857:
states that it will be enacted through ratification, acceptance or approval, the parties must sign to indicate acceptance of the wording but there is no requirement on a state to later ratify the treaty, although they may still be subject to certain obligations. When signing or ratifying a treaty, a state can make a unilateral statement to negate or amend certain legal provisions which can have one of three effects: the reserving state is bound by the treaty but the effects of the relevant provisions are precluded or changes, the reserving state is bound by the treaty but not the relevant provisions, or the reserving state is not bound by the treaty. An interpretive declaration is a separate process, where a state issues a unilateral statement to specify or clarify a treaty provision. This can affect the interpretation of the treaty but it is generally not legally binding. A state is also able to issue a conditional declaration stating that it will consent to a given treaty only on the condition of a particular provision or interpretation.
690:
816:
565:
964:
legislation, although they will generally need to be approved by the legislature. Once approved, the content of the treaty is considered as a law that has a higher status than national laws. Examples of countries with a monism approach are France and the
Netherlands. The dualism approach considers that national and international law are two separate legal orders, so treaties are not granted a special status. The rules in a treaty can only be considered national law if the contents of the treaty have been enacted first. An example is the United Kingdom; after the country ratified the
1612:
1401:
2153:. There are 123 state parties to the ICC although a number of states have declared their opposition to the court; it has been criticised by African countries including The Gambia and Kenya for "imperialist" prosecutions. One particular aspect of the court that has received scrutiny is the principle of complementarity, whereby the ICC only has jurisdiction if the national courts of a state with jurisdiction are "unwilling or unable to prosecute" or where a state has investigated but chosen not to prosecute a case. The United States has a particularly
2130:
1215:
625:(1673–1743) in the Netherlands, argued that international law should derive from the actual practice of states rather than Christian or Greco-Roman sources. The study of international law shifted away from its core concern on the law of war and towards the domains such as the law of the sea and commercial treaties. The positivist school grew more popular as it reflected accepted views of state sovereignty and was consistent with the empiricist approach to philosophy that was then gaining acceptance in Europe.
1932:
1021:
219:, which was described in a 1969 paper as " relatively new word in the vocabulary of politics". Systems of supranational law arise when nations explicitly cede their right to make decisions to this system's judiciary and legislature, which then have the right to make laws that are directly effective in each member state. This has been described as "a level of international integration beyond mere intergovernmentalism yet still short of a federal system". The most common example of a
12896:
12884:
10455:
9971:
12872:
9985:
1060:
declaratory theory sees recognition as commenting on a current state of law which has been separately satisfied whereas the constitutive theory states that recognition by other states determines whether a state can be considered to have legal personality. States can be recognised explicitly through a released statement or tacitly through conducting official relations, although some countries have formally interacted without conferring recognition.
1374:
to hear a particular case. This aspect of private international law should first be resolved by reference to domestic law, which may incorporate international treaties or other supranational legal concepts, although there are consistent international norms. There are five forms of jurisdiction which are consistently recognised in international law; an individual or act can be subject to multiple forms of jurisdiction. The first is the
1382:, also known as the active personality principle, whereby a nation has jurisdiction over actions committed by its nationals regardless of where they occur. The third is the passive personality principle, which gives a country jurisdiction over any actions which harm its nationals. The fourth is the protective principle, where a nation has jurisdiction in relation to threats to its "fundamental national interests". The final form is
242:
208:, who originated the term "private international law", emphasised that it must be governed by the principles of public international law but other academics view them as separate bodies of law. Another term, transnational law, is sometimes used to refer to a body of both national and international rules that transcend the nation state, although some academics emphasise that it is distinct from either type of law. It was defined by
842:(VCLT) as "an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation". The definition specifies that the parties must be states, however international organisations are also considered to have the capacity to enter treaties. Treaties are binding through the principle of
2327:
legal landscape, as conflicts over territorial claims and jurisdictional boundaries arise, challenging the principles of non-interference and peaceful resolution. Furthermore, the emergence of new global powers introduces additional layers of complexity, as these nations assert their interests and challenge established norms, necessitating a reevaluation of the global legal order to accommodate shifting power dynamics.
797:, general legal principles and judicial decisions and the teachings of prominent legal scholars as "a subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law". It was originally considered that the arrangement of the sources sequentially would suggest an implicit hierarchy of sources; however, the statute does not provide for a hierarchy and other academics have argued that therefore the sources must be equivalent.
861:
provisions allowing for termination or withdrawal, such as the
Genocide Convention, it is prohibited unless the right was implied into the treaty or the parties had intended to allow for it. A treaty can also be held invalid, including where parties act ultra vires or negligently, where execution has been obtained through fraudulent, corrupt or forceful means, or where the treaty contradicts peremptory norms.
941:, or peremptory norms, which are "a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character". Where customary or treaty law conflicts with a peremptory norm, it will be considered invalid, but there is no agreed definition of
1714:
2310:
submit a dispute to an international tribunal, making laws unenforceable and voluntary. International law is also unpoliced, lacking agencies for enforcement. He cites a 1947 US opinion poll in which 75% of respondents wanted "an international police to maintain world peace", but only 13% wanted that force to exceed the US armed forces. Later surveys have produced similar contradictory results.
1742:(EEZ) following passage of the UNCLOS, which can stretch up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline and gives the sovereign state rights over natural resources. Some states have instead chosen to retain their exclusive fishery zones, which cover the same territory. There are specific rules in relation to the continental shelf, as this can extend further than 200 nautical miles. The
2295:, "so-called" international law, lacking a sovereign power and so unenforceable, was not really law at all, but "positive morality", consisting of "opinions and sentiments...more ethical than legal in nature." Since states are few in number, diverse and atypical in character, unindictable, lack a centralised sovereign power, and their agreements unpoliced and decentralised,
2196:
international norms in the absence of a coercive power that ensures compliance. Some scholars view compliance failure as a problem of enforcement whereby states can be incentivized to follow international law due to international inducements, reciprocity, concerns about reputation, or domestic political factors. Other scholars see compliance failure as rooted in a lack of
2030:. The use of nuclear weapons was determined to be in conflict with principles of IHL by the ICJ in 1995, although the court also held that it "cannot conclude definitively whether the threat or use of nuclear weapons would be lawful or unlawful in an extreme circumstance of self-defence." Multiple treaties have attempted to regulate the use of these weapons, including the
1362:. These treaties codified practice on the enforcement of international judgments, stating that a foreign judgment would be automatically recognised and enforceable where required in the jurisdiction where the party resides, unless the judgement was contrary to public order or conflicted with a local judgment between the same parties. On a global level, the
1072:, government actions; the restrictive theory of immunity said states were immune where they were acting in a governmental capacity but not a commercial one. The European Convention on State Immunity in 1972 and the UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property attempt to restrict immunity in accordance with customary law.
2239:, that is, on the basis of the observance of commitments. On his part, de Vattel argued instead for the equality of states as articulated by 18th-century natural law and suggested that the law of nations was composed of custom and law on the one hand, and natural law on the other. During the 17th century, the basic tenets of the Grotian or
62:, and non-state groups, which can make behavioral choices, whether lawful or unlawful. Rules are formal, often written expectations for behavior and norms are less formal, customary expectations about appropriate behavior that are frequently unwritten. It establishes norms for states across a broad range of domains, including
517:(1225–1274) to create the new discipline of the "law of nations", which unlike its eponymous Roman predecessor, applied natural law to relations between states. In Islam, a similar framework was developed wherein the law of nations was derived, in part, from the principles and rules set forth in treaties with non-Muslims.
801:
including the latter category has led to debate about potential cross-over with international customary law. The relationship of general principles to treaties or custom has generally been considered to be "fill the gaps" although there is still no conclusion about their exact relationship in the absence of a hierarchy.
6714:
1545:(ILO), a UN agency with the mission of protecting employment rights which was established in 1919. The ILO has a constitution setting out a number of aims, including regulating work hours and labour supply, protecting workers and children and recognising equal pay and the right to free association, as well as the
848:, which allows states to create legal obligations on themselves through consent. The treaty must be governed by international law; however it will likely be interpreted by national courts. The VCLT, which codifies several bedrock principles of treaty interpretation, holds that a treaty "shall be interpreted in
657:(1714–1767), both of whom sought a middle-ground approach. During the 18th century, the positivist tradition gained broader acceptance, although the concept of natural rights remained influential in international politics, particularly through the republican revolutions of the United States and France.
1161:
2309:
is what makes domestic law enforceable; but between nations, there are multiple competing sources of force. The confusion created by treaty laws, which resemble private contracts between persons, is mitigated only by the relatively small number of states. He asserted that no state may be compelled to
1737:
through these waters despite the sea being within the state's sovereignty. A state can have jurisdiction beyond its territorial waters where it claims a contiguous zone of up to 24 nautical miles from its baseline for the purpose of preventing the infringement of its "customs, fiscal, immigration and
885:
during the process of the custom being formed and special or local forms of customary law. The requirement for state practice relates to the practice, either through action or failure to act, of states in relation to other states or international organisations. There is no legal requirement for state
860:
Article 54 of the VCLT provides that either party may terminate or withdraw from a treaty in accordance with its terms or at any time with the consent of the other party, with 'termination' applying to a bilateral treaty and 'withdrawal' applying to a multilateral treaty. Where a treaty does not have
1560:
and recommendations. Member states then have the choice as to whether or not to ratify and implement these standards. The secretariat of the ILO is the
International Labour Office, which can be consulted by states to determine the meaning of a convention, which forms the ILO's case law. Although the
669:, and is noted for codifying rules and articles of war adhered to by nations across the world, including the United Kingdom, Prussia, Serbia and Argentina. In the years that followed, numerous other treaties and bodies were created to regulate the conduct of states towards one another, including the
2330:
Cybersecurity has also emerged as a critical concern, with international law striving to address the threats posed by cyber-attacks to national security, infrastructure, and individual privacy. Climate change demands unprecedented international cooperation, as evidenced by agreements like the Paris
2326:
Among the most pressing issues are enforcement difficulties, where the lack of a centralized global authority often leads to non-compliance with international norms, particularly evident in violations of
International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Sovereignty disputes further complicate the international
2318:
International law is currently navigating a complex array of challenges and controversies that have underscored the dynamic nature of international relations in the 21st century. Some of these challenges include enforcement difficulties, the impact of technological advancements, climate change, and
2195:
International legal theory comprises a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches used to explain and analyse the content, formation and effectiveness of international law and institutions and to suggest improvements. Some approaches center on the question of compliance: why states follow
1565:
does not provide an explicit right to strike, this has been interpreted into the treaty through case law. The UN does not specifically focus on international labour law, although some of its treaties cover the same topics. Many of the primary human rights conventions also form part of international
1373:
A state must prove that it has jurisdiction before it can exercise its legal authority. This concept can be divided between prescriptive jurisdiction, which is the authority of a legislature to enact legislation on a particular issue, and adjudicative jurisdiction, which is the authority of a court
1008:
as a legal person with a permanent population, a defined territory, government and capacity to enter relations with other states. There is no requirement on population size, allowing micro-states such as San Marino and Monaco to be admitted to the UN, and no requirement of fully defined boundaries,
856:
A state must express its consent to be bound by a treaty through signature, exchange of instruments, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. Accession refers to a state choosing to become party to a treaty that it is unable to sign, such as when establishing a regional body. Where a treaty
660:
Until the mid-19th century, relations between states were dictated mostly by treaties, agreements between states to behave in a certain way, unenforceable except by force, and nonbinding except as matters of honour and faithfulness. One of the first instruments of modern armed conflict law was the
609:
that the state of nature was one of war and conflict, arguing that the natural state of the world is actually peaceful but weak and uncertain without adherence to the law of nations. The actions of a state consist of nothing more than the sum of the individuals within that state, thereby requiring
1757:
as all parts of the sea that are not within a state's EEZ, territorial sea or internal waters. There are six freedoms of the high seas—navigation, overflight, laying submarine cables and pipelines, constructing artificial islands, fishing and scientific research—some of which are subject to legal
963:
There are generally two approaches to the relationship between international and national law, namely monism and dualism. Monism assumes that international and national law are part of the same legal order. Therefore, a treaty can directly become part of national law without the need for enacting
1155:
sets out a list of international organisations, which include the UN, the WTO, the World Bank and the IMF. Generally organisations consist of a plenary organ, where member states can be represented and heard; an executive organ, to decide matters within the competence of the organisation; and an
1133:
over the last century, they have also been recognised as relevant parties. One definition of international organisations comes from the ILC's 2011 Draft
Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations which in Article 2(a) states that it is "an organization established by treaty or
979:
In practice, the division of countries between monism and dualism is often more complicated; countries following both approaches may accept peremptory norms as being automatically binding and they may approach treaties, particularly later amendments or clarifications, differently than they would
852:
in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose". This represents a compromise between three theories of interpretation: the textual approach which looks to the ordinary meaning of the text, the subjective
1865:, which provided for "an almost absolute prohibition on the use of force", with the only three exceptions. The first involves force authorised by the UNSC, as the entity is responsible in the first instance for responding to breaches or threats to the peace and acts of aggression, including the
1650:
in 1998 set obligations on states to provide information and allow public input on these issues. However few disputes under the regimes set out in environmental agreements are referred to the ICJ, as the agreements tend to specify their compliance procedures. These procedures generally focus on
1327:
theory has been used although the definition is unclear, sometimes referring to reciprocity and sometimes being used as a synonym for private international law. Story distinguished it from "any absolute paramount obligation, superseding all discretion on the subject". There are three aspects to
1059:
often plays a significant role in political conceptions. A country may recognise another nation as a state and, separately, it may recognise that nation's government as being legitimate and capable of representing the state on the international stage. There are two theories on recognition; the
800:
General principles of law have been defined in the
Statute as "general principles of law recognized by civilized nations" but there is no academic consensus about what is included within this scope. They are considered to be derived from both national and international legal systems, although
1704:
is the area of international law concerning the principles and rules by which states and other entities interact in maritime matters. It encompasses areas and issues such as navigational rights, sea mineral rights, and coastal waters jurisdiction. The law of the sea was primarily composed of
1156:
administrative organ, to execute the decisions of the other organs and handle secretarial duties. International organisations will typically provide for their privileges and immunity in relation to its member states in their constitutional documents or in multilateral agreements, such as the
1651:
encouraging the state to once again become compliant through recommendations but there is still uncertainty on how these procedures should operate and efforts have been made to regulate these processes although some worry that this will undercut the efficiency of the procedures themselves.
5800:
2160:
Hybrid courts are the most recent type of international criminal court; they aim to combine both national and international components, operating in the jurisdiction where the crimes in question occurred. International courts have been criticised for a lack of legitimacy, as they can seem
203:
over cases with a foreign element and the application of foreign judgments in domestic law, whereas public international law covers rules with an international origin. The difference between the two areas of law has been debated as scholars disagree about the nature of their relationship.
1134:
other instrument governed by international law and possessing its own international legal personality". This definition functions as a starting point but does not recognise that organisations can have no separate personality but nevertheless function as an international organisation. The
1353:
The rules which are applied to conflict of laws will vary depending on the national system determining the question. There have been attempts to codify an international standard to unify the rules so differences in national law cannot lead to inconsistencies, such as through the
7481:
610:
the state to apply a fundamental law of reason, which is the basis of natural law. He was among the earliest scholars to expand international law beyond
European Christian nations, advocating for its application and recognition among all peoples on the basis of shared humanity.
2161:
disconnected from the crimes that have occurred, but the hybrid courts are able to provide the resources that may be lacking in countries facing the aftermath of serious conflict. There has been debate about what courts can be included within this definition, but generally the
1185:
of the UNSC. This can be followed up with economic sanctions, military action, and similar uses of force. The UNSC also has a wide discretion under
Article 24, which grants "primary responsibility" for issues of international peace and security. The UNGA, concerned during the
918:
that, "Not only must the acts concerned amount to a settled practice, but they must also be such, or be carried out in such a way, as to be evidence of a belief that this practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule of law requiring it". A committee of the
984:
do not have explicit provision for international law in their domestic system and there has been an upswing in support for monism principles in relation to human rights and humanitarian law, as most principles governing these concepts can be found in international law.
12294:
1292:
over all cases that are referred to it and all matters specifically referred to in the UN Charter or international treaties, although in practice there are no relevant matters in the UN Charter. The ICJ may also be asked by an international organisation to provide an
2271:
marked the formal recognition of the political and international legal system based on the conditions of Europe. Modern legal positivists consider international law as a unified system of rules that emanates from the states' will. International law, as it is, is an
1432:(UDHR), which established non-binding international human rights standards, for work, standards of living, housing and education, non-discrimination, a fair trial and prohibition of torture. Two further human rights treaties were adopted by the UN in 1966, the
1758:
restrictions. Ships in the high seas are deemed to have the nationality of the flag that they have the right to fly and no other state can exercise jurisdiction over them; the exception is ships used for piracy, which are subject to universal jurisdiction.
931:
can be proven by the states' failure to protest. Other academics believe that intention to create customary law can be shown by states including the principle in multiple bilateral and multilateral treaties, so that treaty law is necessary to form customs.
2075:
in Tokyo were established at the end of World War II to prosecute key actors in
Germany and Japan. The jurisdiction of the tribunals was limited to crimes against peace (based on the Kellogg–Briand Pact), war crimes (based on the Hague Conventions) and
12254:
2338:
These contemporary issues underscore the need for ongoing adaptation and cooperation within the framework of international law to address the multifaceted challenges of the modern world, ensuring a just, peaceful, and sustainable global order.
1873:. The second exception is where a state is acting in individual or collective self-defence. A state is allowed to act in self-defence in the case of an "armed attack" but the intention behind this exception has been challenged, particularly as
12179:
406:
city-states, and kingdoms, most of which had overlapping and ever-changing jurisdictions. As in China and India, these divisions prompted the development of rules aimed at providing stable and predictable relations. Early examples include
10175:
1283:
with a panel of fifteen permanent judges. It has jurisdiction to hear cases involving states but cannot get involved in disputes involving individuals or international organizations. The states that can bring cases must be party to the
2243:
school, especially the doctrines of legal equality, territorial sovereignty, and independence of states, became the fundamental principles of the
European political and legal system and were enshrined in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.
1146:(INGOs). All international organisations have members; generally this is restricted to states, although it can include other international organisations. Sometimes non-members will be allowed to participate in meetings as observers.
1063:
Throughout the 19th century and the majority of the 20th century, states were protected by absolute immunity, so they could not face criminal prosecution for any actions. However a number of countries began to distinguish between
748:
across the world resulted in the establishment of scores of newly independent states. As these former colonies became their own states, they adopted European views of international law. A flurry of institutions, ranging from the
8514:
766:
and on protecting human rights on the global scale, particularly when minorities or indigenous communities are involved, as concerns are raised that globalisation may be increasing inequality in the international legal system.
1540:
International labour law is generally defined as "the substantive rules of law established at the international level and the procedural rules relating to their adoption and implementation". It operates primarily through the
2157:; originally signing the treaty in 2000, the US stated in 2002 that it did not intend to become a party as it believed the ICC threatened its national sovereignty and the country does not recognise the court's jurisdiction.
12189:
1503:
1233:
There are more than one hundred international courts in the global community, although states have generally been reluctant to allow their sovereignty to be limited in this way. The first known international court was the
2203:
Other perspectives are policy oriented: they elaborate theoretical frameworks and instruments to criticize the existing norms and to make suggestions on how to improve them. Some of these approaches are based on domestic
1262:
can also be used to resolve disputes between states, leading in 1899 to the creation of the Permanent Court of Arbitration which facilitates the process by maintaining a list of arbitrators. This process was used in the
12274:
1080:
Historically individuals have not been seen as entities in international law, as the focus was on the relationship between states. As human rights have become more important on the global stage, being codified by the
761:
furthered the development of a multilateralist approach as states chose to compromise on sovereignty to benefit from international cooperation. Since the 1980s, there has been an increasing focus on the phenomenon of
645:, which have equal sovereignty regardless of their size and power, defined primarily by non-interference in the domestic affairs of sovereign states, although historians have challenged this narrative. The idea of
12159:
10150:
1467:
1180:
although prior to 1990, it has only intervened once, in the case of Korea in 1950. This power can only be exercised, however, where a majority of member states vote for it, as well as receiving the support of the
902:
as varying "according to the nature of the case". The practice is not required to be followed universally by states, but there must be a "general recognition" by states "whose interests are specially affected".
5649:
10123:
2334:
The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the interconnectedness of the global community, emphasizing the need for coordinated efforts to manage health crises, vaccine distribution, and economic recovery.
1709:
in 1930, the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea and the adoption of the UNCLOS in 1982. The UNCLOS was particularly notable for making international courts and tribunals responsible for the law of the sea.
5471:
12144:
12041:
2212:, and others have been developed expressly to analyse international law. Classical approaches to International legal theory are the natural law, the Eclectic and the legal positivism schools of thought.
347:
as being universal. However, in contrast to modern international law, the Roman law of nations applied to relations with and between foreign individuals rather than among political units such as states.
579:(1583–1645) is widely regarded as the father of international law, being one of the first scholars to articulate an international order that consists of a "society of states" governed not by force or
12154:
1478:
7853:
2223:, the Spanish authority in the Americas, and the rights of the Native American peoples. In 1625, Grotius argued that nations as well as persons ought to be governed by universal principle based on
1562:
875:
Customary international law requires two elements: a consistent practice of states and the conviction of those states that the consistent practice is required by a legal obligation, referred to as
1553:
further binds ILO member states to recognise fundamental labour rights including free association, collective bargaining and eliminating forced labour, child labour and employment discrimination.
1176:
The UNSC has the power under Chapter VII of the UN Charter to take decisive and binding actions against states committing "a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or an act of aggression" for
58:
and other actors feel an obligation to obey in their mutual relations and generally do obey. In international relations, actors are simply the individuals and collective entities, such as states,
1968:
1631:
and responses to resulting environmental changes, was introduced in 1992 and came into force two years later. As of 2023, 198 states were a party. Separate protocols have been introduced through
1363:
379:, both of which held that the domestic and international legal spheres were closely interlinked, and sought to establish competing normative principles to guide foreign relations. Similarly, the
192:
defined it in his treatise as "a law between sovereign and equal states based on the common consent of these states" and this definition has been largely adopted by international legal scholars.
152:
require national law to conform to treaty provisions. National laws or constitutions may also provide for the implementation or integration of international legal obligations into domestic law.
2095:
Initially these crimes were intended to be prosecuted by national courts and subject to their domestic procedures. The Geneva Conventions of 1949, the Additional Protocols of 1977 and the 1984
1584:, with the general principles of international law instead being applied to these issues. Since the 1960s, a number of treaties focused on environmental protection were ratified, including the
2247:
The early positivist school emphasized the importance of custom and treaties as sources of international law. In the 16th-century, Gentili used historical examples to posit that positive law (
1750:, regardless of its distance from the baseline, but different rights apply to the continental shelf and the water column above it where it is further than 200 nautical miles from the coast.
1522:. International human rights has faced criticism for its Western focus, as many countries were subject to colonial rule at the time that the UDHR was drafted, although many countries in the
1585:
1355:
729:(UN) was established in 1945 to replace the League, with an aim of maintaining collective security. A more robust international legal order followed, buttressed by institutions such as the
398:
in the fifth century CE, Europe fragmented into numerous often-warring states for much of the next five centuries. Political power was dispersed across a range of entities, including the
10205:
2305:
believed international law to be the weakest and most primitive system of law enforcement; he likened its decentralised nature to the law that prevails in preliterate tribal societies.
593:
that bind all nations regardless of local custom or law. He inspired two nascent schools of international law, the naturalists and the positivists. In the former camp was German jurist
927:
where state practice is proven but it may be necessary if the practice suggests that the states did not believe it was creating a precedent. The test in these circumstances is whether
10253:
881:. Custom distinguishes itself from treaty law as it is binding on all states, regardless of whether they have participated in the practice, with the exception of states who have been
1157:
498:
and institutionalised limitations on military conduct, including guidelines for commencing war, distinguishing between civilians and combatants and caring for the sick and wounded.
355:
of the eighth century BCE, China was divided into numerous states that were often at war with each other. Rules for diplomacy and treaty-making emerged, including notions regarding
12003:
10140:
1946:(IHL) is an effort to "mitigate the human suffering caused by war" and it is often complementary to the law of armed conflict and international human rights law. The concept of
1448:
12264:
12204:
12067:
6240:
1437:
1017:, but now the requirement is for a stable political environment. The final requirement of being able to enter relations is commonly evidenced by independence and sovereignty.
1242:(PCIJ) was established. The PCIJ was replaced by the ICJ, which is the best known international court due to its universal scope in relation to geographical jurisdiction and
1788:
was proposed but failed to be instituted due to the refusal of the United States to ratify its charter. Three years later, Part IV of the statute was adopted to create the
2251:) was determined by general consent. van Bynkershoek asserted that the bases of international law were customs and treaties commonly consented to by various states, while
945:. Academics have debated what principles are considered peremptory norms but the mostly widely agreed is the principle of non-use of force. The next year, the ICJ defined
2255:
emphasized the importance of state practice in international law. The positivism school narrowed the range of international practice that might qualify as law, favouring
1332:. The first question relates to whether the domestic court or a foreign court is best placed to decide the case. When determining the national law that should apply, the
1604:
covering specific issues, there is no overarching policy on international environmental protection or one specific international organisation, with the exception of the
166:
6270:
10145:
2118:(ICTR), were established by the UNSC to address specific atrocities. The ICTY had authority to prosecute war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide occurring in
188:. The definition of international law has been debated; Bentham referred specifically to relationships between states which has been criticised for its narrow scope.
10665:
10108:
8264:
2111:
12073:
2011:, which were codified in 1977. Initially IHL conventions were only considered to apply to a conflict if all parties had ratified the relevant convention under the
1550:
1199:
1182:
853:
approach which considers factors such as the drafters' intention, and the teleological approach which interprets a treaty according to its objective and purpose.
12289:
11915:
10700:
10243:
1593:
1203:
649:
further solidified the concept and formation of nation-states. Elements of the naturalist and positivist schools were synthesised, notably by German philosopher
6715:"Varieties of Approach to Treaty Interpretation: with Special Reference to the Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties Before the Vienna Diplomatic Conference"
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1777:
1624:
1557:
1498:
754:
12199:
12111:
12090:
11996:
11905:
10492:
1433:
689:
557:
by Spain, invoked the law of nations as a basis for their innate dignity and rights, articulating an early version of sovereign equality between peoples.
2457:
1975:
The two Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 considered restrictions on the conduct of war and the Geneva Conventions of 1949, which were organised by the
1857:, which stated that conflicts should be settled through peaceful negotiations with the exception, through reservations drafted by some state parties, of
701:
Colonial expansion by European powers reached its peak in the late 19th century and its influence began to wane following the unprecedented bloodshed of
7293:
5541:
11780:
10301:
2252:
2154:
2031:
1459:, which requires each UN member state to review its human rights compliance every four years, and for special procedures, including the appointment of
1289:
12400:
12768:
12363:
10660:
2072:
7030:
261:, states have a long history of negotiating interstate agreements. An initial framework was conceptualised by the Ancient Romans and this idea of
12234:
12079:
11989:
10130:
1706:
1669:
which covers land and territorial sea, including the airspace above it and the subsoil below it, territory outside the sovereignty of any state,
12194:
11920:
10690:
8042:
2467:
2162:
1597:
1194:
of 3 November 1950, which allowed the organ to pass recommendations to authorize the use of force. This resolution also led to the practice of
1191:
1729:
were initially proposed to be three miles in the late 18th century. The UNCLOS instead defined it as being at most 12 nautical miles from the
1089:
in 1948, individuals have been given the power to defend their rights to judicial bodies. International law is largely silent on the issue of
12338:
11945:
10411:
10100:
1743:
1519:
1285:
1114:
786:
93:. States and non-state actors may choose to not abide by international law, and even to breach a treaty but such violations, particularly of
8422:
2099:
mandated that the national courts of the contracting countries must prosecute these offenses where the perpetrator is on their territory or
12348:
11290:
7487:
6720:
6231:
5801:"Has Global Health Law Risen to Meet the COVID-19 Challenge? Revisiting the International Health Regulations to Prepare for Future Threats"
2349:
1463:, independent experts and working groups. The treaty-based procedure allows individuals to rely on the nine primary human rights treaties:
1328:
conflict of laws – determining which domestic court has jurisdiction over a dispute, determining if a domestic court has jurisdiction and
898:. There has been legal debate on this topic with the only prominent view on the length of time necessary to establish custom explained by
12343:
12164:
7301:
7294:"When Was the Law of International Society Born – An Inquiry of the History of International Law from an Intercivilizational Perspective"
5858:
1143:
7067:
359:, the rights of neutral parties, and the consolidation and partition of states; these concepts were sometimes applied to relations with
12100:
12052:
10670:
2122:
and the ICTR had authority to prosecute genocide, crimes against humanity and grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions during the
2115:
1164:
as a basis although it is not yet in force. They may also have the right to bring legal claims against states depending, as set out in
1135:
525:
The 15th century witnessed a confluence of factors that contributed to an accelerated development of international law. Italian jurist
136:
and international law is complex and variable. National law may become international law when treaties permit national jurisdiction to
910:
the belief of a party that a particular action is required by the law is referred to as the subjective element. The ICJ has stated in
12420:
12149:
12095:
11860:
10557:
10185:
8454:
7936:
6857:
6322:
6117:"The United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Its Establishment, Work and Impact on International Criminal Justice"
5953:
2096:
1862:
1483:
1425:
1954:. Its scope lasts from the initiation of conflict until a peaceful settlement is reached. There are two main principles in IHL; the
1596:
of 1985. States generally agreed to co-operate with each other in relation to environmental law, as codified by principle 24 of the
12763:
11134:
10485:
10037:
9952:
1976:
1632:
1608:. Instead, a general treaty setting out the framework for tackling an issue has then been supplemented by more specific protocols.
1255:
1239:
949:
obligations as those owed to "the international community as a whole", which included the illegality of genocide and human rights.
886:
practice to be uniform or for the practice to be long-running, although the ICJ has set a high bar for enforcement in the cases of
839:
820:
17:
4732:
267:
has been used by various academics to establish the modern concept of international law. Among the earliest recorded examples are
12528:
12523:
12518:
12450:
10774:
5947:
2354:
2104:
1151:
1139:
958:
129:
7530:
The State Practice of India and the Development of International Law: Dynamic Interplay between Foreign Policy and Jurisprudence
12783:
12062:
12012:
11222:
1789:
1247:
1109:
allows individuals to petition the court where their rights have been violated and national courts have not intervened and the
120:, and general principles of law recognised by most national legal systems. Although international law may also be reflected in
1162:
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations
12393:
12174:
12046:
11800:
8774:
8688:
8660:
8635:
8519:
8496:
8468:
8436:
8408:
8387:
8317:
8183:
8136:
8115:
8024:
7996:
7911:
7859:
7769:
7739:
7711:
7670:
7542:
7416:
7391:
7364:
7339:
7167:
7142:
7084:
7053:
6994:
6978:
6920:
6836:
6685:
6660:
6614:
6587:
6559:
6440:
6413:
6386:
6361:
6221:
6188:
6169:
6104:
6079:
6058:
6031:
5999:
5983:
5935:
5910:
5778:
5561:
5483:
2818:
2498:
1601:
1488:
1429:
1409:
1086:
1378:, which states that a nation has jurisdiction over actions which occur within its territorial boundaries. The second is the
12788:
12778:
10135:
7820:
7558:
1891:
1605:
1515:
1110:
395:
8148:"Towards a global Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil or Commercial Matters"
6935:
2149:, is the first and only permanent international court to prosecute genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the
1675:
which is not yet within territorial sovereignty but is territory that is legally capable of being acquired by a state and
505:, international law was concerned primarily with the purpose and legitimacy of war, seeking to determine what constituted
12773:
12626:
12616:
12281:
12249:
10478:
10180:
10113:
2276:" reality that needs to be distinguished from law "as it should be". Classic positivism demands rigorous tests for legal
1694:
1452:
965:
8770:
6509:"The Three Traditional Approaches to Treaty Interpretation: A Current Application to the European Court of Human Rights"
5758:
12543:
12533:
12358:
12259:
10527:
10306:
10073:
8566:
7645:
6315:"Inherent imperialism: understanding the legal roots of anti-imperialist criticism of the International Criminal Court"
2388:
2035:
1447:
Non-domestic human rights enforcement operates at both the international and regional levels. Established in 1993, the
1441:
674:
7482:"Dar al-Islam: The Evolution of Muslim Territoriality and Its Implications for Conflict Resolution in the Middle East"
545:(1552–1608) took a secular view to international law, authoring various books on issues in international law, notably
12839:
12793:
12470:
12085:
11965:
9378:
8936:
8835:
8253:
7224:
7114:
6950:
6755:
6513:
6255:
5994:
2488:
1866:
1858:
1542:
1460:
1235:
894:
284:
246:
8646:
12931:
12921:
12386:
11795:
11156:
10190:
9492:
9361:
2427:
1877:
have become more common, with many states relying instead on the customary right of self-defence as set out in the
1785:
1451:
supervises Charter-based and treaty-based procedures. The former are based on the UN Charter and operate under the
1329:
969:
2331:
Agreement, though disparities in responsibilities among nations pose significant challenges to collective action.
1890:, where the U.S. unsuccessfully argued that it had mined harbours in Nicaragua in pre-emption of an attack by the
12936:
12834:
12693:
11895:
11830:
10875:
10373:
9947:
9294:
9195:
8705:
8269:
6784:
6625:
6569:
6508:
2288:
1914:
1895:
1643:
which set the goal of keeping global warming at least below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels.
1575:
1082:
1047:
734:
467:
8576:"The Making of Neoliberal Globalization: Norm Substitution and the Politics of Clandestine Institutional Change"
6697:"Supranational Law: How the Move Toward Multilateral Solutions Is Changing the Character of "International" Law"
12755:
12510:
12321:
12240:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
12145:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
12132:
11086:
10731:
10675:
10406:
10200:
9454:
9088:
7194:
5401:
2170:
2080:, establishing new categories of international crime. Throughout the twentieth century, the separate crimes of
2039:
1943:
1926:
1511:
1395:
1227:
1106:
877:
730:
694:
670:
495:
491:
141:
82:
8743:
7681:
7582:"Between Cosmopolitan and American Democracy: Understanding US Opposition to the International Criminal Court"
1623:
Climate change has been one of the most important and heavily debated topics in recent environmental law. The
12299:
11239:
10547:
10248:
10233:
8807:
8724:
8580:
7699:
Human Rights and Islam: An Introduction to Key Debates between Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law
7376:
7324:
6599:
6544:
2027:
1566:
labour law, providing protection in employment and against discrimination on the grounds of gender and race.
1494:
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
920:
650:
376:
12455:
11850:
11835:
11730:
10695:
10680:
10509:
10421:
10276:
10271:
10056:
10030:
9614:
9093:
8175:
2190:
2174:
2142:
2134:
782:
776:
738:
590:
564:
466:, which governed foreign relations. This was based on the division of the world into three categories: the
236:
145:
124:—the practices adopted by states to maintain good relations and mutual recognition—such traditions are not
109:
6990:"The Effect of Jus Cogens Norms: Whoever Opened Pandora's Box, Did You Ever Think About the Consequences?"
1966:
must be treated differently and the principle of not causing disproportionate suffering to combatants. In
605:
and the secular world, asserting that it regulated only external acts of states. Pufendorf challenged the
583:
but by actual laws, mutual agreements, and customs. Grotius secularised international law; his 1625 work,
12636:
12275:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
11256:
10767:
10736:
10517:
10118:
9609:
7534:
6912:
6432:
6235:
2023:
1546:
1195:
870:
794:
750:
113:
8761:
1356:
Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters
815:
12916:
12862:
12844:
12653:
12430:
11127:
10850:
10573:
10501:
10195:
10160:
9584:
9083:
8627:
8428:
8333:
8016:
7988:
7731:
7434:
7216:
7076:
7037:
6970:
6942:
6677:
6378:
6050:
5927:
2166:
2060:
2055:
1886:
1797:
1682:
1493:
1130:
994:
509:". The Greco-Roman concept of natural law was combined with religious principles by Jewish philosopher
59:
5968:
2038:, but key states have failed to sign or have withdrawn. There have been similar debates on the use of
1733:(usually the coastal low-water mark) of a state; both military and civilian foreign ships are allowed
11775:
11735:
11176:
10726:
9667:
7637:
5476:
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art
2407:
1510:
The regional human rights enforcement systems operate in Europe, Africa and the Americas through the
1456:
1259:
758:
622:
530:
7931:"The Responsibility of Individuals for Human Rights Abuses in Internal Conflicts: A Positivist View"
2063:
sets out the definition of international crimes and compels states to prosecute these crimes. While
1972:, the ICJ described these concepts as "intransgressible principles of international customary law".
1681:
which is territory that cannot be acquired by a state. There have historically been five methods of
717:
was founded to safeguard peace and security. International law began to incorporate notions such as
12646:
12300:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
11875:
11603:
11365:
11325:
11315:
11263:
10363:
10093:
10083:
9462:
9444:
7159:
6405:
2432:
2417:
2273:
2000:
1988:
1773:
1628:
1616:
1589:
1535:
1455:, where each global region is represented by elected member states. The Council is responsible for
1273:
352:
320:
9796:
1898:. The final exception is where the UNSC delegates its responsibility for collective security to a
1323:, determining which nation's laws should govern a particular legal circumstance. Historically the
561:(1548–1617) emphasised that international law was founded upon natural law and human positive law.
12819:
12631:
12409:
12269:
12057:
11653:
11561:
10860:
10855:
10584:
10429:
10343:
10088:
10023:
9837:
9624:
9113:
9098:
8506:
8309:
8265:"Imagining the Grotian Europe: Hugo Grotius's Vision of Europe and Ideas of European Integration"
8107:
7903:
7703:
7662:
7587:
7383:
7356:
7331:
7134:
7025:
6828:
6652:
6606:
6579:
6551:
6353:
6276:
6213:
6161:
6149:
6096:
5975:
2437:
2422:
2077:
1992:
1980:
1936:
1854:
1796:, which banded together to control global oil supply and prices, caused the previous reliance on
1767:
1739:
1288:, although in practice most states are UN members and would therefore be eligible. The court has
981:
666:
526:
6824:
The Development of the Law of the Sea Convention: The Role of International Courts and Tribunals
12180:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
11825:
11815:
11404:
11335:
11320:
10801:
10760:
10741:
10716:
10609:
9892:
9877:
8329:"Markets Everywhere: The Washington Consensus and the Sociology of Global Institutional Change"
7815:
2402:
1801:
1639:
which was introduced in 1997 to set specific targets for greenhouse gas reduction and the 2015
1383:
1126:
1056:
641:
is said to have established the current international legal order characterised by independent
584:
7697:
1386:, where a country has jurisdiction over certain acts based on the nature of the crime itself.
335:, which governed the status of foreigners living in Rome and relations between foreigners and
12106:
11935:
11910:
11840:
11523:
11251:
11024:
10982:
10952:
10348:
10295:
10210:
10176:
London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
9996:
9589:
9267:
9078:
8051:
7581:
7099:
6183:
6043:
1899:
1379:
1375:
1269:
1265:
1005:
973:
368:
296:
6071:
The Intersection of International Law and Domestic Law: A Theoretical and Practical Analysis
5553:
2067:
were prosecuted throughout history, this has historically been done by national courts. The
1646:
Individuals and organisations have some rights under international environmental law as the
303:, concluded in 1279 BCE. Interstate pacts and agreements were negotiated and agreed upon by
12809:
12723:
12460:
12184:
12036:
11930:
11685:
11598:
11576:
11499:
11495:
11424:
11340:
11285:
11280:
11103:
10947:
10836:
10685:
10542:
10368:
10238:
9717:
9063:
8765:
7899:
International Law and Domestic Legal Systems: Incorporation, Transformation, and Persuasion
6630:
2306:
2178:
1825:
1754:
1421:
1243:
1094:
594:
550:
449:
170:
to replace the older law of nations, a direct translation of the late medieval concepts of
7277:
2235:, established by the consent of the community of nations on the basis of the principle of
300:
8:
12926:
12733:
12728:
12591:
12333:
11981:
11955:
11820:
11690:
11480:
11409:
11166:
11139:
11122:
11110:
10932:
10888:
10642:
10589:
10552:
10398:
9872:
9012:
8929:
8680:
8652:
8446:
8418:
8071:
7785:
6179:
2150:
1526:
have led the development of human rights on the global stage in the intervening decades.
1177:
882:
844:
634:
597:(1632–1694), who stressed the supremacy of the law of nature over states. His 1672 work,
380:
137:
8719:
8670:
8238:
8168:
7630:
7179:
6989:
6750:
6645:
6314:
2200:
where a willing state is incapable of fully following international legal commitments.
1484:
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
1424:
for their human rights violations. The UN Economic and Security Council established the
1338:
is the law that has been chosen to govern the case, which is generally foreign, and the
1190:
with the requirement that the USSR would have to authorise any UNSC action, adopted the
558:
12900:
12564:
12353:
11675:
11591:
11581:
11414:
11377:
11307:
11246:
11229:
11183:
11093:
11007:
10821:
10626:
10621:
10594:
10532:
10383:
10078:
9687:
9346:
9200:
9185:
9163:
8907:
8887:
8840:
8830:
8605:
8575:
8544:
8478:
8379:
8360:
8221:
8088:
7969:
7961:
7884:
7802:
7749:
7612:
7512:
7467:
7459:
7209:
6890:
6882:
6809:
6492:
6484:
6425:
6301:
6247:
6154:
6133:
5883:
2268:
2228:
1726:
1718:
1611:
1014:
718:
678:
638:
554:
388:
189:
149:
102:
97:, can be met with disapproval by others and in some cases coercive action ranging from
31:
12190:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
8347:
8328:
6398:
6206:
2022:
There have been various agreements to outlaw particular types of weapons, such as the
1504:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
426:
12698:
12663:
12606:
12574:
12491:
11805:
11695:
11680:
11660:
11571:
11518:
11490:
11472:
11275:
11151:
11144:
10957:
10905:
10883:
10811:
10537:
10338:
10333:
9672:
9594:
9432:
9170:
9123:
9048:
9042:
8800:
8684:
8656:
8631:
8617:
8609:
8597:
8548:
8536:
8492:
8464:
8432:
8404:
8383:
8364:
8352:
8313:
8249:
8213:
8179:
8132:
8111:
8020:
7992:
7973:
7953:
7907:
7888:
7876:
7839:
7780:
7765:
7735:
7707:
7666:
7655:
Rothwell, Donald; Oude Elferink, Alex G.; Scott, Karen Nadine; Stephens, Tim (2015).
7641:
7616:
7604:
7567:
7538:
7516:
7504:
7471:
7451:
7412:
7387:
7360:
7335:
7284:
7230:
7220:
7190:
7163:
7138:
7110:
7080:
7049:
7013:
6974:
6946:
6916:
6894:
6874:
6832:
6801:
6764:
6737:
6681:
6656:
6610:
6583:
6555:
6530:
6496:
6476:
6436:
6409:
6382:
6357:
6305:
6293:
6289:
6251:
6217:
6165:
6125:
6100:
6075:
6054:
6027:
5979:
5931:
5906:
5875:
5828:
5820:
5774:
5739:
5669:
5557:
5519:
5479:
2814:
2494:
2374:
2320:
2219:
truths. The 16th-century natural law writer de Vitoria examined the questions of the
2209:
1955:
1805:
1747:
1690:
1647:
1581:
1405:
1367:
1311:
1010:
714:
706:
541:, creating an organised source of law that could be referenced by different nations.
534:
336:
308:
216:
12185:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
11950:
8532:
5499:
2129:
2019:
began to be implemented, providing that the law would generally be deemed to apply.
968:, the convention was only considered to have the force of law in national law after
789:, which is considered authoritative in this regard. These categories are, in order,
12849:
12718:
12641:
12295:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
11566:
11556:
11382:
11330:
11234:
11098:
10987:
10937:
10915:
10910:
10841:
10655:
10604:
10353:
10165:
9677:
9644:
9143:
9007:
9002:
8967:
8589:
8528:
8342:
8278:
8080:
7945:
7868:
7829:
7794:
7596:
7496:
7443:
7310:
7258:
7247:"'Hybrid courts': The hybrid category of a new type of international crimes courts"
7041:
7003:
6866:
6793:
6729:
6522:
6468:
6331:
6285:
6265:
5867:
5812:
5766:
5731:
5700:
5661:
5549:
5515:
5511:
2412:
2359:
2277:
2231:
while the relations among polities ought to be governed by the law of peoples, the
2123:
2068:
1781:
1734:
1316:
1297:
on a legal question, which are generally considered non-binding but authoritative.
1294:
899:
637:
in 1648, which is considered the seminal event in international law. The resulting
542:
476:, non-Islamic realms that concluded an armistice with a Muslim government; and the
434:
220:
196:
12155:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
6184:"A Community of Courts: Toward a System of International Criminal Law Enforcement"
1214:
1168:, where they have legal personality and the right to do so in their constitution.
537:(1327–1400), provided commentaries and compilations of Roman, ecclesiastical, and
212:
as "all law which regulates actions or events that transcend national frontiers".
12876:
12678:
12673:
12668:
12586:
12239:
11940:
11880:
11765:
11613:
11608:
11586:
11506:
11460:
11217:
11171:
11069:
11046:
11029:
11002:
10787:
10721:
10522:
10388:
10358:
10328:
10215:
10170:
9926:
9899:
9887:
9867:
9801:
9779:
9759:
9754:
9734:
9599:
9579:
9574:
9477:
9437:
9148:
9073:
8997:
8982:
8902:
8674:
8621:
8560:
8510:
8482:
8398:
8373:
8303:
8204:
8126:
8101:
8010:
7982:
7897:
7834:
7725:
7721:
7656:
7625:
7528:
7402:
7350:
7272:
7204:
7153:
7128:
7094:
6964:
6906:
6822:
6671:
6573:
6450:
6372:
6347:
6201:
6090:
6069:
6023:
6017:
6013:
5921:
5896:
5689:"The Re-Emergence of Conquest: International Law and the Legitimate Use of Force"
2393:
2302:
1996:
1746:
has specified that a state has sovereign rights over the resources of the entire
1640:
1468:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1364:
New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards
1359:
1090:
1052:
937:
506:
399:
356:
258:
254:
125:
94:
90:
8055:
6696:
5770:
4822:
383:
was divided into various states, which over time developed rules of neutrality,
12475:
11970:
11890:
11845:
11785:
11750:
11542:
11455:
11360:
11268:
11059:
10893:
10816:
10378:
10124:
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas
10046:
10003:
9811:
9729:
9318:
9284:
9235:
9220:
8992:
8897:
8877:
8867:
8450:
7925:
7524:
7063:
6846:
6343:
5871:
5704:
2807:
Medieval Maritime Law from Oléron to Wisby: Jurisdictions in the Law of the Sea
2398:
2197:
2016:
1984:
1874:
1730:
1701:
1660:
1636:
888:
745:
726:
654:
514:
430:
417:
316:
224:
185:
161:
55:
7872:
7600:
7553:
7500:
7447:
7314:
6733:
6472:
5665:
1931:
1028: UN member states that at least one other member state does not recognise
30:"Law of Nations" redirects here. For the 18th-century political treatise, see
12910:
12042:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
11925:
11810:
11725:
11670:
11530:
11450:
11345:
11195:
11188:
11081:
11034:
10927:
10783:
10470:
10442:
9857:
9816:
9702:
9682:
9654:
9604:
9569:
9543:
9538:
9531:
9482:
9422:
9262:
9252:
9210:
9133:
9128:
9058:
9017:
8941:
8601:
8540:
8356:
8282:
8245:
8217:
8193:
8147:
8036:
8006:
7957:
7880:
7843:
7761:
7608:
7571:
7508:
7455:
7124:
7045:
7017:
6878:
6805:
6768:
6741:
6534:
6480:
6297:
6129:
5879:
5824:
5816:
5743:
5688:
5673:
5523:
5005:
2805:
2119:
1963:
1910:
1878:
1849:
1821:
1809:
1342:
is the national law of the court making the determination. Some examples are
1320:
1102:
1020:
763:
618:
445:
438:
209:
133:
10752:
8755:
7234:
7130:
The Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles: Rights and Responsibilities
6797:
5441:
5439:
2215:
The natural law approach argues that international norms should be based on
12738:
12658:
12611:
11960:
11760:
11665:
11511:
11485:
11394:
11076:
11064:
11012:
10972:
10967:
10831:
10826:
10562:
10155:
9989:
9739:
9707:
9662:
9400:
9395:
9366:
9279:
9257:
9225:
9158:
9138:
9032:
8972:
8962:
8914:
8872:
8850:
8793:
8233:
8066:"The Relationship of Private International Law to Public International Law"
7242:
7186:
6960:
6930:
6902:
6626:"Uncharted Waters: Non-innocent Passage of Warships in the Territorial Sea"
6145:
5832:
2379:
2296:
2205:
2146:
2043:
1870:
1817:
1677:
1666:
1523:
1417:
1219:
722:
710:
642:
576:
569:
549:, which provided comprehensive commentary on the laws of war and treaties.
422:
421:("merchant law"), which concerned trade and commerce; and various codes of
412:
403:
372:
328:
268:
205:
200:
177:
75:
12378:
7008:
6673:
Making the Law of the Sea: A Study in the Development of International Law
6335:
5735:
1792:, which operated between 1948 and 1994, when the WTO was established. The
1479:
Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women
387:, and international conduct, and established both temporary and permanent
12824:
12703:
12683:
12596:
12581:
12496:
11900:
11648:
11643:
11635:
11620:
11445:
11350:
11161:
10997:
10962:
10942:
10922:
10900:
10865:
9911:
9852:
9842:
9639:
9634:
9472:
9373:
9289:
9248:
9215:
9180:
9103:
9027:
8977:
8892:
8738:
8556:
8515:"Political Science Research on International Law: The State of the Field"
8299:
7921:
6546:
Research Handbook on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as Human Rights
6526:
6504:
5970:
Islamic International Law: Historical Foundations and Al-Shaybani's Siyar
5436:
5397:
5324:
5065:
5053:
5029:
4942:
4471:
4180:
2452:
2256:
2240:
2100:
2008:
1671:
1400:
1319:, also known as private international law, was originally concerned with
1098:
702:
662:
646:
633:
The developments of the 17th century culminated at the conclusion of the
502:
487:
340:
292:
272:
263:
172:
51:
12871:
8225:
8198:
7754:
7554:"Hierarchy and the Sources of International Law: A Critical Perspective"
6488:
6455:
6137:
6116:
5629:
4539:
4537:
1040: Non-UN member states recognised only by other non-UN member states
456:
in the eighth century, which served as a fundamental reference work for
12888:
12708:
11431:
11419:
11389:
11355:
11295:
10977:
10459:
9975:
9904:
9784:
9722:
9467:
9388:
9383:
9341:
9323:
9311:
9272:
9118:
9108:
9068:
9053:
9037:
8987:
8924:
8919:
8676:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F
8092:
8065:
7965:
7930:
7806:
7463:
7428:
6886:
6851:
4585:
4549:
4047:
4045:
3643:
2004:
1979:, considered the protection of innocent parties in conflict zones. The
1842:
1813:
1580:
It has been claimed that there is no concept of discrete international
1251:
1160:. These organisations also have the power to enter treaties, using the
1129:
were the sole subjects of international law. With the proliferation of
849:
785:
applied by the community of nations are listed in Article 38(1) of the
744:
In the 1940s through the 1970s, the dissolution of the Soviet bloc and
741:(ILC) was established in 1947 to develop and codify international law.
614:
538:
510:
429:— aimed at regulating shipping in North-western Europe — and the later
6813:
6778:
6542:
Dugard, Jackie; Porter, Bruce; Ikawa, Daniela; Chenwi, Lilian (2020).
5887:
5852:
5719:
5089:
1556:
The ILO have also created labour standards which are set out in their
89:, since there is no universally accepted authority to enforce it upon
12814:
12569:
11865:
11702:
11437:
11399:
10992:
10806:
10631:
9882:
9847:
9789:
9764:
9629:
9526:
9514:
9499:
9487:
9415:
9333:
9306:
9190:
8460:
7408:
7352:
Research Handbook on Jurisdiction and Immunities in International Law
5902:
5470:
von Stein, Jana (2012), Dunoff, Jeffrey L.; Pollack, Mark A. (eds.),
4971:
4969:
4858:
4573:
4561:
4534:
4522:
4387:
4324:
3771:
3769:
2447:
2383:
2216:
2089:
2064:
2003:
covers civilians. These conventions were supplemented the additional
1959:
1586:
Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
1440:(ICESCR). These two documents along with the UDHR are considered the
1280:
1223:
1034: Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member state
606:
408:
364:
360:
312:
98:
67:
12883:
10454:
9970:
8084:
7949:
7798:
7263:
7246:
6870:
5995:"A Functional Approach to "General Principles of International Law""
4993:
4930:
4894:
4882:
4129:
4042:
3943:
3895:
3264:
3262:
1246:. There are additionally a number of regional courts, including the
12621:
12559:
12538:
12160:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
11855:
11551:
11372:
11200:
11115:
11054:
11017:
10599:
10206:
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
9931:
9916:
9619:
9504:
9301:
8845:
8593:
5799:
Gostin, Lawrence O.; Habibi, Roojin; Meier, Benjamin Mason (2020).
5406:
2462:
2442:
2260:
2224:
2220:
2081:
1334:
1187:
241:
117:
10254:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina
7981:
Slagter, Tracy H.; van Doorn, John D.; Slomanson, William (2022).
7654:
5191:
4966:
4828:
4631:
4629:
4627:
3766:
3450:
3448:
2299:
argued that international society is better described as anarchy.
1991:
covers combatants at sea who are wounded, ill or shipwrecked, the
1279:
The ICJ operates as one of the six organs of the UN, based out of
249:, among the earliest extant examples of an international agreement
11770:
11625:
11537:
10015:
9821:
9769:
9749:
9697:
9509:
9427:
9243:
9205:
9153:
7816:"What We Talk about When We Talk about General Principles of Law"
7682:"The morality of the fallen man: Samuel Pufendorf on natural law"
6456:"China's Approach to International Law: A Historical Perspective"
5402:"Biden lifts sanctions on International Criminal Court officials"
5307:
5305:
4158:
4156:
3967:
3679:
3631:
3286:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3205:
3121:
2923:
2827:
2369:
2103:
them to any other interested state. It was in the 1990s that two
2085:
1686:
1158:
Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations
580:
331:
established an early conceptual framework for international law,
288:
199:; the latter is concerned with whether national courts can claim
86:
10141:
Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
8012:
The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War
7429:"Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth"
7378:
Research Handbook on the Theory and History of International Law
7326:
Research Handbook on the Theory and History of International Law
5017:
4981:
4918:
4846:
4798:
4786:
4500:
4498:
4447:
4435:
4341:
4339:
4141:
3979:
3931:
1939:(1864) is one of the earliest formulations of international law.
1142:(IGOs), which are created by inter-governmental agreements, and
601:
expanded on the theories of Grotius and grounded natural law to
12713:
12601:
11790:
10616:
9921:
9774:
9519:
9410:
9405:
9351:
9022:
8488:
8240:
Power Politics: The Definitive Study of International Relations
4665:
4624:
4363:
4081:
4069:
4008:
4006:
3445:
1370:, although it does not have jurisdiction over court judgments.
1324:
911:
810:
790:
602:
463:
384:
304:
276:
121:
12205:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
12068:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
10244:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits (1936)
8170:
Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law
5617:
5302:
4954:
4689:
4153:
3820:
3073:
1665:
Legal territory can be divided into four categories. There is
1438:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
1366:
was introduced in 1958 to internationalise the enforcement of
12688:
12445:
12024:
11755:
11745:
11740:
11212:
11207:
9862:
9806:
9712:
9553:
9356:
8855:
8749:
7106:
5426:
5424:
4495:
4483:
4459:
4336:
3754:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3460:
3334:
3157:
3061:
2887:
2751:
2749:
2264:
705:, which spurred the creation of international organisations.
482:
458:
324:
160:
The modern term "international law" was originally coined by
71:
10131:
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III)
8043:
George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics
5720:"New Great Powers and International Law in the 21st Century"
5131:
4774:
4750:
4713:
4653:
4597:
4423:
4276:
4204:
4018:
4003:
3691:
3595:
3501:
3499:
3022:
3010:
2507:
1713:
1105:, human rights are often tied to someone's nationality. The
935:
The adoption of the VCLT in 1969 established the concept of
12465:
11885:
9744:
9692:
9548:
8946:
8862:
6374:
An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure
5581:
5569:
5121:
5119:
5106:
5104:
4312:
3169:
3133:
3097:
3085:
2935:
2863:
2567:
2555:
1903:
1793:
1549:
of 1944, which re-defined the purpose of the ILO. The 1998
1013:. There was originally an intention that a state must have
280:
12011:
10146:
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
8779:
6371:
Cryer, Robert; Robinson, Darryl; Vasiliev, Sergey (2019).
5421:
4870:
4117:
4105:
3793:
3781:
3727:
3193:
3051:
3049:
3000:
2998:
2959:
2947:
2746:
2640:
2638:
665:
of 1863, which governed the conduct of warfare during the
12745:
10666:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
10109:
Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone
8816:
7980:
5650:"The Challenges to International Law in the 21st Century"
5593:
5378:
5354:
5254:
5220:
5218:
5071:
5059:
5035:
5011:
4614:
4612:
4510:
4477:
4186:
3655:
3559:
3547:
3496:
3472:
3435:
3433:
2983:
2911:
2710:
2686:
2364:
2112:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
1705:
customary law until the 20th century, beginning with the
63:
12074:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
8734:
7689:
Suomen Historiallinen Seura (Finnish Historical Society)
7101:
Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace
5155:
5143:
5116:
5101:
5041:
4762:
4701:
4677:
4411:
4399:
4288:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4192:
4168:
4057:
3991:
3955:
3919:
3859:
3832:
3810:
3808:
3523:
3406:
3382:
3346:
2773:
2591:
2579:
1847:
The law relating to the initiation of armed conflict is
1738:
sanitary regulations". States are also able to claim an
1685:, reflecting Roman property law: occupation, accretion,
1627:, intended to set out a framework for the mitigation of
1551:
Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work
1006:
Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States
520:
167:
Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
11870:
10701:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
8505:
7756:
International Institutional Law: Unity within Diversity
6779:"The New Oppenheim and Its Theory of International Law"
6541:
4641:
4591:
4579:
4567:
4555:
4543:
4528:
4093:
4030:
3907:
3883:
3871:
3849:
3847:
3619:
3607:
3418:
3370:
3298:
3145:
3046:
3034:
2995:
2851:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2635:
2625:
2623:
1861:. These fundamental principles were re-affirmed in the
1804:
in 1971. During this recession, British Prime Minister
1594:
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
253:
The origins of international law can be traced back to
8785:
7632:
Ethics of War: Shared Problems in Different Traditions
5451:
5290:
5266:
5230:
5215:
5167:
4906:
4834:
4810:
4609:
4375:
3715:
3703:
3667:
3583:
3484:
3430:
3358:
3322:
3223:
2899:
2785:
2722:
2698:
2610:
2608:
2606:
628:
12860:
12170:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
12086:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
8199:"Punishment of War Crimes by International Tribunals"
6370:
6011:
5763:
Research Handbook on International Law and Cyberspace
5605:
5546:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies
5445:
5278:
5242:
5203:
5179:
4393:
4351:
4330:
3805:
3511:
2734:
1778:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
1625:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1499:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1330:
determining whether foreign judgments can be enforced
980:
approach customary law. Many countries with older or
923:
has argued that there is a general presumption of an
755:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
709:
was generally recognized as international law before
684:
553:(1486–1546), who was concerned with the treatment of
371:
saw the development of two major schools of thought,
12265:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
12200:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
12091:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
8758:
at the United Nations Library and Archives in Geneva
7211:
The League of Nations: its life and times, 1920-1946
6342:
5366:
5342:
5095:
5077:
4975:
4300:
3844:
3571:
2875:
2620:
1434:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
8771:
Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law
7727:
An Introduction to the International Criminal Court
7404:
Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law
6242:
Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws
3535:
3394:
3310:
3274:
3181:
3109:
2971:
2839:
2603:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2458:
Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL)
1449:
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
12319:
10656:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
8237:
8197:
8167:
8064:
8035:
7929:
7852:
7753:
7629:
7580:
7480:
7427:
7375:
7323:
7276:
7208:
7178:
7098:
7029:
6934:
6850:
6777:
6713:
6644:
6598:
6543:
6454:
6424:
6397:
6269:
6239:
6205:
6153:
6115:
6042:
5967:
5946:
5851:
2761:
2319:worldwide pandemics. The possible re-emergence of
2280:and it deems irrelevant all extralegal arguments.
10239:Treaty of Versailles, Part XII, Section VI (1919)
8737:, the United Nations' centralised website on the
8403:(in French) (10th ed.). Éditions A. Pedone.
6156:Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law
5798:
480:, non-Islamic lands which were contested through
327:and, occasionally, with neighbouring states. The
12908:
12364:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
10686:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
10661:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
8574:Kentikelenis, Alexander E.; Babb, Sarah (2019).
8573:
8326:
7748:
6144:
5757:Buchan, Russell; Navarrete, Iñaki (2021-12-14),
5478:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 477–501,
5023:
4999:
4987:
4948:
4936:
4924:
4900:
4888:
4864:
4852:
4804:
4792:
4147:
4135:
4087:
4075:
4051:
3985:
3949:
3937:
3901:
3685:
3637:
3466:
3454:
3340:
2513:
2179:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
2073:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1969:Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
1950:(law in war) covers IHL, which is distinct from
1884:. The ICJ considered collective self-defence in
12080:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
10302:UNEP regional seas conventions and action plans
8445:
8037:"The Privatization of Public International Law"
5756:
2313:
2163:Special Panels for Serious Crimes in East Timor
1909:On humanitarian grounds, the use of landmines (
770:
415:institutions and clergy throughout Europe; the
12451:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
12195:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
10500:
8644:
7400:
7373:
7348:
7321:
7036:. ASIL Studies in International Legal Theory.
6751:"Individuals as Subjects of International Law"
5575:
5311:
5197:
4960:
4695:
4504:
4489:
4465:
4453:
4441:
4429:
4162:
3775:
3649:
3292:
3268:
3253:
3241:
3211:
3163:
3127:
3067:
3028:
2893:
2833:
2468:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)
1416:Following World War II, the modern system for
1120:
12394:
12339:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
11997:
10782:
10768:
10486:
10412:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
10101:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
10031:
8801:
8327:Babb, Sarah; Kentikelenis, Alexander (2021).
7984:Fundamental Perspectives on International Law
6721:International & Comparative Law Quarterly
6596:
6230:
5765:, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 231–252,
4671:
4659:
4635:
4603:
4369:
4345:
4318:
3973:
2184:
2049:
1744:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
1300:
787:Statute of the International Court of Justice
12349:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
12235:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
8477:
7679:
7623:
7488:International Journal of Middle East Studies
7478:
7181:Cheshire and North Private International Law
6349:Principles of International Humanitarian Law
6067:
3826:
3091:
3079:
2929:
2869:
2350:List of International Court of Justice cases
2069:International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg
1144:international non-governmental organisations
12408:
12344:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
12165:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
8645:Lawson, Edward; Bertucci, Mary Lou (1996).
7920:
7302:Journal of the History of International Law
6395:
6178:
5859:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
5587:
5360:
3760:
3748:
3697:
363:along China's western periphery beyond the
81:International law differs from state-based
12401:
12387:
12101:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
12053:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
12004:
11990:
10775:
10761:
10671:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
10493:
10479:
10038:
10024:
8808:
8794:
8033:
7854:"Normative Hierarchy in International Law"
7479:Parvin, Manoucher; Sommer, Maurie (1980).
7093:
7024:
6987:
6908:The Concept of Treaty in International Law
6400:The Concept of Custom in International Law
6264:
5948:"The Doctrine of Legal Equality of States"
5635:
5623:
5500:"Compliance with International Agreements"
4733:"Status of Ratification of the Convention"
4516:
3799:
3787:
2597:
2585:
2116:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
1520:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
1115:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
1097:or where someone is claiming rights under
1004:A state is defined under Article 1 of the
529:(1313–1357) was considered the founder of
195:There is a distinction between public and
116:(general state practice accepted as law),
12466:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
12026:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
10691:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
10186:International Plant Protection Convention
8669:
8616:
8346:
8262:
8165:
8131:. Springer Science & Business Media.
8062:
7937:The American Journal of International Law
7833:
7658:The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea
7262:
7203:
7069:Perspectives on Public Choice: A Handbook
7032:International Criminal Law and Philosophy
7007:
6858:The American Journal of International Law
6597:Finkin, Matthew W.; Mundlak, Guy (2015).
6323:Journal of International Criminal Justice
5992:
5954:The British Yearbook of International Law
5849:
5469:
3961:
3925:
3412:
3388:
3229:
3199:
3016:
2965:
2813:. Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press.
2779:
2573:
2561:
2486:
1917:) is prohibited under international law.
1894:government against another member of the
1836:
1707:League of Nations Codification Conference
1101:but as, argued by the political theorist
681:, the first of which was passed in 1864.
12255:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
9953:History of the American legal profession
8762:Public International Law, Research Guide
8750:Audiovisual Library of International Law
8145:
8124:
8099:
7425:
7271:
6959:
6929:
6901:
6845:
6669:
6642:
6040:
5686:
5325:"The States Parties to the Rome Statute"
5161:
5149:
5137:
5125:
5110:
5047:
4816:
4780:
4768:
4756:
4719:
4707:
4683:
4647:
4618:
4417:
4405:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4222:
4210:
4198:
4123:
4111:
4036:
4024:
4012:
3997:
3736:
3721:
3709:
3673:
3661:
3589:
3565:
3553:
3490:
3478:
3439:
3175:
3151:
3139:
3103:
3055:
2989:
2953:
2941:
2917:
2905:
2857:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2128:
2015:clause, but this posed concerns and the
1977:International Committee of the Red Cross
1930:
1761:
1712:
1654:
1610:
1399:
1256:Court of Justice of the Andean Community
1240:Permanent Court of International Justice
1213:
1125:Traditionally, sovereign states and the
1019:
840:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
838:A treaty is defined in Article 2 of the
821:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
814:
688:
563:
240:
12471:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
8417:
8396:
8371:
8305:Indigenous Peoples in International Law
7895:
7850:
7781:"The Legal Nature of International Law"
7720:
7279:A Concise History of the Law of Nations
7062:
6449:
6200:
6068:Björgvinsson, Davíd Thór (2015-11-27).
5759:"Cyber espionage and international law"
5497:
5272:
5260:
5248:
5236:
5224:
5209:
5185:
5173:
5072:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022
5060:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022
5036:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022
5012:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022
4478:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022
4187:Slagter, van Doorn & Slomanson 2022
4099:
3889:
3877:
3814:
3364:
2803:
2755:
2355:List of international public law topics
1209:
1152:Yearbook of International Organizations
1009:allowing Israel to be admitted despite
988:
959:Monism and dualism in international law
864:
14:
12909:
12063:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
12013:International human rights instruments
8555:
8155:Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht
7241:
7123:
6820:
6711:
6623:
6503:
6461:Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting
6312:
6088:
5965:
5894:
5654:Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting
5535:
5533:
5457:
5430:
5372:
5348:
4912:
4876:
4840:
4306:
4063:
3517:
3505:
2845:
2291:asserted that due to the principle of
1790:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1784:) and the IMF. At the conference, the
1248:Court of Justice of the European Union
1198:, which has been notably been used in
12382:
12318:
12221:
12175:Convention on the Rights of the Child
12130:
12129:
12112:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
12047:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
12023:
11985:
10756:
10474:
10019:
8789:
8782:of the International Court of Justice
8775:American Society of International Law
8520:American Journal of International Law
8298:
8232:
8005:
7860:American Journal of International Law
7778:
7695:
7578:
7551:
7523:
7291:
7176:
6995:European Journal of International Law
6852:"Islam and the Modern Law of Nations"
6775:
6748:
6568:
6422:
6189:Michigan Journal of International Law
6000:Michigan Journal of International Law
5944:
5805:Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
5724:European Journal of International Law
5687:Mulligan, Michael (October 1, 2020).
5647:
5611:
5599:
5554:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.55
5539:
5396:
5384:
5083:
4381:
4357:
3913:
3577:
3529:
3352:
3328:
3280:
3187:
2881:
2791:
2629:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2323:as international law is contentious.
2155:complicated relationship with the ICC
1831:
1602:multilateral environmental agreements
1489:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1430:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1410:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1087:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
952:
521:Emergence of modern international law
513:(1135–1204) and Christian theologian
10136:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
8192:
7821:Chinese Journal of International Law
7813:
7559:Houston Journal of International Law
7151:
6694:
6113:
5919:
5296:
5284:
4174:
3865:
3853:
3838:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3541:
3424:
3400:
3376:
3316:
3304:
3115:
3040:
3004:
2977:
2767:
2740:
2614:
2283:
1569:
1516:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
1111:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
396:collapse of the western Roman Empire
85:in that it operates largely through
12282:American Convention on Human Rights
10181:Ballast Water Management Convention
10114:Convention on the Continental Shelf
8372:Capaldo, Giuliana Ziccardi (2013).
5717:
5542:"Compliance With International Law"
5530:
5446:Cryer, Robinson & Vasiliev 2019
4394:Beaumont, Anton & McEleavy 2011
4331:Beaumont, Anton & McEleavy 2011
1920:
1853:. This was codified in 1928 in the
1717:Breakdown of the rules surrounding
1600:of 1972. Despite these, and other,
1305:
1272:and to resolve disputes during the
966:European Convention on Human Rights
629:Establishment of Westphalian system
472:, where Islamic law prevailed; the
307:across the world, from the eastern
24:
12544:International relations since 1989
12534:Diplomatic history of World War II
12456:International Criminal Court (ICC)
12260:European Convention on Nationality
10307:List of maritime boundary treaties
10074:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
10045:
8623:The Continent of International Law
8567:University of North Carolina Press
8291:
7401:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2022).
7374:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2020).
7349:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2015).
7322:Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2011).
5504:Annual Review of Political Science
2389:Centre for International Law (CIL)
2036:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
1442:International Bill of Human Rights
685:20th and 21st century developments
25:
12948:
12840:International political sociology
12250:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
11966:Western European and Others Group
8937:Restitution and unjust enrichment
8699:
8348:10.1146/annurev-soc-090220-025543
7028:; Hoskins, Zachary, eds. (2009).
6756:Cornell International Law Journal
6514:Fordham International Law Journal
6346:; Weston-Scheuber, Kylie (2013).
5648:Jeria, Michelle Bachelet (2016).
1683:acquiring territorial sovereignty
1238:, prior to World War I, when the
1236:Central American Court of Justice
1171:
599:Of the Law of Nature and Nations,
12894:
12882:
12870:
12222:
10453:
10296:UN FAO regional fisheries bodies
10249:Egypt–Israel peace treaty (1979)
10191:International Health Regulations
9984:
9983:
9969:
8103:The Sources of International Law
6290:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2012.01306.x
5792:
5750:
5711:
5680:
5641:
5491:
5463:
5390:
5317:
5096:Crowe & Weston-Scheuber 2013
4976:Crowe & Weston-Scheuber 2013
4725:
2428:International constitutional law
1786:International Trade Organization
1543:International Labor Organization
906:The second element of the test,
339:. Adopting the Greek concept of
27:Norms in international relations
12835:International political economy
10374:Law of carriage of goods by sea
9948:History of the legal profession
8533:10.5305/amerjintelaw.106.1.0047
8270:Journal of European Integration
6785:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
3217:
2797:
2490:Understanding International Law
2293:par in parem non habet imperium
1896:Organization of American States
1576:International environmental law
1389:
1346:, the law of the domicile, and
1138:has emphasised a split between
1093:with the exception of cases of
1048:par in parem non habet imperium
819:Parties and signatories to the
494:served as precursors to modern
433:, enacted among the commercial
257:. With origins tracing back to
12322:International humanitarian law
10732:International humanitarian law
10676:Special Court for Sierra Leone
10407:International Seabed Authority
10201:Terrestrial Animal Health Code
6045:International Law in Antiquity
5923:Modern Treaty Law and Practice
5516:10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.75
2480:
2171:Special Court for Sierra Leone
1944:International humanitarian law
1927:International humanitarian law
1512:European Court of Human Rights
1396:International human rights law
1350:, the law of the nationality.
1228:International Court of Justice
1192:"Uniting for Peace" resolution
1140:inter-government organisations
1136:UN Economic and Social Council
1107:European Court of Human Rights
1075:
731:International Court of Justice
695:International Court of Justice
671:Permanent Court of Arbitration
496:international humanitarian law
283:(approximately 3100 BCE), and
155:
142:European Court of Human Rights
13:
1:
12290:to Prevent and Punish Torture
10234:Copenhagen Convention of 1857
8581:American Journal of Sociology
8034:Steinhardt, Ralph G. (1991).
6643:Gardiner, Richard K. (2008).
6423:Degan, Vladimir Đuro (1997).
6016:; McEleavy, Peter E. (2011).
5993:Bassiouni, M. Cherif (1990).
5638:, pp. 281, 289, 323–234.
2487:Henderson, Conway W. (2010).
2474:
2097:UN Convention against Torture
2028:Biological Weapons Convention
1798:fixed currency exchange rates
1725:The boundaries of a nation's
1529:
1428:in 1946, which developed the
1426:UN Commission on Human Rights
921:International Law Association
653:(1679–1754) and Swiss jurist
12803:Related fields and subfields
10696:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
10681:International Criminal Court
10272:Convention of Constantinople
8725:Resources in other libraries
8648:Encyclopedia of Human Rights
8176:Macmillan Publishing Company
7752:; Blokker, Niels M. (2011).
6427:Sources of International Law
6396:D'Amato, Anthony A. (1971).
6271:"What Is Transnational Law?"
5853:"International Law in India"
5329:International Criminal Court
5024:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
5000:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4988:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4949:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4937:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4925:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4901:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4889:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4865:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4853:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4805:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4793:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4148:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4136:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
4088:Schermers & Blokker 2011
4076:Schermers & Blokker 2011
4052:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3986:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3950:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3938:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3902:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3686:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3638:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3467:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3455:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
3341:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
2514:Brownlie & Crawford 2012
2314:Challenges and controversies
2191:International legal theories
2175:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
2143:International Criminal Court
2135:International Criminal Court
2046:on the international stage.
1563:Right to Organise Convention
783:sources of international law
777:Sources of international law
771:Sources of international law
739:International Law Commission
323:were negotiated between its
237:History of international law
146:International Criminal Court
130:relationship and interaction
110:sources of international law
54:, norms, and standards that
7:
10737:International speech crimes
10518:Customary international law
10119:Convention on the High Seas
8456:Christianity and Global Law
8397:Carreau, Dominique (2009).
8166:von Glahn, Gerhard (1992).
8063:Stevenson, John R. (1952).
7680:Saastamoinen, Kari (1995).
7535:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
6913:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
6712:Jacobs, Francis G. (1969).
6433:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
6074:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
6041:Bederman, David J. (2001).
5898:International Organizations
5771:10.4337/9781789904253.00021
5472:"The Engines of Compliance"
2342:
2024:Chemical Weapons Convention
1800:to be dropped in favour of
1547:Declaration of Philadelphia
1131:international organisations
1121:International organisations
916:North Sea Continental Shelf
895:North Sea Continental Shelf
871:Customary international law
804:
795:customary international law
751:International Monetary Fund
621:(1590–1661) in England and
568:A portrait of Dutch jurist
437:of northern Europe and the
245:The Hittite version of the
60:international organizations
10:
12953:
12845:Peace and conflict studies
12461:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
12286:Inter-American Convention
12150:Convention against Torture
10558:Convention Against Torture
10502:International criminal law
10196:Aquatic Animal Health Code
10161:Seabed Arms Control Treaty
9615:International legal theory
9094:International slavery laws
9089:International human rights
9084:International criminal law
8735:United Nations Rule of Law
8628:Cambridge University Press
8484:Droit international public
8429:Cambridge University Press
8334:Annual Review of Sociology
8263:Yepremyan, Tigran (2022).
8017:Cambridge University Press
7989:Cambridge University Press
7835:10.1093/chinesejil/jmab019
7732:Cambridge University Press
7638:Taylor & Francis Group
7435:International Organization
7426:Osiander, Andreas (2001).
7217:Leicester University Press
7077:Cambridge University Press
7038:Cambridge University Press
6971:Cambridge University Press
6943:Cambridge University Press
6678:Cambridge University Press
6379:Cambridge University Press
6313:Cowell, Frederick (2017).
6208:International Criminal Law
6051:Cambridge University Press
5966:Bashir, Khaled R. (2018).
5928:Cambridge University Press
5842:
5707:– via Springer Link.
5705:10.1007/s10991-020-09250-3
2188:
2185:International legal theory
2167:Kosovo Specialist Chambers
2145:(ICC), established by the
2061:International criminal law
2056:International criminal law
2053:
2050:International criminal law
1985:wounded and ill combatants
1924:
1887:Nicaragua v. United States
1840:
1765:
1658:
1633:conferences of the parties
1606:UN Environmental Programme
1573:
1533:
1506:– to enforce their rights.
1418:international human rights
1393:
1309:
1301:Social and economic policy
1068:, commercial actions, and
995:International legal system
992:
956:
868:
808:
774:
533:. Another Italian jurist,
343:, the Romans conceived of
234:
230:
29:
12802:
12754:
12552:
12509:
12484:
12438:
12429:
12416:
12329:
12314:
12230:
12217:
12140:
12125:
12032:
12019:
11736:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
11716:
11634:
11471:
11306:
11177:Standard Average European
11045:
10874:
10794:
10727:Joint criminal enterprise
10709:
10640:
10571:
10508:
10438:
10420:
10397:
10319:
10285:
10262:
10224:
10066:
10055:
9963:
9940:
9830:
9668:Administration of justice
9653:
9562:
9453:
9332:
9234:
8955:
8823:
8720:Resources in your library
8375:The Pillars of Global Law
7873:10.1017/S0002930000016675
7601:10.1177/00471178030172005
7501:10.1017/S0020743800000246
7448:10.1162/00208180151140577
7152:Neff, Stephen C. (2014).
6624:Froman, F. David (1984).
6473:10.1017/S0272503700055956
6019:Private International Law
5850:Alexander, C. H. (1952).
5666:10.1017/S0272503700102435
5498:Simmons, Beth A. (1998).
4672:Finkin & Mundlak 2015
4660:Finkin & Mundlak 2015
4636:Finkin & Mundlak 2015
4604:Finkin & Mundlak 2015
4370:Collins & Harris 2022
4346:Collins & Harris 2022
4319:Collins & Harris 2022
3974:Collins & Harris 2022
2408:Global administrative law
2133:The building housing the
1913:) and cluster munitions (
1457:Universal Periodic Review
1404:US ambassador to the UN,
999:
889:Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries
759:World Health Organization
591:principles of natural law
531:private international law
215:A more recent concept is
197:private international law
11876:Lancaster House Treaties
11366:Christian existentialism
11326:Ancient Roman philosophy
11316:Ancient Greek philosophy
10647:(in order of foundation)
10364:International piracy law
10277:Torrijos–Carter Treaties
10094:Fourth Geneva Convention
10084:Second Geneva Convention
9445:Basic structure doctrine
9295:Natural and legal rights
9176:Public international law
8513:; Lupu, Yonatan (2012).
8507:Hafner-Burton, Emilie M.
8481:; Kerbrat, Yann (2014).
8283:10.5771/0947-9511-2021-2
8128:International Labour Law
7779:Scott, James B. (1905).
7696:Saeed, Abdullah (2018).
7160:Harvard University Press
7046:10.1017/CBO9780511642265
6988:Linderfalk, Ulf (2007).
6821:Jensen, Øystein (2020).
6670:Harrison, James (2011).
6406:Cornell University Press
6277:Law & Social Inquiry
5872:10.1093/iclqaj/1.Pt3.289
5817:10.1177/1073110520935354
5540:Stein, Jana von (2010),
4951:, pp. 301–302, 311.
3604:, pp. 277–278, 288.
2930:Rodin & Sorabji 2006
2870:Parvin & Sommer 1980
2433:International regulation
2418:International litigation
2032:Non-Proliferation Treaty
2001:Fourth Geneva Convention
1989:Second Geneva Convention
1956:principle of distinction
1774:Bretton Woods Conference
1617:greenhouse gas emissions
1590:World Charter for Nature
1536:International labour law
623:Cornelis van Bynkershoek
589:, laid down a system of
488:Islamic legal principles
353:Spring and Autumn period
44:public international law
18:Public international law
12932:International relations
12922:International trade law
12820:Foreign policy analysis
12632:International community
12410:International relations
12058:Declaration of Montreal
11654:Equality before the law
10861:Romano-Germanic culture
10585:Crimes against humanity
10430:Geneva Naval Conference
10344:Exclusive economic zone
10089:Third Geneva Convention
9625:Principle of typicality
9099:International trade law
8815:
8310:Oxford University Press
8146:van Loon, Hans (2020).
8108:Oxford University Press
8100:Thirlway, Hugh (2014).
7904:Oxford University Press
7896:Shelton, Dinah (2011).
7851:Shelton, Dinah (2006).
7704:Edward Elgar Publishing
7663:Oxford University Press
7588:International Relations
7384:Edward Elgar Publishing
7357:Edward Elgar Publishing
7332:Edward Elgar Publishing
7315:10.1023/A:1010045223652
7292:Ōnuma, Yasuaki (2000).
7135:Oxford University Press
6829:Edward Elgar Publishing
6776:Janis, Mark W. (1996).
6749:Janis, Mark W. (1984).
6734:10.1093/iclqaj/18.2.318
6653:Oxford University Press
6607:Edward Elgar Publishing
6580:Oxford University Press
6552:Edward Elgar Publishing
6354:Edward Elgar Publishing
6214:Oxford University Press
6162:Oxford University Press
6097:Oxford University Press
6089:Briggs, Adrian (2013).
5976:Edward Elgar Publishing
5588:Simma & Paulus 1999
2438:International relations
2423:International community
2078:crimes against humanity
1993:Third Geneva Convention
1981:First Geneva Convention
1937:First Geneva Convention
1802:floating exchange rates
1768:International trade law
1753:The UNCLOS defines the
1740:exclusive economic zone
1667:territorial sovereignty
1453:UN Human Rights Council
1166:Reparation for Injuries
1045:Under the principle of
982:unwritten constitutions
639:Westphalian sovereignty
527:Bartolus de Saxoferrato
148:. Treaties such as the
12937:Cultural globalization
11816:Eastern European Group
11405:Continental philosophy
11336:Judeo-Christian ethics
11321:Hellenistic philosophy
10802:Cradle of civilization
10742:Universal jurisdiction
10717:Command responsibility
10610:Incitement to genocide
10548:United Nations Charter
10294:Treaties establishing
6695:Head, John W. (1994).
6014:Anton, Alexander Elder
5920:Aust, Anthony (2007).
5895:Archer, Clive (2014).
5718:Cai, C. (2013-08-01).
4517:May & Hoskins 2009
2804:Frankot, Edda (2007).
2403:Diplomatic recognition
2138:
2092:were also recognised.
1940:
1837:War and armed conflict
1722:
1620:
1420:was developed to make
1413:
1384:universal jurisdiction
1274:Eritrean-Ethiopian war
1260:Interstate arbitration
1230:
1183:permanent five members
1042:
835:
791:international treaties
698:
586:De Jure Belli ac Pacis
572:
250:
140:tribunals such as the
83:domestic legal systems
12107:Yogyakarta Principles
11936:Three Seas Initiative
11911:Pacific Islands Forum
11776:British–Irish Council
11524:Greek Orthodox Church
10983:Industrial Revolution
10953:Scientific Revolution
10349:Freedom of navigation
10227:international straits
10105:UNCLOS I Conventions
9620:Principle of legality
9379:Delegated legislation
9079:Intellectual property
8756:Legal Research Guides
8752:at the United Nations
8746:at the United Nations
8671:Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan
8125:Valticos, N. (2013).
7579:Ralph, Jason (2003).
7552:Prost, Mario (2017).
7177:North, P. M. (1979).
7155:Justice among Nations
6798:10.1093/ojls/16.2.329
6647:Treaty Interpretation
6601:Comparative Labor Law
5945:Baker, P. J. (1923).
2932:, pp. 14, 24–25.
2132:
2124:1994 Rwandan genocide
2120:Yugoslavia after 1991
1934:
1900:regional organisation
1871:peacekeeping missions
1762:Finance and trade law
1716:
1655:Territory and the sea
1614:
1403:
1380:nationality principle
1376:territorial principle
1217:
1117:have similar powers.
1023:
974:Human Rights Act 1998
818:
692:
567:
369:Warring States period
244:
134:national legal system
12810:Comparative politics
12037:Brazilian Resolution
11931:Special Relationship
11341:Christian philosophy
11286:Western Christianity
10948:Age of Enlightenment
10822:Hellenistic Kingdoms
10643:International courts
10543:Nuremberg principles
10399:International courts
10369:International waters
9838:Barristers' chambers
9780:Legal representation
9718:Justice of the peace
9064:Financial regulation
8766:Peace Palace Library
8681:Taylor & Francis
8653:Taylor & Francis
7283:(Revised ed.).
6631:San Diego Law Review
6570:Evans, Malcolm David
6527:10.2139/ssrn.3241331
6180:Burke-White, William
6114:Boed, Roman (2001).
6092:The Conflict of Laws
5693:Liverpool Law Review
4867:, pp. 257, 260.
4829:Rothwell et al. 2015
2493:. Wiley. p. 5.
2307:Monopoly on violence
1826:Washington Consensus
1824:agenda known as the
1615:Scenarios of global
1360:Brussels Regulations
1210:International courts
989:International actors
883:persistent objectors
865:International custom
757:(World Bank) to the
595:Samuel von Pufendorf
551:Francisco de Vitoria
501:During the European
450:Muhammad al-Shaybani
357:just grounds for war
321:early peace treaties
122:international comity
114:international custom
12592:Collective security
12476:United Nations (UN)
12334:Genocide Convention
11956:West Nordic Council
11821:Eastern Partnership
11410:Analytic philosophy
11111:Classical tradition
10933:Early modern period
10889:Classical antiquity
10884:European Bronze Age
10590:Crime of aggression
10553:Genocide Convention
10265:global significance
9873:Election commission
9585:Expressive function
9114:Landlord–tenant law
9013:Consumer protection
8479:Dupuy, Pierre-Marie
8400:Droit international
8072:Columbia Law Review
7814:Shao, Xuan (2021).
7786:Columbia Law Review
7750:Schermers, Henry G.
7722:Schabas, William A.
7243:Nouwen, Sarah M. H.
7009:10.1093/ejil/chm044
6336:10.1093/jicj/mqx041
6248:Sweet & Maxwell
5736:10.1093/ejil/cht050
5626:, pp. 273–275.
5602:, pp. 128–130.
5576:Orakhelashvili 2020
5448:, pp. 173–175.
5433:, pp. 190–191.
5387:, pp. 198–199.
5312:Orakhelashvili 2011
5200:, pp. 494–495.
5198:Orakhelashvili 2011
5140:, pp. 224–225.
5014:, pp. 456–466.
5002:, pp. 746–748.
4961:Orakhelashvili 2011
4939:, pp. 299–300.
4903:, pp. 274–277.
4891:, pp. 265–266.
4879:, pp. 644–645.
4783:, pp. 296–297.
4759:, pp. 289–290.
4722:, pp. 288–289.
4696:Orakhelashvili 2011
4505:Orakhelashvili 2015
4490:Orakhelashvili 2015
4466:Orakhelashvili 2015
4454:Orakhelashvili 2015
4442:Orakhelashvili 2015
4430:Orakhelashvili 2015
4285:, pp. 163–165.
4213:, pp. 194–195.
4177:, pp. 624–625.
4163:Orakhelashvili 2011
4138:, pp. 171–172.
4054:, pp. 166–167.
4027:, pp. 132–133.
4015:, pp. 109–112.
3976:, pp. 340–341.
3952:, pp. 144–146.
3904:, pp. 128–135.
3868:, pp. 189–192.
3841:, pp. 183–185.
3778:, pp. 508–509.
3776:Orakhelashvili 2011
3650:Orakhelashvili 2022
3532:, pp. 171–175.
3427:, pp. 246–247.
3379:, pp. 219–220.
3355:, pp. 288–289.
3307:, pp. 620–621.
3295:, pp. 498–499.
3293:Orakhelashvili 2011
3271:, pp. 493–494.
3269:Orakhelashvili 2011
3256:, pp. 487–489.
3254:Orakhelashvili 2011
3244:, pp. 482–484.
3242:Orakhelashvili 2011
3214:, pp. 396–398.
3212:Orakhelashvili 2020
3178:, pp. 150–164.
3164:Orakhelashvili 2020
3142:, pp. 260–261.
3130:, pp. 331–332.
3128:Orakhelashvili 2020
3106:, pp. 164–172.
3068:Orakhelashvili 2020
3043:, pp. 616–617.
3029:Orakhelashvili 2020
3019:, pp. 197–200.
3007:, pp. 607–608.
2944:, pp. 360–361.
2894:Orakhelashvili 2020
2836:, pp. 315–316.
2834:Orakhelashvili 2020
2758:, pp. 268–269.
2576:, pp. 564–567.
2564:, pp. 561–562.
2237:pacta sunt servanda
2151:crime of aggression
1855:Kellogg–Briand Pact
1461:special rapporteurs
1226:, which houses the
1178:collective security
1083:UN General Assembly
1066:acta jure gestionis
845:pacta sunt servanda
735:UN Security Council
635:Peace of Westphalia
381:Indian subcontinent
351:Beginning with the
12354:Geneva Conventions
11415:Post-structuralism
11378:Christian humanism
11008:Universal suffrage
10595:Crime of apartheid
10533:Geneva Conventions
10384:Territorial waters
10263:Maritime canals of
10079:Geneva Conventions
9831:Legal institutions
9698:Lawsuit/Litigation
9688:Dispute resolution
9493:Catholic canon law
9201:State of emergency
9164:Will and testament
8888:Law of obligations
8841:Constitutional law
8831:Administrative law
8618:Koremenos, Barbara
8424:The New Global Law
8380:Ashgate Publishing
7926:Paulus, Andreas L.
7251:Utrecht Law Review
7064:Mueller, Dennis C.
4592:Dugard et al. 2020
4580:Dugard et al. 2020
4568:Dugard et al. 2020
4556:Dugard et al. 2020
4544:Dugard et al. 2020
4529:Dugard et al. 2020
3628:, p. 312–319.
3616:, p. 289–290.
3508:, p. 766–767.
3082:, pp. 14, 36.
2956:, pp. 94–101.
2269:Congress of Vienna
2181:have been listed.
2139:
1941:
1832:Conflict and force
1723:
1719:territorial waters
1621:
1422:states responsible
1414:
1286:Statute of the ICJ
1231:
1043:
1015:self-determination
953:Monism and dualism
836:
719:self-determination
699:
679:Geneva Conventions
667:American Civil War
573:
555:indigenous peoples
251:
150:Geneva Conventions
103:economic sanctions
72:economic relations
48:the law of nations
33:The Law of Nations
12917:International law
12858:
12857:
12830:International law
12699:Right of conquest
12664:National interest
12607:Deterrence theory
12505:
12504:
12492:League of Nations
12376:
12375:
12372:
12371:
12359:Hague Conventions
12310:
12309:
12213:
12212:
12133:International law
12121:
12120:
11979:
11978:
11806:Council of Europe
11708:International law
11661:Constitutionalism
11519:Eastern Orthodoxy
11025:Post–Cold War era
10958:Age of Revolution
10812:Greco-Roman world
10750:
10749:
10576:international law
10538:Nuremberg Charter
10528:Hague Conventions
10468:
10467:
10448:International law
10339:Custom of the sea
10334:Continental shelf
10315:
10314:
10211:Hague–Visby Rules
10013:
10012:
9673:Constitutionalism
9595:Law and economics
9433:Act of parliament
9171:Product liability
9124:Legal archaeology
9049:Environmental law
9043:Entertainment law
8883:International law
8744:Treaty Collection
8711:International law
8706:Library resources
8690:978-0-415-93921-8
8662:978-1-56032-362-4
8637:978-1-107-12423-3
8562:Peace Through Law
8498:978-2-247-14386-3
8470:978-1-000-03922-1
8438:978-1-139-48594-4
8410:978-2-233-00561-8
8389:978-1-4094-9630-4
8319:978-0-19-517350-5
8194:Wald, Patricia M.
8185:978-0-02-423175-8
8138:978-94-017-4402-7
8117:978-0-19-968540-0
8026:978-1-107-13560-4
7998:978-1-108-83995-2
7913:978-0-19-969490-7
7771:978-90-04-18797-9
7741:978-1-108-72736-5
7713:978-1-78471-658-5
7672:978-0-19-871548-1
7544:978-90-04-32133-5
7418:978-1-000-52208-2
7393:978-1-78811-671-8
7366:978-1-78347-218-5
7341:978-0-85793-308-9
7285:Macmillan Company
7185:(10th ed.).
7169:978-0-674-72654-3
7144:978-0-19-107869-9
7086:978-0-521-55654-5
7055:978-0-521-19151-7
6980:978-1-108-48724-5
6966:International Law
6937:International Law
6922:978-90-411-0244-7
6838:978-1-83910-426-8
6701:Kansas Law Review
6687:978-1-139-49619-3
6662:978-0-19-927791-9
6616:978-1-78100-013-7
6589:978-0-19-965467-3
6575:International Law
6561:978-1-78897-417-2
6442:978-90-411-0421-2
6415:978-0-8014-0619-5
6388:978-1-108-48192-2
6363:978-1-78100-273-5
6266:Cotterrell, Roger
6246:(16th ed.).
6232:Collins, Lawrence
6223:978-0-19-926128-4
6171:978-0-19-965417-8
6106:978-0-19-967927-0
6081:978-1-78536-187-6
6060:978-0-521-79197-7
6033:978-0-414-01345-2
6012:Beaumont, P. R.;
5985:978-1-78811-386-1
5937:978-1-139-46784-1
5912:978-1-317-61538-5
5780:978-1-78990-425-3
5563:978-0-19-084662-6
5485:978-1-107-02074-0
5400:(April 2, 2021).
5299:, pp. 60–61.
5263:, pp. 11–13.
5098:, pp. 14–15.
4737:UN Climate Change
4674:, pp. 53–54.
4638:, pp. 48–49.
4456:, pp. 13–14.
4444:, pp. 54–58.
4372:, pp. 15–16.
4126:, pp. 93–94.
4114:, pp. 84–85.
4066:, pp. 32–33.
3916:, pp. 11–12.
3829:, pp. 19–20.
3827:Björgvinsson 2015
3763:, pp. 70–71.
3751:, pp. 68–70.
3739:, pp. 74–76.
3700:, pp. 57–58.
3688:, pp. 24–25.
3664:, pp. 54–56.
3640:, pp. 23–24.
3568:, pp. 86–87.
3556:, pp. 84–85.
3331:, pp. 23–24.
3202:, pp. 10–11.
3092:Saastamoinen 1995
3080:Saastamoinen 1995
2992:, pp. 84–91.
2968:, pp. 27–28.
2920:, pp. 36–39.
2820:978-88-8492-462-9
2794:, pp. 35–38.
2743:, pp. 17–18.
2719:, pp. 15–16.
2695:, pp. 13–15.
2500:978-1-4051-9764-9
2321:right of conquest
2284:Alternative views
2210:interdisciplinary
2147:1998 Rome Statute
1808:and US President
1806:Margaret Thatcher
1748:continental shelf
1648:Aarhus Convention
1592:of 1982, and the
1582:environmental law
1570:Environmental law
1406:Eleanor Roosevelt
1312:Conflicts of laws
1070:acta jure imperii
1057:state recognition
1051:, all states are
833: Signatories
715:League of Nations
707:Right of conquest
673:in 1899, and the
617:writers, such as
535:Baldus de Ubaldis
454:Al-Siyar Al-Kabīr
411:, which governed
367:. The subsequent
217:supranational law
164:in his 1789 book
40:International law
16:(Redirected from
12944:
12899:
12898:
12897:
12887:
12886:
12875:
12874:
12866:
12850:Security studies
12642:Internationality
12637:Internationalism
12436:
12435:
12403:
12396:
12389:
12380:
12379:
12316:
12315:
12219:
12218:
12127:
12126:
12096:Paris Principles
12021:
12020:
12006:
11999:
11992:
11983:
11982:
11851:EU Customs Union
11383:Secular humanism
11331:Christian ethics
11281:East–West Schism
11264:Physical culture
10988:Great Divergence
10938:Age of Discovery
10777:
10770:
10763:
10754:
10753:
10710:Related concepts
10648:
10605:Genocidal intent
10495:
10488:
10481:
10472:
10471:
10458:
10457:
10354:Innocent passage
10320:Main and related
10298:and arrangements
10166:SOLAS Convention
10064:
10063:
10049:
10040:
10033:
10026:
10017:
10016:
9988:
9987:
9986:
9974:
9973:
9797:Question of fact
9678:Criminal justice
9008:Construction law
9003:Conflict of laws
8968:Agricultural law
8810:
8803:
8796:
8787:
8786:
8780:Official website
8694:
8666:
8651:(2nd ed.).
8641:
8613:
8588:(6): 1720–1762.
8570:
8552:
8511:Victor, David G.
8502:
8474:
8442:
8414:
8393:
8368:
8350:
8323:
8286:
8259:
8244:(2nd ed.).
8243:
8229:
8212:(4): 1119–1134.
8201:
8189:
8174:(6th ed.).
8173:
8162:
8152:
8142:
8121:
8096:
8068:
8059:
8039:
8030:
8002:
7977:
7933:
7917:
7892:
7856:
7847:
7837:
7810:
7775:
7760:(5th ed.).
7759:
7745:
7717:
7692:
7686:
7676:
7651:
7635:
7626:Sorabji, Richard
7620:
7584:
7575:
7548:
7520:
7484:
7475:
7431:
7422:
7397:
7382:(2nd ed.).
7381:
7370:
7345:
7329:
7318:
7298:
7288:
7282:
7273:Nussbaum, Arthur
7268:
7266:
7238:
7214:
7205:Northedge, F. S.
7200:
7184:
7173:
7148:
7120:
7105:(5th ed.).
7104:
7095:Morgenthau, Hans
7090:
7074:
7059:
7035:
7021:
7011:
6984:
6969:(3rd ed.).
6956:
6940:
6926:
6898:
6854:
6842:
6817:
6781:
6772:
6745:
6717:
6708:
6691:
6666:
6650:
6639:
6620:
6604:
6593:
6578:(4th ed.).
6565:
6549:
6538:
6500:
6458:
6451:deLisle, Jacques
6446:
6430:
6419:
6403:
6392:
6367:
6339:
6319:
6309:
6273:
6261:
6245:
6236:Harris, Jonathan
6227:
6211:
6202:Cassese, Antonio
6197:
6175:
6159:
6141:
6119:
6110:
6085:
6064:
6048:
6037:
6008:
5989:
5973:
5962:
5950:
5941:
5926:(2nd ed.).
5916:
5891:
5855:
5837:
5836:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5537:
5528:
5527:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5434:
5428:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5361:Burke-White 2002
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5114:
5108:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4622:
4616:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4384:, pp. 9–11.
4379:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3652:, section 3.3.1.
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3481:, p. 38–40.
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3443:
3437:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2812:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2627:
2618:
2612:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2484:
2413:Global policeman
2360:List of treaties
2253:John Jacob Moser
1997:prisoners of war
1921:Humanitarian law
1776:established the
1735:innocent passage
1721:under the UNCLOS
1635:, including the
1629:greenhouse gases
1619:as of April 2022
1436:(ICCPR) and the
1317:Conflict of laws
1306:Conflict of laws
1295:advisory opinion
1266:Island of Palmas
1095:dual nationality
1039:
1033:
1027:
900:Humphrey Waldock
832:
826:
693:Justices of the
607:Hobbesian notion
559:Francisco Suárez
543:Alberico Gentili
492:military conduct
435:Hanseatic League
289:Egyptian pharaoh
247:Treaty of Kadesh
95:peremptory norms
91:sovereign states
50:) is the set of
21:
12952:
12951:
12947:
12946:
12945:
12943:
12942:
12941:
12907:
12906:
12905:
12895:
12893:
12881:
12869:
12861:
12859:
12854:
12798:
12789:Postcolonialism
12750:
12679:Non-state actor
12674:Non-belligerent
12669:Neutral country
12654:Interventionism
12587:Co-belligerence
12548:
12501:
12480:
12425:
12412:
12407:
12377:
12368:
12325:
12306:
12226:
12209:
12136:
12117:
12028:
12015:
12010:
11980:
11975:
11941:UKUSA Agreement
11881:Lublin Triangle
11766:Baltic Assembly
11718:
11712:
11630:
11467:
11302:
11172:Eurolinguistics
11041:
11030:Information age
11003:Interwar period
10870:
10790:
10781:
10751:
10746:
10722:Superior orders
10705:
10649:
10646:
10645:
10636:
10578:
10575:
10567:
10523:Peremptory norm
10504:
10499:
10469:
10464:
10452:
10434:
10416:
10393:
10389:Transit passage
10359:Internal waters
10329:Contiguous zone
10321:
10311:
10287:
10281:
10264:
10258:
10226:
10220:
10216:Rotterdam Rules
10171:STCW Convention
10151:OPRC Convention
10058:
10051:
10047:
10044:
10014:
10009:
9982:
9968:
9959:
9936:
9927:Political party
9900:Legal education
9888:Law enforcement
9868:Court of equity
9826:
9802:Question of law
9755:Practice of law
9735:Judicial review
9649:
9600:Legal formalism
9580:Comparative law
9575:Contract theory
9558:
9478:Legal pluralism
9449:
9438:Act of Congress
9362:Executive order
9328:
9230:
9149:Nationality law
9074:Immigration law
8998:Competition law
8951:
8819:
8814:
8731:
8730:
8729:
8714:
8713:
8709:
8702:
8697:
8691:
8663:
8638:
8499:
8471:
8447:Domingo, Rafael
8439:
8419:Domingo, Rafael
8411:
8390:
8320:
8294:
8292:Further reading
8289:
8256:
8205:Social Research
8186:
8150:
8139:
8118:
8085:10.2307/1118800
8027:
7999:
7950:10.2307/2997991
7914:
7799:10.2307/1109809
7772:
7742:
7714:
7684:
7673:
7648:
7545:
7525:Patel, Bimal N.
7419:
7394:
7367:
7342:
7296:
7264:10.18352/ulr.32
7227:
7197:
7170:
7145:
7117:
7087:
7072:
7056:
6981:
6953:
6923:
6871:10.2307/2194954
6847:Khadduri, Majid
6839:
6688:
6663:
6617:
6590:
6562:
6443:
6416:
6389:
6364:
6344:Crowe, Jonathan
6317:
6258:
6238:, eds. (2022).
6224:
6172:
6150:Crawford, James
6107:
6082:
6061:
6034:
6024:Thomson Reuters
5986:
5938:
5913:
5845:
5840:
5797:
5793:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5755:
5751:
5716:
5712:
5685:
5681:
5646:
5642:
5636:Morgenthau 1972
5634:
5630:
5624:Morgenthau 1972
5622:
5618:
5610:
5606:
5598:
5594:
5586:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5538:
5531:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5468:
5464:
5456:
5452:
5444:
5437:
5429:
5422:
5412:
5410:
5395:
5391:
5383:
5379:
5371:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5347:
5343:
5333:
5331:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5310:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5287:, p. 1119.
5283:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5216:
5208:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5172:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5148:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5117:
5109:
5102:
5094:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5070:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5046:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5022:
5018:
5010:
5006:
4998:
4994:
4986:
4982:
4974:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4915:, pp. 2–3.
4911:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4843:, pp. 4–5.
4839:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4791:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4718:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4694:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4670:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4634:
4625:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4594:, pp. 4–5.
4590:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4558:, pp. 5–7.
4554:
4550:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4408:, pp. 6–7.
4404:
4400:
4392:
4388:
4380:
4376:
4368:
4364:
4360:, pp. 7–8.
4356:
4352:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4161:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3892:, pp. 4–5.
3888:
3884:
3880:, pp. 2–3.
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3813:
3806:
3800:Linderfalk 2007
3798:
3794:
3788:Linderfalk 2007
3786:
3782:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3166:, pp. 343.
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2872:, pp. 3–4.
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2683:, pp. 5–6.
2679:
2675:
2671:, pp. 3–4.
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2647:, pp. 1–2.
2643:
2636:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2604:
2598:Cotterrell 2012
2596:
2592:
2586:Steinhardt 1991
2584:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2552:, pp. 3–4.
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2394:Comparative law
2345:
2316:
2303:Hans Morgenthau
2286:
2249:jus voluntarium
2193:
2187:
2114:(ICTY) and the
2058:
2052:
1929:
1923:
1875:nuclear weapons
1845:
1839:
1834:
1770:
1764:
1727:territorial sea
1663:
1657:
1641:Paris Agreement
1598:Rio Declaration
1578:
1572:
1538:
1532:
1398:
1392:
1368:arbitral awards
1314:
1308:
1303:
1212:
1196:UN peacekeeping
1174:
1123:
1091:nationality law
1078:
1055:and equal, but
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1011:border disputes
1002:
997:
991:
961:
955:
873:
867:
834:
830:
828:
824:
813:
807:
779:
773:
687:
651:Christian Wolff
631:
523:
427:Rolls of Oléron
275:city-states of
239:
233:
190:Lassa Oppenheim
182:droits des gens
158:
126:legally binding
42:(also known as
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12950:
12940:
12939:
12934:
12929:
12924:
12919:
12904:
12903:
12891:
12879:
12856:
12855:
12853:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12837:
12832:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12806:
12804:
12800:
12799:
12797:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12769:English school
12766:
12764:Constructivism
12760:
12758:
12752:
12751:
12749:
12748:
12743:
12742:
12741:
12736:
12734:Non-aggression
12731:
12726:
12721:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12651:
12650:
12649:
12644:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12579:
12578:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12556:
12554:
12550:
12549:
12547:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12515:
12513:
12507:
12506:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12499:
12494:
12488:
12486:
12482:
12481:
12479:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12463:
12458:
12453:
12448:
12442:
12440:
12433:
12427:
12426:
12424:
12423:
12417:
12414:
12413:
12406:
12405:
12398:
12391:
12383:
12374:
12373:
12370:
12369:
12367:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12351:
12346:
12341:
12336:
12330:
12327:
12326:
12312:
12311:
12308:
12307:
12305:
12304:
12303:
12302:
12297:
12292:
12284:
12279:
12278:
12277:
12272:
12270:Social Charter
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12244:
12243:
12242:
12231:
12228:
12227:
12215:
12214:
12211:
12210:
12208:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12152:
12147:
12141:
12138:
12137:
12123:
12122:
12119:
12118:
12116:
12115:
12109:
12104:
12098:
12093:
12088:
12083:
12077:
12071:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12044:
12039:
12033:
12030:
12029:
12017:
12016:
12009:
12008:
12001:
11994:
11986:
11977:
11976:
11974:
11973:
11971:Westernization
11968:
11963:
11958:
11953:
11951:Visegrád Group
11948:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11891:Nordic Council
11888:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11786:Bucharest Nine
11783:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11751:Arctic Council
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11722:
11720:
11714:
11713:
11711:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11699:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11663:
11658:
11657:
11656:
11646:
11640:
11638:
11632:
11631:
11629:
11628:
11623:
11618:
11617:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11595:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11549:
11548:
11547:
11546:
11545:
11535:
11534:
11533:
11528:
11527:
11526:
11516:
11515:
11514:
11504:
11503:
11502:
11477:
11475:
11469:
11468:
11466:
11465:
11464:
11463:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11442:
11441:
11429:
11428:
11427:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11386:
11385:
11380:
11370:
11369:
11368:
11361:Existentialism
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11312:
11310:
11304:
11303:
11301:
11300:
11299:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11273:
11272:
11271:
11261:
11260:
11259:
11254:
11244:
11243:
11242:
11232:
11227:
11226:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11205:
11204:
11203:
11193:
11192:
11191:
11181:
11180:
11179:
11174:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11148:
11147:
11137:
11132:
11131:
11130:
11120:
11119:
11118:
11108:
11107:
11106:
11096:
11091:
11090:
11089:
11079:
11074:
11073:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11051:
11049:
11043:
11042:
11040:
11039:
11038:
11037:
11032:
11022:
11021:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10925:
10920:
10919:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10898:
10897:
10896:
10894:Late antiquity
10886:
10880:
10878:
10872:
10871:
10869:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10847:
10846:
10845:
10844:
10839:
10829:
10824:
10819:
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8700:External links
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8594:10.1086/702900
8571:
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8497:
8475:
8469:
8451:Witte Jr, John
8443:
8437:
8415:
8409:
8394:
8388:
8369:
8341:(1): 521–541.
8324:
8318:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8277:(2): 195–211.
8260:
8254:
8230:
8190:
8184:
8163:
8143:
8137:
8122:
8116:
8097:
8079:(5): 561–588.
8060:
8031:
8025:
8007:Solis, Gary D.
8003:
7997:
7978:
7944:(2): 302–316.
7918:
7912:
7893:
7867:(2): 291–323.
7848:
7828:(2): 219–255.
7811:
7793:(2): 124–152.
7776:
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7693:
7677:
7671:
7652:
7647:978-0754654490
7646:
7624:Rodin, David;
7621:
7595:(2): 195–211.
7576:
7566:(2): 285–330.
7549:
7543:
7521:
7476:
7442:(2): 251–287.
7423:
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7269:
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7201:
7195:
7174:
7168:
7149:
7143:
7125:Mossop, Joanna
7121:
7115:
7091:
7085:
7060:
7054:
7022:
7002:(5): 853–871.
6985:
6979:
6957:
6951:
6927:
6921:
6899:
6865:(2): 358–372.
6843:
6837:
6818:
6792:(2): 329–336.
6773:
6746:
6728:(2): 318–346.
6709:
6692:
6686:
6667:
6661:
6640:
6621:
6615:
6594:
6588:
6566:
6560:
6539:
6521:(3): 765–794.
6501:
6447:
6441:
6420:
6414:
6393:
6387:
6368:
6362:
6340:
6330:(4): 667–687.
6310:
6284:(2): 500–524.
6262:
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6228:
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6142:
6111:
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6009:
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5917:
5911:
5892:
5866:(3): 289–300.
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5811:(2): 376–381.
5791:
5779:
5749:
5730:(3): 755–795.
5710:
5699:(3): 293–313.
5679:
5640:
5628:
5616:
5614:, p. 101.
5604:
5592:
5590:, p. 304.
5580:
5568:
5562:
5529:
5490:
5484:
5462:
5460:, p. 192.
5450:
5435:
5420:
5389:
5377:
5365:
5353:
5341:
5316:
5314:, p. 518.
5301:
5289:
5277:
5265:
5253:
5241:
5229:
5214:
5202:
5190:
5178:
5166:
5164:, p. 231.
5154:
5152:, p. 230.
5142:
5130:
5128:, p. 223.
5115:
5113:, p. 224.
5100:
5088:
5076:
5074:, p. 466.
5064:
5062:, p. 461.
5052:
5050:, p. 211.
5040:
5038:, p. 458.
5028:
5026:, p. 757.
5016:
5004:
4992:
4990:, p. 745.
4980:
4965:
4963:, p. 505.
4953:
4941:
4929:
4927:, p. 296.
4917:
4905:
4893:
4881:
4869:
4857:
4855:, p. 256.
4845:
4833:
4821:
4809:
4807:, p. 220.
4797:
4795:, p. 203.
4785:
4773:
4771:, p. 294.
4761:
4749:
4724:
4712:
4710:, p. 287.
4700:
4698:, p. 506.
4688:
4686:, p. 282.
4676:
4664:
4652:
4640:
4623:
4608:
4596:
4584:
4572:
4560:
4548:
4533:
4521:
4509:
4494:
4482:
4480:, p. 267.
4470:
4458:
4446:
4434:
4422:
4420:, p. 301.
4410:
4398:
4396:, p. 403.
4386:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4348:, p. 272.
4335:
4333:, p. 374.
4323:
4311:
4299:
4297:, p. 178.
4287:
4275:
4273:, p. 161.
4263:
4261:, p. 158.
4251:
4249:, p. 160.
4239:
4237:, p. 159.
4227:
4225:, p. 155.
4215:
4203:
4201:, p. 188.
4191:
4189:, p. 456.
4179:
4167:
4165:, p. 493.
4152:
4150:, p. 180.
4140:
4128:
4116:
4104:
4102:, p. 106.
4092:
4080:
4068:
4056:
4041:
4029:
4017:
4002:
4000:, p. 107.
3990:
3988:, p. 121.
3978:
3966:
3962:von Glahn 1992
3954:
3942:
3940:, p. 144.
3930:
3926:von Glahn 1992
3918:
3906:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3858:
3856:, p. 187.
3843:
3831:
3819:
3804:
3802:, p. 859.
3792:
3790:, p. 854.
3780:
3765:
3753:
3741:
3726:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3580:, p. 191.
3570:
3558:
3546:
3544:, p. 131.
3534:
3522:
3520:, p. 319.
3510:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3457:, p. 179.
3444:
3429:
3417:
3415:, p. 772.
3413:Bassiouni 1990
3405:
3403:, p. 221.
3393:
3391:, p. 768.
3389:Bassiouni 1990
3381:
3369:
3367:, p. 291.
3357:
3345:
3333:
3321:
3319:, p. 606.
3309:
3297:
3285:
3273:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3230:Northedge 1986
3222:
3216:
3204:
3200:Northedge 1986
3192:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3154:, p. 283.
3144:
3132:
3120:
3118:, p. 617.
3108:
3096:
3094:, p. 168.
3084:
3072:
3070:, p. 342.
3060:
3058:, p. 147.
3045:
3033:
3021:
3017:Yepremyan 2022
3009:
2994:
2982:
2980:, p. 614.
2970:
2966:von Glahn 1992
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2896:, p. 322.
2886:
2884:, p. 299.
2874:
2862:
2860:, p. 359.
2850:
2838:
2826:
2819:
2796:
2784:
2782:, p. 289.
2780:Alexander 1952
2772:
2760:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2659:, p. 267.
2649:
2634:
2632:, p. 126.
2619:
2617:, p. 622.
2602:
2600:, p. 501.
2590:
2588:, p. 523.
2578:
2574:Stevenson 1952
2566:
2562:Stevenson 1952
2554:
2542:
2540:, p. 333.
2530:
2528:, p. 408.
2518:
2506:
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2399:Diplomatic law
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2357:
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2229:divine justice
2198:state capacity
2189:Main article:
2186:
2183:
2054:Main article:
2051:
2048:
2017:Martens clause
1964:non-combatants
1958:dictates that
1925:Main article:
1922:
1919:
1841:Main article:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1766:Main article:
1763:
1760:
1702:law of the sea
1661:Law of the Sea
1659:Main article:
1656:
1653:
1637:Kyoto Protocol
1574:Main article:
1571:
1568:
1534:Main article:
1531:
1528:
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1394:Main article:
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1244:subject matter
1211:
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1173:
1172:United Nations
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1085:(UNGA) in the
1077:
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1024:
1001:
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993:Main article:
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869:Main article:
866:
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829:
823:
809:Main article:
806:
803:
775:Main article:
772:
769:
753:(IMF) and the
746:decolonisation
733:(ICJ) and the
727:United Nations
686:
683:
655:Emer de Vattel
630:
627:
619:Richard Zouche
522:
519:
515:Thomas Aquinas
462:, a subset of
425:, such as the
418:lex mercatoria
413:ecclesiastical
394:Following the
365:Central Plains
337:Roman citizens
317:Ancient Greece
269:peace treaties
235:Main article:
232:
229:
225:European Union
223:system is the
186:Emer de Vattel
162:Jeremy Bentham
157:
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12022:
12018:
12014:
12007:
12002:
12000:
11995:
11993:
11988:
11987:
11984:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11962:
11959:
11957:
11954:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11916:PROSUR/PROSUL
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11811:Craiova Group
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11726:ABCANZ Armies
11724:
11723:
11721:
11715:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11668:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11655:
11652:
11651:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11637:
11633:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11574:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11554:
11553:
11550:
11544:
11541:
11540:
11539:
11536:
11532:
11531:Protestantism
11529:
11525:
11522:
11521:
11520:
11517:
11513:
11510:
11509:
11508:
11505:
11501:
11497:
11494:
11493:
11492:
11489:
11488:
11487:
11484:
11483:
11482:
11479:
11478:
11476:
11474:
11470:
11462:
11459:
11458:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11451:Sovereigntism
11449:
11447:
11444:
11440:
11439:
11435:
11434:
11433:
11430:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11375:
11374:
11371:
11367:
11364:
11363:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11346:Scholasticism
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11313:
11311:
11309:
11305:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11277:
11274:
11270:
11267:
11266:
11265:
11262:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11249:
11248:
11245:
11241:
11238:
11237:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11210:
11209:
11206:
11202:
11199:
11198:
11197:
11194:
11190:
11187:
11186:
11185:
11182:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11169:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11146:
11143:
11142:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11129:
11126:
11125:
11124:
11121:
11117:
11114:
11113:
11112:
11109:
11105:
11102:
11101:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11088:
11085:
11084:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11057:
11056:
11053:
11052:
11050:
11048:
11044:
11036:
11035:War on terror
11033:
11031:
11028:
11027:
11026:
11023:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10930:
10929:
10928:Modern period
10926:
10924:
10921:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10903:
10902:
10899:
10895:
10892:
10891:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10881:
10879:
10877:
10873:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10834:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10799:
10797:
10793:
10789:
10785:
10784:Western world
10778:
10773:
10771:
10766:
10764:
10759:
10758:
10755:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10714:
10712:
10708:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10653:
10651:
10644:
10639:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10622:Slave trading
10620:
10618:
10615:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10602:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10570:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10515:
10513:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10496:
10491:
10489:
10484:
10482:
10477:
10476:
10473:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10443:Admiralty law
10441:
10440:
10437:
10431:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10423:
10419:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10404:
10402:
10400:
10396:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10326:
10324:
10318:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10297:
10293:
10292:
10290:
10284:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10269:
10267:
10261:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10231:
10229:
10223:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10106:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10054:
10050:
10041:
10036:
10034:
10029:
10027:
10022:
10021:
10018:
10006:
10005:
10001:
9999:
9998:
9994:
9992:
9991:
9980:
9978:
9977:
9972:
9966:
9965:
9962:
9954:
9951:
9950:
9949:
9946:
9945:
9943:
9939:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9901:
9898:
9894:
9891:
9890:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9858:Civil society
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9835:
9833:
9829:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9817:Trier of fact
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9757:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9715:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9703:Legal opinion
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9683:Court-martial
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9660:
9658:
9656:
9655:Jurisprudence
9652:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9561:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9544:Statutory law
9542:
9540:
9539:Socialist law
9537:
9533:
9532:Byzantine law
9530:
9529:
9528:
9525:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9483:Religious law
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9460:
9458:
9456:
9455:Legal systems
9452:
9446:
9443:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9425:
9424:
9423:Statutory law
9421:
9417:
9414:
9413:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9376:
9375:
9372:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9354:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9331:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9300:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9253:Statutory law
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9241:
9239:
9237:
9233:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9211:Transport law
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9129:Legal fiction
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9059:Financial law
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9018:Corporate law
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8954:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8942:Statutory law
8940:
8938:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8857:
8854:
8853:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8824:Core subjects
8822:
8818:
8811:
8806:
8804:
8799:
8797:
8792:
8791:
8788:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8763:
8760:
8757:
8754:
8751:
8748:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8736:
8733:
8732:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8692:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8649:
8643:
8639:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8624:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8563:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8521:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8494:
8490:
8487:(in French).
8486:
8485:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8457:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8425:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8406:
8402:
8401:
8395:
8391:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8376:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8321:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8297:
8296:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8257:
8255:9780140227338
8251:
8247:
8246:Penguin Books
8242:
8241:
8235:
8234:Wight, Martin
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8206:
8200:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8181:
8177:
8172:
8171:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8149:
8144:
8140:
8134:
8130:
8129:
8123:
8119:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8104:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8044:
8038:
8032:
8028:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7985:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7938:
7932:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7861:
7855:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7773:
7767:
7763:
7762:Brill Nijhoff
7758:
7757:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7728:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7700:
7694:
7690:
7683:
7678:
7674:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7659:
7653:
7649:
7643:
7639:
7634:
7633:
7627:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7583:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7546:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7531:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7489:
7483:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7436:
7430:
7424:
7420:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7405:
7399:
7395:
7389:
7385:
7380:
7379:
7372:
7368:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7353:
7347:
7343:
7337:
7333:
7328:
7327:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7303:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7281:
7280:
7274:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7226:0-7185-1316-9
7222:
7218:
7213:
7212:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7192:
7188:
7183:
7182:
7175:
7171:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7116:0-394-48133-X
7112:
7108:
7103:
7102:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7082:
7078:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7034:
7033:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6982:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6961:Klabbers, Jan
6958:
6954:
6952:9781139022569
6948:
6944:
6939:
6938:
6932:
6931:Klabbers, Jan
6928:
6924:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6903:Klabbers, Jan
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6853:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6825:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6786:
6780:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6648:
6641:
6638:(3): 625–689.
6637:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6608:
6603:
6602:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6553:
6548:
6547:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6401:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6316:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6278:
6272:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6257:9780414108899
6253:
6249:
6244:
6243:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6215:
6210:
6209:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6163:
6158:
6157:
6151:
6147:
6146:Brownlie, Ian
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6124:(17): 59–67.
6123:
6118:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6052:
6047:
6046:
6039:
6035:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6007:(3): 768–818.
6006:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5971:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5899:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5782:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5632:
5625:
5620:
5613:
5608:
5601:
5596:
5589:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5565:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5534:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5454:
5447:
5442:
5440:
5432:
5427:
5425:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5374:
5369:
5362:
5357:
5350:
5345:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5298:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5275:, p. 11.
5274:
5269:
5262:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5239:, p. 17.
5238:
5233:
5227:, p. 16.
5226:
5221:
5219:
5211:
5206:
5199:
5194:
5187:
5182:
5176:, p. 15.
5175:
5170:
5163:
5162:Klabbers 2020
5158:
5151:
5150:Klabbers 2020
5146:
5139:
5138:Klabbers 2020
5134:
5127:
5126:Klabbers 2020
5122:
5120:
5112:
5111:Klabbers 2020
5107:
5105:
5097:
5092:
5086:, p. 24.
5085:
5080:
5073:
5068:
5061:
5056:
5049:
5048:Klabbers 2020
5044:
5037:
5032:
5025:
5020:
5013:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4989:
4984:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4962:
4957:
4950:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4926:
4921:
4914:
4909:
4902:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4854:
4849:
4842:
4837:
4830:
4825:
4818:
4817:Harrison 2011
4813:
4806:
4801:
4794:
4789:
4782:
4781:Klabbers 2020
4777:
4770:
4769:Klabbers 2020
4765:
4758:
4757:Klabbers 2020
4753:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4721:
4720:Klabbers 2020
4716:
4709:
4708:Klabbers 2020
4704:
4697:
4692:
4685:
4684:Klabbers 2020
4680:
4673:
4668:
4662:, p. 51.
4661:
4656:
4650:, p. 37.
4649:
4648:Valticos 2013
4644:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4620:
4619:Valticos 2013
4615:
4613:
4606:, p. 47.
4605:
4600:
4593:
4588:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4557:
4552:
4545:
4540:
4538:
4530:
4525:
4519:, p. 17.
4518:
4513:
4507:, p. 57.
4506:
4501:
4499:
4492:, p. 23.
4491:
4486:
4479:
4474:
4468:, p. 15.
4467:
4462:
4455:
4450:
4443:
4438:
4431:
4426:
4419:
4418:Klabbers 2020
4414:
4407:
4406:van Loon 2020
4402:
4395:
4390:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4295:Klabbers 2020
4291:
4284:
4283:Klabbers 2020
4279:
4272:
4271:Klabbers 2020
4267:
4260:
4259:Klabbers 2020
4255:
4248:
4247:Klabbers 2020
4243:
4236:
4235:Klabbers 2020
4231:
4224:
4223:Klabbers 2020
4219:
4212:
4211:Klabbers 2020
4207:
4200:
4199:Klabbers 2020
4195:
4188:
4183:
4176:
4171:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4149:
4144:
4137:
4132:
4125:
4124:Klabbers 2020
4120:
4113:
4112:Klabbers 2013
4108:
4101:
4096:
4090:, p. 63.
4089:
4084:
4078:, p. 61.
4077:
4072:
4065:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4039:, p. 73.
4038:
4037:Klabbers 2020
4033:
4026:
4025:Klabbers 2020
4021:
4014:
4013:Klabbers 2013
4009:
4007:
3999:
3998:Klabbers 2013
3994:
3987:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3964:, p. 86.
3963:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3934:
3928:, p. 85.
3927:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3898:
3891:
3886:
3879:
3874:
3867:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3750:
3745:
3738:
3737:Thirlway 2014
3733:
3731:
3724:, p. 13.
3723:
3722:Harrison 2011
3718:
3712:, p. 65.
3711:
3710:Thirlway 2014
3706:
3699:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3676:, p. 63.
3675:
3674:Thirlway 2014
3670:
3663:
3662:Thirlway 2014
3658:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3592:, p. 90.
3591:
3590:Gardiner 2008
3586:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3566:Gardiner 2008
3562:
3555:
3554:Gardiner 2008
3550:
3543:
3538:
3531:
3526:
3519:
3514:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3493:, p. 21.
3492:
3491:Gardiner 2008
3487:
3480:
3479:Klabbers 1996
3475:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3442:, p. 20.
3441:
3440:Gardiner 2008
3436:
3434:
3426:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3283:, p. 22.
3282:
3277:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3190:, p. 45.
3189:
3184:
3177:
3176:Nussbaum 1954
3172:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3152:Osiander 2001
3148:
3141:
3140:Osiander 2001
3136:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3105:
3104:Nussbaum 1954
3100:
3093:
3088:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3056:Nussbaum 1954
3052:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3031:, p. 90.
3030:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2990:Nussbaum 1954
2986:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2954:Nussbaum 1954
2950:
2943:
2942:Khadduri 1956
2938:
2931:
2926:
2919:
2918:Nussbaum 1954
2914:
2908:, p. 35.
2907:
2906:Nussbaum 1954
2902:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2858:Khadduri 1956
2854:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2770:, p. 21.
2769:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2737:
2731:, p. 14.
2730:
2729:Nussbaum 1954
2725:
2718:
2717:Nussbaum 1954
2713:
2707:, p. 84.
2706:
2705:Bederman 2001
2701:
2694:
2693:Nussbaum 1954
2689:
2682:
2681:Nussbaum 1954
2677:
2670:
2669:Bederman 2001
2665:
2658:
2657:Bederman 2001
2653:
2646:
2645:Nussbaum 1954
2641:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2044:cyberwarefare
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:jus ad bellum
1949:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:Ottawa Treaty
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1850:jus ad bellum
1844:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:Ronald Reagan
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:In 1944, the
1769:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:of 1972, the
1587:
1583:
1577:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1344:lex domicilii
1341:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1321:choice of law
1318:
1313:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:Hannah Arendt
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1007:
996:
986:
983:
977:
975:
971:
967:
960:
950:
948:
944:
940:
939:
933:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
908:opinio juris,
904:
901:
897:
896:
891:
890:
884:
880:
879:
872:
862:
858:
854:
851:
847:
846:
841:
827: Parties
822:
817:
812:
802:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
778:
768:
765:
764:globalisation
760:
756:
752:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
696:
691:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:nation states
640:
636:
626:
624:
620:
616:
613:In contrast,
611:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:
582:
578:
575:Dutch jurist
571:
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:
479:
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
460:
455:
451:
447:
446:Islamic world
442:
440:
439:Baltic region
436:
432:
431:Laws of Wisby
428:
424:
420:
419:
414:
410:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:Mediterranean
306:
302:
301:Ḫattušili III
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
248:
243:
238:
228:
226:
222:
221:supranational
218:
213:
211:
210:Philip Jessup
207:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:
169:
168:
163:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:supranational
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
34:
19:
12829:
12729:Multilateral
12659:Isolationism
12612:Expansionism
12320:
12224:Regional law
12223:
12131:
12025:
11961:Western Bloc
11761:AUSCANNZUKUS
11717:Contemporary
11707:
11666:Human rights
11512:Latin Church
11486:Christianity
11436:
11395:Conservatism
11240:contemporary
11077:Architecture
11013:World War II
10973:Emancipation
10968:Abolitionism
10856:Romanization
10851:Roman legacy
10832:Roman Empire
10563:Rome Statute
10447:
10156:MARPOL 73/78
10002:
9995:
9981:
9967:
9740:Jurisdiction
9708:Legal remedy
9663:Adjudication
9563:Legal theory
9401:Ratification
9396:Promulgation
9367:Proclamation
9347:Codification
9280:Human rights
9268:Divine right
9258:Constitution
9226:Women in law
9175:
9144:Military law
9139:Marriage law
9134:Maritime law
9033:Election law
8973:Aviation law
8963:Abortion law
8915:Property law
8882:
8851:Criminal law
8710:
8675:
8647:
8622:
8585:
8579:
8561:
8557:Kelsen, Hans
8527:(1): 47–97.
8524:
8518:
8483:
8455:
8423:
8399:
8374:
8338:
8332:
8304:
8300:Anaya, S. J.
8274:
8268:
8239:
8209:
8203:
8169:
8158:
8154:
8127:
8102:
8076:
8070:
8047:
8041:
8011:
7983:
7941:
7935:
7922:Simma, Bruno
7898:
7864:
7858:
7825:
7819:
7790:
7784:
7755:
7726:
7698:
7691:(52): 1–179.
7688:
7657:
7631:
7592:
7586:
7563:
7557:
7529:
7492:
7486:
7439:
7433:
7403:
7377:
7351:
7325:
7306:
7300:
7278:
7254:
7250:
7210:
7187:Butterworths
7180:
7154:
7129:
7100:
7068:
7031:
6999:
6993:
6965:
6936:
6907:
6862:
6856:
6823:
6789:
6783:
6763:(1): 61–78.
6760:
6754:
6725:
6719:
6704:
6700:
6672:
6646:
6635:
6629:
6600:
6574:
6545:
6518:
6512:
6505:Dothan, Shai
6464:
6460:
6426:
6399:
6373:
6348:
6327:
6321:
6281:
6275:
6241:
6207:
6193:
6187:
6155:
6122:Perspectives
6121:
6091:
6070:
6044:
6018:
6004:
5998:
5969:
5958:
5952:
5922:
5897:
5863:
5857:
5808:
5804:
5794:
5784:, retrieved
5762:
5752:
5727:
5723:
5713:
5696:
5692:
5682:
5657:
5653:
5643:
5631:
5619:
5607:
5595:
5583:
5571:
5545:
5510:(1): 75–93.
5507:
5503:
5493:
5475:
5465:
5453:
5411:. Retrieved
5405:
5398:Toosi, Nahal
5392:
5380:
5375:, p. 8.
5368:
5363:, p. 8.
5356:
5351:, p. 2.
5344:
5332:. Retrieved
5328:
5319:
5292:
5280:
5273:Cassese 2003
5268:
5261:Schabas 2020
5256:
5251:, p. 9.
5249:Cassese 2003
5244:
5237:Cassese 2003
5232:
5225:Cassese 2003
5212:, p. 6.
5210:Schabas 2020
5205:
5193:
5188:, p. 1.
5186:Schabas 2020
5181:
5174:Cassese 2003
5169:
5157:
5145:
5133:
5091:
5079:
5067:
5055:
5043:
5031:
5019:
5007:
4995:
4983:
4978:, p. 7.
4956:
4944:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4896:
4884:
4872:
4860:
4848:
4836:
4831:, p. 2.
4824:
4819:, p. 1.
4812:
4800:
4788:
4776:
4764:
4752:
4740:. Retrieved
4736:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4691:
4679:
4667:
4655:
4643:
4621:, p. 4.
4599:
4587:
4582:, p. 4.
4575:
4570:, p. 8.
4563:
4551:
4546:, p. 3.
4531:, p. 2.
4524:
4512:
4485:
4473:
4461:
4449:
4437:
4432:, p. 1.
4425:
4413:
4401:
4389:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4326:
4321:, p. 4.
4314:
4309:, p. 2.
4302:
4290:
4278:
4266:
4254:
4242:
4230:
4218:
4206:
4194:
4182:
4170:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4107:
4100:Mueller 1997
4095:
4083:
4071:
4059:
4032:
4020:
3993:
3981:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3933:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3890:Shelton 2011
3885:
3878:Shelton 2011
3873:
3861:
3834:
3822:
3817:, p. 2.
3815:Shelton 2011
3795:
3783:
3761:D'Amato 1971
3756:
3749:D'Amato 1971
3744:
3717:
3705:
3698:D'Amato 1971
3693:
3681:
3669:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3513:
3486:
3474:
3469:, p. 9.
3462:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3365:Shelton 2006
3360:
3348:
3343:, p. 6.
3336:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3249:
3237:
3232:, p. 1.
3225:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3036:
3024:
3012:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2848:, p. 5.
2841:
2829:
2806:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2756:deLisle 2000
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2652:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2516:, p. 3.
2509:
2489:
2482:
2380:Aviation law
2375:Consular law
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2301:
2297:Martin Wight
2292:
2287:
2248:
2246:
2236:
2232:
2214:
2206:legal theory
2202:
2194:
2159:
2140:
2105:
2094:
2059:
2021:
2012:
1974:
1967:
1951:
1948:jus in bello
1947:
1942:
1908:
1885:
1879:
1867:use of force
1859:self-defence
1848:
1846:
1818:deregulation
1771:
1752:
1724:
1699:
1695:prescription
1678:res communis
1676:
1670:
1664:
1645:
1622:
1579:
1555:
1539:
1524:Global South
1509:
1446:
1415:
1390:Human rights
1372:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1315:
1290:jurisdiction
1278:
1264:
1232:
1220:Peace Palace
1175:
1165:
1150:
1148:
1124:
1079:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1046:
1044:
1003:
978:
962:
946:
942:
936:
934:
929:opinio juris
928:
925:opinio juris
924:
915:
907:
905:
893:
887:
878:opinio juris
876:
874:
859:
855:
843:
837:
799:
780:
743:
737:(UNSC). The
723:human rights
711:World War II
700:
659:
632:
612:
598:
585:
577:Hugo Grotius
574:
570:Hugo Grotius
546:
524:
500:
481:
477:
473:
469:dar al-Islam
468:
457:
453:
443:
423:maritime law
416:
393:
373:Confucianism
350:
344:
332:
329:Roman Empire
297:Hittite king
287:between the
285:an agreement
273:Mesopotamian
271:between the
262:
252:
214:
206:Joseph Story
201:jurisdiction
194:
181:
178:Hugo Grotius
171:
165:
159:
107:
80:
76:human rights
47:
43:
39:
38:
32:
12901:Switzerland
12825:Geopolitics
12704:Sovereignty
12684:Imperialism
12597:Colonialism
12582:Appeasement
12497:Warsaw Pact
11901:Open Balkan
11719:integration
11649:Rule of law
11644:Natural law
11621:Agnosticism
11599:Hellenistic
11577:Anglo-Saxon
11507:Catholicism
11446:Atlanticism
11351:Rationalism
11157:Immigration
11140:Esotericism
10998:World War I
10963:Romanticism
10943:Reformation
10923:Renaissance
10901:Middle Ages
10866:Christendom
10795:Foundations
9912:Legislature
9843:Bureaucracy
9640:Rule of man
9635:Rule of law
9610:Libertarian
9473:Chinese law
9374:Legislation
9324:Regulations
9312:Law reports
9290:Natural law
9186:Reparations
9181:Refugee law
9104:Jurimetrics
9045:(Media law)
8983:Banking law
8978:Amnesty law
8956:Disciplines
8893:Private law
8739:rule of law
7495:(1): 1–21.
6467:: 267–275.
6196:(1): 1–101.
5458:Nouwen 2006
5431:Nouwen 2006
5373:Cowell 2017
5349:Cowell 2017
4913:Mossop 2016
4877:Froman 1984
4841:Jensen 2020
4307:Briggs 2013
4064:Archer 2014
3518:Jacobs 1969
3506:Dothan 2019
2846:Bashir 2018
2453:Refugee law
2289:John Austin
2267:. The 1815
2257:rationality
2233:jus gentium
2208:, some are
2009:Protocol II
1822:neo-liberal
1812:pushed for
1780:(later the
1672:res nullius
1558:conventions
1348:les patriae
1099:refugee law
1076:Individuals
972:passed the
703:World War I
663:Lieber Code
647:nationalism
503:Middle Ages
490:concerning
478:dar al-harb
474:dar al-sulh
345:jus gentium
341:natural law
333:jus gentium
325:city-states
293:Ramesses II
264:ius gentium
173:ius gentium
156:Terminology
12927:Public law
12911:Categories
12779:Liberalism
12724:Friendship
12709:Suzerainty
11921:Rio Treaty
11432:Relativism
11390:Liberalism
11356:Empiricism
11308:Philosophy
11296:Secularism
11247:Philosophy
11184:Literature
10978:Capitalism
10627:Starvation
10059:of the sea
9905:Law school
9785:Prosecutor
9723:Magistrate
9510:Jewish law
9468:Common law
9389:Rulemaking
9384:Regulation
9334:Law making
9273:Divine law
9249:Legal code
9196:Sports law
9119:Law of war
9069:Health law
9054:Family law
9038:Energy law
8988:Bankruptcy
8925:Punishment
8920:Public law
8050:(2): 523.
7257:(2): 190.
7196:0406565678
7026:May, Larry
6707:: 605–666.
5786:2024-04-10
5612:Wight 1986
5600:Scott 1905
5385:Ralph 2003
5084:Solis 2016
4382:North 1979
4358:North 1979
3914:Baker 1923
3578:Evans 2014
3530:Evans 2014
3353:Prost 2017
3329:Evans 2014
3281:Evans 2014
3188:Solis 2016
2882:Saeed 2018
2792:Patel 2016
2630:Degan 1997
2550:Ōnuma 2000
2538:Janis 1996
2526:Janis 1984
2475:References
2065:war crimes
2005:Protocol I
1960:combatants
1902:, such as
1892:Sandinista
1863:UN Charter
1843:Law of war
1814:free trade
1782:World Bank
1530:Labour law
1335:lex causae
1310:See also:
1252:EFTA Court
1200:East Timor
970:Parliament
957:See also:
947:erga omnes
943:jus cogens
938:jus cogens
850:good faith
615:positivist
547:Law of War
539:feudal law
511:Maimonides
464:Sharia law
452:published
404:mercantile
385:treaty law
361:barbarians
295:, and the
184:, used by
176:, used by
132:between a
99:diplomatic
12815:Diplomacy
12719:Bilateral
12617:Grey-zone
12570:Coalition
12529:1919–1939
12524:1814–1919
12519:1648–1814
12246:European
11866:Five Eyes
11861:EU–UK TCA
11703:Democracy
11592:Old Norse
11481:Abrahamic
11438:Peritrope
11420:Tolerance
11400:Socialism
11230:Mythology
11218:Classical
11167:Languages
11145:Astrology
10993:Modernism
10807:Old World
10632:War crime
10288:and local
9883:Judiciary
9878:Executive
9853:The bench
9790:Solicitor
9765:Barrister
9645:Sociology
9630:Pseudolaw
9570:Anarchist
9527:Roman law
9515:Parsi law
9500:Hindu law
9488:Canon law
9463:Civil law
9416:Concordat
9307:Precedent
9216:Trust law
9191:Space law
9028:Drugs law
8898:Procedure
8836:Civil law
8610:195571195
8602:0002-9602
8549:146201275
8541:0002-9300
8461:Routledge
8365:235585418
8357:0360-0572
8218:0037-783X
8056:219691320
7974:143168066
7958:0002-9300
7889:140888579
7881:0002-9300
7844:1540-1650
7617:143809214
7609:0047-1178
7572:0194-1879
7517:162267009
7509:1471-6380
7472:145407931
7456:0020-8183
7409:Routledge
7018:0938-5428
6895:147619365
6879:0002-9300
6806:0143-6503
6769:0010-8812
6742:1471-6895
6535:1556-5068
6497:159187569
6481:0272-5037
6306:146474315
6298:0897-6546
6130:1210-762X
5903:Routledge
5880:0020-5893
5825:1073-1105
5744:0938-5428
5674:0272-5037
5524:1094-2939
5413:April 28,
5334:April 28,
5297:Boed 2001
5285:Wald 2002
4175:Head 1994
3866:Aust 2007
3854:Aust 2007
3839:Aust 2007
3626:Aust 2007
3614:Aust 2007
3602:Aust 2007
3542:Aust 2007
3425:Shao 2021
3401:Shao 2021
3377:Shao 2021
3317:Head 1994
3305:Head 1994
3116:Head 1994
3041:Head 1994
3005:Head 1994
2978:Head 1994
2768:Neff 2014
2741:Neff 2014
2615:Head 1994
2448:Prize law
2384:Space law
2274:objective
2217:axiomatic
2108:tribunals
2101:extradite
2090:terrorism
1755:high seas
1340:lexi fori
1281:the Hague
1224:the Hague
1053:sovereign
507:"just war
409:canon law
389:embassies
313:East Asia
259:antiquity
255:antiquity
68:diplomacy
12877:Politics
12774:Feminism
12627:Idealism
12622:Hegemony
12575:Military
12560:Alliance
12553:Concepts
12539:Cold War
12421:Glossary
12114:(UNDROP)
12082:(UNDRIP)
11926:Schengen
11856:Eurozone
11696:Property
11691:Religion
11582:Frankish
11572:Germanic
11552:Paganism
11473:Religion
11461:European
11373:Humanism
11276:Religion
11235:Painting
11201:Internet
11152:Folklore
11123:Clothing
11094:Calendar
11070:Cyrillic
11055:Alphabet
11018:Cold War
10600:Genocide
10322:concepts
10225:Specific
9990:Category
9932:Tribunal
9917:Military
9760:Attorney
9730:Judgment
9590:Feminist
9505:Jain law
9302:Case law
9023:Cyberlaw
8930:Corporal
8908:Criminal
8878:Evidence
8868:Doctrine
8846:Contract
8673:(2003).
8620:(2016).
8559:(1944).
8453:(2020).
8421:(2010).
8302:(2004).
8236:(1986).
8226:40971598
8196:(2002).
8052:ProQuest
8009:(2016).
7928:(1999).
7724:(2020).
7628:(2006).
7527:(2016).
7309:: 1–66.
7275:(1954).
7245:(2006).
7235:64972585
7207:(1986).
7127:(2016).
7097:(1972).
7066:(1997).
6963:(2020).
6933:(2013).
6905:(1996).
6849:(1956).
6572:(2014).
6507:(2019).
6489:25659409
6453:(2000).
6268:(2012).
6204:(2003).
6182:(2002).
6152:(2012).
6138:23615911
5833:32631189
5660:: 3–11.
5407:Politico
2463:UNIDROIT
2443:INTERPOL
2343:See also
2278:validity
2261:morality
2241:eclectic
2225:morality
2221:just war
2177:and the
2082:genocide
2071:and the
2034:and the
2026:and the
2013:si omnes
1999:and the
1880:Caroline
1820:under a
1731:baseline
1691:conquest
1518:and the
1358:and the
1254:and the
1188:Cold War
1127:Holy See
1113:and the
805:Treaties
377:Legalism
305:polities
118:treaties
112:include
105:to war.
12863:Portals
12794:Realism
12784:Marxism
12647:Liberal
12565:Entente
12511:History
12439:Present
12076:(DEVAW)
12070:(DEDAW)
11771:Benelux
11676:Thought
11626:Atheism
11567:Finnish
11543:Culture
11538:Judaism
11500:Eastern
11496:Western
11491:Culture
11425:Paradox
11291:Decline
11252:Science
11128:History
11116:Studies
11099:Cuisine
11087:Periods
11047:Culture
10876:History
10842:Eastern
10837:Western
10788:culture
10510:Sources
10422:History
10004:Outline
9941:History
9848:The bar
9822:Verdict
9770:Counsel
9750:Justice
9605:History
9428:Statute
9244:Charter
9206:Tax law
9154:Probate
8773:at the
8764:at the
8161:: 4–18.
8093:1118800
7966:2997991
7807:1109809
7464:3078632
6887:2194954
5843:Sources
4742:May 10,
2370:Justice
2137:in 2018
2086:torture
1995:covers
1983:covers
1687:cession
1412:in 1949
697:in 1979
581:warfare
444:In the
319:, many
231:History
144:or the
87:consent
12756:Theory
12714:Treaty
12602:Crisis
12103:(VDPA)
12049:(UDHR)
11791:CANZUK
11681:Speech
11609:Slavic
11587:Gothic
11562:Celtic
11557:Baltic
11456:Values
11257:Values
10817:Greece
10617:Piracy
10067:Global
9922:Police
9893:Agency
9775:Lawyer
9520:Sharia
9411:Treaty
9406:Repeal
9352:Decree
9263:Custom
9159:Estate
9109:Labour
8873:Equity
8708:about
8687:
8659:
8634:
8608:
8600:
8547:
8539:
8495:
8489:Dalloz
8467:
8435:
8407:
8386:
8363:
8355:
8316:
8252:
8224:
8216:
8182:
8135:
8114:
8091:
8054:
8023:
7995:
7972:
7964:
7956:
7910:
7887:
7879:
7842:
7805:
7768:
7738:
7710:
7669:
7644:
7615:
7607:
7570:
7541:
7515:
7507:
7470:
7462:
7454:
7415:
7390:
7363:
7338:
7233:
7223:
7193:
7166:
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