoning -- New York and Western Canada, 1994"
1267:. Grace Communications Foundation. March 2013. Archived from
874:
826:
772:
754:
577:
546:
526:
109:
Fiddleheads from brackens contain a compound associated with
99:
84:
120:
The fiddlehead resembles the curled ornamentation (called a
2677:
2645:
1890:
956:, which can refer to several species of New Zealand ferns.
810:
407:
98:
Left on the plant, each fiddlehead would unroll into a new
88:
1408:
2485:
2190:
1746:
1292:
North American Cornucopia: Top 100 Indigenous Food Plants
1153:(2). Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman: 18–20. Archived from
1069:
952:
people have historically eaten young fern shoots called
901:
in 2006. Fiddlehead-producing areas are also located in
1464:"Pteridium - Genus Page - ISB: Atlas of Florida Plants"
917:
bills itself as the "Fiddlehead Capital of the World."
795:, it is known as 'Kandor'(कंडोर) in local language. In
192:, throughout most of the temperate northern hemisphere.
152:
The fiddleheads of certain ferns are eaten as a cooked
964:
Fiddleheads are low in sodium, but rich in potassium.
800:
727:
1486:
414:
for centuries. They are also part of the diet in the
697:
771:); there it is a popular side dish. In the area of
758:
687:
681:
475:is a delicacy often made into a salad with tomato,
1236:. United States: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 59.
1487:Alonso-Amelot, M. E.; Avendaño, M. (March 2002).
881:settlers in the early 18th century, and later to
124:) on the end of a stringed instrument, such as a
2832:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1313:
1311:
1217:University of Maine, "Ostrich Fern Fiddleheads"
406:since the beginning of the Middle Ages, across
1729:
1576:
607:
591:
549:. It is also a component of the popular dish
493:
1715:
1376:
1349:
1294:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 308–9.
513:
442:leaves and other spices. This dish is called
167:, found worldwide (Toxic if not cooked fully)
1615:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1308:
540:
503:
206:, although not so palatable as ostrich fern.
1113:"Enjoy your midin without fear — Professor"
750:it is known as dheki shaak or dheki shaag.
479:slices, and a simple vinaigrette dressing.
1722:
1708:
1533:
938:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1585:(3). Massachusetts Medical Society: 164.
1350:Walsh, Victoria; McCallum, Scott (2015).
1227:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1137:
1110:
1087:
846:
596:), as well as those of the ostrich fern (
382:Learn how and when to remove this message
270:
1438:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
393:
274:
233:, where it is prized as a local delicacy
63:
56:
48:
40:
32:
897:'s first commercial fiddlehead farm in
2833:
1172:
482:In East Asia, fiddleheads of bracken (
1703:
1435:
1289:
1283:
1183:
665:it is known as 'Chekoh' in the local
279:Bucket of newly collected fiddleheads
2813:
1257:
1047:"'Tis the season...for fiddleheads!"
653:, it is known as muikhonchok in the
320:adding citations to reliable sources
291:
45:A chicken dish including fiddleheads
1352:A Field Guide to Canadian Cocktails
488:) are eaten as a vegetable, called
13:
1641:. WaveCloud Corporation: 2014.
1631:
1450:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1976.tb02017.x
1423:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb10147.x
1228:McDougall, Len (9 December 2010).
1111:Churchill, Edward (6 April 2018).
14:
2887:
1687:
1115:. The Borneo Post. Archived from
982:, if consumed in extreme excess.
820:
628:
179:
156:. The most popular of these are:
2812:
2803:
2802:
1637:Barrett, L. E. and Diket, Lin.
944:
706:and is eaten as a vegetable. In
421:
296:
287:
202:, found in the eastern parts of
1605:
1579:New England Journal of Medicine
1570:
1527:
1480:
1456:
1429:
1402:
1343:
959:
307:needs additional citations for
140:, which has its origins in the
1652:Lyon, Amy, and Lynne Andreen.
1221:
1210:
1138:Paul P.K., Chai (April 2016).
1131:
1104:
1063:
1039:
1020:
805:(टेड) in the local language
608:
592:
494:
398:Fiddlehead fern as a vegetable
1:
1013:
791:(fiddlehead fern pickle). In
732:and eaten as a vegetable. In
710:it is known as "kasrod". In
686:and is used to make a pickle
967:Many ferns also contain the
759:
728:
698:
260:, found throughout Asia and
147:
7:
1696:, University of Maine, 2018
1675:. New England Press: 1986.
1591:10.1056/NEJM198007173030324
1493:Current Medicinal Chemistry
1391:. Health Canada. 2013-04-11
1147:Agriculture Science Journal
1000:
835:
801:
742:
688:
682:
10:
2892:
1731:Non-timber forest products
1468:florida.plantatlas.usf.edu
1184:Honey, Kim (21 May 2008).
913:. The Canadian village of
885:as they began settling in
718:, it is called limbra. In
625:a Japanese-style dessert.
450:, and originated from the
25:
18:
2798:
2733:
2596:
2484:
2396:
2181:
2097:
1998:
1885:
1772:
1737:
1033:November 9, 2011, at the
995:Matteuccia struthiopteris
854:Matteuccia struthiopteris
783:(कसरोड). The most famous
768:
680:, it is known locally as
657:language. As part of the
599:Matteuccia struthiopteris
541:
514:
504:
175:Matteuccia struthiopteris
91:, harvested for use as a
70:Saint John, New Brunswick
1505:10.2174/0929867023370743
1389:"Fiddlehead Safety Tips"
1186:"Attuned to fiddleheads"
915:Tide Head, New Brunswick
1411:Journal of Food Science
1026:C.Michael Hogan. 2010.
883:United Empire Loyalists
2745:(Iberian agroforestry)
1983:Pacific mountain onion
1360:Random House of Canada
1290:Small, Ernest (2014).
1076:Toxicological Sciences
847:North American cooking
740:regions, it is called
399:
280:
271:Sources and harvesting
128:. It is also called a
73:
61:
54:
46:
38:
16:Fronds of a young fern
2765:Indian forest produce
2236:Hydnocarpus wightiana
1324:Canadian Encyclopedia
1089:10.1093/toxsci/kfr329
637:, it is found in the
535:(small side dish) is
397:
278:
190:Athyrium filix-femina
67:
60:
52:
44:
36:
2861:Perennial vegetables
2008:Bare-toothed russula
1694:Facts on Fiddleheads
1654:In a Vermont Kitchen
974:, which breaks down
468:Diplazium esculentum
316:improve this article
180:(See health warning)
2856:New England cuisine
2619:musical instruments
1877:Woodland strawberry
1051:newscentermaine.com
978:. This can lead to
635:Indian subcontinent
485:Pteridium aquilinum
258:Athyrium esculentum
165:Pteridium aquilinum
104:circinate vernation
53:Fiddleheads growing
649:. In the state of
465:, young fronds of
400:
281:
200:Osmunda cinnamomea
198:or buckhorn fern,
74:
62:
55:
47:
39:
26:For the band, see
2828:
2827:
1671:Strickland, Ron.
1647:978-1-62217-164-4
1542:(5464): 348–349.
1369:978-0-449-01663-3
1301:978-1-4665-8592-8
923:hollandaise sauce
799:, it is known as
777:Jammu and Kashmir
757:, it is known as
410:, and also among
392:
391:
384:
366:
216:, found worldwide
87:from a fledgling
81:fiddlehead greens
28:Fiddlehead (band)
2883:
2846:Japanese cuisine
2841:Canadian cuisine
2816:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2780:Resin extraction
2770:Mushroom hunting
2746:
2492: / etc.
2346:
2239:
2074:Saffron milk cap
2064:Parasol mushroom
1904:Fiddlehead ferns
1724:
1717:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1548:10.1038/250348a0
1531:
1525:
1524:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1444:(1–3): 113–131.
1433:
1427:
1426:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1385:
1374:
1373:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1327:. Archived from
1315:
1306:
1305:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1225:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1194:. Archived from
1181:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1043:
1037:
1024:
993:. Ostrich fern (
936:and toxins. The
921:eaten hot, with
838:
804:
789:kasrod ka achaar
779:, it's known as
770:
762:
745:
731:
720:Garhwal division
701:
691:
689:lingri ka achaar
685:
678:Himachal Pradesh
611:
610:
595:
594:
583:Osmunda japonica
544:
543:
517:
516:
508:) in Korea, and
507:
506:
497:
496:
454:ethnic group of
416:Russian Far East
412:Native Americans
387:
380:
376:
373:
367:
365:
324:
300:
292:
245:Osmunda japonica
142:shepherd's crook
111:bracken toxicity
37:Fiddlehead ferns
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2876:Vermont cuisine
2871:Spring (season)
2851:Leaf vegetables
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2794:
2744:
2729:
2720:Vegetable ivory
2592:
2480:
2392:
2340:
2233:
2195:
2177:
2111:
2093:
2059:Oyster mushroom
2049:Meadow mushroom
1994:
1978:Twincrest onion
1881:
1785:
1768:
1739:Animal products
1733:
1728:
1690:
1634:
1632:Further reading
1629:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1575:
1571:
1532:
1528:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1434:
1430:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1377:
1370:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1198:on 25 June 2016
1182:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1119:on 6 April 2018
1109:
1105:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1035:Wayback Machine
1025:
1021:
1016:
1003:
962:
947:
851:Ostrich ferns (
849:
823:
726:, it is called
712:Kumaon division
659:Tripuri cuisine
647:Northeast India
631:
518:) in China and
424:
388:
377:
371:
368:
325:
323:
313:
301:
290:
273:
214:Osmunda regalis
150:
83:are the furled
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2889:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2810:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2785:Rubber tapping
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:Forest farming
2748:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2387:Vateria indica
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:Shorea robusta
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:Honey mushroom
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1914:Mahuwa flowers
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1688:External links
1686:
1685:
1684:
1669:
1650:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1604:
1569:
1526:
1499:(6): 675–686.
1479:
1455:
1428:
1417:(2): 666–667.
1401:
1375:
1368:
1342:
1331:on 26 May 2016
1307:
1300:
1282:
1271:on 4 June 2016
1256:
1242:
1220:
1209:
1171:
1130:
1103:
1062:
1038:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:Boyi and Shuqi
1002:
999:
961:
958:
946:
943:
871:Eastern Canada
848:
845:
822:
821:Nepali cuisine
819:
704:Kangri dialect
630:
629:Indian cuisine
627:
423:
420:
390:
389:
372:September 2023
304:
302:
295:
289:
286:
272:
269:
265:
264:
254:Vegetable fern
251:
241:flowering fern
234:
217:
207:
193:
183:
168:
154:leaf vegetable
149:
146:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2888:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2821:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Honey hunting
2758:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Coconut sugar
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2089:Yellow knight
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Slippery jack
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Heart of palm
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:Edible plants
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:Juniper berry
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1682:
1681:0-87451-867-9
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:1-55788-316-5
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1319:"Fiddleheads"
1314:
1312:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1245:
1243:9781616080617
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1160:on 2018-05-29
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1008:
1005:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
991:shikimic acid
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
970:
965:
957:
955:
951:
945:Māori cuisine
942:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
918:
916:
912:
911:New Hampshire
908:
904:
900:
899:Port Colborne
896:
892:
888:
887:New Brunswick
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:
844:
842:
837:
832:
831:seasonal food
828:
818:
816:
812:
808:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
766:
761:
756:
751:
749:
744:
739:
735:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
696:it is called
695:
694:Kangra Valley
690:
684:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
626:
624:
622:
617:
616:
605:
601:
600:
589:
585:
584:
579:
574:
572:
571:
566:
565:
560:
559:
554:
553:
548:
538:
534:
533:
528:
523:
521:
511:
501:
491:
487:
486:
480:
478:
474:
470:
469:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
422:Asian cuisine
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
396:
386:
383:
375:
364:
361:
357:
354:
350:
347:
343:
340:
336:
333: –
332:
328:
327:Find sources:
321:
317:
311:
310:
305:This section
303:
299:
294:
293:
288:Culinary uses
285:
277:
268:
263:
259:
255:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
226:
221:
218:
215:
211:
208:
205:
204:North America
201:
197:
196:Cinnamon fern
194:
191:
187:
184:
182:
181:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
159:
158:
157:
155:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
71:
66:
59:
51:
43:
35:
29:
22:
2817:
2790:Wildcrafting
2775:Naval stores
2753: /
2741:
2710:Tendu leaves
2666:Natural dyes
2536:Gutta-percha
2488: /
2426:Frankincense
2386:
2342:
2299:Mango butter
2244:Cocoa butter
2235:
2232:Chaulmoogra
2202:Allanblackia
2133:Black pepper
2018:Birch bolete
1968:Canada onion
1953:Wild ginseng
1948:Saw palmetto
1903:
1889: /
1779: /
1672:
1653:
1639:FiddleMainia
1638:
1617:. Retrieved
1607:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:
1458:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1393:. Retrieved
1351:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1322:
1291:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1233:
1223:
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1196:the original
1191:Toronto Star
1189:
1162:. Retrieved
1155:the original
1150:
1146:
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1117:the original
1106:
1082:(1): 60–71.
1079:
1075:
1065:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
1022:
994:
986:
984:
966:
963:
960:Constituents
948:
931:
919:
852:
850:
840:
839:(नियुरो) or
824:
788:
780:
752:
674:Kullu Valley
671:
632:
619:
613:
603:
602:), known as
597:
587:
586:), known as
581:
575:
568:
564:bindae-tteok
562:
556:
550:
537:gosari-namul
536:
530:
529:, a typical
524:
509:
499:
498:) in Japan,
489:
483:
481:
472:
466:
460:
447:
443:
428:chili pepper
425:
401:
378:
369:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:"Fiddlehead"
326:
314:Please help
309:verification
306:
282:
266:
257:
244:
236:
225:Stenochlaena
223:
213:
199:
189:
178:
174:
171:Ostrich fern
164:
151:
134:curved staff
132:, after the
129:
121:
119:
108:
97:
80:
76:
75:
2725:Willow bark
2556:Maple syrup
2551:Maple sugar
2526:Fruit syrup
2509:chewing gum
2499:Birch syrup
2356:Shea butter
2028:Chanterelle
1973:Crow garlic
1963:Bear garlic
1958:Wild onions
1936:filé powder
1857:Lingonberry
1842:Huckleberry
1668:. pp 68–69.
903:Nova Scotia
869:peoples of
769:ঢেকীয়া শাক
748:West Bengal
724:Uttarakhand
716:Uttarakhand
621:warabimochi
570:Jeju Island
463:Philippines
452:Minangkabau
444:gulai pakis
247:, found in
229:, found in
77:Fiddleheads
2835:Categories
2636:Birch beer
2631:Birch bark
2588:Spruce gum
2571:akpeteshie
2561:Palm sugar
2531:Gum arabic
2521:Date sugar
2471:Turpentine
2351:Sandalwood
2254:Eucalyptus
2249:Eucalyptol
2138:Brazil nut
2013:Bay bolete
1867:Strawberry
1822:Cocoa bean
1817:Breadfruit
1807:Blackberry
1781:tree fruit
1473:2020-10-08
1395:2014-05-30
1056:2021-05-03
1014:References
972:thiaminase
927:mayonnaise
829:, it is a
760:dhekia xak
734:Darjeeling
641:states of
558:yukgaejang
477:salted egg
448:gulai paku
436:lemongrass
342:newspapers
210:Royal fern
115:thiaminase
2755:gardening
2715:Thatching
2566:Palm wine
2411:Birch tar
2339:Sal-seed
2264:Japan wax
2217:Candlenut
2158:Malva nut
2123:Areca nut
2044:Matsutake
2000:Mushrooms
1941:root beer
1931:Sassafras
1919:Sago palm
1862:Raspberry
1847:Jackfruit
1812:Blueberry
1764:Wild game
1513:0929-8673
987:Pteridium
867:Penobscot
807:Kishtwari
692:. In the
639:Himalayan
456:Indonesia
249:East Asia
227:palustris
186:Lady fern
148:Varieties
93:vegetable
2808:Category
2624:textiles
2456:Pine tar
2421:Creosote
2371:Tea-tree
2366:Tea-seed
2334:Pongamia
2324:Phulwara
2309:Nagkesar
2304:Murumuru
2279:Kpangnan
2227:Carnauba
2168:Pine nut
2153:Hazelnut
2143:Cinnamon
2128:Bay leaf
2118:Allspice
2040:(reishi)
1872:Tamarind
1837:Gambooge
1797:Bilberry
1660:: 1999.
1658:HP Books
1521:11945131
1098:22143989
1031:Archived
1001:See also
980:beriberi
976:thiamine
954:pikopiko
859:Maliseet
815:parathas
797:Kishtwar
787:dish is
765:Assamese
655:Kokborok
552:bibimbap
440:turmeric
432:galangal
136:used by
72:, Canada
2819:Commons
2734:Related
2698:Tanbark
2693:Shellac
2683:Quinine
2656:Gambier
2576:ogogoro
2476:Varnish
2441:Lacquer
2431:Gamboge
2416:Camphor
2406:Benzoin
2316: (
2222:Capuacu
2207:Babassu
2173:Vanilla
2084:Truffle
2069:Red cap
2038:Lingzhi
1827:Coconut
1802:Binukaw
1777:Berries
1619:11 June
1599:7383086
1564:4175635
1556:4211848
1356:Toronto
934:tannins
907:Vermont
895:Ontario
879:Acadian
863:Mi'kmaq
833:called
729:languda
702:in the
663:Manipur
651:Tripura
633:In the
547:sauteed
532:banchan
461:In the
356:scholar
262:Oceania
231:Sarawak
161:Bracken
138:bishops
130:crozier
2742:Dehesa
2703:tannin
2688:Rattan
2651:Forage
2614:edible
2609:Bamboo
2604:Amadou
2583:Rubber
2504:Chicle
2446:Mastic
2398:Resins
2381:Ucuuba
2376:Tucuma
2361:Tamanu
2318:kernel
2289:Mafura
2259:Illipe
2212:Bacuri
2163:Nutmeg
2107:spices
1832:Durian
1792:Banana
1679:
1664:
1645:
1597:
1562:
1554:
1536:Nature
1519:
1511:
1366:
1335:24 May
1298:
1275:24 May
1249:11 May
1240:
1230:"Food"
1202:24 May
1164:29 May
1123:29 May
1096:
969:enzyme
891:Quebec
865:, and
836:niyuro
793:Poonch
781:kasrod
743:niyuro
738:Sikkim
708:Chamba
699:lungdu
683:lingri
667:Thadou
615:sansai
604:kogomi
588:zenmai
561:, and
520:Taiwan
510:juécài
500:gosari
490:kogomi
404:France
358:
351:
344:
337:
329:
237:Zenmai
126:fiddle
122:scroll
113:, and
85:fronds
21:fiddle
2866:Ferns
2671:henna
2646:Ferns
2597:Other
2546:Latex
2466:Rosin
2461:Pitch
2451:Myrrh
2436:Kauri
2294:Mahua
2284:Kusum
2274:Kombo
2269:Kokum
2191:waxes
2148:Clove
2054:Morel
1988:Ramps
1924:queen
1899:Betel
1891:roots
1752:Honey
1560:S2CID
1158:(PDF)
1143:(PDF)
950:Māori
875:Maine
841:niuro
827:Nepal
811:rotis
785:Dogra
773:Jammu
755:Assam
643:North
578:Japan
567:. In
542:고사리나물
527:Korea
363:JSTOR
349:books
222:, or
220:Midin
100:frond
2678:Peat
2661:Moss
2641:Cork
2541:Kino
2329:Pilu
2314:Palm
2102:Nuts
1757:pine
1747:Furs
1677:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1621:2011
1595:PMID
1552:PMID
1517:PMID
1509:ISSN
1364:ISBN
1337:2016
1296:ISBN
1277:2016
1251:2023
1238:ISBN
1204:2016
1166:2018
1125:2018
1094:PMID
909:and
873:and
736:and
645:and
522:.
473:pakô
408:Asia
335:news
89:fern
2490:gum
2486:Sap
2186:Oil
2023:Cep
1587:doi
1583:303
1544:doi
1540:250
1501:doi
1446:doi
1419:doi
1084:doi
1080:126
825:In
813:or
802:ted
775:in
753:In
722:of
714:of
676:in
609:コゴミ
576:In
525:In
505:고사리
495:コゴミ
471:or
446:or
318:by
239:or
117:.
79:or
2837::
1656:.
1593:.
1581:.
1558:.
1550:.
1538:.
1515:.
1507:.
1495:.
1491:.
1466:.
1442:73
1440:.
1415:47
1413:.
1378:^
1362:.
1358::
1354:.
1321:.
1310:^
1232:.
1188:.
1174:^
1149:.
1145:.
1092:.
1078:.
1074:.
1049:.
929:.
905:,
861:,
767::
555:,
515:蕨菜
458:.
438:,
434:,
430:,
256:,
243:,
212:,
188:,
173:,
163:,
144:.
95:.
2345:)
2341:(
2320:)
2238:)
2234:(
1723:e
1716:t
1709:v
1683:.
1649:.
1623:.
1601:.
1589::
1566:.
1546::
1523:.
1503::
1497:9
1476:.
1452:.
1448::
1425:.
1421::
1398:.
1372:.
1339:.
1304:.
1279:.
1253:.
1206:.
1168:.
1151:2
1127:.
1100:.
1086::
1059:.
763:(
623:,
606:(
593:薇
590:(
539:(
512:(
502:(
492:(
385:)
379:(
374:)
370:(
360:·
353:·
346:·
339:·
312:.
102:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
