1112:
1217:
1186:
1163:
969:
742:
141:
1143:
1198:
167:
429:"And thou shalt take this rod in thine hand, wherewith thou shalt do signs." And Moses went and returned to Jethro, his father in law, and said unto him, "Let me go, I pray thee, and return unto my brethren which are in Egypt and see whether they be yet alive." And Jethro said to Moses, "Go in peace." The LORD said unto Moses in Midian, "Go, return into Egypt: for all the men are dead which sought thy life." And Moses took his wife and his sons and set them upon an ass; and he returned to the land of Egypt: and Moses took the rod of God in his hand.
509:
477:. While in the wilderness after leaving Egypt, Moses does not follow God's command to "speak ye unto the rock before their eyes", instead he strikes the rock with the rod to create a spring for the Israelites from which to drink. Because Moses did not sanctify God before them but said "Hear now, ye rebels; must we fetch you water out of this rock?" Thus, Moses failed by honoring himself and not God. For not doing what God commanded, God punished Moses by not letting him enter into the
211:
32:
700:
863:
186:
1111:
585:
says that, as a sign of his pastoral function, a bishop uses a crozier within his territory, but any bishop celebrating the liturgy solemnly with the consent of the local bishop may also use it. It adds that, when several bishops join in a single celebration, only the one presiding uses a crozier.
648:
The traditional explanation of the crozier's form is that, as a shepherd's staff, it includes a hook at one end to pull back to the flock any straying sheep, a pointed finial at the other tip to goad the reluctant and the lazy, and a rod in between as a strong support.
1036:(literally, "sweat cloth"), was suspended from the crozier at the place where the bishop would grasp it. This was originally a practical application which prevented the bishop's hand from sweating and discolouring (or being discoloured by) the metal. The invention of
597:
and when listening to the reading of the Gospel, giving a homily, accepting vows, solemn promises or a profession of faith, and when blessing people, unless he must lay his hands on them. When the bishop is not holding the crozier, it is put in the care of an
1090:
or crozier mantle is still used in the
Eastern churches, where it is usually made of a rich fabric such as brocade or velvet, and usually embroidered with a cross or other religious symbol, trimmed with galoon around the edges and fringed at the bottom. The
850:(abbot) or hegumenia (abbess) who leads a monastic community also bears a crozier. It is conferred on them by the bishop during the Divine Liturgy for the elevation of the candidate. When he is not vested for worship, a bishop, archimandrite or abbot uses a
573:. A bishop or church head bears this staff as "shepherd of the flock of God", particularly the community under his canonical jurisdiction, but any bishop, whether or not assigned to a functional diocese, may also use a crozier when conferring
1099:
to the crozier that can be drawn together to form pleats. As the sudarium has grown more elaborate, bishops no longer hold it between their hand and the crozier, but place their hand under it as they grasp the crozier, so that it is visible.
381:-shaped, with curved arms and surmounted by a small cross, or with a pair of sculptured serpents or dragons on top, curled back to face each other, and a small cross between them. The symbolism in the latter case is of the bronze serpent,
1216:
1051:
In the Roman
Catholic Church, the crozier is always carried by the bishop with the crook turned away from himself; that is to say, facing toward the persons or objects he is facing, regardless of whether he is the
664:, bishops, abbots and abbesses. It was suppressed in most personal arms in the Catholic Church in 1969, and is since found on arms of abbots and abbesses, diocesan coats of arms and other corporate arms.
593:. The Caeremoniale Episcoporum states that the bishop holds the crozier with the open side of the crook forward, or towards the people. It also states that a bishop usually holds the crozier during a
1040:
in the late 19th century and its subsequent incorporation in material used for croziers rendered moot its original purpose and it became more elaborate and ceremonial in function over time. In
1449:
Baculus pastoralis. Bischofs- und Abtstäbe des 5. bis 12. Jahrhunderts in Irland und auf dem
Kontinent : Typologie und Chronologie – Herkunft und Verbreitung – Besitzer und Gebrauch
425:). The staff is miraculously transformed into a snake and then back into a staff. The staff is thereafter referred to as the "rod of God" or "staff of God" (depending on the translation).
1162:
1064:
In case an outside Bishop uses a
Bishops' staff, this being either required by the function or permitted by the Ordinary, in what direction should he hold the upper part, or crook?
1142:
925:
or silver-plated. Underneath, the core and shaft is often wood, and some are entirely made of wood, though this is more common for croziers carried by abbots rather than bishops.
458:
is transformed into a serpent. The
Pharaoh's sorcerers are also able to transform their own rods into serpents, but Aaron's swallows them. Aaron's rod is again used to turn the
147:
1459:
316:-shaped, with curved arms, surmounted by a small cross; or a pair of sculptured serpents or dragons curled back to face each other, with a small cross between them.
1185:
1197:
339:
The origin of the crozier as a staff of authority is uncertain, but there were many secular and religious precedents in the ancient world. One example is the
733:
introduced the modern papal pastoral staff, the papal ferula, in 1965. He and his successors have carried a few versions of this staff, but never a crozier.
173:
680:
370:. This relates to the many metaphorical references to bishops as the shepherds of their "flock" of Christians, following the metaphor of Christ as the
1388:
957:. The crook itself (i.e., the curved top portion) may be formed as a simple shepherd's crook, terminating in a floral pattern, reminiscent of the
1535:
1081:, abbots and abbesses differ in design from the Western crozier. The Eastern crozier is shaped more like a crutch than a shepherd's staff.
977:
965:
or the figure of a saint. In some very ornate croziers, the place where the staff meets the crook may be designed to represent a church.
397:, whose worship was centered around the Aegean, including Asia Minor, indicating the role of the bishop as healer of spiritual diseases.
1502:
1267:
1545:
717:. In the first centuries of the church, popes did carry a crozier but this practice was phased out and disappeared by the time of
610:, so as to hold the crozier without touching it with their bare hands. Another altar server, likewise wearing a vimpa, holds the
1349:
496:. When he holds up the "rod of God", the Israelites "prevail". When he drops it, their enemies gain the upper hand. Aaron and
1420:
1471:
906:
1540:
895:
1068:
Always with the crook turned away from himself, that is toward the persons or objects which he is facing. (AAS 12-177)
96:
1439:
913:
cloth around the top cross and the serpents. This symbolizes the bishop's responsibility for the blood of his flock.
899:
637:. Although there is no provision for the presentation of a crozier in the liturgy associated with the blessing of an
278:
115:
68:
1153:
941:
Croziers used by
Western bishops have curved or hooked tops, similar in appearance to staves traditionally used by
451:
434:
152:
75:
53:
725:
with three bars, one more than the two bars found on croziers carried before archbishops in processions (see
1057:
1095:
is normally a rectangular piece of fabric with a string sewn into the upper edge which is used to tie the
1570:
1408:
1353:
158:
82:
991:, have a more simple shape, perhaps closer to actual shepherd's crooks. They were regarded as important
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1394:
1053:
1223:
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49:
20:
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in the thirteenth century. In the Middle Ages, much as bishops carried a crozier, popes carried a
1560:
1136:, and contains a spiral design on the crook showing the head of an animal biting a human figure.
1020:
684:
679:
bears a crozier as a sign of his role as positional and functional leader of the Church. In some
668:
653:
618:
tradition, the crozier may be carried by someone else walking before the bishop in a procession.
531:
290:
42:
1428:
1118:
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A bishop usually holds his crozier with his left hand, leaving his right hand free to bestow
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were found in later periods, some continuing to the modern day in ceremonial contexts.
1208:
949:. In some languages there is only one term referring to this form, such as the German
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A traveling crozier, covered with embroidered fabric, 16th century, Czech
Republic.
942:
769:
765:
676:
463:
421:. God asks what Moses has in his hand, and Moses answers "a staff" ("a rod" in the
270:
266:
1372:
1284:
602:, known as the "crozier bearer", who may wear around their shoulders a shawl-like
1430:
The Church
Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church
1037:
1004:
984:
785:
482:
356:
1172:
958:
909:, croziers are sometimes somewhat longer and are always decorated with a blood
894:
have croziers that are thicker than their
Eastern counterparts. Clerics of the
824:
793:
777:
641:, by long-standing custom an abbess may bear one when leading her community of
455:
410:
406:
363:
348:
328:
324:
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177:
792:) is presented to him by the chief consecrator following the dismissal at the
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1078:
1000:
843:
835:
by the addition of the mineral cinnabar, and to wear purple instead of black
657:
478:
390:
371:
219:
1321:. Missouri Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church. 20 October 2016
1126:
962:
773:
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of church leaders, and have survived in untypical numbers, including the
921:
Croziers are often made or decorated in precious metals, or are at least
722:
672:
615:
497:
294:
223:
1129:
in the early 12th century, the crozier is formed from a single block of
1271:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 520.
626:
622:
594:
493:
470:
961:, or in a serpent's head. It may encircle a depiction of the bishop's
633:
at his blessing, an ancient custom symbolizing his shepherding of the
1495:
1236:
1204:
832:
574:
462:
blood-red. It is used several times on God's command to initiate the
394:
382:
192:
882:
churches, croziers are used as pastoral staffs held by bishops. The
249:) is a stylized staff that is a symbol of the governing office of a
31:
1086:
1041:
1032:
1030:
In previous times, a cloth of linen or richer material, called the
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828:
699:
590:
489:
377:
The
Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic crozier is commonly
286:
282:
258:
1060:
on 26 November 1919, stated in a reply to the following question,
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812:
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518:
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344:
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308:, a tool used to manage flocks of sheep and herds of goats. In
250:
1393:, Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2005, archived from
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1260:
1048:
is often still depicted when croziers occur on coats of arms.
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992:
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help him to keep the staff raised until victory is achieved.
447:
414:
393:. It is also reminiscent of the rod of the ancient Greek god
386:
320:
254:
215:
1304:
Caeremoniale Episcoporum (Vatican Polyglott Press, 1985), 59
1191:
Crozier head with floral cluster, English, late 12th century
710:
603:
565:, the crozier (known as the pastoral staff, from the Latin
459:
185:
772:), bishops use a similar pastoral staff. When a bishop is
910:
886:
uses both Eastern- and Western-style croziers, while the
642:
378:
313:
1413:
Medieval c. 400—c. 1600: Art and Architecture of Ireland
706:
holding the Papal ferula, not a crozier, 5 October 1997
541:
The crozier is the symbol of the governing office of a
902:
use croziers that look exactly like the Greek ones.
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1427:
621:The crozier is conferred upon a bishop during his
1506:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 898–899.
1382:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1294:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
473:, Moses stretches out his hand with the staff to
1512:
933:or elephant, was often used in the Middle Ages.
713:no longer carry a crozier and instead carry the
488:Finally, Moses uses the staff in the battle at
1415:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.
972:Crook of the late 11th century Irish Insular
343:, the traditional staff of the ancient Roman
691:make use of croziers at ceremonial events.
319:Other typical insignia of prelates are the
1453:https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/15776
614:when the bishop is not wearing it. In the
413:(chapter 4, verse 2), when God appears to
304:the crozier typically takes the form of a
1369:
1281:
1077:The croziers carried by Eastern bishops,
987:, produced in Britain and Ireland in the
827:(the other two being to sign his name in
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1255:
978:National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology
967:
861:
740:
698:
507:
209:
736:
656:to represent pastoral authority in the
556:
1513:
1425:
857:
1536:Eastern Christian liturgical objects
907:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
312:, the crozier has two common forms:
174:Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch
146:Western-style crozier of Archbishop
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1333:
1152:as a dove, England, ca. 1120–1130,
1072:
936:
133:Western- and Eastern-style croziers
13:
1426:Noonan, James-Charles Jr. (1996),
896:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
14:
1582:
1546:Episcopacy in the Catholic Church
1487:
1434:, New York: Viking, p. 191,
1390:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
900:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
675:church in the United States, the
400:
279:Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church
218:, Switzerland which was ruled by
214:A crozier on the coat of arms of
1376:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1288:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1215:
1196:
1184:
1161:
1141:
1110:
517:of the Benedictine Monastery in
184:
165:
139:
30:
16:Ceremonial staff in Christianity
945:, hence they are also known as
503:
492:between the Israelites and the
257:and is carried by high-ranking
176:with serpents representing the
41:needs additional citations for
1342:
1307:
1298:
1275:
1249:
1224:Jagiellonian University Museum
1121:, Stockholm. Originating from
916:
694:
1:
1363:
1117:Copy of the Aghadoe Crozier,
854:topped with a silver pommel.
629:. It is also presented to an
569:, shepherd) is shaped like a
524:
172:Eastern-style crozier of the
1058:Sacred Congregation of Rites
729:). This too was phased out.
366:, the usual form has been a
7:
1370:Morrisroe, Patrick (1908).
1354:National Museum of Scotland
1282:Morrisroe, Patrick (1908).
1230:
1154:Musée national du Moyen Âge
159:Treasury of Trier Cathedral
10:
1587:
1468:Victoria and Albert Museum
1356:. Retrieved 20 August 2021
1203:Ivory crozier showing the
1103:
409:is first mentioned in the
355:. Many other types of the
334:
18:
1541:Episcopacy in Anglicanism
1451:. Freiburg i. Brsg. 2017
884:Armenian Apostolic Church
872:Armenian apostolic church
821:Orthodox Church of Cyprus
195:crozier belonging to St.
148:Heinrich II of Finstingen
1242:
1177:The Museum of Gloucester
811:shaped like an imperial
583:Caeremoniale Episcoporum
21:Crozier (disambiguation)
1503:Encyclopædia Britannica
1460:"The Reichenau Crozier"
1268:Encyclopædia Britannica
1207:, Italy, 13th century,
685:United Methodist Church
669:Church of God in Christ
654:ecclesiastical heraldry
652:The crozier is used in
1497:"Pastoral Staff"
1494:Braun, Joseph (1911).
1171:defeating the dragon,
1119:Swedish History Museum
1070:
981:
892:Indian Orthodox Church
888:Syriac Orthodox Church
875:
846:(high-ranking abbot),
839:under his vestments).
805:privilege in canon law
781:
753:
707:
538:
444:
226:
1379:Catholic Encyclopedia
1291:Catholic Encyclopedia
1062:
1017:St. Columba's Crozier
971:
865:
831:, i.e., ink coloured
823:by Byzantine Emperor
815:. This is one of the
748:Major Archbishop Mar
744:
702:
511:
452:Pharaoh of the Exodus
427:
213:
1447:Sybille Schneiders:
1319:www.moumethodist.org
1315:"The Bishop's Staff"
1021:St. Fillan's Crozier
997:Clonmacnoise Crozier
974:Clonmacnoise Crozier
801:Archbishop of Cyprus
758:Eastern Christianity
737:Eastern Christianity
727:archiepiscopal cross
563:Western Christianity
557:Western Christianity
513:Eufemia Szaniawska,
310:Eastern Christianity
302:Western Christianity
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
1474:on 28 November 2009
1397:on 18 December 2007
1339:Moss (2014), p. 314
1013:River Laune Crozier
770:Eastern Catholicism
1571:Ceremonial weapons
1009:Prosperous Crozier
982:
876:
858:Oriental Orthodoxy
762:Oriental Orthodoxy
754:
708:
635:monastic community
539:
450:appear before the
423:King James Version
227:
1421:978-0-3001-7919-4
1169:Archangel Michael
1025:St. Mel's Crozier
989:Early Middle Ages
880:Oriental Orthodox
866:A crozier of the
766:Eastern Orthodoxy
752:with his crozier.
750:George Alencherry
719:Pope Innocent III
704:Pope John Paul II
577:and presiding at
347:, as well as the
275:Oriental Orthodox
237:(also known as a
197:Dimitry of Rostov
191:Eastern Orthodox
157:(1260–86) in the
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125:
118:
100:
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1566:Honorary weapons
1556:Heraldic charges
1531:Catholic liturgy
1526:Anglican liturgy
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1481:
1479:
1470:. Archived from
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1073:Eastern croziers
985:Insular croziers
937:Western croziers
817:Three Privileges
677:presiding bishop
571:shepherd's crook
529:
526:
475:part the Red Sea
464:Plagues of Egypt
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368:shepherd's crook
306:shepherd's crook
291:United Methodist
271:Eastern Orthodox
267:Eastern Catholic
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1038:stainless steel
1005:Lismore Crozier
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852:staff of office
819:granted to the
803:has the unique
776:, the crozier (
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581:. The Catholic
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532:National Museum
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483:Book of Numbers
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521:with a crozier
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411:Book of Exodus
407:Staff of Moses
402:
401:Staff of Moses
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391:Numbers 21:8–9
389:as related in
364:Western Church
349:Staff of Moses
336:
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329:episcopal ring
325:pectoral cross
263:Roman Catholic
247:bishop's staff
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220:Prince-Bishops
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67: –
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61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1501:
1478:22 September
1476:. Retrieved
1472:the original
1463:
1448:
1429:
1412:
1409:Moss, Rachel
1399:, retrieved
1395:the original
1389:
1377:
1350:Crosier head
1344:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1318:
1309:
1300:
1289:
1277:
1266:
1251:
1127:County Kerry
1096:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1076:
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1063:
1056:or not. The
1050:
1045:
1031:
1029:
983:
963:coat of arms
954:
950:
940:
920:
904:
877:
874:, 19 century
841:
816:
808:
798:
789:
755:
746:Syro-Malabar
731:Pope Paul VI
715:papal ferula
709:
666:
651:
647:
620:
600:altar server
588:
566:
560:
540:
512:
504:Official use
487:
468:
445:
428:
419:burning bush
404:
376:
361:
353:Hebrew Bible
338:
318:
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246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:
127:
112:
106:January 2017
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1387:"Crosier",
1179:, 1220–1250
1150:Holy Spirit
959:Aaron's rod
929:, from the
917:Description
842:An Eastern
774:consecrated
723:papal cross
695:Papal usage
673:Pentecostal
528: 1768
485:20:10–12).
456:Aaron's rod
295:Pentecostal
281:, and some
224:Middle Ages
222:during the
151: [
1515:Categories
1364:References
627:episcopacy
623:ordination
595:procession
575:sacraments
494:Amalekites
471:the Exodus
446:Moses and
385:, made by
327:, and the
297:churches.
193:tau-shaped
76:newspapers
1464:Metalwork
1237:Khakkhara
1205:Agnus Dei
953:or Dutch
951:Krummstab
943:shepherds
833:vermilion
809:paterissa
782:paterissa
662:cardinals
606:called a
591:blessings
579:liturgies
395:Asclepius
383:Nehushtan
239:paterissa
65:"Crozier"
1521:Croziers
1231:See also
1097:sudarium
1093:sudarium
1087:sudarium
1054:Ordinary
1046:sudarium
1042:heraldry
1033:sudarium
980:, Dublin
955:kromstaf
898:and the
868:Vardapet
837:cassocks
829:cinnabar
786:Slavonic
616:Anglican
519:Nieśwież
490:Rephidim
435:Exodus 4
432:—
287:Lutheran
283:Anglican
259:prelates
1401:28 July
1325:25 July
1156:, Paris
1123:Aghadoe
1104:Gallery
905:In the
878:In the
848:hegumen
813:sceptre
689:bishops
683:of the
667:In the
625:to the
551:Apostle
469:During
454:, when
417:in the
362:In the
351:in the
335:History
235:crosier
231:crozier
90:scholar
1438:
1419:
1131:Walrus
1066:Reply.
1044:, the
1023:, and
993:relics
947:crooks
931:walrus
923:gilded
790:pĂłsokh
639:abbess
567:pastor
543:bishop
536:Warsaw
515:Abbess
345:augurs
341:lituus
323:, the
251:bishop
203:museum
201:Rostov
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1243:Notes
1134:ivory
927:Ivory
778:Greek
711:Popes
631:abbot
612:mitre
608:vimpa
549:, or
547:abbot
448:Aaron
415:Moses
387:Moses
321:mitre
255:abbot
245:, or
216:Basel
155:]
97:JSTOR
83:books
1480:2007
1436:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1403:2003
1327:2022
1084:The
890:and
825:Zeno
799:The
768:and
643:nuns
604:veil
460:Nile
405:The
293:and
69:news
1352:".
911:red
756:In
660:of
561:In
534:in
498:Hur
439:KJV
379:tau
314:tau
300:In
261:of
253:or
233:or
199:in
52:by
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