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459:. Steering occurs by leaning towards either side. Depending on the model, it can be equipped with a foot- and/or handbrake. Speeds up to 15 km/h (10 mph) can be reached. The first stroller of this kind was the so-called "Roller Buggy", developed by industrial designer Valentin Vodev in 2005. In 2012 the manufacturer Quinny became interested in the concept and teamed up with a Belgian studio to design another model.
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86:, backpack carriers, and soft front or hip carriers, with varying materials and degrees of rigidity, decoration, support and confinement of the child. Slings, soft front carriers, and "baby carriages" are typically used for infants who lack the ability to sit or to hold their head up. Frame backpack carriers (a modification of the frame
447:
A travel system is typically a set consisting of a chassis with a detachable baby seat and/or carrycot. Thus a travel system can be switched between a pushchair and a pram. Another benefit of a travel system is that the detached chassis (generally an umbrella closing chassis) when folded will usually
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In the 1970s, however, the trend was more towards a more basic version, not fully sprung, and with a detachable body known as a "carrycot". Now, prams are very rarely used, being large and expensive when compared with "buggies" (see below). One of the longer lived and better known brands in the UK is
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from 1936 until 2002 when the factory closed. Silver Cross was then bought by the toy company David
Halsall and Sons who relocated the head office to Skipton and expanded into a range of new, modern baby products including pushchairs and "travel systems". They continue to sell the traditional Silver
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asked Kent to build a means of transport that would carry his children. Kent obliged by constructing a shell shaped basket on wheels that the children could sit in. This was richly decorated and meant to be pulled by a goat or small pony. Benjamin Potter
Crandall sold baby carriages in the US in the
432:
in 1965. "Buggy" is the usual term in the UK (sometimes "pushchair"); in
American English, buggy usually refers to a four-wheeled vehicle known as a quad or quad bike in the UK. "Stroller" is the usual term in the USA. Newer versions can be configured to carry a baby lying down like a low pram and
180:
On-the-body baby carrying started being known in western countries in the 1960s, with the advent of the structured soft pack in the mid-1960s. Around the same time, the frame backpack quickly became a popular way to carry older babies and toddlers. In the early 1970s, the wrap was reintroduced in
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was designed so it could face out or in towards the parent. He also made structural changes to the carriage. Until then the axle did not allow each wheel to move separately. Richardson's design allowed this, which increased maneuverability of the carriages. As the 1920s began, prams were now
81:
Infant carrying likely emerged early in human evolution as the emergence of bipedalism would have necessitated some means of carrying babies who could no longer cling to their mothers and/or simply sit on top of their mother's back. On-the-body carriers are designed in various forms such as
509:
A "travel system" includes a car seat base, an infant car seat, and a baby stroller. The car seat base is installed in a car. The infant car seat snaps into the car seat base when traveling with a baby. From the car, the infant car seat can be hand carried and snapped onto the stroller.
324:, an aeronautical engineer, worked on complaints his daughter made about travelling from England to America with her heavy pram. Using his knowledge of aeroplanes, Maclaren designed a stroller with an aluminium frame and created the first true umbrella stroller. He then went on to found
156:
baby carrier used to keep babies secure and comfortable and at the same time allowing the mothers freedom to work and travel. The cradleboards were attached to the mother's back straps from the shoulder or the head. For travel, cradleboards could be hung on a saddle or
271:
Wheeled devices are generally divided into prams, used for newborn babies in which the infant normally lies down facing the pusher, and the strollers, which are used for the small child up to about three years old in a sitting position facing forward.
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was issued a number of patents for improvements and additions to the standard models. These included adding a brake to carriages, a model which folded, designs for parasols and an umbrella hanger. By 1840, the baby carriage became extremely popular.
469:
In contemporary culture with four-figure systems or sleek jogging strollers common in some circles, strollers often serve as not only an infant transport device but also a highly visible symbol of everything from class to parenting philosophy.
424:"Pushchair" was the popularly used term in the UK between its invention and the early 1980s, when a more compact design known as a "buggy" became the trend, popularised by the conveniently collapsible aluminium-framed
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and held together by expensive brass joints. These sometimes became heavily ornamented works of art. Models were also named after royalty: Princess and
Duchess being popular names, as well as Balmoral and Windsor.
452:. Also, the baby seat will snap into a base meant to stay in an automobile, becoming a car seat. This allows undisturbed movement of the baby into or out of a car and a reduced chance of waking a sleeping baby.
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has been around in one form or another for centuries, it did not become popular in the west until it was modernized with padding and other adjustments. It first became popular and well known in mid-2003.
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being on the increase. Safety guidelines for standard pushchairs apply. Most triple buggies have a weight limit of 50 kg and recommended use for children up to the age of four years.
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The modern equivalent—for babies that cannot walk—is a pram with a body that can be detached for carrying or for attaching to a frame to become a car seat (a "travel system").
380:; prams were also used for infants, often sitting up. The term carrycot became more common in the UK after the introduction of lighter units with detachable baby carriers in the 1970s.
177:, and cushioned with soft, absorbent materials. The design of most cradleboards is a flat surface with the child wrapped tightly to it. It is usually only able to move its head.
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161:. Ethnographic tradition indicates that it was common practice to cradleboard newborn children until they were able to walk, although many mothers continued to
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is a relative latecomer. It is used to carry a child within a car. Such car seats are required by law in many countries to safely transport young children.
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and shredded bark were used for cushioning and diapers. Cradleboards were either cut from flat pieces of wood or woven from flexible twigs like willow and
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Another modern design showcases a stroller that includes the possibility for the lower body to be elongated, thereby transforming the stroller into a
421:"Strollers" or "pushchairs/buggies" (British English), are used for small children up to about three years old in a sitting position facing forward.
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in a sling. Baby wearing in a sling was well known in Europe in medieval times, but was mainly seen as a practice of marginalised groups such as
846:
Wall-Scheffler, C.M.; Geiger, K.; Steudel-Numbers, K. (2007). "Infant carrying: The role of increased locomotory costs in early development".
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their children well past the first birthday. Bound and wrapped on a cradleboard, a baby can feel safe and secure. Soft materials such as
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328:, which manufactured and sold his new design. The design took off and soon "strollers" were easier to transport and used everywhere.
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In June 1889, an
African American man named William H. Richardson patented his idea of the first reversible stroller. The
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available to all families and were becoming safer, with larger wheels, brakes, deeper prams, and lower, sturdier frames.
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I.C. van Hout. Beloved Burden - Baby wearing around the world. pp 58-63. Royal
Tropical Institute, Amsterdam. 2011.
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1830s which have been described as the "first baby carriages manufactured in the US" Another early development was
955:
Maria Blois MD. Babywearing - The
Benefits and Beauty of This Ancient Tradition. pp 32-35. Hale Publishing, 2005.
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I.C. van Hout. Beloved Burden - Baby wearing around the world. pp 6-7. Royal
Tropical Institute, Amsterdam. 2011.
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Since the 1980s, the stroller industry has developed with new features, safer construction and more accessories.
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have been used in different cultures and times. These methods include baby carriages (prams in
British English),
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440:) and some for those with a small age gap. Triple pushchairs are a fairly recent addition, due to the number of
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Images of children being carried in slings can be seen in
Egyptian artwork dating back to the time of the
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946:, Native American Cradles exhibited at Pequot Museum, The Day - October 6, 2001, Retrieved 4 May 2015.
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A variety of twin pushchairs are manufactured, some designed for babies of a similar age (such as
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Larger and heavier prams, or perambulators, had been used since their introduction in the
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starting in around 1985. In the early 1990s, the modern pouch carrier was created in
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The large, heavy prams (short for perambulator), which had become popular during the
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to carry small children. An older child can ride his own bike, or ride a one-wheel
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was added, making the ride smoother for both the baby and the person pushing it.
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Cross coach prams which are manufactured at a factory in Bingley in Yorkshire.
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Rosie Knowles. Why Babywearing Matters. p 19. Pinter & Martin, 2016.
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then be reconfigured to carry the child in the forward-facing position.
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s and a variety of other soft carriers are used for older children.
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buggy designed and patented by the British aeronautical designer
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is etymologically a shortening of its now less common synonym
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A baby sitting in a stroller with a doll above her head
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A pram in the 'Odessa Steps scene' from the 1926 film,
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An advertisement for an early perambulator in the 1868
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Portable cradles, including cradleboards, baskets, and
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Baby carriages for sale in Stockholm, Sweden in 1931.
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A baby in a stroller with belts holding her in place
975:On foot: a history of walking - Google Book Search
448:be smaller than other types, to transport it in a
304:The carriages of those days were built of wood or
301:bought three carriages from Hitchings Baby Store.
283:developed an early stroller in 1733. In 1733, the
2114:
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406:"Stroller" redirects here. For other uses, see
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527:An 1847 stroller from the John Leech Archives
753:Portrait of child in wicker stroller, 1894.
208:
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2092:Bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums
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848:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
506:with an integrated seat and handle bars.
259:Learn how and when to remove this message
132:painted in around 1306 AD, which depicts
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1127:. Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen.
1105:Fontanel, Beatrice (October 1, 1998).
490:A child rides a one-wheel trailer bike
27:Methods of transporting young children
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116:An ergonomic carrier worn on the back
1140:at the National Museum of Australia.
383:As they developed through the years
241:adding citations to reliable sources
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931:Encarta. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
705:, with multiple-seat prams in 1984
417:A child being pushed in a stroller
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1072:. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
1047:(9th ed.). Chambers. 2003.
1022:(9th ed.). Chambers. 2003.
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290:F.A. Whitney Carriage Company
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623:with space for a small child
595:A child in a bicycle carrier
566:A baby in a buggy, USA, 1935
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209:Wheeled transport methods
90:), hip carriers, slings,
2077:Animal-powered transport
1123:van Hout, I. C. (1993).
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336:, first manufactured in
104:child in a cradleboard,
1952:Non-vehicular transport
1175:Human-powered transport
1045:The Chambers Dictionary
1020:The Chambers Dictionary
500:children's bicycle seat
2102:Zero-emissions vehicle
1008:, retrieved 6 Sep 2010
671:A jogging stroller on
635:A 3-in-1 travel system
607:A car seat for infants
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44:transport of children
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687:A roller buggy, 2005
237:improve this article
193:. While the Chinese
106:Window Rock, Arizona
2040:Alpine touring skis
1850:Hand and foot power
1440:Cold-weather biking
1380:Small-wheel bicycle
1288:Glossary of cycling
1253:Cyclo-cross bicycle
1238:Cold-weather biking
1109:. Harry N. Abrams.
581:Battleship Potemkin
42:Various methods of
2045:Cross-country skis
1709:Litter/sedan chair
1273:Flat bar road bike
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430:Owen Maclaren
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378:Victorian era
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226:This section
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146:Romani people
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59:Victorian era
55:
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37:
32:
19:
2133:Child safety
2018:Snow and ice
1837:(fixed seat)
1740:Caster board
1673:Stairclimber
1633:Baggage cart
1627:
1612:Rowing cycle
1523:Kick scooter
1513:Balance bike
1435:Wheelie bike
1400:Trailer bike
1360:Road bicycle
1233:City bicycle
1124:
1106:
1099:Bibliography
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1063:
1044:
1038:
1019:
1013:
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989:. Retrieved
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908:
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876:
851:
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841:
821:
796:Moses basket
579:
508:
504:trailer bike
493:
468:
461:
457:kick scooter
454:
446:
435:
423:
420:
396:perambulator
395:
391:
389:
382:
375:
372:, about 1902
351:
334:Silver Cross
330:
319:
311:
303:
292:. His son,
281:William Kent
279:
270:
255:
246:
235:Please help
230:verification
227:
200:
194:
179:
119:
91:
80:
56:
43:
41:
2097:Human power
1943:Ornithopter
1771:Street luge
1688:Wheelbarrow
1518:Dandy horse
1350:Quadracycle
1323:Singletrack
1191:Pedal power
935:2009-10-31.
929:Cradleboard
776:Babywearing
771:Baby walker
700:East Berlin
673:Park Avenue
462:The modern
150:cradleboard
50:, portable
2117:Categories
2030:Ice skates
1959:Foot power
1938:Helicopter
1903:Amphibious
1880:Hydrocycle
1873:Foot power
1813:Hand power
1766:Billy cart
1745:Snakeboard
1735:Pogo stick
1653:Hand truck
1638:Bath chair
1605:Row action
1596:Wheelchair
1569:Hand power
1560:Skateboard
1550:Freeskates
1540:Brakeboard
1430:Velomobile
1425:Velocipede
1330:Party bike
1228:Cargo bike
1223:Boneshaker
1088:1293234547
991:2009-03-24
961:0972958339
833:References
806:Travel cot
766:Baby sling
385:suspension
364:A pram in
84:baby sling
2057:Snowshoes
1885:Hydrofoil
1776:Snowboard
1683:Toy wagon
1678:Stretcher
1581:Handcycle
1555:Longboard
1545:Freeboard
1444:ice cycle
791:Doll pram
402:Strollers
390:The word
320:In 1965,
203:bassinets
136:carrying
52:bassinets
18:Pushchair
2128:Babycare
2025:Crampons
1926:Aircraft
1781:Toboggan
1535:Kicksled
1528:Kickbike
1410:Unicycle
1405:Tricycle
1375:Sociable
1365:Roadster
1318:Downhill
1218:BMX bike
1070:Stroller
1043:"pram".
933:Archived
868:17427923
781:Bassinet
759:See also
426:Maclaren
346:Guiseley
326:Maclaren
314:bassinet
122:Pharaohs
88:backpack
2138:Infancy
2086:outline
2082:Cycling
2002:Walking
1990:Running
1754:Gravity
1702:Carried
1586:Hobcart
1576:Handcar
1469:Pedelec
1420:Velocar
1283:Go-kart
1268:Fatbike
1207:outline
1203:Bicycle
514:Gallery
338:Hunslet
276:History
195:mei tai
183:Germany
167:lichens
163:swaddle
159:travois
142:beggars
92:mei tai
75:travois
1983:skates
1971:skates
1890:Pedalo
1863:Rowing
1857:Rowing
1835:Rowing
1730:Trikke
1457:assist
1263:Enduro
1113:
1086:
1076:
1051:
1026:
982:
959:
916:
900:
884:
866:
474:Others
306:wicker
191:Hawaii
130:Giotto
126:fresco
108:, 1936
102:Navajo
36:wicker
1825:Kayak
1820:Canoe
1805:Water
813:Notes
498:or a
438:twins
370:India
366:Assam
356:Prams
342:Leeds
175:hazel
152:is a
138:Jesus
1931:list
1841:Punt
1693:Sled
1643:Cart
1313:27.5
1198:29er
1183:Land
1111:ISBN
1084:OCLC
1074:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1024:ISBN
980:ISBN
957:ISBN
914:ISBN
898:ISBN
882:ISBN
864:PMID
392:pram
171:moss
148:. A
144:and
134:Mary
38:pram
2035:Ski
1919:Air
856:doi
852:133
239:by
128:by
2119::
1082:.
862:.
850:.
619:A
398:.
368:,
340:,
169:,
73:A
34:A
2088:)
2084:(
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1442:(
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1205:(
1167:e
1160:t
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1119:.
1090:.
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994:.
870:.
858::
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262:)
256:(
251:)
247:(
233:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
