338:, and, in adults, its darker grey back. Adults have the forehead and the crown of the head black, with a dark stripe down the back of the neck that terminates in a slender, dangling crest. This is shorter than the crest of the grey heron and does not exceed 140 mm (5.5 in). The sides of the head and the neck are buffish chestnut, with dark streaks and lines down either side of the whole the neck. The mantle is oily brown and the upper scapular feathers are elongated but not the lower ones. The rest of the upper parts and the tail are brownish grey. The front of the neck is paler than the sides and there are some elongated feathers at the base of the neck which are streaked with white, chestnut and black. The breast is chestnut brown, with some blackening at the side, and the belly and under-tail coverts are black. The brownish-yellow beak is long, straight and powerful, and is brighter in colour in breeding adults. The
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The purple heron is a large bird, 78–97 cm (31–38 in) in length with a standing height from 70 to 94 cm (28 to 37 in) and a 120–152 cm (47–60 in) wingspan. However, it is slender for its size, weighing only 0.5 to 1.35 kg (1.1 to 3.0 lb). It is somewhat smaller
751:
may begin with the first egg, or start when the clutch is complete. Both parents share the incubation, which lasts between 24 and 28 days, and the care of the young. When an adult brings food, its beak is dragged down by the chicks and it regurgitates food from the crop onto the nest, or the young
746:
or low bushes close to large lakes or other extensive wetlands. It builds a bulky nest of dead reeds, sticks or whatever is available, carelessly pulling the material together. The eggs are bluish-green, averaging 56 by 45 mm (2.2 by 1.8 in). The clutch is usually four or five eggs, with
361:. It is also less robust, and appears somewhat hollow-chested. Its head and neck are more slender and snake-like than the grey heron and its toes much longer. Unlike that bird, it often adopts a posture with its neck extending obliquely, and even nestlings tend to use this stance.
780:" because the rate of decline is insufficient to justify rating it in a more threatened category. The chief threat the bird faces is drainage and disturbance of its wetland habitats, particularly destruction of the reed beds. The purple heron is one of the species to which the
1200:
652:. Its long toes mean it can walk on floating vegetation, and it sometimes walks over bushes in the same way, not making any attempt to grip the branches. It seldom perches in trees, preferring more terrestrial sites to rest.
565:
to northern Europe including
Britain. The eastern population is largely resident, though some birds from the northern part of the range fly southwards to Korea, Thailand and Malaysia. The African birds are resident.
279:
between breeding and wintering habitats whereas the
African and tropical-Asian populations are primarily sedentary, except for occasional dispersive movements. It is similar in appearance to the more common
569:
The purple heron inhabits marshes, lagoons and lakes surrounded by dense vegetation. It may frequent mangrove swamps on the coast but it usually chooses freshwater habitats, particularly locations with
655:
It is most active at dawn and dusk, roosting with other birds in the middle of the day and at night, but increasing its diurnal activity while rearing young. It feeds in shallow water, grabbing its
534:
distribution and breeds in Europe, Asia and Africa. The range of the western race extends from
Portugal eastwards across much of central and southern Europe and parts of North Africa as far as
357:
The call is a harsh "frarnk", but is quieter and more high-pitched than that of the grey heron. It is generally a less noisy bird, though similar guttural sounds are heard emanating from the
747:
occasionally seven or eight eggs being laid, though these large clutches may have resulted from two females laying in the same nest. The eggs are laid at intervals of three days, and
295:
breeders and build a bulky nest out of dead reeds or sticks close to the water' edge among reeds or in dense vegetation. About five bluish-green eggs are laid and are
307:
notes that the global population trend is downwards, largely because of the drainage of wetlands, but assesses the purple heron's conservation status as being of "
284:
but is slightly smaller, more slender and has darker plumage. It is also a more evasive bird, favouring densely vegetated habitats near water, particularly
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854:
772:
There are estimated to be a total of between 270,000 and 570,000 purple herons in the world and the population is probably decreasing slowly. The
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579:. It also visits mudflats, river banks, ditches and canals. In the Cape Verde Islands, it is more likely to be seen in the open, on arid slopes.
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304:
1525:
648:, which extend their necks in flight. It is a secretive bird, spending less time out in the open than the grey heron and tending to skulk in
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388:
538:
in
Kazakhstan. In Africa, the bird breeds in Senegal, down the east coast of Africa and in Madagascar. The eastern race extends from the
561:
southwards to tropical Africa, returning northwards in March. Purple herons often overshoot their normal range on their return, and are
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1434:
1486:
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Flight is slow, with the neck retracted and the legs extending a long way behind the tail. This is characteristic of herons and
288:. It hunts for a range of prey including fish, rodents, frogs and insects, either stalking them or standing waiting in ambush.
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may take food directly from the beak. The young fledge at about six weeks and become independent at two months. They then
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with its powerful beak. It will often wait motionless for prey, or slowly stalk its victim. The diet consists mainly of
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at about 49°N. The southern race is restricted to
Madagascar, and a small population of purple herons on the
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but sometimes the nests are solitary. It sometimes associates with other species such as the
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738:) or grey heron at multi-species nesting colonies. The site chosen is generally in
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Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
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1090:. Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
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Agreement on the
Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
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are the commonest insect prey, followed by water beetles and aquatic
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is yellow and the legs are brown at the front and yellowish behind.
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Watercolour illustration of Ardea purpurea
Linnaeus: purple heron
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334:, from which it can be distinguished by its darker reddish-brown
260:
997:
Recent proposals for specifically distinct bird species: Herons
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Between August and
October, birds of the western population
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by both birds. The young hatch about four weeks later and
1059:
720:
716:
855:"Purple heron videos, photos and facts – Ardea purpurea"
1108:
807:
1109:
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1992).
554:
is regarded as a separate race by some authorities.
943:
Handbook of
British Birds, Volume 3: Hawks to Ducks
424:by some authors, but treated as a distinct species
833:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22697031A154816177.en
776:has assessed its conservation status as being of "
1623:
1034:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 54, 325.
945:. H. F. and G. Witherby Ltd. pp. 133–137.
774:International Union for Conservation of Nature
305:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1031:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1066:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 108–110.
955:
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884:. Bombay: Bombay Natural History Society.
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391:, found in Africa, Europe north to the
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275:. The Western Palearctic populations
1609:F4451EC4-BDB5-41A1-8597-2A718712A5C0
1570:BC64450A-EF49-5D5E-8C81-3258C6491E53
1427:4a4a9f64-f42c-4dbb-bf6a-7f6f4137469b
1080:
1060:Hancock, J.; Kushlan, J. A. (2010).
956:Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (2015).
1632:IUCN Red List least concern species
1156:The Atlas of Southern African Birds
879:
819:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
798:
726:The purple heron usually breeds in
13:
1112:Handbook of the Birds of the World
1021:
949:
905:Dunning Jr., John B., ed. (1992).
898:
873:
14:
1678:
1139:
958:IOC World Bird List (version 5.3)
907:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1219:Audio recordings of Purple heron
395:, and southwestern Asia east to
89:
1162:BirdLife species factsheet for
808:BirdLife International (2019).
479:The scientific name comes from
319:
1003:
636:, and distinguishes them from
530:The purple heron has a mostly
314:
1:
941:Witherby, H. F., ed. (1943).
791:
1203:at VIREO (Drexel University)
999:. Bird Taxonomy for Birders.
699:are also eaten. Terrestrial
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
1667:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1453:purple-heron-ardea-purpurea
271:, and southern and eastern
10:
1683:
1201:Purple heron photo gallery
303:six weeks after that. The
18:
1241:
1207:Interactive range map of
1013:Ardea purpurea manilensis
993:"Cape Verde Purple Heron"
826:: e.T22697031A154816177.
759:
455:: found in Asia from the
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209:
191:
184:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
44:
35:
30:
1193:Internet Bird Collection
882:The Book of Indian Birds
857:. ARKive. Archived from
494:Distribution and habitat
369:There are three or four
1657:Birds described in 1766
325:3D scan of the skeleton
267:, central and southern
1028:Jobling, J. A (2010).
769:
629:
618:
599:
527:
511:
432:A. p. madagascariensis
354:
326:
1552:Paleobiology Database
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723:also being consumed.
624:
605:
590:
583:Behaviour and ecology
517:
501:
490:, "coloured purple".
348:
324:
1422:Fauna Europaea (new)
1188:"Purple heron media"
353:, Maharashtra, India
256:) is a wide-ranging
45:Adult on a tree, at
1063:The Herons Handbook
967:10.14344/IOC.ML.5.3
540:Indian Subcontinent
457:Indian Subcontinent
365:Taxonomy and naming
56:Conservation status
1214:IUCN Red List maps
770:
630:
619:
600:
552:Cape Verde Islands
528:
512:
418:Cape Verde Islands
355:
349:A purple heron at
327:
291:Purple herons are
239: Non-breeding
1619:
1618:
1235:Taxon identifiers
1073:978-1-4081-3496-2
1041:978-1-4081-2501-4
916:978-0-8493-4258-5
891:978-0-19-563731-1
617:showing long toes
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49:, Gujarat, India
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1652:Birds of Eurasia
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1171:"Ardea purpurea"
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880:Ali, S. (1996).
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844:
842:
840:
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627:Museum Wiesbaden
625:Egg, Collection
607:A. p. manilensis
595:, Danube delta,
520:A. p. manilensis
452:
449:A. p. manilensis
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177:A. purpurea
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1123:. p. 407.
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416:. Found in the
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1662:Birds of Nepal
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1140:External links
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1088:"AEWA Species"
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414:Bourne's heron
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378:A. p. purpurea
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861:on 2011-10-16
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1092:. Retrieved
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991:de By, R.A.
971:. Retrieved
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859:the original
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709:grasshoppers
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1461:iNaturalist
1267:Wikispecies
839:11 November
788:) applies.
713:dragonflies
685:crustaceans
532:palaearctic
524:Maharashtra
461:Philippines
453:Meyen, 1834
441:: found in
393:Netherlands
315:Description
221:A. purpurea
1626:Categories
1591:Xeno-canto
1223:Xeno-canto
1094:23 October
960:(Report).
865:18 October
792:References
749:incubation
744:canebrakes
669:amphibians
646:spoonbills
573:Phragmites
544:Amur River
443:Madagascar
408:de Naurois
397:Kazakhstan
371:subspecies
351:Powai Lake
332:grey heron
282:grey heron
273:Palearctic
1117:Barcelona
973:25 August
740:reed beds
650:reed beds
615:Indonesia
591:juvenile
577:reed beds
518:Immature
488:purpureus
465:Indonesia
330:than the
297:incubated
286:reed beds
219:Range of
171:Species:
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
1505:22697031
1479:10840350
1323:22697031
1318:BirdLife
1307:BioLib:
1252:Wikidata
756:widely.
754:disperse
728:colonies
687:, water
663:, small
634:bitterns
563:vagrants
546:and the
437:van Oort
422:purpurea
389:nominate
383:Linnaeus
293:colonial
202:Linnaeus
153:Ardeidae
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
47:Vadodara
1604:ZooBank
1440:2480934
1375:purher1
1349:purher1
1295:Avibase
1258:Q160488
1175:Avibase
707:, with
701:beetles
697:spiders
693:insects
681:lizards
665:mammals
597:Romania
559:migrate
526:, India
510:, Kenya
359:heronry
336:plumage
277:migrate
261:species
159:Genus:
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
1642:Herons
1583:212669
1557:373507
1531:188373
1492:174791
1396:EURING
1336:112765
1127:
1070:
1038:
913:
888:
760:Status
705:larvae
689:snails
677:snakes
642:cranes
638:storks
502:Adult
473:Russia
439:, 1910
410:, 1966
385:, 1766
301:fledge
269:Europe
265:Africa
237:
231:
225:
204:, 1766
1578:WoRMS
1565:Plazi
1474:IRMNG
1414:96660
1383:EUNIS
1370:eBird
721:flies
673:birds
484:ardea
481:Latin
258:heron
164:Ardea
1526:NCBI
1500:IUCN
1487:ITIS
1466:4951
1435:GBIF
1401:1240
1362:GCJ8
1331:BOLD
1310:8406
1125:ISBN
1096:2015
1068:ISBN
1036:ISBN
975:2015
911:ISBN
886:ISBN
867:2011
841:2021
824:2019
786:AEWA
719:and
717:bees
695:and
667:and
661:fish
657:prey
644:and
463:and
340:iris
246:The
133:Aves
1513:NBN
1448:IBC
1388:901
1357:CoL
1344:BOW
1282:ADW
1221:on
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828:doi
609:in
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