265:, the seat used is an infant carrier with typical recommended weight range from 4 pounds (1.8 kg) to 35 pounds (16 kg). Most infant seats made in the US can now be used up to at least 30 pounds (14 kg) and 30 inches (76 cm), with some going up to 35 pounds (16 kg). In the past, most infant seats in the US went to 20 pounds (9.1 kg) and 26 inches (66 cm). Infant carriers are often also called "Bucket Seats" as they resemble a bucket with a handle. Some (but not all) seats can be used with the base secured, or with the carrier strapped in alone. Some seats do not have bases. Infant carriers are mounted rear-facing and are designed to "cocoon" against the back of the vehicle seat in the event of a collision, with the impact being absorbed in the outer shell of the restraint. Rear-facing seats are deemed the safest, and in the US, laws vary and children must remain in this position until they are at least 1 year of age in most states and at least 2 years of age in many states. More states are implementing a 2 year minimum. It is always recommended to keep them rear-facing until at least 2 years old or until they outgrow the rear-facing car seat height and weight, whichever is longer.
1130:: The earlier described combination seat can become a high-back belt-positioning booster. There is also a high-back belt positioning-booster that is available for that purpose only. The other type of belt-positioning booster is the low-back or no-back booster. The major differences between the low- and high-back booster seats are head support and improved protection in side-impact collisions. Vehicles with a bench seating and no headrest are required to use a high back booster. The purpose of the booster seats is to provide elevation to the child so the shoulder belt rests appropriately on the shoulder blade and does not ride up the child's neck. It also provides "hips" that the seat belt can rest securely across and remain on the large bones of the child instead of resting across the soft tissue of the abdomen. This seat is available for children over 40 pounds (18 kg) up to over 100 pounds (45 kg). From the ages of eight to twelve, children may have outgrown their booster seats and can be permitted to use regular adult seat restraints. It is suggested that, until the age of thirteen, the child remains in the back seat.
1056:
1158:(SIDS) to the prolonged sitting or lying position these infants are in when putting the safety seats to use. When researchers reviewed more than 500 infant deaths, it was found that 17 of these deaths occurred while the infant was in a device such as a child safety seat. The age of the most occurring rates of death by SIDS in a child safety device was found to be under one month, having six of the 17 deaths happen in this age group. Although SIDS has been found to be a high risk regarding child safety seats, a coroner in Quebec also stated that "putting infants in car seatsâŚcauses breathing problems and should be discouraged." His warning came after the death of a two-month-old boy who was left to nap in a child safety seat positioned inside his crib rather than the crib itself. The death was linked to positional
64:. Most commonly these seats are purchased and installed by car owners, but car manufacturers may integrate them directly into their vehicle's design and generally are required to provide anchors and ensure seat belt compatibility. Many jurisdictions require children defined by age, weight, and/or height to use a government-approved child safety seat when riding in a vehicle. Child safety seats provide passive restraints and must be properly used to be effective. However, research indicates that many child safety restraints are often not installed or used properly. To tackle this negative trend, health officials and child safety experts produce child safety videos to teach proper car seat installation to parents and caregivers.
1110:: Similar to the infant seat, the convertible seat can be used in a rear- or forward-facing position and is used for children typically beginning at 5 pounds (2.3 kg) up to 50 pounds (23 kg). The rear-facing position is used for children until they weigh more than 20 pounds (9.1 kg) and are at least two years old. Research studies and crash test results show that children are safer in a rear-facing child safety seat. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends keeping children in a rear-facing seat until "they are 2 years of age or until they reach the highest weight or height allowed by their car safety seatâs manufacturer" (www.healthychildren.org).
1144:
1162:. This means that the child was in a position causing him to slowly lose his supply of oxygen. Coroner Jacques Robinson said it is common for a baby's head to slump forward while in a car seat that is not properly installed in a car and that can diminish a baby's ability to take in oxygen. "The car seat is for the car," he said. "It's not for a bed or sleeping." Robinson added, however, he has nothing against car seats when they are properly used. The coroner said that it is common for a baby's head to "slump forward while in a car seat and that it diminishes oxygen".
600:
321:
188:
117:
176:
105:
be manufactured in the early 1930s, their purpose was not the safety of children. The purpose was to act as booster seats to bring the child to a height easier for the driving parent to see them. It was not until 1962 that two designs with the purpose of protecting a child were developed independently. British inventor Jean Ames created a rear-facing child seat with a Y-shaped strap similar to today's models. American
Leonard Rivkin, of Denver Colorado, designed a forward-facing seat with a metal frame to protect the child.
447:
239:
137:
22:
1191:, and estimated that, in 2017, the requirements for fitting multiple child safety seats into a vehicle at the same time had likely discouraged several thousand families from having an additional child at that time. A major challenge to child restraint use is that it is considered as a mechanism to discipline children instead of being seen as a safety device by parents and as children became older they actively seek opportunities to negotiate the non-usage of restraints.
643:
practice, child restraint systems must be able to be fitted to the front, or other rows of seats. Seats equipped with layers like energy-retaining foam and supported side-influence confidence focus on your babyâs well being. Extra highlights, for example, customization outfit structure and against bounce back bars modify welfare and solidness. High belling principles give cognitive state, guaranteeing your childâs security outweighs everything else during car rides.
1090:
455:
477:(Latch) connectors that secure to the vehicle's anchors, improving the seat's stability in the event of a collision. There are also 3-in-1 car seats that can first be used as a rear-facing baby car seat, then as a forward-facing seat, then finally as a booster seat when the child reaches the recommended height and weight. Unlike many booster seats, 3-1 car seats may use the LATCH system to be secured inside the car.
631:
countries, such as
Australia and the United States, forbid rear-facing child seats in a front seat that has an airbag. A rear-facing infant restraint put in the front seat of a vehicle places an infant's head close to the airbag, which can cause severe head injuries or death if the airbag deploys. Some modern cars include a switch to disable the front passenger airbag for child-supporting seat use.
1716:
92:" is the name of a new European safety regulation that affects car seats for children under 15 months of age. It came into effect in July 2013 and provides extra protection in several ways, most notably by providing rearward facing travel for children up to 15 months instead of 9 to 12 months, which the previous EU regulation advised.
837:
must ride rear-facing. Children with the appropriate car seat are allowed to travel in the front seat if the airbag is disabled. The
Israeli transportation regulation states that a child under the weight of 36 kg (79 lb), height of 140 centimetres (4 feet 7 inches), or age of 8 will use some kind of safety chair.
351:(AAP) recommends that children remain rear-facing until they outgrow their convertible seat, regardless of how old they are. Children can remain in a rear-facing seat until they have either outgrown the weight limit for their seat, or the top of their head is within 25 mm (1 in) of the top of the shell of the car seat.
516:, child restraints are tested for use in just one crash event. This means that if the restraint is compromised in any way (with or without the child in it), owners are strongly suggested to replace it. This is due to the uncertainty with how a compromised child restraint will perform in subsequent crashes.
855:
governs the rules and sets standards for the health and safety aspects with respect to child restraints in New
Zealand. Their guidelines dictate the minimum legal requirements for a New Zealand vehicle from the safety perspective. The correct fitting of a car seat can protect individuals and can be a
836:
1961 Israeli transportation law states that every passenger and driver in the vehicle must either have a seat belt or a safety seat. A child under the age of 3 must be set in an approved safety seat, and until the age of 8 the child needs to be in a booster or a safety seat. Up until one year a child
630:
have child safety laws that require a child to be restrained appropriately depending on their age and weight. These regulations and standards are often minimums, and with each graduation to the next kind of safety seat, there is a step down in the amount of protection a child has in a collision. Some
579:
A study of car crash data from 16 U.S. states found that children under the age of 3 were 43% less likely to be injured in a car crash if their car seat was fastened in the center of the back seat rather than on one side. Results were based on data from 4,790 car crashes involving children aged 3 and
104:
was manufactured and put on the market in the early 1900s, many modifications and adjustments have been implemented to protect those that drive and ride in motorized vehicles. Most restraints were put into place to protect adults without regard for young children. Though child seats were beginning to
1186:
Child safety seats can be expensive and bulky, and if the family has multiple children who need to use child safety seats at the same time, it may even be necessary to buy a larger vehicle or specialized, narrower safety seats to comply with legal requirements about transporting children safely. One
1169:
says to "make sure the seat is at the correct angle so your infantâs head does not flop forward. Many seats have angle indicators or adjusters that can help prevent this. If your seat does not have an angle adjuster, tilt the car safety seat back by putting a rolled towel or other firm padding (such
332:
Convertible safety seats can be installed as either rear-facing or forward-facing. There is a large selection available to choose from and weight limits, height limits, and extra features vary from seat to seat and by manufacturer. Seats with a 5-point harness are considered safer than those with an
1076:
A safety seat increases the safety of a properly restrained child in the case of a motor vehicle accident. The safety seat includes foam padding, fabric covers, a harness, and buckles or attaching mechanisms. Labels and instructions are also attached. Every child safety seat will have an expiration
1036:
Most states include in their law a requirement that all infants ride rear-facing until they are BOTH one year of age AND at least 20 pounds. Though it is not included in every state's law, no child safety restraint marketed to the US will accommodate an infant less than 20 pounds, some no less than
962:
Under the
Republic Act No. 11229, or the Child Safety in Motor Vehicles Act which took effect on 2 February 2021, children age 12 years and below who are smaller than 1.50 m (4 ft 11 in) are required to use "child restraint systems" or child car seats and is bared from seating in the
681:
By law every child restraint sold in
Australia must carry the Australian Standard AS/NZ1754 sticker (pictured right). Most overseas child restraints, including restraints from Europe and the US, do not comply with these Standards and cannot legally be used in Australia. This also applies for ISOFIX
661:
2013: New EU I-Size regulation is introduced: "i-Size" is the name of a new
European safety regulation, UNECE Regulation 129 that affects car seats for children under 15 months of age. It came into effect in July 2013 and provides extra protection in several ways, most notably by providing rearward
480:
Some consumer groups are calling on manufacturers and retailers to phase out backless boosters, as it says they do not provide enough protection in side-impact crashes and could put children at risk. So while backless booster cushions are better than using no child seat at all, they do not provide
328:
Convertible seats can be used throughout many stages. Many convertible seats will transition from a rear-facing seat, to a forward-facing seat, and some then can be used as a booster seat. Many convertible seats allow for 2.3â18 kg (5.1â39.7 lb) rear-facing, allowing children to be in the
1531:
KamrĂŠn B, von Koch M, Lie A, Tingvall C, Larsson S, Turbell T. The
Protective Effect of Rearward Facing CRS. An Overview of possibilities and problems associated with child restraint for children aged 0-3 years. Child Occupant Protection symposium, San Antonio, November 1993. Society of Automotive
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using the integral handle if it is the specific model. Rear-facing child seats are inherently safer than forward-facing child seats because they provide more support for the child's head in the event of a sudden deceleration. Although some parents are eager to switch to a forward-facing child seat
1077:
date on it. The Safe Kids USA organization does not recommend using a child safety seat that is more than 6 years old. Periodically, child safety seats are recalled by manufacturers for safety reasons. The
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration posts a link to recent recall information at
523:
provides guidance on the reuse of child restraint systems after a crash. Replacement of child restraints is recommended following a moderate or severe crash in order to ensure a continued high level of protection for child passengers. However, recent studies demonstrate that child restraints can
1139:
Manufacturers have quality controls to ensure seats are properly put together and packaged. However, it is not guaranteed that the included instructions are always adhered to and correctly followed. Up to 95% of the safety seats that are installed may not be the right seat for the child, may be
699:
In
Australia there are six different types (Type A to Type F) of child restraints under the mandatory standard. Note: these restraints are NOT based on weight but on HEIGHT. All car seats with the AS/NZ1754 sticker will have height markers. These markers show clearly for what height the seat is
646:
For a child restraint to be sold or used within any of the 56 UNECE member states it must be approved by the standards of UNECE Regulation 44/04, Directive 77/541/EEC or any other subsequent adaptation thereto. In order to be granted ECE R44 approval the child restraint must comply with several
384:
It is recommended that children sit rear-facing for as long as possible. In Scandinavian countries, for example, children sit rear-facing until around four years old. Rear-facing car seats are significantly safer in frontal collisions, which are the most likely to cause severe injury and death.
822:
All children younger than 12 years and smaller than 135 cm (4 ft 5 in) must use a booster seat or child-safety seat appropriate to their weight. The Department of Transport advises that children continue to use a seat when they are 12 years or older but smaller than 150 cm
2353:
NHTSA. "National Child Passenger Safety Certification Training Program Manual. Some combination seats must be converted to a booster after the child reaches 40 pounds (18 kg), while others have much higher weight limits for use of the 5-point harness (e.g., up to 85 pounds (39 kg)).
622:
Other car seats, also known as "booster seats," are required until the child is large enough to use an adult seat belt. This is usually, but not always, when the child is 135 cm (4.43 ft; 53 in) tall. The child needs to meet five criteria before moving out of the booster seat,
469:
Booster seats lift the child and allow the seat belt to sit firmly across the collar bone and chest, with the lap portion fitted to the hips. If the seat belt is not across the collar bone and the hips, it will ride across the neck and the stomach and cause internal injuries in the event of a
642:
2003/20/EC of the European Parliament and the Council has mandated the use of child-restraint systems in vehicles effective May 5, 2006. Children less than 135 centimetres (53 in) tall in vehicles must be restrained by an approved child restraint system suitable for the child's size. In
1140:
hooked into the vehicle loosely, may be hooked with an incompatible belt in the vehicle, may have harnesses incorrectly fastened in some way, or may be incorrectly placed in front of air bags. In 1997, six out of ten children who were killed in vehicle crashes were not correctly restrained.
1044:(NHTSA) advises the use of a child restraint or a booster seat for all children who are shorter than 4 ft 9 in, regardless of age and weight, or even longer if the belts hit the child at the wrong place. Some booster seats can be used for children up to 60 inches and 120 pounds.
492:
After reaching one year of age and 20 pounds (9 kg), children may travel in forward-facing seats. Most Scandinavian countries require children to sit rear-facing until at least the age of 4 years. This has contributed to Sweden having the lowest rate of children killed in traffic in
1104:: Child safety seats made specifically for infants are the smallest and have carrying handles for easy carrying and loading. Newborns are most often placed in a rear-facing seat. These seats are designed for infants is up to 22 to 32 pounds (10.0 to 14.5 kg), depending on the model.
2292:
John Persing, MD, et al., American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Plastic Surgery and Section on Neurological Surgery, "Prevention and Management of Positional Skull Deformities in Infants," Pediatrics 112, no. 1 (July 2003):
562:
Children traveling by plane are safer in a child safety seat than in a parent's arms. The FAA and the AAP recommend that all children under 40 lb use a child safety seat on a plane. Booster seats cannot be used on airplanes because they do not have shoulder belts.
566:
Parents should not put children into safety seats with thick winter coats on. The coat will flatten in an accident and the straps will not be snug enough to keep the child safe. An alternative would be placing a coat on the child backwards after buckling the child in.
1033:, children who are four years or older can use an adult seat belt without a child safety seat. In the rest of the country, a booster seat or otherwise appropriate child restraint is required until the child is between five and nine years old, depending on the state.
504:
Well being is central with regards to car seats. Check for vehicle situates that have passed the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and accompany side-influence insurance, a five-point outfit, and a legitimate establishment framework, like the Hook framework.
745:
The responsibility for children under the age of 16 using restraints or safety belts correctly rests with the driver. In Queensland, penalties for drivers not ensuring that passengers under the age of 16 are properly restrained involve a fine of A$ 300 and three
662:
facing travel for children up to 15 months instead of 9 to 12 months, which the previous EU regulation advised. This new regulation is to be phased in between 2013 and 2018 and will be run in parallel to UNECE R44/04 until 2018 when it completely supersedes it.
1693:
647:
design, construction and production conformity standards. If approval is granted the seat can display an orange label with the unique approval license number, the type of approval, the mass group approved for and the details of the manufacturer.
466:. Seat belts are engineered for adults, and are thus too big for small children. In the United States, for children under the age of 4 and/or under 40 pounds (18 kg), a seat with a 5-point harness is suggested instead of a booster seat.
336:
Convertibles are not considered the best choice for a newborn because the bottom harness slots are often above the shoulders of most newborns. A seat with low bottom harness slots can be used if it is desired to use a convertible from birth.
558:
The purchase of a used seat is not recommended. Due to the aforementioned concerns regarding expiry dates, crash testing, and recalls, it is often impossible to determine the history of the child restraint when it is purchased second-hand.
1068:
Though there are hundreds of variations of makes and models in the world of child safety seats, the materials used in the manufacturing process are basically the same. Factories in which the seats are put together receive loads of
778:
All children who are smaller than 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) and younger than 14 years old must use a booster or car seat appropriate to their weight. A child must be either 14 years old or 4'11" to ride without a booster
1535:
Isaksson-Hellman I, Jakobson L, Gustafsson C, Norin H: Trends and effects of child restraint systems based on Volvoâs Swedish accident database. SAE Technical paper 973299. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Warrendale, PA,
875:
Children aged 8 years to 14 years are not required to use a child restraint. However, if a seat belt is not available (pre-1979 vehicles are not required to be fitted with seat belts on all seats), they must sit in the back
1554:
Arbogast KB, Cornejo RA, Kallan MJ, Winston FK, Durbin DR: Injuries to children in forward facing child restraints. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 46th (AAAM). Annual Conference, Tempe, AX 2002. Pp
1182:
Child safety seats offer a considerable safety advantage over seat belts alone, when looking at data about collisions in newer cars with newer child safety seats, without restricting the data to include only fatalities.
789:
All children who are smaller than 145 cm (4 ft 9 in) and younger than 7 years old must use a booster or car seat appropriate to their weight. A child must use a car seat at ages 0â4; Ages 5â7 a booster is
554:
Child restraints are sometimes the subject of manufacturing recalls. Recalls vary in severity; sometimes the manufacturer will send an additional part for the seat, other times they will provide an entirely new seat.
223:, in the event of a big crash. It must be put on the rear seat of the car. Some models can be changed to face forward after the baby has reached the weight limit which is normally about 15â20 kg (33â44 lb).
1047:
Many state laws prefer that children 12 years and younger sit in the back seat if available. Some states, as is the case in Michigan, forbid placing a child under the age of 4 years in a front seat if a rear seat is
1115:
Some seats allow the child to stay rear-facing until 45 pounds (20 kg). Once the child has reached the minimum requirements to be forward facing, the seat can be turned around and used as a forward-facing
210:
are used for children that cannot sit in a regular baby seat, such as premature infants or infants that suffer from apnea. A carrycot is a restraint system intended to accommodate and restrain the child in a
963:
front seat of vehicles. The Department of Transportation is also mandated by the same law to conduct a feasibility study on the use of child restraint systems on public transport including buses, taxis, and
570:
Straps on the harness should be snug on the child, parents should not be able to pinch the straps away from the shoulders of the child. The straps also need to be placed at the proper height for the child.
1542:
Tingvall C. Children in cars. Doctor thesis. Some aspects of the safety of children as car passengers on road traffic accidents. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. Supplement, 339:1-35,1987. (Doctoral thesis)
983:
Front seats: children younger than 12 years or smaller than 4 feet 5 inches must use a child-safety seat. Persons bigger than 135 cm (4 ft 5 in) may use the adult safety belt.
1174:) under the base near the point where the back and bottom of the vehicle seat meet." Safety seats come with an instruction booklet with additional information on the appropriate angle for the seat.
496:
According to Canadian law, and some US states, children must be restrained until they are 4-years old and 40 pounds (18 kg). After the requirement is met, they may use a booster seat instead.
2031:
219:
with the child's spine perpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle. Carrycots are designed to distribute the restraining forces over the child's head and body, excluding its
128:
European Regional standard ECE R44/04 categorizes these into 4 groups: 0â3. Many car seats combine the larger groups 1, 2 and 3. Some new car models includes stock restraint seats by default.
2354:
Children are safest in a five-point harness provided it is installed correctly and the child is within the height and weight limits for that particular seat." Safe Kids Worldwide, April 2007.
759:
Laws regarding taxis vary by state for infants. For children up to seven, a child restraint must be used if available, otherwise the child must use a properly fastened and adjusted seat belt.
531:
A visual inspection of the child safety seat, including inspection under any easily movable seat padding, does not reveal any cracks or deformation that might have been caused by the crash
1154:
Along with the problem of instructions not being followed properly, there are other hazards that can affect children involving these safety seats. A recent study attributed many cases of
2071:
765:
If a child has a medical condition or physical disability that makes it impractical to use a child restraint and the driver has a certificate from a doctor indicating this is the case.
347:
All convertible seats in the U.S. have at least a 35 pounds (16 kg) rear-facing weight limit, most now to go to 40 pounds (18 kg), and some go to 50 pounds (23 kg). The
671:
1558:
Henary B, Sherwood, C P, Crandall J R, Kent R W, Vaca F E, Arbogast K B, Bull M J. Car safety seats for children: rear facing for best protection. Injury Prevention 2007; 13:398-402.
1124:: The combination seat or five-point booster is a forward-facing seat that has a five-point harness system. It can be modified to a belt-positioning booster by removing some webbing
1007:
In 2003, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) suggested that infants "should spend minimal time in car seats (when not a passenger in a vehicle) or other seating that maintains
856:
lifesaver. This page provides details on qualified seat installation processes and approved standardized marks to look out for in child restraints. The Agency trains and certifies
286:
because it seems more "grown up," various countries and car seat manufacturers recommend that children continue to use a rear-facing child seat for as long as physically possible.
1561:
Sherwood C P, Crandall J R. Frontal sled tests comparing rear and forward facing child restraints with 1-3 year old dummies. Annual Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2007;51:169-80.
1701:
869:
Children aged under 7 years must use an approved child restraint unless they are travelling in a public bus, shuttle or taxi and an approved child restraint is not available.
998:
From September 18, 2006, all children under the age of 12 have to use some form of child car seat, unless they are taller than 135 centimetres (4 feet 5 inches).
1051:
Some states require that all child safety seats be used in full accordance with the manufacturer's instructions in what is sometimes referred to as a "proper use clause".
733:
a booster seat used in conjunction with a Type C child restraint and a seatbelt, or with a lap-sash seatbelt, suitable for children approximately 4 to 10 years of age, or
108:
Seat belts for adults were not standard equipment in automobiles until the 1960s. Child safety seats first became available in the late 1960s, but few parents used them.
1548:
Fuchs S, Barthel MJ, Flannery, AM and Christoffel KK: Cervical spine fractures sustained by young children in forward facing car seats. Pediatrics 84(2), 348-354, 1989.
2168:
2120:
1864:
Directive 2003/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 April 2003 amending Council Directive 91/671/EEC, Official Journal L 115, 2003-05-09 P. 63.
1626:
1835:
844:
An Urban legend in Israel states that nursery homes and hospitals will not allow exit with an infant if a SalKal (infant carry one safety seat) is not presented.
583:
The move from having car seats in the front passenger seat to having them in the back seat, facing backwards, may make it easier for a busy, distracted parent to
2145:
1519:
Carlsson G, Norin H, Ysander L: Rearward-facing child seats â the safest car restraint for children? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 23(2-3):175-182, 1991.
1551:
Stalnaker RL: Spinal cord injuries to children in real world accidents. SAE SP-986. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Warrendale, PA. 1993. Pp 173-183.
995:
As it was an EU member state at the time laws were introduced, products used in United Kingdom should comply with European Union single market definitions.
1977:
1454:
1073:
pellets. Foam makes up the padding of the individual seats, while vinyl and fabrics are used to make up the covers for the seats as well as the harnesses.
473:
There are two main types of boosters: high back (some of which have energy absorbing foam) and no back. A new generation of booster seats comes with rigid
1784:
1545:
Turbell T. Child restraint systems: Frontal Impact Performance. VTI rapport 36A. Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute (VTI) Stockholm Sweden. 1974.
1539:
Jacobsson L, Isaksson âHellman I, Lundell B: Safety for the growing child â experiences from Swedish accident data. ESV conference 2005. Paper no 05-0330.
623:
including the child's seating position, shoulder belt position, lap belt position, knee position, and ability to sit properly for the length of the trip.
1929:
950:
The number after 'E' in the ECE 44 standard indicates as to which country certifies the child restraint. Hence the number differs between countries. The
1759:
154:
Carrycots are secured by both seat belts in the rear seat of the car. Both types have handles to allow them to be easily moved into and out of the car.
2035:
1991:
1955:
650:
However, until May 9, 2008, member states may have permitted the use of child restraint systems approved in accordance with their national standards.
2553:
2215:
986:
Rear seats: persons smaller than 135 centimetres (4 feet 5 inches) must use a child-safety seat. Also true for kids younger than 12 years.
1653:,International comparisons of child injuries and prevention programs: recommendations for an improved prevention program in Germany, August 4, 2014
2075:
2586:
1317:
1041:
520:
68:
1733:
344:. Forward-facing limits range from 9 to 40 kg (20 to 88 lb) depending on the seat model and the manufacturer and country of origin.
2241:
1678:
Bilbarnstolen ska alltid bytas ut om den har skadats i samband med krock pü ett sätt som syns eller som püverkar funktionen i nügot avseende
1420:
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of restraining devices for child occupants of power driven vehicles (âchild restraint systemsâ)
654:
has developed a child-safety-protection rating to encourage improved designs. Points are awarded for universal child-restraint anchorages
416:
Also known as booster seats, these position the child so that the adult seat belt is held in the correct position for safety and comfort.
1817:
2344:
AAP. "Car Safety Seats: A Guide For Families 2009." American Academy of Pediatrics. 2009. American Academy of Pediatrics. 22 Feb. 2009".
889:. There are different marks to indicate this approval from the safety perspective. Approved marks/symbols are shown in the table below:
2097:
2057:
2017:
1200:
750:. In Victoria the penalty is a fine of A$ 234 and three demerit points. Possible suspension or cancellation of license may also apply.
144:
Group 0 baby seats, or infant carriers, keep the baby locked up in a rear-facing position and are secured in place by a standard adult
1899:
1468:
1432:
1575:
1055:
806:
The strictest province law requires children who are younger than 10 years and smaller than 4 ft 9 in to use a booster seat.
1406:
841:
The Israeli regulation states that a Sal Kal (he:×Ą× ×§× lit. light basket) is equal to European group 0 and group 0+ regulations
548:
77:
was launched in an attempt to provide a standard for fixing car seats into different makes of car. The standard now includes a
359:
A permanent fixture in the car using an adult seat belt to hold it in place and a five-point baby harness to hold the infant.
2489:
Bhaumik, Soumyadeep; Hunter, Kate; Matzopoulos, Richard; Prinsloo, Megan; Ivers, Rebecca Q.; Peden, Margaret (October 2020).
1215:
742:
Combination Type A/B: Child restraints can also be a combination of the above types. For example, a Type A/B converter seat.
1599:
1037:
22 pounds, in a forward-facing position. As of 2011, most children ride rear-facing until they are at least 2 years of age.
826:
It is highly recommended that children younger than 14 years sit in the back seat or use a booster seat in the front seat.
2379:"How child safety seat is madeâmanufacture, history, used, parts, components, product, industry, History, Raw Materials"
1843:
1636:
1494:
2579:
2405:"Effectiveness of Child Safety Seats vs Seat Belts in Reducing Risk for Death in Children in Passenger Vehicle Crashes"
547:
Crashes that meet all of these criteria are much less severe than the dynamic testing requirement for compliance with
809:
For safety reasons, it is generally advised to use a booster seat until the child reaches a height of 4 ft 9 in.
1874:
1316:
International Standard ISO 13216. Anchorages in vehicles and attachments to anchorages for child restraint systems.
187:
1792:
722:
a booster seat or booster cushion used with a Type C child restraint and a seat belt, or with a lap-sash seat belt,
707:
Type A: Rearward-facing or transversely installed restraint with a harness or other means of holding the child back
397:
Position: Sitting, forward-facing or rear-facing (make sure the seat is certified for up to 25 kg (55 lb)
175:
2363:
NHTSA. "National Child Passenger Safety Certification Training Program Manual." Safe Kids Worldwide, April 2007.
534:
The vehicle in which the child safety seat was installed was capable of being driven from the scene of the crash
385:
Rear-facing Group 1 car seats are becoming more widespread but are still difficult to source in many countries.
1166:
348:
1665:
818:
As an EU member states, products used in Germany should comply with European Union single market definitions.
774:
As an EU member states, products used in Austria should comply with European Union single market definitions.
580:
younger between 1998 and 2006. According to data, the center position was the safest but least used position.
2572:
1148:
954:(European Union) also has similar symbols to indicate safety standards for children travelling in a vehicle.
2303:
1995:
979:
As an EU member states, products used in Spain should comply with European Union single market definitions.
1291:
1155:
692:
Children between six months and under four years must be restrained in a rear- or forward-facing restraint.
1419:
736:
a converter used in conjunction with a seatbelt, suitable for children approximately 8 to 10 years of age.
340:
Rear-facing weight limits range from 9 to 23 kg (20 to 51 lb) depending on the manufacturer and
2328:
2219:
1210:
1266:
1143:
124:
There are several types of car seats, which vary in the position of the child and size of the seat. The
695:
Children between four and under seven must be restrained in a forward-facing restraint or booster seat.
639:
254:
position. This design distributes the restraining forces over the child's head and body, excluding its
2491:"Facilitators and barriers to child restraint use in motor vehicles: a qualitative evidence synthesis"
1649:
393:
A larger seat than the Group 1 design. These seats use an adult seat belt to hold the child in place.
2640:
2561:âStandardized curriculum used to train and certify child passenger safety technicians and instructors
1381:
2475:
1737:
1581:
1330:
2676:
584:
2404:
686:
Children under seven must be restrained in a suitable, approved child restraint or booster seat.
1821:
968:
2454:
2702:
2462:
1907:
524:
withstand minor crash impacts without any documented degradation in subsequent performance.
2707:
2169:"Requirements for using child restraints in New Zealand | Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency"
1097:
There are different types of child safety seats for children of different sizes and ages.
599:
8:
2378:
1356:
886:
852:
1472:
1418:
Regulation No 44 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) â
2526:
2442:
1694:"NHTSA Advises Parents, Caregivers: Child Safety Seats Can Be Reused after Minor Crash"
462:
Booster seats are recommended for children until they are big enough to properly use a
1585:
678:
Australian laws regarding infants in motor vehicles were revised on November 9, 2009.
658:, the quality of warning labels and deactivation systems for front-passenger airbags.
2630:
2530:
2518:
2510:
2450:
2446:
2193:
2091:
2051:
2011:
1971:
1448:
725:
a converter seat suitable for children who weigh 18 to 32 kg (40 to 71 lb).
627:
608:
509:
341:
61:
380:
Approximate age: 9 months to 4 years (Although older children can fit too sometimes)
116:
2506:
2502:
2434:
430:
Approximate age: 4 to 10, and above if the child is not 36 kg (79 lb) yet
1240:
527:
A minor crash is defined by the NHTSA as one in which all of the following apply:
226:
Carrycots generally include a stomach belt and a connection to the (three points)
60:, is a seat designed specifically to protect children from injury or death during
1603:
1205:
1008:
320:
212:
2547:
1187:
economic study found that these requirements affected families' decisions about
1632:
951:
872:
Children aged 7 years must use an approved child restraint if one is available.
446:
282:
255:
247:
220:
216:
125:
607:
Baby car seats are legally required in many countries, including most Western
251:
238:
136:
2696:
2671:
2635:
2514:
2110:
Shopping Before Birth: Orange, Family/Pregnancy_Birth _-_ Support, 01.12.2012
1720:
1498:
1188:
1070:
1019:
1012:
747:
513:
2490:
2267:
2625:
2522:
2430:
1159:
1030:
588:
440:
1384:. United States Patent and Trademark Office. March 5, 1962. Archived from
21:
2618:
2438:
1171:
863:
407:
Approximate age: 4 to 6 years (Although older children can sometimes fit)
227:
1736:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Archived from
551:
and are highly unlikely to affect future child safety seat performance.
363:
Position: Sitting, recommended rear-facing but forward-facing is legal,
2655:
2613:
2564:
689:
Children under six months must be restrained in a rear-facing position.
78:
670:
329:
safer rear-facing position up to a weight of 18 kg (40 lb).
2645:
2595:
1600:"Baby Car SeatsâAll The Information You Need To Find The Perfect One"
1220:
651:
463:
278:
158:
Position: Lying (in carrycots), rear-facing (in infant carriers), no
145:
85:. Generally, the ISOFIX system can be used with Groups 0, 0+ and 1.
1933:
964:
611:, to safely transport children up to the age of 2 or more years in
250:
system intended to accommodate the child in a rearward-facing semi-
1018:
Child restraint requirements differ for the various states in the
880:
793:
Children under 10 years old are required to ride in the back seat.
2650:
2242:"What you need to know about the Philippines' child car seat law"
1719:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1089:
1059:
Child Safety Seat Warning Label for Front Passenger Seat (Taiwan)
1026:
616:
454:
274:
2488:
1956:"Child restraints < Children < NSW Centre for Road Safety"
603:
Child safety postage stamp of Russia showing a child safety seat
591:
and hypothermia in the United States after being left in a car.
1532:
engineers (SAE), Inc Warredale, PA. SAE technical paper 933093.
924:
655:
474:
366:
297:
262:
159:
73:
1760:"Winter coats and car seats: Keeping your child safe and warm"
1435:. March 22, 2011. Archived from the original on March 22, 2011
82:
26:
1958:. March 5, 2013. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013
803:
Child restraint requirements vary from province to province.
537:
The vehicle door nearest the child safety seat was undamaged
16:
Seat designed to protect children during traffic collisions
2216:"How to tell if a child restraint is safe for New Zealand"
1385:
1078:
612:
101:
885:
All child restraints must meet the standards set by the
2558:
1382:"USPTO Full-Text and Image Database. Patent #3,107,942"
634:
2429:
Nickerson, Jordan; Solomon, David H. (July 31, 2020).
864:
Rules and regulations for passengers of different ages
540:
There were no injuries to any of the vehicle occupants
521:
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
1668:. NationalfÜreningen fÜr trafiksäkerhetens främjande
1469:"Five-Point Harness or ShieldâChoosing a safer seat"
165:
Recommended weight: Birth to 10 kg (22 lb)
88:
In 2013, a new car seat regulation was introduced: "
2550:âFor information on child restraint use in the U.S.
1700:. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from
762:
A child traveling in a police or emergency vehicle.
151:Group 0 carrycots hold the baby lying on its back.
2554:2007 RTA/NRMA/RACV (Australian) Crash Test Results
1900:"Child car seat design and production regulations"
860:who are authorized to install child safety seats.
682:child restraints imported from Europe or the USA.
1836:"Car Seats | Parents Central | Keeping Kids Safe"
1495:"AAPâCar Safety Seats: A Guide for Familiesâ2005"
549:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 213
439:"Booster seat" redirects here. For the song, see
2694:
2428:
1976:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1453:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2166:
1812:
1810:
881:New Zealand Approved Marks for child restraints
1698:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1318:International Organization for Standardization
1042:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
713:Type C: Forward-facing harness without a chair
587:. Each year, between 30 and 50 infants die of
2580:
2373:
2371:
2369:
1602:. Imported Auto. July 1, 2019. Archived from
730:Type F: A restraint that consists of either:
719:Type E: a restraint that consists of either:
1807:
81:; the U.S. version of this system is called
710:Type B: Forward-facing chair with a harness
277:permanently fixed into the car by an adult
2587:
2573:
2366:
2357:
1271:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1201:BeSeatSmart Child Passenger Safety Program
858:NZTA certified child restraint technicians
716:Type D: Rearward-facing chair with harness
484:
481:adequate protection in all circumstances.
1875:"European Commission Rules on Seat Belts"
1433:"AAP Updates Recommendation on Car Seats"
1147:Child Safety Seat Inspection site by the
967:. The law does not cover motorcycles and
258:, in the event of the frontal collision.
2594:
1785:"The Last Word: Forgotten Baby Syndrome"
1688:
1686:
1513:
1142:
1088:
1054:
753:
669:
598:
453:
445:
370:(with the exception of curtain airbags).
319:
301:(with the exception of curtain airbags).
237:
162:(with the exception of curtain airbags).
135:
115:
20:
2695:
2340:
2338:
2096:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2056:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2016:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1779:
1777:
2568:
2559:National Child Passenger Safety Board
2218:. NZ Transport Agency. Archived from
1762:. Consumer Reports. December 20, 2012
1683:
1216:National Child Passenger Safety Board
499:
198:
2196:. Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
635:European Union and UNECE regulations
543:The air bags (if any) did not deploy
315:
281:and can be placed into some form of
2335:
2146:"Find a child restraint technician"
1930:"Seat belts & child restraints"
1774:
1497:. February 16, 2006. Archived from
1264:
906:Australia and New Zealand standardâ
626:Generally, countries that regulate
311:Approximate age: Birth to 15 months
273:Group 0+ car seats commonly have a
168:Approximate age: Birth to 15 months
13:
2402:
2148:. New Zealand: NZ Transport Agency
1331:"A Brief History of 7 Baby Basics"
233:
111:
14:
2719:
2541:
2268:"Q&A: New child car seat law"
1651:Seat belts & child restraints
1011:" to avoid developing positional
990:
574:
420:Position: Sitting, forward-facing
306:Birth (2â3 kg) to 13 kg
2403:Elliot, Michael R.; et al.
1791:. March 26, 2009. Archived from
1714:
1063:
1001:
434:
186:
174:
25:Child safety seat, produced for
2482:
2422:
2396:
2347:
2321:
2296:
2286:
2260:
2234:
2208:
2186:
2160:
2138:
2113:
2104:
2064:
2024:
1984:
1948:
1922:
1892:
1867:
1858:
1828:
1752:
1726:
1658:
1643:
1618:
1592:
1567:
1522:
1487:
1461:
1425:
1292:"Car Seat Safety (Healthy You)"
489:Used for Groups I, II and III.
2507:10.1136/injuryprev-2020-043655
1818:"ChildrenâEuropean Commission"
1584:: NHTSA DoT, 2, archived from
1412:
1400:
1374:
1349:
1323:
1310:
1284:
1258:
1233:
1167:American Academy of Pediatrics
957:
847:
349:American Academy of Pediatrics
324:Convertible Car Seat (Toddler)
1:
2329:"Michigan Car Seat Laws 2020"
1635:: Which, 2010, archived from
1226:
2431:"Car Seats as Contraception"
1628:Car safety & child seats
1177:
1156:sudden infant death syndrome
665:
193:Car Seat - Not in Front Seat
7:
1734:"Keeping You SafeâSafercar"
1211:Child Passenger Safety Week
1194:
585:forget an infant in the car
493:international comparisons.
268:
242:Rear-facing infant car seat
181:Car Seat - Middle Back Seat
10:
2724:
1666:"Bilbarnstolars livslängd"
1265:CDC (September 25, 2019).
1134:
813:
769:
438:
427:(48 lb to 76 lb)
411:
404:(33 lb to 55 lb)
388:
377:(20 lb to 40 lb)
354:
148:and/or an ISOFIX fitting.
131:
95:
2664:
2641:Child-resistant packaging
2603:
830:
797:
783:
1655:Retrieved August 5, 2018
1267:"Child Passenger Safety"
1084:
974:
425:22 kg to 36 kg
402:15 kg to 25 kg
2677:School bus crossing arm
2194:"Promoting Road Safety"
1422:- Retrieved 2014-08-04
1015:("flat head syndrome").
941:United States Standardâ
823:(4 ft 11 in).
485:Front-facing restraints
458:Child in a booster seat
375:9 kg to 18 kg
246:Infant carrier means a
2470:Cite journal requires
1407:"Children's Car Seats"
1151:
1149:Maui Police Department
1094:
1060:
675:
604:
594:
459:
451:
325:
243:
141:
121:
42:child restraint system
36:, sometimes called an
29:
2167:NZ Transport Agency.
1625:"Child safety week",
1241:"State of New Jersey"
1146:
1092:
1058:
754:Exemptions to the law
673:
602:
457:
450:Backless booster seat
449:
323:
241:
139:
119:
24:
2439:10.2139/ssrn.3665046
1998:on February 12, 2018
1846:on February 19, 2016
1824:on November 9, 2016.
1740:on September 1, 2006
1501:on February 16, 2006
423:Recommended weight:
400:Recommended weight:
373:Recommended weight:
304:Recommended weight:
2125:Shvil-haleida.co.il
1904:childseatcentre.com
1879:European Commission
1388:on October 19, 2012
1357:"Child Safety Seat"
1298:. February 25, 2020
1296:Texomashomepage.com
969:motorized tricycles
895:Symbol Description
887:NZ Transport Agency
853:NZ Transport Agency
703:The six types are:
609:developed countries
290:Position: Sitting,
2248:. February 1, 2021
1910:on October 9, 2020
1704:on October 5, 2016
1606:on October 9, 2020
1152:
1095:
1061:
1009:supine positioning
898:Standard followed
676:
605:
500:Safety information
460:
452:
326:
244:
199:Fastened carrycots
142:
122:
120:Child safety seats
62:vehicle collisions
38:infant safety seat
30:
2690:
2689:
2682:Child safety seat
2631:Child safety lock
2495:Injury Prevention
2433:. Rochester, NY.
2274:. August 28, 2006
2038:on August 5, 2016
1639:on April 22, 2012
1475:on April 21, 2012
1122:Combination seats
1108:Convertible seats
1093:Child safety seat
948:
947:
342:country of origin
333:overhead shield.
316:Convertible seats
34:child safety seat
2715:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2535:
2534:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2458:
2426:
2420:
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2400:
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2389:
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2325:
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2314:
2300:
2294:
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2284:
2283:
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2279:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2238:
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2229:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2173:www.nzta.govt.nz
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2078:on July 22, 2016
2074:. Archived from
2068:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2034:. Archived from
2028:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1994:. Archived from
1988:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1936:. August 4, 2014
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1906:. Archived from
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1842:. Archived from
1832:
1826:
1825:
1820:. Archived from
1814:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1749:
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1613:
1611:
1596:
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1589:
1571:
1565:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1471:. Archived from
1465:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1337:. March 12, 2013
1327:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1237:
892:
891:
628:passenger safety
514:race car helmets
190:
178:
100:Since the first
2723:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2660:
2599:
2593:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2487:
2483:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2409:JAMA Pediatrics
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2072:"Archived copy"
2070:
2069:
2065:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2032:"Archived copy"
2030:
2029:
2025:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1992:"Archived copy"
1990:
1989:
1985:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1795:on July 5, 2014
1783:
1782:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1648:
1644:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1588:on May 15, 2008
1573:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
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1391:
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1379:
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1338:
1329:
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1324:
1315:
1311:
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1299:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1206:Bike child seat
1197:
1180:
1137:
1087:
1066:
1004:
993:
977:
960:
883:
866:
850:
833:
816:
800:
786:
772:
756:
668:
637:
597:
577:
502:
487:
444:
437:
414:
391:
357:
318:
271:
236:
234:Infant carriers
208:infant car beds
201:
194:
191:
182:
179:
140:Infant Car Seat
134:
114:
112:Classifications
98:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2721:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2662:
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2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
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2616:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2551:
2543:
2542:External links
2540:
2537:
2536:
2501:(5): 478â493.
2481:
2472:|journal=
2421:
2395:
2365:
2356:
2346:
2334:
2320:
2304:"Child safety"
2295:
2285:
2272:News.bbc.co.uk
2259:
2233:
2222:on May 9, 2012
2207:
2185:
2159:
2137:
2112:
2103:
2063:
2023:
1983:
1947:
1921:
1891:
1866:
1857:
1827:
1806:
1773:
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1179:
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1125:
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989:
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984:
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839:
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748:demerit points
740:
739:
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734:
728:
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723:
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714:
711:
708:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
667:
664:
636:
633:
596:
593:
576:
575:Seat placement
573:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
501:
498:
486:
483:
436:
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371:
356:
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317:
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309:
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283:baby transport
270:
267:
235:
232:
217:prone position
200:
197:
196:
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185:
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180:
173:
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126:United Nations
113:
110:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2720:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:Child harness
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Childproofing
2634:
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2299:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2247:
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2237:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2200:September 29,
2195:
2189:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2152:September 29,
2147:
2141:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2107:
2099:
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2077:
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2067:
2059:
2053:
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1997:
1993:
1987:
1979:
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1957:
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1931:
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1901:
1895:
1880:
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1845:
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1837:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1813:
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1794:
1790:
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1778:
1766:September 19,
1761:
1755:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1722:
1721:public domain
1703:
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1175:
1173:
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1129:
1128:Booster seats
1126:
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1113:
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1106:
1103:
1100:
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1098:
1091:
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1080:
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1072:
1071:polypropylene
1064:Manufacturing
1057:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:United States
1017:
1014:
1013:plagiocephaly
1010:
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1005:
1002:United States
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980:
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970:
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700:appropriate.
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435:Booster seats
429:
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308:(29 lb).
307:
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2703:Child safety
2681:
2626:Baby monitor
2596:Child safety
2548:Safercar.gov
2498:
2494:
2484:
2463:cite journal
2424:
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2408:
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1335:Mental Floss
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1244:
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1160:asphyxiation
1153:
1138:
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1101:
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1031:South Dakota
997:
994:
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507:
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491:
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441:Booster Seat
424:
415:
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392:
383:
374:
364:
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346:
339:
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331:
327:
305:
295:
291:
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58:booster seat
57:
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33:
31:
18:
2708:Road safety
2383:Madehow.com
2252:February 7,
2178:October 12,
1172:pool noodle
958:Philippines
848:New Zealand
470:collision.
292:rear-facing
228:safety belt
2697:Categories
2656:Pool fence
1227:References
1048:available.
908:AS/NZ 1754
903:Tick Mark
615:and other
510:motorcycle
261:For young
79:top tether
46:child seat
2646:Kiddy Bag
2531:218874010
2515:1475-5785
2447:229069738
1940:August 5,
1884:August 2,
1799:April 17,
1708:August 2,
1479:April 17,
1320:, Geneva.
1302:March 23,
1276:March 23,
1221:Seat belt
1178:Criticism
1079:nhtsa.gov
943:FMVSS 213
927:Standardâ
790:required.
666:Australia
652:Euro NCAP
640:Directive
464:seat belt
279:seat belt
252:recumbent
248:restraint
204:Carrycots
146:seat belt
71:standard
50:baby seat
2604:Domestic
2523:32447304
2308:iihs.org
2293:199-202.
2226:July 28,
2092:cite web
2082:July 27,
2052:cite web
2042:July 27,
2012:cite web
1972:cite web
1934:VicRoads
1789:The Week
1574:"Tips",
1555:213-230.
1449:cite web
1361:Made How
1195:See also
965:jeepneys
925:European
617:vehicles
269:Group 0+
54:car seat
2651:Playpen
2619:Toddler
2598:devices
2455:3665046
2414:June 9,
2388:May 16,
2313:May 27,
2278:May 16,
2130:May 27,
1962:May 27,
1914:May 27,
1744:May 27,
1672:May 15,
1610:July 7,
1505:May 16,
1439:May 27,
1392:May 16,
1135:Hazards
1027:Florida
937:S' mark
916:E' mark
814:Germany
770:Austria
412:Group 3
389:Group 2
355:Group 1
275:chassis
263:infants
160:airbags
132:Group 0
96:History
56:, or a
2665:Travel
2614:Infant
2529:
2521:
2513:
2453:
2445:
1245:Nj.gov
929:ECE 44
920:number
918:and a
831:Israel
798:Canada
784:Brazil
674:AS1754
656:ISOFIX
475:Isofix
367:airbag
298:airbag
213:supine
90:i-Size
74:ISOFIX
2527:S2CID
2443:S2CID
1536:1997.
1170:as a
1116:seat.
1085:Types
975:Spain
876:seat.
779:seat.
508:Like
256:limbs
221:limbs
83:LATCH
27:Volvo
2610:Bed
2519:PMID
2511:ISSN
2476:help
2451:SSRN
2416:2015
2390:2018
2315:2017
2280:2018
2254:2021
2228:2012
2202:2017
2180:2020
2154:2017
2132:2017
2098:link
2084:2016
2058:link
2044:2016
2018:link
2004:2018
1978:link
1964:2017
1942:2018
1916:2017
1886:2016
1852:2016
1801:2012
1768:2013
1746:2017
1710:2016
1674:2021
1612:2019
1507:2018
1481:2012
1455:link
1441:2017
1394:2018
1368:2014
1343:2014
1304:2020
1278:2020
1252:2013
1165:The
1040:The
1029:and
613:cars
519:The
512:and
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2435:doi
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