491:, as one of the three great inventions which have contributed most to the stability of political societies, the other two being those of writing and of money. Its object was to exhibit by means of certain formulas the way in which the products of agriculture, which is the only source of wealth, would in a state of perfect liberty be distributed among the several classes of the community (namely, the productive classes of the proprietors and cultivators of land, and the unproductive class composed of manufacturers and merchants), and to represent by other formulas the modes of distribution which take place under systems of Governmental restraint and regulation, with the evil results arising to the whole society from different degrees of such violations of the natural order. It follows from Quesnay's theoretic views that the one thing deserving the solicitude of the practical economist and the statesman is the increase of the net product; and he infers also what Smith afterwards affirmed, on not quite the same ground, that the interest of the landowner is strictly and indissolubly connected with the general interest of the society. A small edition de luxe of this work, with other pieces, was printed in 1758 in the Palace of Versailles under the king's immediate supervision, some of the sheets, it is said, having been pulled by the royal hand. Already in 1767 the book had disappeared from circulation, and no copy of it is now procurable; but, the substance of it has been preserved in the
549:
viewed France's agriculture as backward and unproductive compared to
Britain during the time he was residing in the Palace of Versailles . Despite residing in the Palace, Quesnay believed agriculture was the heart of the economy and of special importance to him. Quesnay argued that taxes placed on cultivators are only harmful to society as these taxes will reduce the incentive for agricultural production. Taxing proprietors (property holders) does not destroy the means of production meaning there is no decline in output. Quesnay wanted proprietors to bear the full burden of the tax in the country as taxing cultivators is a negative consequence for everyone. Removing incentive from cultivators reduces agricultural production and the agricultural surplus Quesnay believed to be the heart of the economy . Quesnay also opposed indirect taxes in contrast to direct taxes. These "indirect taxes" are placed on the French public by proprietors whose greed demands immunity from taxation. Direct taxes on proprietors has no impact on reproduction and economic decline . Reducing indirect taxes and increasing direct taxes gives the French a surplus of agriculture and the funding the country needs. However, this opinion was not very popular among the wealthy of which Quesnay spent time regularly with. He spent some of his time fearing for his life in the Palace.
44:
424:
511:, written in 1767, describes his views of the Chinese imperial system. He was supportive of the meritocratic concept of giving scholars political power, without the cumbersome aristocracy that characterized French politics, and the importance of agriculture to the welfare of a nation. Gregory Blue writes that Quesnay "praised China as a constitutional despotism and openly advocated the adoption of Chinese institutions, including a standardized system of taxation and universal education." Blue speculates that this may have influenced the 1793 establishment of the Permanent Settlement in
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487:, though on account of its dryness and abstract form it met with little general favor, may be considered the principal manifesto of the school. It was regarded by the followers of Quesnay as entitled to a place amongst the foremost products of human wisdom, and is named by the elder Mirabeau, in a passage quoted by
281:(1712–1759), who was also an earnest inquirer in the economic field; and round these two distinguished men was gradually formed the philosophic sect of the Économistes, or, as for distinction's sake they were afterwards called, the Physiocrates. The most remarkable men in this group of disciples were the elder
548:
Quesnay acknowledged three economic classes in France: the "proprietary" class consisting of only landowners, the "productive" class of agricultural workers, and the "sterile" class of merchants. Quesnay saw no benefit to the sterile class and believed the productive to be all important. Quesnay
200:" (Economic Table) in 1758, which provided the foundations of the ideas of the Physiocrats. This was perhaps the first work attempting to describe the workings of the economy in an analytical way, and as such can be viewed as one of the first important contributions to economic thought. His
440:(Economic Table), which provided the foundations of the ideas of the Physiocrats. This was perhaps the first work to attempt to describe the workings of the economy in an analytical way, and as such can be viewed as one of the first important contributions to economic thought.
348:
In 1717, Quesnay married Jeanne-Cathérine
Dauphin, and had a son and a daughter; his grandson by the former was a member of the first Legislative Assembly. He died on 16 December 1774, having lived long enough to see his great pupil,
718:"Nouvelles Ephemerides, Économiques, Seconde Partie, Analyses, Et Critiques Raisonnées. N° Premier. Éloge Historique De M. Quesnay, Contenant L'Analyse De Ses Ouvrages, Par M. Le Cte D'A***"
248:, whence the Réunions de l'entresol received their name. Louis XV esteemed Quesnay highly, and used to call him his thinker. When he ennobled him he gave him for arms three flowers of the
43:
2063:
534:, Quesnay's followers bestowed him with the title "Confucius of Europe." Quesnay's infatuation for Chinese culture, as described by Jesuits, led him to persuade the son of
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240:. In 1744 he graduated as a doctor of medicine; he became the physician in ordinary to the king, and afterwards his first consulting physician, and was installed in the
341:
in 1764–1766, spent some time in Paris, where he made the acquaintance of
Quesnay and some of his followers; he paid a high tribute to their scientific services in his
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at the age of sixteen to a surgeon, he soon went to Paris, studied medicine and surgery there, and, having qualified as a master-surgeon, settled down to practice at
326:
697:
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383:, from the original MS., was published by the British Economic Association (London, 1895). His other writings were the article "Évidence" in the
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The publications in which
Quesnay expounded his system were the following: two articles, on "Fermiers" (Farmers) and on "Grains", in the
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1052:"Analyse de la formule arithmétique du tableau économiqueu de la distribution des dépenses annuelles d'une Nation agricole"
277:, taking no part in the court intrigues which were perpetually going on around him. Around 1750 he became acquainted with
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to mirror the "plowing of sacred land" by the
Chinese emperor to symbolize the link between government and agriculture.
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were collected with an introduction and note by August Oncken (Frankfort, 1888); a facsimile reprint of the
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204:, written in 1767, describes Chinese politics and society, and his own political support for enlightened
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Notices sur les auteurs des 17 volumes de « discours » de l'Encyclopédie (suite et fin).
519:. Quesnay's interests in Orientalism has also been a source of criticism. Carol Blum, in her book
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Smith, Adam, 1937, The Wealth of
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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by
Grandjean de Fouchy (see the Recueil of that Academy, 1774, p. 134). See also
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Strength in
Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France
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232:. In 1737 he was appointed perpetual secretary of the academy of surgery founded by
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Recherches sur
Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie Année (1990) Volume 8 Numéro 8 p. 112"
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Orientalism in Early Modern France: Eurasian Trade, Exoticism and the Ancien Regime
375:, published by Guillaumin, Paris, with preface and notes by Eugène Daire; also his
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The
Genesis of Macroeconomics: New Ideas from Sir William Petty to Henry Thornton
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706:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 742–743.
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Tableau économique avec son explication, ou extrait des économies royales de
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Quesnay is known for his writings on Chinese politics and society. His book
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Comparative Criticism: Volume 22, East and West: Comparative Perspectives
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French physician, Physiocratic economist, and orientalist (1694–1774)
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Maximes générales de gouvernement economique d'un royaume agricole
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Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 31
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Pauvres paysans, pauvre royaume; pauvre royaume, pauvre roi
371:
His economic writings are collected in the 2nd vol. of the
775:
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on 18th century France, labels Quesnay an "apologist for
937:
First Globalization: The Eurasian Exchange, 1500 to 1800
457:(1756, 1757); a discourse on the law of nature in the
224:, the son of an advocate and small landed proprietor.
1056:
Journal de l'Agriculture, du Commerce et des Finances
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478:
Dialogue sur le commerce et les travaux des artisans
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617:(International Publishers: New York, 1989) p. 605.
389:Recherches sur l'évidence des vérites geometriques
337:, during his stay on the continent with the young
2396:
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934:
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184:; 4 June 1694 – 16 December 1774) was a French
395:, 1773. Quesnay's Eloge was pronounced in the
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810:Kafker, Frank A.; Chouillet, Jacques (1990).
769:
2475:Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–1772)
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820:Recherches Sur Diderot et Sur l'Encyclopédie
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969:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization
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1004:(1767) by François Quesnay, hosted on the
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351:Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune
2440:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
465:(1758), and the simultaneously published
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755:. Oxford University Press. p. 120.
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393:Projet de nouveaux éléments de géometrie
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299:Introduction a la philosophie économique
196:school. He is known for publishing the "
1119:Jacques Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay
737:
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630:Ina Baghdiantz McCabe (15 July 2008).
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273:He now devoted himself principally to
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377:Oeuvres économiques et philosophiques
179:
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353:, in office as minister of finance.
313:(best known by his controversy with
236:, and became surgeon in ordinary to
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993:Works by or about François Quesnay
908:Economic Thought Before Adam Smith
837:E. S. Shaffer (30 November 2000).
830:
604:, Last updated: 14 September 2006.
25:
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986:
782:. Psychology Press. p. 848.
779:Encyclopedia of Political Economy
613:See the biographical note in the
2435:18th-century French male writers
2425:18th-century French philosophers
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2377:
1139:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
1019:Library of Economics and Liberty
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42:
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776:Phillip Anthony O'Hara (1999).
559:Contributions to liberal theory
2420:18th-century French physicians
2415:18th-century French economists
1050:François Quesnay (June 1766).
971:, Cambridge University Press,
866:Carol Blum (5 February 2002).
803:
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607:
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1:
2455:French political philosophers
960:
530:Because of his admiration of
461:of Dupont de Nemours (1768);
244:. His apartments were on the
234:François Gigot de la Peyronie
2445:Fellows of the Royal Society
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1307:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
1014:François Quesnay (1694–1774)
472:(with the celebrated motto,
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303:Guillaume-François Le Trosne
7:
2430:18th-century French writers
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1006:University of Massachusetts
564:History of economic thought
552:
409:Mémoires de Mme. du Hausset
279:Jacques C. M. V. de Gournay
268:Propter cogitationem mentis
10:
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1109:Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
912:Ludwig von Mises Institute
843:Cambridge University Press
751:Murphy, Antoin E. (2009).
480:; and other minor pieces.
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509:Le Despotisme de la Chine
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202:Le Despotisme de la Chine
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703:Encyclopædia Britannica
598:"Biophysical economics"
579:Circular flow of income
455:Jean le Rond d'Alembert
327:Lemercier de La Rivière
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1271:Enlightened absolutism
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499:of Dupont de Nemours.
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373:Principaux économistes
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317:on the freedom of the
2485:Natural law ethicists
1237:Counter-Enlightenment
602:Encyclopedia of Earth
596:Cutler J. Cleveland,
503:Orientalism and China
495:of Mirabeau, and the
426:
364:
181:[fʁɑ̃swakɛnɛ]
1191:Age of Enlightenment
256:, in French meaning
242:Palace of Versailles
216:Quesnay was born at
102:Age of Enlightenment
2450:French orientalists
2197:Feijóo y Montenegro
2148:Vorontsova-Dashkova
845:. pp. 239–40.
812:"Kafker, Frank A.:
521:Strength in Numbers
397:Academy of Sciences
1336:Natural philosophy
904:Murray N. Rothbard
525:Oriental despotism
485:Tableau économique
437:Tableau économique
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428:Tableau economique
381:Tableau économique
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112:Western philosophy
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1144:Richard Cantillon
950:978-0-7425-2662-4
921:978-0-945466-48-2
889:978-0-8018-6810-8
852:978-0-521-79072-7
789:978-0-415-18718-3
698:Quesnay, François
653:978-1-84520-374-0
343:Wealth of Nations
339:Duke of Buccleuch
307:De l'ordre social
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29:
2470:Physiocrats
2410:1774 deaths
2405:1694 births
2370:Romanticism
2192:Charles III
2033:Poniatowski
1970:Leeuwenhoek
1950:de la Court
1938:Netherlands
1782:Mendelssohn
1777:Lichtenberg
1655:Montesquieu
1373:Sapere aude
1356:Rationalism
1351:Rationality
1341:Objectivity
1098:Physiocrats
1062:(3): 11–41.
1039:|work=
720:. Taieb.net
642:. pp.
543:On Taxation
321:during the
319:grain trade
285:(author of
226:Apprenticed
131:Physiocrats
61:4 June 1694
2399:Categories
2212:Villarroel
2207:Jovellanos
2143:Radishchev
2090:Micu-Klein
2028:Niemcewicz
1995:Swammerdam
1985:Nieuwentyt
1975:Mandeville
1830:Farmakidis
1716:Burlamaqui
1625:La Mettrie
1600:Fontenelle
1555:d'Argenson
1550:d'Alembert
1474:Harrington
1400:Utopianism
1300:Liberalism
1257:Empiricism
1232:Classicism
1222:Capitalism
961:References
878:. p.
569:Liberalism
489:Adam Smith
335:Adam Smith
222:Versailles
87:Versailles
69:Versailles
57:1694-06-04
2333:Jefferson
2275:Hutcheson
2164:Obradović
2133:Lomonosov
2128:Kheraskov
2038:Śniadecki
1802:Weishaupt
1797:Thomasius
1787:Pufendorf
1630:Lavoisier
1615:d'Holbach
1610:Helvétius
1590:Descartes
1585:Condorcet
1580:Condillac
1514:Priestley
1331:Modernity
1252:Democracy
1041:ignored (
1031:cite book
876:JHU Press
724:16 August
419:Economics
391:, with a
323:Flour War
309:, 1777),
301:, 1771),
293:, 1763),
206:despotism
190:physician
186:economist
2383:Category
2328:Franklin
2295:Playfair
2265:Ferguson
2222:Scotland
2169:Mrazović
2123:Kantemir
2118:Fonvizin
2057:Portugal
2023:Krasicki
2018:Konarski
2013:Kołłątaj
1965:Koerbagh
1914:Genovesi
1899:Beccaria
1861:Berkeley
1792:Schiller
1757:Humboldt
1731:Saussure
1726:Rousseau
1690:Voltaire
1645:Maréchal
1620:Jaucourt
1575:Châtelet
1570:Chamfort
1519:Reynolds
1422:Thinkers
1326:Midlands
1315:Lumières
1285:Humanism
1278:Haskalah
1124:John Law
906:(2006).
553:See also
536:Louis XV
405:Mémoires
283:Mirabeau
246:entresol
147:sinology
2338:Madison
2310:Stewart
2250:Burnett
2245:Boswell
2230:Beattie
2202:Moratín
2187:Cadalso
2138:Novikov
2073:Romania
2048:Wybicki
2043:Staszic
1990:Spinoza
1960:Huygens
1955:Grotius
1909:Galvani
1904:Galiani
1854:Ireland
1835:Feraios
1807:Wieland
1772:Lessing
1767:Leibniz
1740:Germany
1721:Prévost
1706:Abauzit
1670:Quesnay
1660:Morelly
1650:Meslier
1635:Leclerc
1595:Diderot
1484:Johnson
1459:Collins
1454:Bentham
1439:Addison
1432:England
1380:Science
1217:Atheism
1025:. 2008.
1008:website
995:at the
795:21 July
691::
515:by the
451:Diderot
315:Galiani
258:thought
192:of the
177:French:
18:Quesnay
2290:Newton
2280:Hutton
2260:Cullen
2157:Serbia
2105:Russia
2095:Șincai
2005:Poland
1945:Bekker
1919:Pagano
1881:Toland
1845:Korais
1840:Kairis
1822:Greece
1752:Herder
1747:Goethe
1711:Bonnet
1699:Geneva
1685:Turgot
1675:Raynal
1665:Pascal
1605:Gouges
1543:France
1529:Tindal
1524:Sidney
1499:Newton
1494:Milton
1469:Godwin
1464:Gibbon
1361:Reason
1203:Topics
975:
947:
918:
886:
849:
786:
759:
685:
650:
513:Bengal
430:, 1965
387:, and
329:, and
254:pensée
230:Mantes
126:School
108:Region
2348:Paine
2343:Mason
2305:Smith
2255:Burns
2240:Blair
2235:Black
2179:Spain
2085:Maior
1980:Meyer
1924:Verri
1891:Italy
1876:Swift
1871:Burke
1866:Boyle
1812:Wolff
1640:Mably
1560:Bayle
1509:Price
1489:Locke
1479:Hooke
1449:Bacon
1247:Deism
646:–72.
585:Notes
469:Sully
357:Works
265:motto
262:Latin
250:pansy
220:near
67:near
2300:Reid
2285:Mill
2270:Hume
1929:Vico
1762:Kant
1680:Sade
1504:Pope
1043:help
973:ISBN
945:ISBN
916:ISBN
884:ISBN
847:ISBN
797:2012
784:ISBN
757:ISBN
726:2012
648:ISBN
483:The
453:and
218:Méré
212:Life
188:and
76:Died
65:Méré
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765:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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