44:
597:. The press releases also said that the potatoes were modified with ConA, adding to the confusion. Pusztai claimed that he had not seen the press releases before they went out and had no opportunity to correct the mistake. James says that he drafted it and Pusztai rewrote one section, but did not see the final copy. The mistaken belief that the ConA gene was inserted into the potato led scientist
497:. One control group ate an unmodified Desiree Red potato spiked with the GNA snowdrop lectin. Twelve feeding experiments were conducted, ten short-term (10 days) and two long-term (110 days). Before the experiment Pusztai and his team said they expected no differences between the rats fed modified potatoes and rats fed the non-modified ones.
706:, the former vice-president and biological secretary of the Royal Society and president of the Academy of Medical Sciences, acknowledged making the call but denies that he threatened Horton and says the call was to "discuss his error of judgment" in publishing the letter and to discuss the "moral difficulties about publishing bad science".
634:
designed, contained uncertainties in the composition of diets, tested too few rats, used incorrect statistical methods and lacked consistency within experiments. Pusztai responded by saying the reviewers had reviewed only internal Rowett reports, which did not include the design or methodology of the experiments.
568:
interview was conducted. He said that the rats in his experiments suffered stunted growth and had suppressed immune systems and that more safety research was required. He also said, "If you gave me the choice now, I wouldn't eat it" and it was "very, very unfair to use our fellow citizens as guinea pigs".
688:
The published work was criticised on the grounds that the unmodified potatoes were not a fair control diet and that any rats fed only potatoes would suffer from protein deficiency. Pusztai responded to these criticisms by saying that all the experimental diets had the same protein and energy content,
648:
published an editorial in May 1999 in which they denounced all parties involved, criticizing
Pusztai for "unwisely" announcing his results on television and stating that scientists should publish "results in the scientific press, not through the popular media"; the editorial also denounced the Royal
721:
GMO Panel
Working Group on Animal Feeding Trials concluded: "Results obtained from testing GM food and feed in rodents indicate that large (at least 100-fold) 'safety' margins exist between animal exposure levels without observed adverse effects and estimated human daily intake. The studies did not
563:
titled "Eat up your genes". He was given permission to do the interview by Rowett
Institute Director Philip James. Rowett's press officer was present at the start of filming. During the interview Pusztai said he had "concerns that some of the testing techniques are not up to what we thought it was
536:
was greater on rats fed the raw modified potato, although there was no statistical difference observed in the rats fed the cooked potato. As these effects were not observed in rats fed the control potatoes spiked with GNA, Pusztai concluded that the differences were a result of the transformation
358:
upon rats. Pusztai claimed that the genetically modified potatoes had stunted growth and repressed the rats' immune systems while thickening their gut mucosa. Initially supported by the Rowett
Institute, his comments on a British television programme caused a storm of controversy, and the Rowett
633:
reporters Laurie Flynn and
Michael Sean Gillard claimed that this was an unusual step, as the Royal Society did not normally conduct peer reviews. The data were sent to six anonymous reviewers and the resulting review was published in June 1999. It stated that Pusztai's experiments were poorly
579:
issued a press release the day before the broadcast, stimulating numerous phone calls to
Pusztai and the Institute from government, industrial, non-governmental and media organisations. James says he was dismayed that unpublished data had been released and withdrew Pusztai from any further media
441:
Although the tested potatoes were not a commercial variety and not intended for human consumption a contract was signed with
Cambridge Agricultural Genetics, which included a profit-sharing agreement, if potatoes developed using this technology were approved and released commercially. In earlier
668:
The letter was reviewed by six reviewers – three times the Lancet's usual number. Four reviewers found it acceptable after revisions. A fifth thought it was flawed, but wanted it published "to avoid suspicions of a conspiracy against
Pusztai and to give colleagues a chance to see the data for
583:
Confusion reigned over just what experiments had been conducted. Pusztai had mentioned two lines of genetically modified potatoes, meaning the two GNA lines, and this was reported by the media. The Rowett institute mistakenly assumed the media was talking about a second line transformed with
567:
Pusztai later said that at the time of the interview he was not sure if he should reveal results from experiments that had not been completed and did not think the programme would be hostile toward genetically modified food. He estimated that the experiments were 99 percent complete when the
1070:
Pusztai, A.; Koninkx, J.; Hendriks, H.; Kok, W.; Hulscher, S.; Van Damme, E. J. M.; Peumans, W. J.; Grant, G.; Bardocz, S. (1996). "Effect of the insecticidal
Galanthus nivalis agglutinin on metabolism and the activities of brush border enzymes in the rat small intestine".
508:
lines of potato, both with the GNA gene inserted. They were grown in the same conditions as the non-genetically modified parent plant. According to
Pusztai, the potatoes were not substantially equivalent, as one of the transgenic lines contained 20 percent less
989:
Gatehouse, Angharad M.R.; Davison, Gillian M.; Newell, Christine A.; Merryweather, Andrew; Hamilton, William D.O.; Burgess, Elisabeth P.J.; Gilbert, Robert J.C.; Gatehouse, John A. (1997). "Transgenic potato plants with enhanced resistance to the tomato moth,
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697:
must have had a political motive for publishing the paper because the referees had rejected it. According to Pusztai this claim was repeated by academic critics who assumed that Pickett's use of the plural suggested that the study had failed peer review.
592:
lectin that is toxic to mammals. Transgenic ConA Potatoes had been developed, but had never been tested. Two press releases issued by the Rowett Institute on the 10th and 11th praised Pusztai's research and supported increased safety tests on
359:
Institute withdrew its support. Pusztai was suspended and misconduct procedures were used to seize his data and ban him from speaking publicly. The institute did not renew his annual contract and Pusztai was criticized by the
363:
and some other scientists for making an announcement before his experiment was complete or peer-reviewed and for the experiment's design, methodology and analysis. Some of the data from the study was eventually published in
564:
necessary to do, and therefore we should have more testing." When asked why he felt concerned, he said "it was because we had done some experiments which made us feel concerned" and discussed his results in general terms.
701:
Horton claimed that he had received a "very aggressive" phone call calling him "immoral" and threatening that if he published the paper it would "have implications for his personal position" as editor.
605:
to release statements to the media saying that the findings were not surprising, as a known poison had been added to the potato. Some scientists still dismiss Pusztai's work over this error.
613:
The Rowett Institute audited Pusztai's work on 22 October 1998. It concluded that his data did not support his conclusions. In February 1999, 22 scientists from 13 countries, organised by
391:. The potatoes had been developed by biochemist John Gatehouse at Cambridge Agricultural Genetics (later renamed Axis Genetics) and had recently completed two years of field trials at
580:
commitments that morning. He eventually suspended Pusztai, used misconduct procedures to seize his data, banned him from speaking publicly and did not renew his annual contract.
617:, published a memo responding to the audit. It stated that their independent examination supported Pusztai's conclusions and that he should have been concerned by his findings.
996:
1711:
EFSA GMO Panel Working Group on Animal Feeding Trials (2008). "Safety and nutritional assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed: The role of animal feeding trials".
1460:
Gaskell, George and Bauer, Martin W., editors, "Biotechnology, 1996–2000, the years of controversy", p. 295. The GM food debate, National Museum of Science and Industry,
517:
and sugar contents varied by up to 20 percent among the three lines. Pusztai claimed that these differences were reason enough to discontinue further experimentation.
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423:
1794:
325:
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of rats fed genetically modified potatoes (compared to those fed the control diet), but no differences in growth or immune system function were suggested.
911:
Ewen SW, Pusztai A (October 1999). "Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine".
1633:
Kuiper, H. A.; Noteborn, H. P. M.; Peijnenburg, A. A. M. (October 1999). "Adequacy of methods for testing the safety of genetically modified foods".
882:
1784:
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for agreeing to publish the study. The study, which used data held by Ewen, who was not subject to the veto of Pusztai's work, reported
528:. The mucosa of rats fed raw or cooked potato modified with the GNA gene was thicker than that of rats fed the unmodified potato. The
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Evidence of changes in the organs of rats fed genetically modified potatoes suggests minister's safety assurances may be premature
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further antifeedant-producing genes - was performed over the next few years. This was the work of a Durham/Axis team: At
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ten-day feeding trials on GNA-fed rats, Pusztai concluded that they did not significantly affect growth, despite some
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489:. This lectin is toxic to some insects. Rats were fed raw and cooked genetically modified potatoes, using unmodified
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Ewen retired following publication, claiming that his career options had been "blocked at a very high level".
65:
56:
803:
Domingo JL (2007). "Toxicity Studies of Genetically Modified Plants: A Review of the Published Literature".
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116:
25:
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Murdock, L. L.; Shade, R. E. (2002). "Lectins and Protease Inhibitors as Plant Defenses against Insects".
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show any biologically relevant differences in the parameters tested between control and test animals."
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in October 1999, co-authored by Ewen. It reported significant differences in the thickness of the gut
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in 1999 after five out of six peer reviewers approved of the study – triggering further controversy.
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407:. This lectin has been shown to be toxic to some insects. (Further research along the same lines -
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673:, also said it was flawed. After consulting with the Royal Society, Pickett publicly criticised
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procedure, rather than the presence of GNA. Pusztai's collaborator Stanley Ewen said that the
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and that the food intake of all rats was the same. In an interview, Pickett later said that
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Twenty-eight studies were proposed, of which eight were selected for peer review by the
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1429:"Report of Project Coordinator on data produced at the Rowett Research Institute (RRI)"
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Enserink, M. (1999). "Bioengineering: Preliminary Data Touch Off Genetic Food Fight".
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went public with the initial results of unpublished research he was conducting at the
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Before 1995, no peer-reviewed studies had been published investigating the safety of
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Enserink, M. (1998). "Science in Society: Institute Copes with Genetic Hot Potato".
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between control and test subjects, but did not mention growth or immunity problems.
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Don't worry, it's safe to eat: the true story of GM food, BSE, & Foot and Mouth
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Millstone, E.; Brunner, E.; Mayer, S. (1999). "Beyond 'substantial equivalence'".
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On June 22, 1998 Pusztai revealed his research findings during an interview on
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commissioned a £1.6 million three-year research study to assess the safety of
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Laurie Flynn and Michael Sean Gillard for The Guardian, October 31, 1999
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Mendel in the kitchen: a scientist's view of genetically modified foods
1300:"Minutes Of Evidence Taken Before The Science And Technology Committee"
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to non-genetically modified Desiree Red potatoes. The study used two
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396:
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and the Rowett Institute was assembled, and coordinated by Pusztai.
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1539:
Enserink, Martin (1999). "The Lancet Scolded Over Pusztai Paper".
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988:
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Redesigning life?: the worldwide challenge to genetic engineering
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430:'s proposal was chosen and a combined team of academics from the
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399:(snowdrop) plant was inserted into the potato, allowing the GNA
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514:
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400:
223:
1150:. Canadian Health Coalition. 10 November 2000. Archived from
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in Aberdeen, Scotland, investigating the possible effects of
218:
1251:
The Guardian February 13, 1999 archived Berkeley University
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publicly announced that a committee would review his work.
472:
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using human or animal feeding trials. In 1995 the Scottish
1516:
The Royal Society, 1 June 1999, Retrieved 28 November 2010
1479:
The Guardian, 12 February 1999, Retrieved 12 November 2010
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1102:"Audit of data produced at the Rowett Research Institute"
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424:
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
1171:
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of the small intestine and a slight decrease of gut
982:
868:
GM Food Safety: Scientific and Institutional Issues
545:could likely be the cause of the observed changes.
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1507:Review of data on possible toxicity of GM potatoes
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1140:
500:The potatoes were chosen because they were deemed
1314:
1312:
870:Science as Culture, Volume 11 Number 1 March 2002
649:Society's review as "breathtaking impertinence".
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1477:Top researchers back suspended lab whistleblower
1446:Nina Vsevolod Fedoroff & Nancy Marie Brown.
382:Agriculture Environment and Fisheries Department
1676:Ewen, SWB; A Pusztai (1999). "GM food debate".
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805:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
1805:Genetically modified organisms in agriculture
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1127:"Journal to publish GM food hazards research"
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880:Professor J.A. Gatehouse – Durham University
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669:themselves". The sixth, John Pickett of the
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524:difference in the thickness of the stomach
1527:Health risks of genetically modified foods
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956:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
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419:and others; and Axis; and a few others.)
342:is a controversy that began in 1998. The
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1529:The Lancet 353(9167):1811, May 29, 1999
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1363:"Sci/TechFears erupt over genetic food"
1073:The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry
748:Genetically modified food controversies
657:The data were published as a letter in
436:Durham University Department of Biology
275:Genetically modified food controversies
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1384:
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1091:
891:
1495:Pro-GM scientist "threatened editor"
776:Randerson, James (15 January 2008).
681:differences in thickness of the gut
1785:Controversies in the United Kingdom
1749:Findings of Royal Society Reviewers
481:(snowdrop) plant, allowing the GNA
458:The experimental potatoes had been
13:
778:"Arpad Pusztai: Biological divide"
671:Institute of Arable Crops Research
637:
16:Controversy in genetic engineering
14:
1816:
1742:
1107:. 21 August 1998. Archived from
1054:Arpad Pusztai: Biological divide
432:Scottish Crop Research Institute
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1125:James Meikle (5 October 1999).
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731:Federation of German Scientists
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393:Rothamsted Experimental Station
157:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
1505:Murray, Noreen et al., (1999)
1333:10.1126/science.281.5380.1124b
1264:. The Economist. Aug 13, 1998.
1148:"Interview with Arpad Pusztai"
1063:
947:
873:
719:European Food Safety Authority
652:
57:Genetically modified organisms
1:
1690:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76708-8
1647:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00341-4
1604:10.1126/science.283.5405.1094
1553:10.1126/science.286.5440.656a
1085:10.1016/S0955-2863(96)00131-3
925:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05860-7
763:
557:'s current affairs programme
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371:
356:genetically modified potatoes
1713:Food and Chemical Toxicology
725:In 2005 Pusztai was given a
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7:
1417:. London. 12 February 1999.
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571:
10:
1821:
1780:1998 in the United Kingdom
1411:"Food scandal: chronology"
601:and Agricultural Minister
520:Their experiment showed a
242:Genetically modified crops
1725:10.1016/j.fct.2008.02.008
1006:Springer Science+Business
827:10.1080/10408390601177670
621:Royal Society peer review
595:genetically modified food
522:statistically significant
428:Rowett Research Institute
378:genetically modified food
1275:Eat Up Your Genes (1998)
608:
539:cauliflower mosaic virus
513:than the other, and the
502:substantially equivalent
395:. The GNA gene from the
1525:Editors of the Lancet.
1385:Rowell, Andrew (2003).
1014:10.1023/a:1009600321838
994:: growth room trials".
426:. From these eight the
280:GMO conspiracy theories
152:Substantial equivalence
1757:Timeline of the affair
415:, Gatehouse, his wife
386:genetically engineered
132:History and regulation
1800:Biology controversies
1435:on September 7, 2011.
1114:on 27 September 2011.
1369:. February 12, 1999.
615:Friends of the Earth
491:Desiree Red potatoes
413:University of Durham
389:Desiree Red potatoes
295:StarLink corn recall
1790:Genetic engineering
1684:(9191): 1726–1727.
1641:(9187): 1315–1316.
1596:1999Sci...283.1094.
1186:1999Natur.401..525M
625:On 19 February the
35:Genetic engineering
1775:1998 controversies
1547:(5440): 656a–656.
1512:2021-11-19 at the
997:Molecular Breeding
992:Lacanobia oleracea
885:2016-02-01 at the
555:Granada Television
1466:978-1-900747-43-1
1396:978-1-85383-932-0
1180:(6753): 525–526.
968:10.1021/jf020192c
962:(22): 6605–6611.
743:Conspiracy theory
465:Galanthus nivalis
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180:Molecular cloning
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1154:on 2010-07-22
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1225:Brian Tokar
1177:
1173:
1167:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1131:The Guardian
1130:
1120:
1109:the original
1076:
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1058:The Guardian
1001:
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782:The Guardian
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519:
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440:
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365:
339:
337:
284:
254:Gene therapy
234:Applications
207:Transduction
202:Transfection
33:
18:
679:significant
653:Publication
487:synthesised
460:transformed
444:hypertrophy
405:synthesised
1769:Categories
1678:The Lancet
1158:2010-11-18
788:5 December
764:References
683:epithelium
675:The Lancet
663:epithelium
659:The Lancet
645:The Lancet
588:(ConA), a
541:used as a
506:transgenic
468:agglutinin
454:Experiment
450:activity.
372:Background
366:The Lancet
346:scientist
175:Techniques
147:Regulation
107:Maize/corn
1719:: S2–x2.
1663:206011261
1569:153199625
1230:Zed Books
1133:. London.
1022:1380-3743
1008:: 49–63.
813:CiteSeerX
710:Aftermath
590:Jack Bean
478:Galanthus
475:from the
462:with the
409:inserting
397:Galanthus
1733:18328408
1698:54400271
1655:10533854
1612:10075564
1561:10577214
1510:Archived
1349:46153553
1202:10524614
1030:23765916
976:12381159
941:17252112
933:10533866
883:Archived
843:15329669
835:17987446
737:See also
572:Reaction
543:promoter
495:controls
417:Angharad
66:Bacteria
26:a series
24:Part of
1620:8268328
1592:Bibcode
1584:Science
1541:Science
1341:9735026
1321:Science
1210:4307069
1182:Bibcode
693:editor
534:jejunum
511:protein
344:protein
167:Process
140:History
117:Soybean
93:Insects
83:Mammals
78:Animals
71:Viruses
1731:
1696:
1661:
1653:
1635:Lancet
1618:
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1232:Pg 58
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1174:Nature
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913:Lancet
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833:
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691:Lancet
526:mucosa
515:starch
485:to be
471:(GNA)
448:enzyme
434:, the
403:to be
224:CRISPR
122:Potato
102:Plants
51:
1694:S2CID
1659:S2CID
1616:S2CID
1565:S2CID
1345:S2CID
1303:(PDF)
1206:S2CID
1112:(PDF)
1105:(PDF)
1026:S2CID
1004:(1).
937:S2CID
839:S2CID
609:Audit
530:crypt
219:TALEN
1729:PMID
1651:PMID
1608:PMID
1557:PMID
1462:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1337:PMID
1234:ISBN
1198:PMID
1018:ISSN
972:PMID
929:PMID
831:PMID
790:2017
473:gene
338:The
247:food
112:Rice
88:Fish
1721:doi
1686:doi
1682:354
1643:doi
1639:354
1600:doi
1588:283
1549:doi
1545:286
1367:BBC
1329:doi
1325:281
1190:doi
1178:401
1081:doi
1010:doi
964:doi
921:doi
917:354
823:doi
493:as
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