17:
648:
235:
774:
726:
817:
Staff of the Army throughout the national territory, by the armies and military commands of areas in the respective jurisdictions". According to the precepts of the national security ideology, the
Military Police should be an auxiliary force in the fight against the armed struggle against the dictatorship. The Civil Guards were merged with the Public Forces. The Military Police gained a more police character, receiving the monopoly of proactive policing. Until then, they were "markedly quartere" and focused on guarding sensible points. Proactive policing was not a novelty in its history, however; it already had a long tradition since before the Republic.
754:, Vargas had to neutralize or ally himself with the police. In the subsequent authoritarian regime, the Estado Novo (1937–1945), Vargas attempted to control regional elites, appointing interventors in place of governors, overseeing state finances, and transferring powers from the legislature to the president. The Public Forces became instruments of support for the federal government. The Army won the struggle for hegemony among the security forces. The growth of the police was practically stopped. With a monopoly on heavy weapons, the Army had unquestionable superiority. There was never a return to the pre-1930 situation.
633:
the martial from 1901 onwards. It took the lead over the
Federal Army in the creation of preparatory schools for officers and soldiers and in the hiring of a French military instruction mission, obtained in 1906 for São Paulo and only in 1919 for the Federal Army. From a strength of eight infantry companies in 1891, with 2,267 men, it grew to 14,254 in 1926. By 1927 it was organized into seven infantry battalions, two cavalry regiments, a fire battalion, and an aviation squadron. In addition to the incipient aviation, it had artillery, exceeding the Army's 2nd Military Region in numbers, firepower and operability.
150:
246:
813:, the Minas Gerais police opposed the national trend, focusing on military preparation. Still, their machine guns and mortars were no match for the First Army's strength. For general Antônio Carlos Muricy, commander of mixed forces of the Army and Minas Gerais police in 1964, even with the efforts of the Minas Gerais government, the military police would not withstand prolonged combat. The military police still had considerable military potential, but they were also important for their ability to be used against civilians.
625:
761:(1945–1964). Governors were relevant, but no longer defied the federal government. The 1946 Constitution confirmed the role of the Military Police, as the Public Forces would become known, as auxiliary and reserve forces of the Army. Sometimes they were commanded by Army officers. Their focus gradually shifted from military activities to public safety and order maintenance. The ambitious Federal Department of Public Security, the forerunner of the
171:
of effectively planning and executing a defense policy in its broadest sense". It gradually approached this ambition over the period. The political system left a secondary role to the Army, which should solve what the local forces could not handle. There was still theoretically the
National Guard, and in times of crisis local colonels mobilized "patriotic battalions" with their peons and henchmen. Thus, there were armed troops other than the Army.
167:, was preponderant. The 1891 Constitution had federalism as its principle and allowed states to negotiate with each other and to legislate on any matter that had not been denied them—including the organization of military forces. Even in the 1920s, there was still no national consciousness, and state identities were strong.
272:, and São Paulo; in 1930, Minas Gerais was also in this group. For neighboring countries, state forces were reserve armies, making Brazil more militarized than it claimed to be at international conferences. However, state power prevented the Brazilian government from effectively projecting its influence across borders.
717:
successive ascension. If governors did not agree, their state military would be subject to mandatory military service in the Army. Central control over the police increased, but their militarization along the lines of the Army was also accentuated, as there was an intention to use them as a war force.
816:
The
Brazilian military dictatorship (1964–1985) completed the centralization of the military police, subordinating them to the Army, which created the General Inspectorate of the Military Police. In 1969, a decree-law determined "the control and coordination of the Military Police through the General
663:
The Public Force of Minas Gerais was inferior to that of São Paulo in size, training, and organization, and there was no equivalent to the French training mission. It also had its defeats in the 1920s, but in the 1930 Revolution, poorly armed and with a staff of about 5,000 men, it emerged victorious
263:
In 1926 state forces had an authorized strength of 39,516 men, but U.S. military intelligence estimated the actual number at 45,821. Meanwhile, in mid-1925, the
Federal Army had 36,000 soldiers and 3,045 officers. The strongest states would have a formidable army if they faced the federal government.
640:", accumulating a reputation of invincibility in the 1920s. This was due more to bragging rights and propaganda than to reality. It "was tactically insurmountable, well equipped, with a large number of troops, fierce and excellently trained", but it suffered several defeats against the revolutionary
632:
From 1891, with the Army's threat to federalism, São Paulo politicians developed their military force. The usefulness of militarization was not unanimous and it was questioned in the press and in parliamentary debates. The force fluctuated between martial and police priorities until the dominance of
785:
prepared to face the Armed Forces, but they could no longer matched their firepower. The
Military Brigade would only have light weapons to face tanks, artillery, and aerial bombardment. The officers' deep military spirit still manifested itself, and the Military Brigade was momentarily a state army
170:
The Army, one of the armed branches of the central power, was on the verge of collapse in the late 1890s. It was small, unprepared and of little operational capacity. It was divorced from the civilian elites, especially in São Paulo and Minas Gerais, and was not yet a "national organization capable
610:
and Bahia had more modest forces. The largest Public Force was in São Paulo, but Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Bahia also had large numbers. The three strongest states (São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul) had the most prominent police forces. Bahia and
Pernambuco were mentioned by
193:
and the political system of the First
Republic. Since the Empire they already had the rigor of hierarchy and discipline, becoming even more militarized in the Republic. Even so, public safety was still one of their duties, and the character of the force was hybrid, both military and police. Within
737:
After the 1930 Revolution, state military forces were a threat to the new regime. In 1931, the State
Interventors' Code weakened state governments, limited spending on their forces and their quantity of arms and ammunition, and prohibited them from having artillery and aviation. In power, Getúlio
695:
State armies were the "great military issue bequeathed by the First
Republic". Without even internal military control, the Army could not realize its role of national defense. The problem was not resolved until after the First Republic. For decades, Army officers feared state police as threats to
712:
in 1916, allowed for the physical expansion of the Army. The federal garrisons in São Paulo and Minas Gerais, respectively in the 2nd and 4th Military Regions, were reinforced in 1919. The Public Forces also reacted by expanding their numbers, but the Army's growth momentum was maintained in the
178:
and internal conflicts. However, the imperial provinces were not autonomous and did not need military force to relate to each other and to the central power. Policing was local and largely the responsibility of the National Guard. Only in the Republic did the presidents of the states (governors)
655:
The Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul had a martial focus since the beginning of the Republic and did little police activity. It was well armed, although without an artillery corps, and had more military experience than the FPSP. Rio Grande do Sul had a militarized culture and a strong army
716:
The first step towards federal control over the Public Forces came in 1917. With the consent of the governors, the militarized police would become auxiliaries of the Army. Its hierarchy would be equivalent to that of the Army (but without any rank above lieutenant colonel), with gradual and
91:" meant the federal army was not the only land military force, a situation condemned by many of its officers. In case of a foreign war the Public Forces would increase Brazilian power, but they could also obstruct Brazil's international power projection.
742:
of 1932 against his government. Vargas' own Provisional Government used police forces from 18 states against São Paulo. The political centralization, which demanded this dismantling, was already defended since the last decade by the revolutionary
71:. By preventing federal intervention and securing the authority of state oligarchies, they strengthened the First Republic's political system. By 1920, half the states had militias larger than the federal army garrisons. The three most important,
16:
111:, as the Public Forces became known, was that of auxiliary and reserve forces for the Army. Even after 1945, when centralization was not so great, their focus gradually shifted from conventional warfare to public order. At the time of the 1961
83:, had the strongest "small armies". The largest, the Public Force of São Paulo, was prestigious; it hired a French training mission years before the Brazilian Army and had artillery and aviation. The poorer states had modest forces. The
52:. Their character was hybrid, police and warfare. They emerged in the federalism of the First Republic as shields of state power against central power, represented by the Army, and were dismantled by the federal government in the
656:
presence. An Instructor Mission of the National Army, active from 1909, kept the Brigade up-to-date along federal lines. Its strength varied from 1,500 to 3,200 men in the First Republic. In 1895, an enemy of president
615:
as capable of facing the Union in 1898, but they do not appear as having "small armies" in the historiography. There is disagreement over whether all states had "small armies" or just the strongest ones.
216:
wrote of the existence of "a National Army and two dozen state armies". Another term used was "state militia". The official denomination of "Public Force" was not standard in all states and times, and in
106:
promoted political centralization and the Army realized its ambition of hegemony over the security forces. Central power controlled state forces and expropriated their heavy weapons. The new role of the
1849:
713:
following decades. In the long run the vast expansion of their numerical presence, thanks to the military lottery, strengthened central power at the expense of local and regional plutocracies.
700:
and even presented as a separatist risk. The subordination of these forces to the central power was carried out over the decades by the joint action of the Army and the federal government.
1822:
1981:
786:
again. In the military operations of the 1964 coup, the confrontation with the Armed Forces was intended, to a greater or lesser extent, by the police of Rio Grande do Sul (in
45:
781:
The Military Police still appeared in the political crises at the end of the Fourth Republic. In the Legality Campaign in 1961, the state forces of Rio Grande do Sul and
20:
Soldiers of the Public Force of Minas Gerais being inspected by Gustavo Capanema before embarking on a train to the front during the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932
738:
Vargas promoted political centralization and the dismantling of state war apparatuses, especially after the participation of the Public Force of São Paulo in the
606:
The combat capabilities of the militias depended a lot on the financial conditions of their respective states: São Paulo was powerful, while states like Paraná,
183:
144:
1965:
198:
2260:
1905:
182:
At the behest of state oligarchies, the police maintained state influence in national politics, prevented federal intervention, and preserved the
67:
were not autonomous. Only in the Republic did state presidents (governors) need military forces in their relations with each other and with the
2212:
2163:
2107:
647:
359:
234:
2135:
1835:
212:, defined his Public Force as a "small army of São Paulo", and before him other observers already noticed the phenomenon. Journalist
2355:
2196:
687:, a state of minor importance and financially dependent on the federal government, the Army garrison outnumbered the Public Force.
2235:
2129:(Interview). Interviewed by Aspásia Alcântara de Camargo, Ignez Cordeiro de Farias and Lucia Hippolito. Rio de Janeiro: CPDOC FGV.
1995:
1973:
Anais do Simpósio Internacional de História, X Encontro de História de Mato Grosso do Sul e XIII Semana de História da UFMS/CPTL
2336:
1907:
A Força Pública paulista na redemocratização de 1946: dilemas de uma instituição entre a função policial e a destinação militar
672:
194:
the states, the Public Forces served as praetorian guards for the groups in power and could be used against internal enemies.
773:
725:
124:
120:
2149:
157:
The political system in the First Brazilian Republic left extensive powers in the hands of state oligarchies and municipal
84:
49:
2381:
765:, tried, with limited success, to centralize the police, especially in the areas of investigation and political police.
2376:
836:
657:
2371:
660:
calculated that he could mobilize from seven to eight thousand men through provisional bodies and municipal guards.
213:
209:
87:, in turn, was still small and weak at the turn of the century. The existence of Public Forces, National Guard and "
2009:
1837:
Policiando o sertão: policiais militares, poderes locais e ordem pública no Ceará da primeira república (1889-1930)
751:
637:
116:
2281:
1955:
Resende, Maria Efigênia Lage de (2018). "O processo político na Primeira República e o liberalismo oligárquico".
1851:
A Institucionalização das relações civis-militares no Brasil (1988-2014): o papel das prerrogativas presidenciais
132:
188:
2236:""Pequenos exércitos" estaduais na Primeira República: o caso da força pública de Pernambuco na historiografia"
1997:
De exército estadual à polícia-militar: o papel dos oficiais na 'policialização' da Brigada Militar (1892-1988)
1866:
2306:
2051:
675:
came to power and extinguished the force, but had to revive it in 1932 to face a constitutionalist revolt in
679:. The Pernambuco Police Regiment had the structure of an army, but it was not even capable of defeating the
2269:
739:
95:
68:
636:
The officers of the Public Force of São Paulo (FPSP) were prestigious. It was "a symbol and pride of the
179:
build their small armies, capable of rivaling the federal army, in the midst of tensions with the Union.
651:
Headquarters of the 12th Infantry Regiment of the Brazilian Army defeated by Minas Gerais troops in 1930
582:
2338:
Poder Político e Monopólio da Violência: a militarização da Polícia do Rio de Janeiro entre 1964 e 1985
1919:
307:
37:
2319:
2179:
1892:
803:
758:
664:
when facing the federal garrison of the 4th Military Region and fronts with all neighboring states.
644:, who generally had better leadership. Many of its officers joined tenentism, notably Miguel Costa.
762:
108:
41:
2214:
A revolta que não houve: Adhemar de Barros e a articulação contra o golpe civil-militar (1964-66)
1966:"Elementos para a construção de um objeto: os militares e a política em Mato Grosso (1889-1932)"
2010:"As tropas do governo provisório na guerra civil de 1932: formação, estrutura e historiografia"
1536:
607:
541:
502:
128:
112:
1936:
791:
174:
Since the Empire, police had already served as a kind of Army reserve, participating in the
2262:
Colônia de férias de Olinda: presos políticos e aparelhos de repressão em Pernambuco (1964)
2151:
Memórias de uma revolta esquecida: o Baixo-Amazonas na revolução constitucionalista de 1932
2123:
1983:"Cidadãos, às armas!": a introdução do sorteio militar no estado de Mato Grosso (1908-1932)
164:
99:
88:
554:
72:
8:
2026:
798:(during the events of the coup in Rio de Janeiro), Pernambuco (against the deposition of
515:
203:
149:
64:
29:
2137:
A Força Pública de São Paulo: da profissionalização à sua intervenção no regime militar
2073:
2031:
2283:
Um estudo sobre a participação da PMMG no movimento golpista de 1964 em Belo Horizonte
2227:
As batalhas de Itararé: a barreira de Itararé na história militar em 1893, 1930 e 1932
810:
590:
2164:"História das polícias militares no Brasil e da Brigada Militar no Rio Grande do Sul"
2077:
2035:
1823:"Resistência e derrota do Presidente João Goulart, em abril de 1964, em Porto Alegre"
795:
757:
Regional elites were not destroyed, but centralization was not fully reversed in the
676:
528:
218:
80:
2252:
Legalidade e Revolução: Rondon combate tenentistas nos sertões do Paraná (1924/1925)
1883:
777:
A Rio de Janeiro police soldier surrendering his gun to the Air Force Police in 1964
594:
463:
372:
103:
2295:
2068:
2063:
2021:
1957:
O tempo do liberalismo oligárquico: da Proclamação da República à Revolução de 1930
1878:
245:
60:
251:
Cannon and hand grenades manufactured for the Public Force of Minas Gerais in 1930
2307:""Polícia Militar" é um oximoro: a militarização da segurança pública no Brasil"
1862:
696:
national integrity and the Army itself. The issue was discussed in the magazine
175:
585:, police contingents from Rio Grande do Sul to Bahia converged in the city of
2365:
799:
709:
603:
rebels, as army officers might sympathize with their peers among the rebels.
145:
Brazilian Army in the First Republic § The army among the defense forces
2101:. Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo: Biblioteca do Exército e Companhia das Letras.
1959:. O Brasil republicano (1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
2094:
1777:
787:
424:
294:
76:
586:
581:
The Public Forces participated intensely in conflicts and revolts. In the
44:(1889–1930) due to their martial character. They took part in the various
2180:"Estratégia da Presença e Evolução Militar no Brasil: Passado e Presente"
684:
624:
612:
411:
264:
By 1920, police outnumbered federal troops in half the states, including
398:
2197:"Significados do militarismo na Força Pública de São Paulo (1870-1924)"
476:
269:
159:
53:
730:
680:
450:
2052:"A Fênix Tupiniquim: as (re)invenções da Polícia Militar (1809-1936)"
599:
56:(1930–1945) onwards, losing their conventional warfare capabilities.
1937:"A Legalidade Traída: os Dias Sombrios de Agosto e Setembro de 1961"
1666:
782:
489:
385:
346:
1276:
1274:
1019:
1017:
567:
320:
1334:
437:
2099:
Soldados da Pátria: história do Exército Brasileiro, 1889–1937
1918:
Espírito Santo Júnior, Lúcio Emílio; Meireles, Amauri (2022).
1678:
1310:
1271:
1014:
1917:
1816:. Belo Horizonte: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de Minas Gerais.
1783:
333:
265:
119:, they still had a bellicose character. Several, notably the
1322:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1046:
1044:
837:"Revolução de 1930: armamentos produzidos em Belo Horizonte"
2085:
Markun, Paulo Sérgio; Urchoeguia, Marilda Hamilton (2017).
1924:
Vigilantis Semper - Revista Científica de Segurança Pública
1608:
1606:
1430:
1406:
1235:
153:
The president of Paraná decorating his Public Force in 1915
2294:
Souza, Claudio Mello e (1964). "O vizinho do presidente".
1789:
1543:
1370:
1346:
135:(1964–1985) confirmed the Army's control over the police.
1579:
1418:
1382:
1286:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1068:
1041:
1603:
127:, prepared for combat, which did not occur, against the
2320:"A Força Pública em Minas Gerais na Primeira República"
1765:
1555:
1505:
1493:
1447:
1445:
1394:
1211:
1177:
1175:
1092:
1714:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1247:
1160:
1148:
1116:
1002:
990:
918:
1741:
1591:
1517:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1259:
1199:
1104:
1080:
1056:
978:
966:
942:
930:
906:
708:
Mandatory military service, implemented based on the
1731:
1729:
1654:
1567:
1442:
1358:
1187:
1172:
954:
894:
882:
48:
of the period alongside, and sometimes against, the
1298:
1223:
1029:
690:
1920:"A era da grande reforma policial: o fio da meada"
1753:
870:
835:Bastos, Expedito Carlos Stephani (9 August 2004).
2087:1961 - o Brasil entre a ditadura e a guerra civil
1726:
1702:
2363:
2084:
1672:
40:were already called "small state armies" in the
2133:
2122:Muricy, Antônio Carlos da Silva (20 May 1981).
1690:
1280:
163:. The power of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, the
63:already had militarized police forces, but its
1899:(2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Ed.
628:Public Force of São Paulo's aviation aircraft
224:
138:
131:, which now had much greater firepower. The
2268:(Thesis). João Pessoa: UFPB. Archived from
2204:Anais do XXVI Simpósio Nacional de História
2171:Anais do XXVI Simpósio Nacional de História
1993:
1684:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1074:
2300:(2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: José Álvaro.
2243:30° Simpósio Nacional de História da ANPUH
1814:Três Revoluções: 24/30/32 (Primeira parte)
729:Rio Grande do Sul cavalry passing through
2211:Ruiz, Carlos Henrique dos Santos (2018).
2194:
2177:
2067:
2025:
1882:
1784:Espírito Santo Júnior & Meireles 2022
1253:
1098:
924:
671:in 1924 and 1930. After 1930, lieutenant
2335:Zampa, Vivian Cristina da Silva (2014).
2318:Viscardi, Cláudia Maria Ribeiro (1995).
2317:
2147:
2049:
1979:
1963:
1934:
1903:
1891:
1660:
1636:
1624:
1585:
1561:
1511:
1499:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1388:
1364:
1241:
1166:
1154:
1125:
1050:
1023:
948:
936:
772:
724:
646:
623:
148:
15:
2304:
2161:
2056:Revista Brasileira de Segurança Pública
1980:Ferreira, Bruno Torquato Silva (2014).
1964:Ferreira, Bruno Torquato Silva (2010).
1954:
1847:
1834:Barbosa, Carlos Henrique Moura (2014).
1833:
1811:
1795:
1612:
1549:
1376:
1181:
1110:
1062:
1008:
972:
912:
876:
2364:
2259:Silva, José Rodrigo de Araújo (2013).
2249:
2233:
2224:
2121:
2093:
1861:
1857:(Thesis). São Carlos e Lisboa: UFScar.
1771:
1747:
1597:
1523:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1400:
1304:
1292:
1265:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1142:
1086:
1035:
984:
960:
900:
888:
834:
809:During the administration of governor
667:The Public Force of Pará defeated the
221:the name "Military Brigade" remained.
2334:
2293:
2279:
2258:
2178:Rodrigues, Fernando da Silva (2020).
2134:Mussolini Filho, Luiz Sérgio (2007).
2105:
2007:
1867:"A unificação das polícias no Brasil"
1829:(483). Rio de Janeiro: IHGB: 303–332.
1735:
1720:
1708:
1648:
1573:
1451:
996:
121:Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul
2210:
2027:10.5433/1984-3356.2022v15n29p250-279
1759:
258:
2356:Comparison of forces between states
2297:Os idos de Março e a queda em Abril
1994:Karnikowski, Romeu Machado (2010).
1897:Forças Armadas e Política no Brasil
1820:
1696:
13:
2234:Santos, Sandoval José dos (2019).
2225:Santos, Hélio Tenório dos (2015).
2148:Oliveira, Walter Pinto de (2012).
2115:Revista do Arquivo Público Mineiro
1904:Carvalho, Glauco Silva de (2011).
619:
14:
2393:
2349:
2289:(Thesis). São João del-Rei: UFSJ.
278:State and federal troops in 1920
2280:Silva, André Gustavo da (2014).
2229:(2 ed.). São Paulo: AHIMTB.
2106:Motta, Rodrigo Patto Sá (2006).
691:Dismantling by the central power
597:preferred to use police against
244:
233:
2344:(Thesis). Rio de Janeiro: UERJ.
2050:Loureiro, Samuel Robes (2021).
1884:10.1590/S0103-40142000000300010
1812:Andrade, Paulo René de (1976).
1805:
1529:
827:
802:) and especially Minas Gerais (
133:Brazilian military dictatorship
125:Military Police of Minas Gerais
2162:Ribeiro, Lucas Cabral (2011).
2069:10.31060/rbsp.2021.v15.n1.1198
2008:Lopes, Raimundo Helio (2022).
2003:(Thesis). Porto Alegre: UFRGS.
1843:(Thesis). Florianópolis: UFSC.
703:
593:(1924–1925), loyalist colonel
214:João Camilo de Oliveira Torres
1:
2305:Valente, Júlia Leite (2012).
2143:(Thesis). São Carlos: UFSCar.
1950:(3). Rio de Janeiro: 149–182.
858:
768:
720:
638:Republican Party of São Paulo
2358:. Atlas Histórico do Brasil.
2254:. Curitiba: edição do autor.
2250:Savian, Elonir José (2020).
1673:Markun & Urchoeguia 2017
863:
740:Constitutionalist Revolution
7:
2324:Locus - Revista de História
10:
2398:
2382:Military history of Brazil
2311:Revista LEVS/UNESP-Marília
225:Capabilities of the forces
142:
139:Reasons for militarization
2377:Military police of Brazil
2220:(Thesis). Marília: Unesp.
2195:Rosemberg, André (2011).
2124:"Antônio Carlos Murici I"
1989:(Thesis). Curitiba: UFPR.
1913:(Thesis). São Paulo: USP.
277:
2372:First Brazilian Republic
1935:Ferreira, Jorge (1997).
1893:Carvalho, José Murilo de
1539:(3,216). 3 January 1917.
820:
46:struggles and rebellions
42:First Brazilian Republic
2157:(Thesis). Belém: UFPA.
2108:"O ofício das sombras"
778:
734:
652:
629:
210:president of São Paulo
154:
98:and especially in the
33:
21:
2089:. São Paulo: Benvirá.
2020:(29). Londrina: UEL.
1848:Barreto, Lis (2021).
1026:, p. 50 e 57-60.
792:Operation Farroupilha
776:
728:
650:
627:
583:1924 São Paulo Revolt
152:
19:
1821:Axt, Gunter (2020).
1343:, p. 178 e 180.
1281:Mussolini Filho 2007
589:. In the subsequent
89:patriotic battalions
2206:. São Paulo: ANPUH.
2184:Análise Estratégica
2173:. São Paulo: ANPUH.
516:Rio Grande do Norte
2275:on 1 January 2022.
1798:, p. 207-208.
1687:, p. 358-359.
1552:, p. 132-133.
1439:, p. 127-128.
1415:, p. 272-273.
1379:, p. 371-374.
1319:, p. 147-148.
1295:, p. 122-123.
1244:, p. 126-127.
1145:, p. 294-295.
779:
735:
658:Júlio de Castilhos
653:
630:
165:milk coffee policy
155:
22:
1871:Estudos avançados
750:To carry out the
698:A Defesa Nacional
579:
578:
529:Rio Grande do Sul
259:National panorama
219:Rio Grande do Sul
184:governors' policy
113:Legality Campaign
81:Rio Grande do Sul
2389:
2345:
2343:
2331:
2314:
2301:
2290:
2288:
2276:
2274:
2267:
2255:
2246:
2245:. Recife: ANPUH.
2240:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2207:
2201:
2191:
2174:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2144:
2142:
2130:
2128:
2118:
2112:
2102:
2090:
2081:
2071:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2029:
2004:
2002:
1990:
1988:
1976:
1970:
1960:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1914:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1886:
1858:
1856:
1844:
1842:
1830:
1817:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1774:, p. 94-95.
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1724:
1723:, p. 57-59.
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1685:Karnikowski 2010
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1651:, p. 57-62.
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1615:, p. 53-56.
1610:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1588:, p. 57-58.
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1427:, p. 58-59.
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1403:, p. 13-14.
1398:
1392:
1391:, p. 56-58.
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1353:Karnikowski 2010
1350:
1344:
1341:Karnikowski 2010
1338:
1332:
1331:, p. 94-96.
1329:Karnikowski 2010
1326:
1320:
1317:Karnikowski 2010
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1220:, p. 77-78.
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1075:Karnikowski 2010
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1053:, p. 14-15.
1048:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1006:
1000:
999:, p. 57-58.
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
852:
851:
849:
847:
831:
804:Operation Popeye
752:1937 coup d'état
673:Magalhães Barata
360:Federal District
275:
274:
248:
237:
207:
199:Albuquerque Lins
192:
117:1964 coup d'état
61:Brazilian Empire
38:states of Brazil
2397:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2341:
2286:
2272:
2265:
2238:
2217:
2199:
2166:
2154:
2140:
2126:
2110:
2062:(15): 122–137.
2040:
2038:
2000:
1986:
1968:
1939:
1910:
1854:
1840:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1132:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
979:
971:
967:
959:
955:
947:
943:
935:
931:
923:
919:
911:
907:
899:
895:
887:
883:
875:
871:
866:
861:
856:
855:
845:
843:
832:
828:
823:
811:Magalhães Pinto
771:
759:Fourth Republic
723:
706:
693:
622:
620:Specific forces
591:Paraná Campaign
261:
256:
255:
254:
253:
252:
249:
240:
239:
238:
227:
201:
186:
147:
141:
109:Military Police
96:1930 Revolution
34:Forças Públicas
12:
11:
5:
2395:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2350:External links
2348:
2347:
2346:
2332:
2315:
2302:
2291:
2277:
2256:
2247:
2231:
2222:
2208:
2192:
2175:
2159:
2145:
2131:
2119:
2103:
2091:
2082:
2047:
2005:
1991:
1977:
1975:. Três Lagoas.
1961:
1952:
1932:
1915:
1901:
1889:
1877:(40): 91–106.
1859:
1845:
1831:
1818:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1750:, p. 535.
1740:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1602:
1600:, p. 499.
1590:
1578:
1576:, p. 256.
1566:
1564:, p. 128.
1554:
1542:
1528:
1526:, p. 237.
1516:
1514:, p. 126.
1504:
1502:, p. 313.
1492:
1490:, p. 236.
1480:
1478:, p. 332.
1468:
1466:, p. 235.
1456:
1454:, p. 233.
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1355:, p. 191.
1345:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1283:, p. 116.
1270:
1268:, p. 294.
1258:
1254:Rosemberg 2011
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1208:, p. 124.
1198:
1186:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1130:
1115:
1103:
1099:Rosemberg 2011
1091:
1089:, p. 2-3.
1079:
1067:
1055:
1040:
1028:
1013:
1011:, p. 3-4.
1001:
989:
987:, p. 209.
977:
975:, p. 129.
965:
963:, p. 153.
953:
941:
929:
925:Rodrigues 2020
917:
915:, p. 128.
905:
903:, p. 101.
893:
891:, p. 293.
881:
868:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
854:
853:
825:
824:
822:
819:
770:
767:
763:Federal Police
722:
719:
705:
702:
692:
689:
621:
618:
608:Santa Catarina
595:Cândido Rondon
577:
576:
573:
570:
564:
563:
560:
557:
551:
550:
547:
544:
542:Santa Catarina
538:
537:
534:
531:
525:
524:
521:
518:
512:
511:
508:
505:
503:Rio de Janeiro
499:
498:
495:
492:
486:
485:
482:
479:
473:
472:
469:
466:
460:
459:
456:
453:
447:
446:
443:
440:
434:
433:
430:
427:
421:
420:
417:
414:
408:
407:
404:
401:
395:
394:
391:
388:
382:
381:
378:
375:
373:Espírito Santo
369:
368:
365:
362:
356:
355:
352:
349:
343:
342:
339:
336:
330:
329:
326:
323:
317:
316:
313:
310:
304:
303:
300:
297:
291:
290:
287:
284:
280:
279:
260:
257:
250:
243:
242:
241:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
226:
223:
176:Paraguayan War
140:
137:
104:Getúlio Vargas
50:Brazilian Army
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2394:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:McCann, Frank
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:Bicudo, Hélio
1860:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1792:
1786:, p. 88.
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1762:, p. 47.
1761:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1661:Ferreira 1997
1657:
1650:
1645:
1639:, p. 18.
1638:
1637:Carvalho 2011
1633:
1627:, p. 88.
1626:
1625:Carvalho 2006
1621:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1586:Carvalho 2006
1582:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1562:Loureiro 2021
1558:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1512:Loureiro 2021
1508:
1501:
1500:Ferreira 2014
1496:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1437:Loureiro 2021
1433:
1426:
1425:Carvalho 2006
1421:
1414:
1413:Ferreira 2010
1409:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1389:Oliveira 2012
1385:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1365:Viscardi 1995
1361:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1242:Loureiro 2021
1238:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1196:, p. 98.
1195:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1169:, p. 58.
1168:
1167:Carvalho 2006
1163:
1157:, p. 57.
1156:
1155:Carvalho 2006
1151:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1128:, p. 14.
1127:
1126:Carvalho 2011
1122:
1120:
1113:, p. 48.
1112:
1107:
1101:, p. 10.
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1077:, p. 90.
1076:
1071:
1065:, p. 50.
1064:
1059:
1052:
1051:Carvalho 2011
1047:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1024:Carvalho 2006
1020:
1018:
1010:
1005:
998:
993:
986:
981:
974:
969:
962:
957:
951:, p. 59.
950:
949:Carvalho 2006
945:
939:, p. 34.
938:
937:Carvalho 2006
933:
927:, p. 53.
926:
921:
914:
909:
902:
897:
890:
885:
878:
873:
869:
842:
838:
830:
826:
818:
814:
812:
807:
805:
801:
800:Miguel Arraes
797:
793:
789:
784:
775:
766:
764:
760:
755:
753:
748:
746:
741:
732:
727:
718:
714:
711:
710:Sortition Law
701:
699:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
661:
659:
649:
645:
643:
639:
634:
626:
617:
614:
609:
604:
602:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
282:
281:
276:
273:
271:
267:
247:
236:
222:
220:
215:
211:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
177:
172:
168:
166:
162:
161:
151:
146:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
102:(1937–1945),
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
26:Public Forces
18:
2337:
2327:
2323:
2310:
2296:
2282:
2270:the original
2261:
2251:
2242:
2226:
2213:
2203:
2187:
2183:
2170:
2150:
2136:
2114:
2098:
2086:
2059:
2055:
2039:. Retrieved
2017:
2013:
1996:
1982:
1972:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1930:(2): 85–120.
1927:
1923:
1906:
1896:
1874:
1870:
1850:
1836:
1827:Revista IHGB
1826:
1813:
1806:Bibliography
1796:Valente 2012
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1613:Barreto 2021
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1550:Barbosa 2014
1545:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1377:Andrade 1976
1372:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1307:, p. 7.
1300:
1288:
1261:
1256:, p. 6.
1249:
1237:
1232:, p. 5.
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1184:, p. 8.
1182:Ribeiro 2011
1162:
1150:
1111:Barbosa 2014
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1063:Barbosa 2014
1058:
1038:, p. 3.
1031:
1009:Ribeiro 2011
1004:
992:
980:
973:Barbosa 2014
968:
956:
944:
932:
920:
913:Barbosa 2014
908:
896:
884:
877:Resende 2018
872:
844:. Retrieved
840:
829:
815:
808:
788:Porto Alegre
780:
756:
749:
744:
736:
715:
707:
697:
694:
668:
666:
662:
654:
641:
635:
631:
605:
598:
580:
425:Minas Gerais
262:
196:
181:
173:
169:
158:
156:
129:Armed Forces
93:
85:federal army
77:Minas Gerais
58:
25:
23:
2190:(1): 51–64.
2117:(1): 52–67.
2041:11 November
1772:Bicudo 2000
1748:Muricy 1981
1598:McCann 2009
1524:McCann 2009
1488:McCann 2009
1476:McCann 2009
1464:McCann 2009
1401:Santos 2019
1305:Santos 2019
1293:Santos 2015
1266:McCann 2009
1230:Santos 2019
1218:Savian 2020
1206:Savian 2020
1194:Savian 2020
1143:McCann 2009
1087:Santos 2019
1036:Santos 2019
985:Savian 2020
961:McCann 2009
901:McCann 2009
889:McCann 2009
841:ECSB Defesa
704:Before 1930
685:Mato Grosso
613:Ruy Barbosa
412:Mato Grosso
202: [
187: [
100:Estado Novo
2366:Categories
1736:Silva 2014
1721:Silva 2013
1709:Souza 1964
1675:, cap. 11.
1649:Motta 2006
1574:Lopes 2022
1452:Silva 2014
997:Zampa 2014
859:References
846:11 October
790:and after
769:After 1960
745:tenentists
721:After 1930
669:tenentists
642:tenentists
477:Pernambuco
270:Pernambuco
160:coronelism
143:See also:
94:After the
54:Vargas Era
30:Portuguese
2078:233829685
2036:253292851
2014:Antíteses
1760:Ruiz 2018
864:Citations
796:Guanabara
600:tenentist
587:São Paulo
555:São Paulo
197:In 1909,
73:São Paulo
65:provinces
36:) of the
2097:(2009).
1895:(2006).
1865:(2000).
1697:Axt 2020
399:Maranhão
308:Amazonas
123:and the
115:and the
733:in 1932
731:Itararé
681:cangaço
568:Sergipe
451:Paraíba
367:11.236
321:Alagoas
286:Police
208:, then
2076:
2034:
677:Óbidos
562:3.675
559:7.538
536:9.034
533:2.052
510:2.241
481:1.402
471:2.581
464:Paraná
455:1.061
445:1.418
432:3.787
429:2.874
419:1.116
364:3.987
341:1.545
338:3.019
325:1.064
283:State
2342:(PDF)
2313:(10).
2287:(PDF)
2273:(PDF)
2266:(PDF)
2239:(PDF)
2218:(PDF)
2200:(PDF)
2167:(PDF)
2155:(PDF)
2141:(PDF)
2127:(PDF)
2111:(PDF)
2074:S2CID
2032:S2CID
2001:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1969:(PDF)
1944:Tempo
1940:(PDF)
1911:(PDF)
1855:(PDF)
1841:(PDF)
821:Notes
783:Goiás
683:. In
490:Piauí
386:Goiás
347:Ceará
334:Bahia
289:Army
266:Bahia
206:]
191:]
69:Union
2330:(1).
2043:2022
848:2022
833:See
575:254
572:422
549:727
546:589
523:170
520:535
507:694
497:514
494:371
484:706
468:670
458:409
442:827
438:Pará
416:734
406:756
403:399
393:222
390:483
380:703
377:289
354:657
351:858
328:428
315:394
312:347
299:347
295:Acre
79:and
59:The
24:The
2064:doi
2022:doi
1879:doi
1537:Lei
806:).
794:),
302:79
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2326:.
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2202:.
2188:15
2186:.
2182:.
2169:.
2113:.
2072:.
2060:15
2058:.
2054:.
2030:.
2018:15
2016:.
2012:.
1971:.
1946:.
1942:.
1926:.
1922:.
1875:14
1873:.
1869:.
1825:.
1728:^
1605:^
1444:^
1273:^
1174:^
1133:^
1118:^
1043:^
1016:^
839:.
747:.
268:,
204:pt
189:pt
75:,
32::
2328:1
2080:.
2066::
2045:.
2024::
1948:2
1928:2
1887:.
1881::
1738:.
1711:.
1699:.
1663:.
1367:.
879:.
850:.
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