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quadraphonic FM because, in FCC listening tests of the various four-channel broadcast proposals, the 4:2:4 SQ system, decoded with a CBS Paramatrix decoder, outperformed 4:3:4 (without logic) as well as all other 4:2:4 (with logic) systems tested, approaching the performance of a discrete master tape within a very slight margin. At the same time, the SQ "fold" to stereo and mono was preferred to the stereo and mono "fold" of 4:4:4, 4:3:4 and all other 4:2:4 encoding systems.
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This 4:2:4 process could not be accomplished without some information loss. That is to say, the four channels produced at the final stage were not truly identical to those with which the process had begun. In order for the effect to work as intended a recording engineer needed to be specially trained
481:
With matrix formats four channels are converted (encoded) down to two channels. These are then passed through a two-channel transmission medium (usually an LP record) before being decoded to four channels and presented to four speakers. To transmit four individual audio signals in a stereo-compatible
255:
Many quadraphonic recordings in the 1970s used "matrix" technologies to encode and decode four channels of audio information in a 2-channel medium, usually an LP. The poor decoding performance of early matrix formats was the main reason they disappeared once improved matrix systems arrived. The later
336:
systems. Digital multichannel audio has been available for the home since the introduction of surround sound movies in the 1990s using Dolby
Digital and DTS. The most common digital media capable of reproducing surround sound music today are Super Audio CD, DVD, and Blu-ray, all of which are capable
321:
to mask decoding artifacts. It used custom, hand-assembled and ‑calibrated circuitry with components sorted to 1%, for exact performance. Sansui's QSD-series decoders and QRX-series receivers were very good, even synthesizing left-right stereo into a ⋂ horseshoe topology. However, all these came too
159:
Quadraphonic sound was a commercial failure when first introduced due to a variety of technical issues and format incompatibilities. Four channel audio formats can be more expensive to produce than standard two-channel stereo. Playback requires additional speakers and amplifier channels. It may also
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For standard two-channel SQ Matrix broadcasts, CBS recommended that an optional pilot-tone be placed at 19 kHz in quadrature to the regular pilot-tone to indicate SQ encoded signals and activate the listener's logic decoder. CBS argued that the SQ system should be selected as the standard for
191:
A quadraphonic system will reproduce right front, right rear, left front, and left rear audio signals in four separate speakers. The reproduction capability of the rear speakers should be of the same quality or almost the same quality as the front speakers; ideally, a quadraphonic system uses four
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It was a hierarchical 4–4–4 discrete matrix which used the SQ matrix as the baseband for discrete quadraphonic FM broadcasts using additional difference signals called "T" and "Q". For a USQ FM broadcast, the additional "T" modulation was placed at 38 kHz in quadrature to the standard stereo
754:
with a "Shibata" stylus to read these additional high frequencies. The combined signals are then sent to a special demodulator for four channel decoding. The demodulator converts the ultrasonic signals back into the audible range and uses the difference channels to separate rear audio information
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The original systems (DY and EV-4) suffered from low front left-right separation (around 12 dB) and a poor rear left-right separation of 2 dB. The decoders were designed more to give an effect rather than accurate decoding, which was mainly due to limitations in both systems. Since both
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was problematic. As technologies advanced rapidly during the 1970s several different solutions were proposed to reproduce four channel sound from LPs. Some of these systems were much more successful than others. The simplest systems were "derived" (2–2–4) formats. These were soon followed by much
251:
In the 1970s specialized hardware systems were marketed by major electronic manufacturers to the public for decoding 4-channel recordings. These decoders were often sold as separate electronic components. Decoders were also available as built in features of some audio receivers or amplifiers sold
1004:
The existing matrix formats were tested first. The "H" does not stand for a word; they called the first matrix they assessed Matrix A, and then worked through the alphabet. Matrix H emerged as the best solution for mono compatibility and radio transmission, but there was no specific commercially
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The format was almost identical in appearance to stereo 8-tracks, except for a small sensing notch in the upper left corner of the cartridge. This signaled a quadraphonic 8-track player to combine the odd tracks as audio channels for program 1, and the even tracks as channels for program 2. The
701:
to decode four fully independent sound channels. This allowed for full channel separation. Such systems could be prone to reduced record life. However, more durable vinyl formulations were quickly developed to work around this problem and nearly all discrete LPs use special vinyl. When discrete
167:
products in the 1990s were first intended for movie sound, but also brought multi-channel music reproduction into popularity again. By this time new digitally based formats had been created. Many four channel recordings from the 1970s have been reissued in modern surround sound systems such as
745:
broadcasts. With stereo records, the system uses 2 main left and right audio channels, and this is what allows CD-4 to maintain compatibility with conventional stereo playback. CD-4 also adds 2 additional "difference" audio channels to the main channels. The difference signals are encoded in
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The differences between the early and late matrix systems were so vast, it made decoding DY/EV-4 with either SQ or QS decoders with accuracy impossible; the results often being a "smeared" or poorly defined sound stage, which could be vastly different from what was intended by the producer or
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Pop, rock and jazz music producers have tended to employ a mixing style with a relatively high degree of musical separation between the four channels. This type of recording may place musical sounds in the rear channels that are of equal importance to the front channels. It can expand on the
357:
For classical music, producers have typically preferred an effect where the orchestra appears in stereo in only the front channels, and the natural reverberation or "echo" of the concert hall is in all the speakers. Some live concert recordings of popular music have also been mixed this way.
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The short-lived system suffered from incompatibility with regular stereo playback due to phase differences between the left and right channels. UD-4 was less critical in its setup than CD-4 because the carriers did not have to handle frequencies as high as those found in the CD-4 system.
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Derived (2–2–4) formats are simple and inexpensive electronic solutions that add or extract rear "ambience" or "reverberation" sound channels from stereo records i.e., studio reverb, audience applause, etc. There is no precise placement of individual instruments in the rear channels.
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format, it utilized four sound channels which were "encoded" into two stereo album tracks. These were then "decoded" into the original four sound channels. But with poor decode performance, these systems failed to match the accuracy or channel independence of later matrix formats.
660:
Both SQ and QS had significant support from major record companies and hardware manufacturers during the 1970s. They also achieved notable sales and market penetration. Unfortunately, due to the similarities in name and technology these could easily be confused by the public.
151:
Four channel quadraphonic surround sound can be used to recreate the highly realistic effect of a three-dimensional live concert hall experience in the home. It can also be used to enhance the listener experience beyond the directional limitations of ordinary two channel
618:. A so-called matrix format, it utilized four sound channels, which were "encoded" into two stereo album tracks. These were then "decoded" into the original four sound channels. The QS system debuted in the United States in March 1971 and was improved by their
836:
inches per second (IPS), which is the fastest speed used for consumer grade reel-to-reel machines. By comparison stereo pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes have 2 different programs with each running the opposite direction. Many stereo tapes were recorded at only
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Seattle station KIRO-FM 100.7 later branded as KSEA 101 broadcast several hours daily between 1973 and early 1976 encoded SQ quadraphonic music. Sunday morning's "Music and the Spoken Word" from Salt Lake's Mormon
Tabernacle was in SQ quad.
353:
process for four channel sound is different than for stereo versions of the same recording. Most studio equipment is designed for stereo only, so specialized multichannel mixing consoles and playback systems must be available.
880:
format was not backward-compatible with stereo or mono players; although quadraphonic players would play stereo 8-tracks, playing quadraphonic tapes on stereo players resulted in hearing only one-half the channels at a time.
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Mixing engineers can also aim for a hybrid effect between styles. While quadraphonic effects have sometimes been considered artificial, musical enjoyment can be dramatically enhanced by more fully involving the listener.
391:
listener's sense of direction and spaciousness in a way similar to what happened when recording engineers introduced stereo recording. In some four channel recordings sounds move in full rotation around the listener.
148:– uses four audio channels in which speakers are positioned at the four corners of a listening space. The system allows for the reproduction of sound signals that are (wholly or in part) independent of one another.
156:
sound. Quadraphonic audio was the earliest consumer product in surround sound. Since it was introduced to the public in the early 1970s many thousands of quadraphonic recordings have been made.
534:
for working in each of these formats. Special mixing rules for matrix recording minimize the technological limitations inherent in matrix formats and mask or eliminate undesired side effects.
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By the early 2000s more sophisticated "discrete" multichannel systems had mostly replaced matrix technologies, providing a higher level of performance and full channel independence. Today,
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Quadraphonic systems based on tape were also introduced, based on new equipment capable of playing four discrete channels. These recordings are all discrete 4–4–4 recordings released in
518:
Matrix quadraphonic recordings can be played in two channels on conventional stereo record players. There are varying levels of stereo and mono compatibility in these systems. The term
2036:
741:
This quadraphonic format was first marketed in the United States in May 1972. A fully discrete system, it eschewed matrix technologies in favor of a method similar to the encoding of
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technology to recover four channels from the two channels recorded on the record. Matrix systems can have a significant level of channel independence but not full channel separation.
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from the main channels. Because the CD-4 system maintains four independent signals throughout the process it can accurately reconstruct the intended four channel sound field.
222:
Early attempts to reproduce four channel sound for home playback began with audio laboratory engineers in the late 1960s. Producer Thomas Mowrey, initially working at the
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two-channel (stereo) system will reproduce the left front and left rear audio signals in the left speaker and the right front and right rear signals in the right speaker.
329:
can be used to take the place of hardware decoding. Modern software algorithms are capable of more accurate decoding performance than the earlier hardware technologies.
680:
are passed through a four-channel transmission medium and presented to a four-channel reproduction system and fed to four speakers. This is defined as a 4–4–4 system.
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In these systems all four available tracks were recorded on the tape running in the same direction. Pre-recorded four channel reel-to-reel tapes were recorded at 7
188:. Multichannel home audio reproduction has experienced a revival since 2000 and new four channel recordings have also been released to the public since this time.
958:-FM ("KEXL 104.5") (San Antonio, Texas) broadcast in "Quadraphonic" in the early to mid 1970s from its studios in a high-rise office building off Main Plaza.
361:
A few classical recordings have been made from a perspective in which the listener seems to be seated in the middle of the orchestra. One example is the 1973
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1267:
1387:
1367:
772:). This is a hybrid discrete/matrix system. Only 35 to 40 items are encoded in this format and it was marketed only in the UK, Europe, and Japan.
914:. Throughout most of the 1970s this station broadcast a signal which could be tuned as two separate stations with conventional stereo receivers.
260:. His basic formula used 90° phase-shift circuitry to enable enhanced 4–2–4 matrix systems to be developed, of which the two main leaders were
2043:
942:-FM ("Good Karma Radio")(San Marcos/Austin, Texas) broadcast in "Quad Stereo" in the early 1970s from its studios and transmitter near
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formats. Specially designed four channel machines were required to play these recordings. They are not compatible with stereo players.
350:
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systems were very closely related mathematically, users only needed one decoder of either system to playback albums of both systems.
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debuted its custom-made quadraphonic speaker system and performed the first-ever surround-sound rock concert. This event was named "
237:
in June 1969 on reel-to-reel tape. The most popular medium used to market recordings to the public during the 1970s was the vinyl
2202:
1147:
89:
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1128:, with the same music recorded on all four of its sides, each side in a different quadraphonic format (QS, SQ, CD-4, and UD-4).
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61:
1974:
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describes a quadraphonic system in which all four channels are fully independent of each other. As its name suggests, with
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late in the game and were too expensive or difficult to procure for public purchase, to rescue matrix quad from obscurity.
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68:
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The last release in the quadraphonic 8-track format was in 1978, although most had stopped appearing by the end of 1976.
42:
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manner, there must be four simultaneous linear equations to reproduce the original four audio signals at the output.
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in 2018. Notes supplied with the recording indicate the direction from which each group of instruments can be heard.
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Classical recordings rarely place primary or solo instruments in the rear channels, though it is done occasionally.
75:
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quadraphonic LPs are played on conventional stereo record players the entire music program can be heard in stereo.
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carrier frequencies in the range of 30 kHz, which is above the audible range. CD-4 requires a specialized
57:
46:
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developed the Tate II 101 SQ decoder, which produced a very accurate sound field by using gain riding and the
1078:
Azimuth Co-ordinator used by Pink Floyd, made by
Bernard Speight, 1969 (Victoria & Albert Museum, London)
876:). These eventually appeared in staggered releases (70 Tapes) split by October, November, and December 1970.
1197:"Thomas Mowrey Archive Quadraphonic.info™ Articles, Manuals and Quadraphonic and Surround Sound Information"
447:
more sophisticated "matrix" (4–2–4) formats, and finally, by the most advanced "discrete" (4–4–4) formats.
286:
The
Japanese governing body and audio hardware manufacturers defined standards for quadraphonic sound. RM (
1307:
226:, was one of the pioneers of classical quadraphonic recording. He later made quadraphonic productions for
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2029:
1942:
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IPS, which is half of the full speed. The slower speed results in significantly poorer sound quality.
379:. The original four channel recording was released on matrix LP and 8-track tape, and reissued on the
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1995:
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35:
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Encoding
Standards for NRDC Universal HJ Surround-Sound Encoding System: "System UHJ" (Report).
1368:"Boulez Conducts Bartók, New York Philharmonic – Concerto for Orchestra (1973, Gatefold, Vinyl)"
1110:, allowed the musicians to place sounds in any speaker and move them around the listening area.
230:
and other labels in the early 1970s, but many of these were released only as stereo recordings.
219:
in the United States. Such machines appeared in some
European electronic-music studios by 1954.
82:
125:
A four channel quadraphonic diagram showing the usual placement of speakers around the listener
1919:
1632:
1603:
1574:
1106:, as part of their Theatre Collections gallery. The controller, which was usually operated by
2082:
1816:
Ratcliff, P.A.; Meares, D.J. (May 1977). "BBC Matrix H: Compatible system for broadcasting".
1407:
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A small number of quadraphonic recordings were introduced to the
American consumer market by
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1969:
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A single-channel (mono) system will reproduce all four audio signals in its one speaker.
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in "compatible" (that is, matrix-encoded) quadraphonic format during the 1970s, as did
822:
unit from the 1970s, one of the few ways to achieve discrete four-channel sound at home
751:
443:
173:
1210:
903:, whose earliest quadraphonic broadcast was in July 1974), but they were short-lived.
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1388:"Boulez Conducts Bartók, New York Philharmonic – Concerto for Orchestra (2018, SACD)"
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The first of these were basic systems with relatively poor performance developed by
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1016:. This was based on tolerance zones designed to include modified versions of both
1984:
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difference signal and the "Q" modulation was placed on a carrier at 76 kHz.
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in a way which would be most compatible with existing mono and stereo receivers.
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followed, in April 1970, with its announcement of a four-channel version of the
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595:'s work on utilizing 90-degree phase-shift circuitry came later, namely the
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952:(W4-QUAD 106.7) (Detroit) broadcast QS encoded quadraphonic sound in 1974.
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were also popular in the 1970s, particularly among car audio enthusiasts.
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decoding in 1975 using the
Motorola chips MC1312, MC1314 & MC1315.
472:системы ABC (Quadra ABC – briefly used only in the Soviet Union) (1981)
212:
1249:"QM matrix encoded Quadraphonic media by Afalout | Discogs Lists"
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998:
949:
238:
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1709:
Sweet Dreams and Flying
Machines: The Life and Music of James Taylor
1477:"MC1312P SYSTEM Datasheet PDF - DECODER SYSTEM. Equivalent, Catalog"
24:
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1979:
1833:"The subjective performance of various quadraphonic matrix systems"
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The three most popular quadraphonic LP formats in the 1970s were
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2015:
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1427:(December 1969). "Toward a More Accurate Spatial Environment".
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In 1976, Ben Bauer integrated matrix and discrete systems into
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791:
553:
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1946:
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All of the multichannel audio systems in common use today are
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216:
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The third major format for four-channel vinyl LPs, known as
1920:"May 12, 1967: Pink Floyd Astounds With 'Sound in the Round
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matrix was brought into the standard, leading to the final
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933:
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The first machines used for 4-channel sound recording were
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7, no. 1 (Autumn–Winter, 1968): 32–65. Citation on 50–51.
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1453:(November 1971). "Analyzing Phase-Amplitude Matrices".
211:
in professional studios during the 1950s in
Germany by
1561:"The Official 'Factory-Made' Reel to Reel Tape Thread"
398:
1058:(others had also done this with their quad systems).
809:
653:system was greatly improved by the introduction of
502:(used as an encoding format on some records) (1971)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1830:
1734:"Live 'Q' Airings Set for N.Y.'s Newest FM Rocker"
982:engineers in 1977 to carry quadraphonic sound via
537:
2215:
1855:"Quadraphony: Developments in Matrix H decoding"
1853:Gaskell, P. S.; Ratliff, P. A. (February 1977).
1008:The BBC later cooperated with the developers of
1400:
160:require specially designed decoding equipment.
1880:
1180:Cross, Lowell, "Electronic Music, 1948–1953",
906:One of the longest-lived radio broadcasts was
697:Discrete phonograph systems use a specialized
2037:
2018:– Articles, manuals, quadraphonic information
1322:"Four-Channel Adapter "Dual Triphonic" QX-1A"
637:and entered the US market in April 1971. The
306:, based on D.H. Cooper "Dual-Triphonic") for
649:album releases. The sound separation of the
512:QS (Quadraphonic Sound)/ RM (Regular Matrix)
344:
1518:
1499:Hi-Fi News & Record Review – March 1975
989:Quadraphonic test programmes were made for
664:
207:recorders. These were developed for use by
2044:
2030:
1987:– Quad and surround music discussion group
1020:and the prototype two-channel encoding of
936:'s live "Chicago Lyric Opera" broadcasts.
886:
734:Corporation along with its US counterpart
641:format was also used by companies such as
450:
1907:National Research Development Corporation
851:Quadraphonic 8-track tape (Quad-8 and Q8)
685:CD-4 (Compatible Discrete 4) / Quadradisc
476:
442:Quadraphonic audio reproduction on vinyl
281:CD-4 (Compatible Discrete 4) / Quadradisc
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1705:
1531:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
1455:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
1449:
1429:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
1423:
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964:
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709:
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120:
2203:Four-channel Compact Disc Digital Audio
1970:Mark Anderson. Quadraphonic discography
1767:
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1625:
1596:
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1148:Four-channel Compact Disc Digital Audio
144:– equivalent to what is now called 4.0
2216:
2051:
1840:BBC Research Department Report 1974/29
1284:
1265:
1094:. A control device they had made, the
891:There were some experiments done with
645:in Great Britain, who pressed several
2025:
1862:BBC Research Department Report 1977/2
1524:"Discrete-Matrix Multichannel Stereo"
1113:
705:
579:QS Regular Matrix and SQ Quadraphonic
256:matrix systems were based on work by
1991:Quadraphonic website by Wendy Carlos
1831:Crompton, T. W. J. (November 1974).
1771:
1762:
1678:
1028:. Subsequently, the Nippon-Columbia
402:
313:With Scheiber and Martin Willcocks,
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1350:"BBC Matrix H and Denon UMX (UD-4)"
758:
399:Consumer quadraphonic audio formats
13:
1681:""Opera Concertante" at Mondavi's"
1489:
1102:. It is now displayed at London's
792:Quad-8 (Q8) / quadraphonic 8-track
768:was developed by Nippon/Columbia (
14:
2245:
1963:
1266:Eguchi, Hideo (August 12, 1972).
290:) was used a synonym for QS, QM (
1679:Dunn, Bernice (March 17, 1973).
1285:Eguchi, Hideo (August 4, 1973).
1069:
810:Quadraphonic open reel tape (Q4)
629:, was developed and marketed by
406:
23:
1935:
1913:
1909:. 22 November 1977. NRDC/FCC 2.
1898:
1846:
1824:
1809:
1784:
1744:
1740:. November 9, 1974. p. 24.
1726:
1706:Ribowsky, Mark (June 1, 2016).
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1483:
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1443:
1417:
1380:
1360:
1342:
1328:
1045:
779:
538:EV-4/Stereo-4 and Dynaquad (DY)
34:needs additional citations for
1772:Hall, Claude (July 31, 1971).
1314:
1300:
1278:
1259:
1241:
1223:
1203:
1189:
1174:
786:Q4 / quadraphonic reel to reel
730:, was devised by the Japanese
1:
1975:List of quadraphonic 8-tracks
1268:"Denon exports to U.S. ended"
1168:
610:The first of these, known as
244:. Quadraphonic recordings on
1522:; Shiga, Takeo (June 1972).
1336:"QX records Japanese advert"
7:
2229:Sound production technology
1308:"Dual Tryphonic QX Adapter"
1131:
1090:" and was held at London's
10:
2250:
2011:RCA Quadradisc discography
2006:1970s Surround Sound Audio
1104:Victoria and Albert Museum
1005:available decoder for it.
969:Ambisonic mixing equipment
676:formats the original four
591:Improved systems based on
195:
16:Four-channel speaker audio
2180:
2153:
2102:
2059:
1892:midimagic.sgc-hosting.com
1722:– via Google Books.
1463:Audio Engineering Society
1437:Audio Engineering Society
1235:midimagic.sgc-hosting.com
1183:Perspectives of New Music
1038:name now associated with
872:(later shortened to just
870:Quadraphonic 8-track tape
345:Quadraphonic audio mixing
2060:Discrete (4:4:4) formats
1712:. Chicago Review Press.
1122:created the vinyl album
920:classical music station
714:An RCA Quadradisc record
665:Discrete (4–4–4) formats
506:SQ / Stereo Quadraphonic
341:with multiple channels.
273:SQ (Stereo Quadraphonic)
2154:Derived (2:2:4) formats
887:Radio broadcast formats
587:Sansui QS sound decoder
451:Derived (2–2–4) formats
224:Eastman School of Music
2103:Matrix (4:2:4) formats
1888:"Quadraphonic Systems"
1231:"Quadraphonic Systems"
1079:
997:, including plays and
970:
823:
715:
588:
477:Matrix (4–2–4) formats
415:This section is empty.
372:Concerto for Orchestra
126:
1287:"'Q' Action in Japan"
1077:
968:
817:
713:
670:Discrete reproduction
586:
438:LP phonograph records
339:high-resolution audio
124:
1792:"Quadraphonic Sound"
1758:on October 13, 2016.
1685:Napa Valley Register
1158:Multitrack recording
1143:Azimuth Co-ordinator
1096:Azimuth Co-ordinator
1092:Queen Elizabeth Hall
895:broadcasts (e.g., a
575:recording engineer.
363:Columbia Masterworks
192:identical speakers.
163:The introduction of
58:"Quadraphonic sound"
43:improve this article
1874:1977STIN...7722306G
1396:. 21 November 2018.
926:San Francisco Opera
910:-FM "Quad 102½" in
614:, was developed by
485:These systems used
292:Quadraphonic Matrix
277:QS (Regular Matrix)
228:Deutsche Grammophon
2224:Quadraphonic sound
2188:Quadraphonic sound
2053:Quadraphonic sound
1666:www.radioyears.com
1114:Format comparisons
1082:In 1967 the group
1080:
1014:BBC/NRDC System HJ
971:
824:
716:
706:CD-4 or Quadradisc
589:
444:phonograph records
252:during the 1970s.
127:
2211:
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2198:Precedence effect
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2071:
2016:Quadraphonic.info
1662:"Radio Years.com"
1495:"The UD-4 System"
1354:pspatialaudio.com
1274:. pp. 1, 54.
978:was developed by
912:Sarasota, Florida
820:reel-to-reel tape
804:8-track cartridge
435:
434:
242:phonograph record
205:reel-to-reel tape
119:
118:
111:
93:
2241:
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2120:
2112:
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2069:
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2039:
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2023:
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1980:QuadrophonicQuad
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1945:. Archived from
1939:
1933:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1878:
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1859:
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1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1794:. Archived from
1788:
1782:
1781:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1754:. Archived from
1748:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1613:. 2 January 1978
1600:
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1591:
1589:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1528:
1520:Cooper, Duane H.
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1473:
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1275:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1163:Octophonic sound
846:
845:
841:
835:
834:
830:
759:UD-4 / UMX / BMX
691:UD-4 / UMX / BMX
631:Columbia Records
622:system in 1973.
522:indicates that:
430:
427:
417:You can help by
410:
403:
235:Vanguard Records
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2240:
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2214:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2176:
2149:
2098:
2055:
2050:
1966:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1903:
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1673:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1604:"Cliff Richard"
1602:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1584:. 24 March 1978
1575:"Cliff Richard"
1573:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1451:Scheiber, Peter
1448:
1444:
1425:Scheiber, Peter
1422:
1418:
1408:Popular Science
1405:
1401:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1264:
1260:
1253:www.discogs.com
1247:
1246:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1211:"Thomas Mowrey"
1209:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1134:
1116:
1072:
1048:
899:concert by the
889:
853:
843:
839:
838:
832:
828:
827:
818:A four-channel
812:
782:
761:
752:phono cartridge
708:
667:
616:Sansui Electric
581:
562:). A so-called
540:
487:matrix decoding
479:
453:
440:
431:
425:
422:
401:
385:Dutton Vocalion
375:, conducted by
347:
268:'s QS systems.
209:audio engineers
198:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2234:Surround sound
2231:
2226:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:Matrix decoder
2190:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2161:Hafler circuit
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
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2072:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Dolby surround
1998:
1996:Hafler circuit
1993:
1988:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1964:External links
1962:
1960:
1959:
1934:
1932:, May 12, 2009
1912:
1897:
1879:
1845:
1823:
1818:Wireless World
1808:
1783:
1761:
1743:
1725:
1718:
1698:
1671:
1653:
1637:BBC Genome at
1624:
1608:BBC Genome at
1595:
1579:BBC Genome at
1566:
1552:
1511:
1482:
1468:
1442:
1416:
1399:
1379:
1359:
1341:
1327:
1313:
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1258:
1240:
1222:
1202:
1188:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:Matrix decoder
1150:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1115:
1112:
1108:Richard Wright
1071:
1068:
1047:
1044:
924:broadcast the
888:
885:
852:
849:
811:
808:
796:
795:
789:
781:
778:
760:
757:
707:
704:
695:
694:
688:
678:audio channels
666:
663:
593:Peter Scheiber
580:
577:
539:
536:
531:
530:
527:
516:
515:
509:
503:
497:
478:
475:
474:
473:
470:
467:Hafler circuit
464:
452:
449:
439:
436:
433:
432:
413:
411:
400:
397:
381:Super Audio CD
346:
343:
288:Regular Matrix
258:Peter Scheiber
197:
194:
170:Super Audio CD
146:surround sound
136:and sometimes
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2246:
2235:
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2024:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:SurroundSound
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1949:on 2009-03-18
1948:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1916:
1908:
1901:
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1875:
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1849:
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1834:
1827:
1819:
1812:
1798:on 2014-12-11
1797:
1793:
1787:
1780:. p. 30.
1779:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1721:
1719:9781613733790
1715:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1691:September 13,
1686:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1642:. 5 July 1974
1641:
1640:
1634:
1633:"BBC in quad"
1628:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1545:September 28,
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:Cooper, Duane
1486:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1376:. April 1973.
1375:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1296:. p. 55.
1295:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
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1244:
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1232:
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1218:
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1212:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1185:
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1177:
1173:
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1154:
1151:
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1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:Games for May
1085:
1076:
1070:Live concerts
1067:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
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1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
976:
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959:
957:
953:
951:
947:
945:
941:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:San Francisco
915:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
897:Cliff Richard
894:
884:
881:
877:
875:
871:
867:
866:
861:
857:
848:
821:
816:
807:
805:
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733:
729:
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723:
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712:
703:
700:
692:
689:
686:
683:
682:
681:
679:
675:
671:
662:
658:
656:
655:SQ Full Logic
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
605:
600:
599:
594:
585:
576:
572:
568:
565:
561:
560:
559:Dynaquad (DY)
555:
551:
550:
549:EV-4/Stereo-4
545:
544:Electro-Voice
535:
528:
525:
524:
523:
521:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
500:DY / Dynaquad
498:
495:
494:EV / Stereo-4
492:
491:
490:
488:
483:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:DY / Dynaquad
459:
458:
457:
448:
445:
429:
420:
416:
412:
409:
405:
404:
396:
392:
388:
386:
382:
378:
377:Pierre Boulez
374:
373:
368:
365:recording of
364:
359:
355:
352:
342:
340:
335:
330:
328:
323:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:was used for
293:
289:
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269:
267:
263:
259:
253:
249:
247:
243:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
193:
189:
187:
183:
179:
178:Dolby Digital
175:
171:
166:
161:
157:
155:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2187:
2052:
1951:. Retrieved
1947:the original
1943:"pink floyd"
1937:
1927:
1915:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1865:
1861:
1848:
1839:
1826:
1817:
1811:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1786:
1777:
1756:the original
1752:"KEXL 104.5"
1746:
1737:
1728:
1708:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1687:. p. 7D
1684:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1636:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1607:
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1578:
1569:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1534:
1530:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:
1485:
1471:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1413:Google Books
1411:, p. 86, at
1406:
1402:
1391:
1382:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1330:
1316:
1302:
1293:
1280:
1271:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1214:
1205:
1191:
1181:
1176:
1138:Ambiophonics
1123:
1117:
1098:, used dual
1081:
1064:
1060:
1056:Universal SQ
1055:
1051:
1049:
1046:Universal SQ
1034:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1003:
988:
973:
972:
960:
954:
948:
938:
916:
905:
890:
882:
878:
873:
869:
863:
860:8-track tape
854:
825:
800:reel-to-reel
797:
780:Tape formats
774:
763:
762:
740:
725:
719:
717:
696:
673:
669:
668:
659:
654:
650:
646:
638:
626:
625:The second,
624:
620:Vario-Matrix
619:
611:
609:
602:
596:
590:
573:
569:
563:
557:
547:
541:
532:
519:
517:
484:
480:
454:
441:
423:
419:adding to it
414:
393:
389:
370:
360:
356:
351:audio mixing
348:
331:
324:
312:
303:
291:
287:
285:
270:
254:
250:
246:8-track tape
232:
221:
215:and also by
199:
190:
162:
158:
150:
137:
134:quadrophonic
133:
130:Quadraphonic
129:
128:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1646:18 November
1617:18 November
1588:18 November
1439:: 690, 691.
1120:Mike Thorne
1024:, known as
1012:to produce
995:BBC Radio 4
991:BBC Radio 3
944:Buda, Texas
856:RCA Records
736:RCA Records
699:demodulator
367:Béla Bartók
337:of playing
319:Haas effect
315:Jim Fosgate
165:home cinema
138:quadrasonic
2218:Categories
1953:2009-08-14
1802:2014-09-21
1639:BBC Online
1610:BBC Online
1581:BBC Online
1504:5 February
1465:: 835–839.
1169:References
1125:Quadrafile
1084:Pink Floyd
1040:Ambisonics
1026:System 45J
1022:Ambisonics
1010:Ambisonics
748:ultrasonic
727:Quadradisc
520:compatible
383:format by
302:) and QX (
264:'s SQ and
213:Telefunken
99:April 2024
69:newspapers
1868:: 22306.
1778:Billboard
1774:"Vox Jox"
1738:Billboard
1541:: 346–360
1294:Billboard
1272:Billboard
1118:In 1976,
1100:joysticks
999:The Proms
743:stereo FM
607:systems.
426:July 2024
182:DVD-Audio
2181:Concepts
2142:Matrix H
2110:Stereo-4
1820:: 41–45.
1132:See also
1018:Matrix H
984:FM radio
975:Matrix H
932:station
862:, named
765:UD-4/UMX
674:discrete
327:software
304:QuadXtra
300:Dynaquad
296:Stereo-4
262:Columbia
1870:Bibcode
1393:Discogs
1373:Discogs
1216:Discogs
950:WWWW-FM
930:Chicago
922:KKHI-FM
842:⁄
831:⁄
334:digital
196:History
186:Blu-ray
83:scholar
2172:(1969)
2164:(1969)
2145:(1977)
2137:(1971)
2129:(1971)
2121:(1971)
2113:(1970)
2094:(1973)
2086:(1972)
2078:(1970)
2075:Quad-8
2070:(1969)
1716:
1461:(10).
865:Quad-8
794:(1970)
788:(1969)
693:(1974)
687:(1972)
564:matrix
554:Dynaco
552:) and
514:(1971)
508:(1971)
496:(1970)
469:(1969)
463:(1969)
266:Sansui
202:analog
154:stereo
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1929:Wired
1858:(PDF)
1836:(PDF)
1537:(5).
1527:(PDF)
1435:(6).
1290:(PDF)
1054:, or
893:radio
770:Denon
217:Ampex
142:sound
90:JSTOR
76:books
2091:UD-4
2083:CD-4
1714:ISBN
1693:2020
1648:2014
1619:2014
1590:2014
1547:2018
1506:2012
993:and
956:KEXL
940:KRMH
934:WFMT
908:WQSR
802:and
721:CD-4
635:Sony
633:and
601:and
349:The
298:and
279:and
184:and
132:(or
62:news
1539:AES
1052:USQ
1035:UHJ
1030:UMX
980:BBC
901:BBC
868:or
732:JVC
724:or
643:EMI
421:.
369:'s
308:UD4
174:DTS
45:by
2220::
2169:DY
2134:QS
2126:SQ
2118:DY
2067:Q4
1926:,
1890:.
1866:77
1864:.
1860:.
1838:.
1776:.
1764:^
1736:.
1683:.
1664:.
1635:.
1606:.
1577:.
1535:20
1533:.
1529:.
1497:.
1493:.
1459:19
1457:.
1433:17
1431:.
1390:.
1370:.
1352:.
1292:.
1270:.
1251:.
1233:.
1213:.
1042:.
1001:.
946:.
874:Q8
738:.
651:SQ
647:SQ
639:SQ
627:SQ
612:QS
604:SQ
598:QS
310:.
283:.
275:,
239:LP
180:,
176:,
172:,
140:)
2045:e
2038:t
2031:v
1956:.
1924:"
1922:'
1894:.
1876:.
1872::
1842:.
1805:.
1695:.
1668:.
1650:.
1621:.
1592:.
1563:.
1549:.
1508:.
1479:.
1356:.
1338:.
1324:.
1310:.
1255:.
1237:.
1219:.
1199:.
844:4
840:3
837:3
833:2
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