1247:
985:. RNA polymerase core enzyme binds to the bacterial general transcription (sigma) factor to form RNA polymerase holoenzyme and then binds to a promoter. (RNA polymerase is called a holoenzyme when sigma subunit is attached to the core enzyme which is consist of 2 α subunits, 1 β subunit, 1 β' subunit only). Unlike eukaryotes, the initiating nucleotide of nascent bacterial mRNA is not capped with a modified guanine nucleotide. The initiating nucleotide of bacterial transcripts bears a 5′ triphosphate (5′-PPP), which can be used for genome-wide mapping of transcription initiation sites.
806:
926:
911:
54:
644:
1144:(or noncoding strand), is used as a template for RNA synthesis. As transcription proceeds, RNA polymerase traverses the template strand and uses base pairing complementarity with the DNA template to create an RNA copy (which elongates during the traversal). Although RNA polymerase traverses the template strand from 3' → 5', the coding (non-template) strand and newly formed RNA can also be used as reference points, so transcription can be described as occurring 5' → 3'. This produces an RNA molecule from 5' → 3', an exact copy of the coding strand (except that
1133:
732:), with one member of the dimer anchored to its binding motif on the enhancer and the other member anchored to its binding motif on the promoter (represented by the red zigzags in the illustration). Several cell function specific transcription factors (there are about 1,600 transcription factors in a human cell) generally bind to specific motifs on an enhancer and a small combination of these enhancer-bound transcription factors, when brought close to a promoter by a DNA loop, govern level of transcription of the target gene.
752:
223:
743:(eRNAs) as illustrated in the Figure. An inactive enhancer may be bound by an inactive transcription factor. Phosphorylation of the transcription factor may activate it and that activated transcription factor may then activate the enhancer to which it is bound (see small red star representing phosphorylation of transcription factor bound to enhancer in the illustration). An activated enhancer begins transcription of its RNA before activating transcription of messenger RNA from its target gene.
802:. These MBD proteins have both a methyl-CpG-binding domain as well as a transcription repression domain. They bind to methylated DNA and guide or direct protein complexes with chromatin remodeling and/or histone modifying activity to methylated CpG islands. MBD proteins generally repress local chromatin such as by catalyzing the introduction of repressive histone marks, or creating an overall repressive chromatin environment through nucleosome remodeling and chromatin reorganization.
720:
enhancer DNA regions, for a particular type of tissue only specific enhancers are brought into proximity with the promoters that they regulate. In a study of brain cortical neurons, 24,937 loops were found, bringing enhancers to their target promoters. Multiple enhancers, each often at tens or hundred of thousands of nucleotides distant from their target genes, loop to their target gene promoters and can coordinate with each other to control transcription of their common target gene.
1472:
337:
1593:
1553:, such as MS2, into a gene, these become incorporated into newly synthesized RNA. The stem loops can then be detected using a fusion of GFP and the MS2 coat protein, which has a high affinity, sequence-specific interaction with the MS2 stem loops. The recruitment of GFP to the site of transcription is visualized as a single fluorescent spot. This new approach has revealed that transcription occurs in discontinuous bursts, or pulses (see
6613:
1403:, among which are ~8,000 polymerase II factories and ~2,000 polymerase III factories. Each polymerase II factory contains ~8 polymerases. As most active transcription units are associated with only one polymerase, each factory usually contains ~8 different transcription units. These units might be associated through promoters and/or enhancers, with loops forming a "cloud" around the factor.
579:
1399:. Such sites can be visualized by allowing engaged polymerases to extend their transcripts in tagged precursors (Br-UTP or Br-U) and immuno-labeling the tagged nascent RNA. Transcription factories can also be localized using fluorescence in situ hybridization or marked by antibodies directed against polymerases. There are ~10,000 factories in the nucleoplasm of a
1664:, a repeating sequence of DNA, to the end of linear chromosomes. It is important because every time a linear chromosome is duplicated, it is shortened. With the telomere at the ends of chromosomes, the shortening eliminates some of the non-essential, repeated sequence, rather than the protein-encoding DNA sequence farther away from the chromosome end.
508:
strand of DNA is read by RNA polymerase from the 3' end to the 5' end during transcription (3' → 5'). The complementary RNA is created in the opposite direction, in the 5' → 3' direction, matching the sequence of the sense strand except switching uracil for thymine. This directionality is because RNA
1667:
Telomerase is often activated in cancer cells to enable cancer cells to duplicate their genomes indefinitely without losing important protein-coding DNA sequence. Activation of telomerase could be part of the process that allows cancer cells to become immortal. The immortalizing factor of cancer via
1155:
mRNA transcription can involve multiple RNA polymerases on a single DNA template and multiple rounds of transcription (amplification of particular mRNA), so many mRNA molecules can be rapidly produced from a single copy of a gene. The characteristic elongation rates in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are
916:
The regulatory sequence elements (yellow) at the start of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene, can be immediately upstream of the open read frame (ORF, red), or many kilobases away (upstream or downstream). Promoter and enhancer regions up-regulate (and silencers downregulate) transcription from DNA to
719:
Enhancers are regions of the genome that are major gene-regulatory elements. Enhancers control cell-type-specific gene transcription programs, most often by looping through long distances to come in physical proximity with the promoters of their target genes. While there are hundreds of thousands of
1123:
In eukaryotes, at an RNA polymerase II-dependent promoter, upon promoter clearance, TFIIH phosphorylates serine 5 on the carboxy terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, leading to the recruitment of capping enzyme (CE). The exact mechanism of how CE induces promoter clearance in eukaryotes is not yet
1000:
to each of the five RNA polymerase subunits in bacteria and also contains additional subunits. In archaea and eukaryotes, the functions of the bacterial general transcription factor sigma are performed by multiple general transcription factors that work together. In archaea, there are three general
950:
RNA polymerase, assisted by one or more general transcription factors, then unwinds approximately 14 base pairs of DNA to form an RNA polymerase-promoter open complex. In the open complex, the promoter DNA is partly unwound and single-stranded. The exposed, single-stranded DNA is referred to as the
893:
The splice isoform DNMT3A2 behaves like the product of a classical immediate-early gene and, for instance, it is robustly and transiently produced after neuronal activation. Where the DNA methyltransferase isoform DNMT3A2 binds and adds methyl groups to cytosines appears to be determined by histone
850:
transcription factor binding site is frequently located in enhancer or promoter sequences. There are about 12,000 binding sites for EGR1 in the mammalian genome and about half of EGR1 binding sites are located in promoters and half in enhancers. The binding of EGR1 to its target DNA binding site is
839:
are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences in order to regulate the expression of a gene. The binding sequence for a transcription factor in DNA is usually about 10 or 11 nucleotides long. As summarized in 2009, Vaquerizas et al. indicated there are approximately 1,400 different transcription
783:
marker found predominantly within CpG sites. About 28 million CpG dinucleotides occur in the human genome. In most tissues of mammals, on average, 70% to 80% of CpG cytosines are methylated (forming 5-methylCpG or 5-mCpG). However, unmethylated cytosines within 5'cytosine-guanine 3' sequences often
1317:
may also work to inhibit the action of transcription. Potent, bioactive natural products like triptolide that inhibit mammalian transcription via inhibition of the XPB subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH has been recently reported as a glucose conjugate for targeting hypoxic cancer
1164:
Elongation also involves a proofreading mechanism that can replace incorrectly incorporated bases. In eukaryotes, this may correspond with short pauses during transcription that allow appropriate RNA editing factors to bind. These pauses may be intrinsic to the RNA polymerase or due to chromatin
871:
the methylated CpG islands at those promoters. Upon demethylation, these promoters can then initiate transcription of their target genes. Hundreds of genes in neurons are differentially expressed after neuron activation through EGR1 recruitment of TET1 to methylated regulatory sequences in their
931:
During transcription initiation, proteins (dark grey semi-circles) bound to the DNA can be brought into proximity with each other since the intervening DNA can loop back on itself. In this way, the basal transcription machinery can interact with distant activators and repressors many kilobases
858:
gene into protein at one hour after stimulation is drastically elevated. Production of EGR1 transcription factor proteins, in various types of cells, can be stimulated by growth factors, neurotransmitters, hormones, stress and injury. In the brain, when neurons are activated, EGR1 proteins are
674:
shown by a small red star on a transcription factor on the enhancer) the enhancer is activated and can now activate its target promoter. The active enhancer is transcribed on each strand of DNA in opposite directions by bound RNAP IIs. Mediator (a complex consisting of about 26 proteins in an
788:, at active promoters. About 60% of promoter sequences have a CpG island while only about 6% of enhancer sequences have a CpG island. CpG islands constitute regulatory sequences, since if CpG islands are methylated in the promoter of a gene this can reduce or silence gene transcription.
840:
factors encoded in the human genome by genes that constitute about 6% of all human protein encoding genes. About 94% of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) that are associated with signal-responsive genes occur in enhancers while only about 6% of such TFBSs occur in promoters.
715:
have a leading role in the initiation of gene transcription. An enhancer localized in a DNA region distant from the promoter of a gene can have a very large effect on gene transcription, with some genes undergoing up to 100-fold increased transcription due to an activated enhancer.
1258:
1094:, and is common for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Abortive initiation continues to occur until an RNA product of a threshold length of approximately 10 nucleotides is synthesized, at which point promoter escape occurs and a transcription elongation complex is formed.
1198:
followed by a run of Us. When the hairpin forms, the mechanical stress breaks the weak rU-dA bonds, now filling the DNA–RNA hybrid. This pulls the poly-U transcript out of the active site of the RNA polymerase, terminating transcription. In Rho-dependent termination,
666:(RNAP II) bound to the promoter at the transcription start site of the gene. The loop is stabilized by one architectural protein anchored to the enhancer and one anchored to the promoter and these proteins are joined to form a dimer (red zigzags). Specific regulatory
1356:
or passenger mutations. However, transcriptional inhibition (silencing) may be of more importance than mutation in causing progression to cancer. For example, in colorectal cancers about 600 to 800 genes are transcriptionally inhibited by CpG island methylation (see
1176:. Since transcription enhances the accessibility of DNA to exogenous chemicals and internal metabolites that can cause recombinogenic lesions, homologous recombination of a particular DNA sequence may be strongly stimulated by transcription.
736:(a complex usually consisting of about 26 proteins in an interacting structure) communicates regulatory signals from enhancer DNA-bound transcription factors directly to the RNA polymerase II (pol II) enzyme bound to the promoter.
3231:
Dukatz M, Holzer K, Choudalakis M, Emperle M, Lungu C, Bashtrykov P, Jeltsch A (December 2019). "H3K36me2/3 Binding and DNA Binding of the DNA Methyltransferase DNMT3A PWWP Domain Both
Contribute to its Chromatin Interaction".
1057:. The TFIID is the first component to bind to DNA due to binding of TBP, while TFIIH is the last component to be recruited. In archaea and eukaryotes, the RNA polymerase-promoter closed complex is usually referred to as the "
698:
are sufficient to direct transcription initiation, but generally have low basal activity. Other important cis-regulatory modules are localized in DNA regions that are distant from the transcription start sites. These include
723:
The schematic illustration in this section shows an enhancer looping around to come into close physical proximity with the promoter of a target gene. The loop is stabilized by a dimer of a connector protein (e.g. dimer of
1206:
Transcription termination in eukaryotes is less well understood than in bacteria, but involves cleavage of the new transcript followed by template-independent addition of adenines at its new 3' end, in a process called
1640:
then digests the RNA strand, and reverse transcriptase synthesises a complementary strand of DNA to form a double helix DNA structure (cDNA). The cDNA is integrated into the host cell's genome by the enzyme
1160:
act as major barriers to transcribing polymerases during transcription elongation. In these organisms, the pausing induced by nucleosomes can be regulated by transcription elongation factors such as TFIIS.
879:(DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) catalyze the addition of methyl groups to cytosines in DNA. While DNMT1 is a maintenance methyltransferase, DNMT3A and DNMT3B can carry out new methylations. There are also two
528:, because its sequence is the same as the newly created RNA transcript (except for the substitution of uracil for thymine). This is the strand that is used by convention when presenting a DNA sequence.
531:
Transcription has some proofreading mechanisms, but they are fewer and less effective than the controls for copying DNA. As a result, transcription has a lower copying fidelity than DNA replication.
1090:
After the first bond is synthesized, the RNA polymerase must escape the promoter. During this time there is a tendency to release the RNA transcript and produce truncated transcripts. This is called
1449:
by several laboratories by 1965; however, the RNA synthesized by these enzymes had properties that suggested the existence of an additional factor needed to terminate transcription correctly.
4571:
Papantonis A, Kohro T, Baboo S, Larkin JD, Deng B, Short P, Tsutsumi S, Taylor S, Kanki Y, Kobayashi M, Li G, Poh HM, Ruan X, Aburatani H, Ruan Y, Kodama T, Wada Y, Cook PR (November 2012).
2310:
Weintraub AS, Li CH, Zamudio AV, Sigova AA, Hannett NM, Day DS, Abraham BJ, Cohen MA, Nabet B, Buckley DL, Guo YE, Hnisz D, Jaenisch R, Bradner JE, Gray NS, Young RA (December 2017).
1577:, which allows the measurement of relative abundance of RNA, as well as the detection of additional variations such as fusion genes, post-transcriptional edits and novel splice sites
3985:"Recombinogenic effects of DNA-damaging agents are synergistically increased by transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. New insights into transcription-associated recombination"
1265:
As shown in the image in the right it is evident that the CTD (C Terminal Domain) is a tail that changes its shape; this tail will be used as a carrier of splicing, capping and
1645:, which causes the host cell to generate viral proteins that reassemble into new viral particles. In HIV, subsequent to this, the host cell undergoes programmed cell death, or
5003:
1557:). With the notable exception of in situ techniques, most other methods provide cell population averages, and are not capable of detecting this fundamental property of genes.
5793:
4802:
759:
Transcription regulation at about 60% of promoters is also controlled by methylation of cytosines within CpG dinucleotides (where 5' cytosine is followed by 3' guanine or
1927:
670:
bind to DNA sequence motifs on the enhancer. General transcription factors bind to the promoter. When a transcription factor is activated by a signal (here indicated as
2609:
Carullo NV, Phillips I RA, Simon RC, Soto SA, Hinds JE, Salisbury AJ, Revanna JS, Bunner KD, Ianov L, Sultan FA, Savell KE, Gersbach CA, Day JJ (September 2020).
1625:
into DNA. The resulting DNA can be merged with the DNA genome of the host cell. The main enzyme responsible for synthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called
4253:
Cramer, P.; Armache, K.-J.; Baumli, S.; Benkert, S.; Brueckner, F.; Buchen, C.; Damsma, G.E.; Dengl, S.; Geiger, S.R.; Jasiak, A.J.; Jawhari, A. (June 2008).
1203:, a protein factor, destabilizes the interaction between the template and the mRNA, thus releasing the newly synthesized mRNA from the elongation complex.
981:
consists of five subunits: 2 α subunits, 1 β subunit, 1 β' subunit, and 1 ω subunit. In bacteria, there is one general RNA transcription factor known as a
867:
can catalyse demethylation of 5-methylcytosine. When EGR1 transcription factors bring TET1 enzymes to EGR1 binding sites in promoters, the TET enzymes can
2928:
Sun Z, Xu X, He J, Murray A, Sun MA, Wei X, Wang X, McCoig E, Xie E, Jiang X, Li L, Zhu J, Chen J, Morozov A, Pickrell AM, Theus MH, Xie H (August 2019).
1152:, and the nucleotides are composed of a ribose (5-carbon) sugar whereas DNA has deoxyribose (one fewer oxygen atom) in its sugar-phosphate backbone).
5786:
2878:
Vaquerizas JM, Kummerfeld SK, Teichmann SA, Luscombe NM (April 2009). "A census of human transcription factors: function, expression and evolution".
897:
On the other hand, neural activation causes degradation of DNMT3A1 accompanied by reduced methylation of at least one evaluated targeted promoter.
4196:"The structure and activities of the archaeal transcription termination factor Eta detail vulnerabilities of the transcription elongation complex"
739:
Enhancers, when active, are generally transcribed from both strands of DNA with RNA polymerases acting in two different directions, producing two
509:
polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing mRNA chain. This use of only the 3' → 5' DNA strand eliminates the need for the
4920:
3275:
Bayraktar G, Yuanxiang P, Confettura AD, Gomes GM, Raza SA, Stork O, Tajima S, Suetake I, Karpova A, Yildirim F, Kreutz MR (November 2020).
1807:"Tentative identification of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of dsRNA viruses and their relationship to positive strand RNA viral polymerases"
970:
and an extending NTP) complementary to the transcription start site sequence, and catalyzes bond formation to yield an initial RNA product.
5779:
1230:
machinery to repair the lesion. Mfd is proposed to also resolve conflicts between DNA replication and transcription. In eukayrotes, ATPase
4638:
3680:
Goodrich JA, Tjian R (April 1994). "Transcription factors IIE and IIH and ATP hydrolysis direct promoter clearance by RNA polymerase II".
3623:"Functional interactions of RNA-capping enzyme with factors that positively and negatively regulate promoter escape by RNA polymerase II"
3088:
Oliveira AM, Hemstedt TJ, Bading H (July 2012). "Rescue of aging-associated decline in Dnmt3a2 expression restores cognitive abilities".
1785:
Notable vertebrate −ssRNA viruses include the Ebola virus, hantaviruses, influenza viruses, the Lassa fever virus, and the rabies virus.
1583:: amplifies and reads partial transcriptomes from isolated cells, allowing for detailed analyses of RNA in tissues, embryos, and cancers
4520:
Tessitore A, Cicciarelli G, Del
Vecchio F, Gaggiano A, Verzella D, Fischietti M, Vecchiotti D, Capece D, Zazzeroni F, Alesse E (2014).
368:
4951:
1508:
1191:
446:
RNA which acts as a template for positive sense viral messenger RNA - a necessary step in the synthesis of viral proteins needed for
3877:
Aymard F, Bugler B, Schmidt CK, Guillou E, Caron P, Briois S, Iacovoni JS, Daburon V, Miller KM, Jackson SP, Legube G (April 2014).
1190:
Bacteria use two different strategies for transcription termination – Rho-independent termination and Rho-dependent termination. In
947:
sequence to form an RNA polymerase-promoter closed complex. In the closed complex, the promoter DNA is still fully double-stranded.
3427:
Roeder, Robert G. (1991). "The complexities of eukaryotic transcription initiation: regulation of preinitiation complex assembly".
607:
4872:
1246:
5338:
4794:
854:
While only small amounts of EGR1 transcription factor protein are detectable in cells that are un-stimulated, translation of the
1250:
Image showing RNA polymerase interacting with different factors and DNA during transcription, especially CTD (C Terminal Domain)
794:
regulates gene transcription through interaction with methyl binding domain (MBD) proteins, such as MeCP2, MBD1 and MBD2. These
2166:
Beagan JA, Pastuzyn ED, Fernandez LR, Guo MH, Feng K, Titus KR, Chandrashekar H, Shepherd JD, Phillips-Cremins JE (June 2020).
1919:
1537:: measures the relative abundance of the global total or nuclear RNA levels; however, these may differ from transcription rates
821:, wherein the lighter regions are generally more transcriptionally active, whereas darker regions are more inactive, including
5484:
5119:
4777:
3734:
3344:
1996:
1903:
1424:
1358:
1327:
4067:
Lykke-Andersen S, Jensen TH (October 2007). "Overlapping pathways dictate termination of RNA polymerase II transcription".
1674:
with the remaining 10% using an alternative telomere maintenance route called ALT or
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres.
917:
mRNA. The 5' and 3' untranslated regions of that mRNA (UTR, blue) then regulate translation into the final protein product.
5716:
1058:
679:
675:
interacting structure) communicates regulatory signals from the enhancer DNA-bound transcription factors to the promoter.
412:
384:
is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. The segments of DNA transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode
4983:
4662:"Kethoxal-assisted single-stranded DNA sequencing captures global transcription dynamics and enhancer activity in situ"
3723:
Milo, Ron; Philips, Rob (2015). "4. Rates and
Duration: Central dogma: Which is faster:transcription or translation?".
1873:
2359:
Lambert SA, Jolma A, Campitelli LF, Das PK, Yin Y, Albu M, Chen X, Taipale J, Hughes TR, Weirauch MT (February 2018).
5091:
4896:
1958:
625:
1531:: measures the absolute abundance of total or nuclear RNA levels, which may however differ from transcription rates
1374:
1112:
However, later data showed that upon and following promoter clearance, the sigma factor is released according to a
1349:
1333:
5688:
5245:
5189:
4365:"A genome-wide analysis of CpG dinucleotides in the human genome distinguishes two distinct classes of promoters"
2611:"Enhancer RNAs predict enhancer-gene regulatory links and are critical for enhancer function in neuronal systems"
2513:"The degree of enhancer or promoter activity is reflected by the levels and directionality of eRNA transcription"
1006:
483:
846:
protein is a particular transcription factor that is important for regulation of methylation of CpG islands. An
6447:
6042:
5741:
5184:
2120:
Spitz F, Furlong EE (September 2012). "Transcription factors: from enhancer binding to developmental control".
1238:, preventing errors in chromosomal segregation. In archaea, the Eta ATPase is proposed to play a similar role.
638:
475:
361:
31:
5683:
4824:
Cesare AJ, Reddel RR (May 2010). "Alternative lengthening of telomeres: models, mechanisms and implications".
1218:), transcription may also need to be terminated when it encounters conditions such as DNA damage or an active
241:
6583:
5736:
5272:
5203:
4944:
479:
471:
17:
5704:
5678:
2218:
Schoenfelder S, Fraser P (August 2019). "Long-range enhancer-promoter contacts in gene expression control".
1373:
may occur more frequently by over-produced microRNA-182 than by hypermethylation of the BRCA1 promoter (see
6231:
5912:
5008:
1434:
695:
451:
5917:
4894:
Interactive Java simulation of transcription interference—a game of promoter dominance in bacterial virus.
6643:
6151:
5907:
5331:
420:
4102:
Shi, J; Wen, A; Zhao, M; Jin, S; You, L; Shi, Y; Dong, S; Hua, X; Zhang, Y; Feng, Y (18 November 2020).
1101:, providing the energy needed to break interactions between RNA polymerase holoenzyme and the promoter.
6638:
6603:
5364:
5223:
3277:"Synaptic control of DNA methylation involves activity-dependent degradation of DNMT3A1 in the nucleus"
2562:"MAP kinase phosphorylation-dependent activation of Elk-1 leads to activation of the co-activator p300"
2168:"Three-dimensional genome restructuring across timescales of activity-induced neuronal gene expression"
1580:
1227:
1223:
967:
876:
514:
130:
3041:"Neuronal DNA Methyltransferases: Epigenetic Mediators between Synaptic Activity and Gene Expression?"
2988:
Kubosaki A, Tomaru Y, Tagami M, Arner E, Miura H, Suzuki T, Suzuki M, Suzuki H, Hayashizaki Y (2009).
6452:
5561:
5497:
5467:
5445:
4907:
4883:
4155:"Involvement of transcription termination factor 2 in mitotic repression of transcription elongation"
1254:
RNA polymerase plays a very crucial role in all steps including post-transcriptional changes in RNA.
795:
594:
505:
443:
354:
4589:
4573:"TNFα signals through specialized factories where responsive coding and miRNA genes are transcribed"
3184:"Isoform-specific localization of DNMT3A regulates DNA methylation fidelity at bivalent CpG islands"
2511:
Mikhaylichenko O, Bondarenko V, Harnett D, Schor IE, Males M, Viales RR, Furlong EE (January 2018).
6633:
6299:
6200:
6117:
5355:
5347:
5267:
5055:
4968:
4937:
4032:
Richardson JP (September 2002). "Rho-dependent termination and ATPases in transcript termination".
1554:
1460:
1456:
1169:
691:
544:
148:
3879:"Transcriptionally active chromatin recruits homologous recombination at DNA double-strand breaks"
1668:
telomere lengthening due to telomerase has been proven to occur in 90% of all carcinogenic tumors
1653:. However, in other retroviruses, the host cell remains intact as the virus buds out of the cell.
1411:
A molecule that allows the genetic material to be realized as a protein was first hypothesized by
1226:
ATPase can remove a RNA polymerase stalled at a lesion by prying open its clamp. It also recruits
6326:
6102:
5662:
5351:
5228:
5045:
4917:
2707:
Jabbari K, Bernardi G (May 2004). "Cytosine methylation and CpG, TpG (CpA) and TpA frequencies".
1392:
1386:
1302:
963:
959:
540:
434:, the term transcription is used when referring to mRNA synthesis from a viral RNA molecule. The
6554:
5870:
5571:
5324:
5233:
5158:
5050:
4630:
4584:
2930:"EGR1 recruits TET1 to shape the brain methylome during development and upon neuronal activity"
1514:
1010:
733:
683:
4254:
3131:
Dhayalan A, Rajavelu A, Rathert P, Tamas R, Jurkowska RZ, Ragozin S, Jeltsch A (August 2010).
6314:
6287:
5902:
5755:
5750:
5618:
5520:
5148:
5133:
5013:
4270:
3724:
1766:
1626:
1604:
1597:
1540:
1496:
1294:
1185:
836:
712:
711:
and tethering elements. Among this constellation of elements, enhancers and their associated
321:
301:
266:
178:
173:
5890:
3926:
Ouyang J, Yadav T, Zhang JM, Yang H, Rheinbay E, Guo H, Haber DA, Lan L, Zou L (June 2021).
3133:"The Dnmt3a PWWP domain reads histone 3 lysine 36 trimethylation and guides DNA methylation"
639:
Enhancers, transcription factors, Mediator complex, and DNA loops in mammalian transcription
6258:
6253:
6129:
5652:
5566:
5532:
5426:
5255:
5153:
5071:
4476:
4376:
4317:
4207:
3939:
3831:
3771:
3634:
3536:
3479:
3381:
2941:
2416:
1818:
1065:
1034:
1002:
940:
880:
805:
708:
667:
470:, which direct and regulate the synthesis of that protein. The regulatory sequence before (
3582:"Holoenzyme switching and stochastic release of sigma factors from RNA polymerase in vivo"
1108:
is definitely released after promoter clearance occurs. This theory had been known as the
8:
6494:
6336:
6292:
6248:
5986:
5635:
5603:
5489:
5463:
5081:
1743:
1733:
1475:
1366:
1353:
1314:
1282:
1091:
944:
875:
The methylation of promoters is also altered in response to signals. The three mammalian
704:
700:
687:
651:
643:
600:
296:
276:
211:
168:
162:
153:
125:
5316:
4480:
4380:
4321:
4211:
3943:
3835:
3775:
3638:
3540:
3525:"Abortive initiation and productive initiation by RNA polymerase involve DNA scrunching"
3483:
3385:
2945:
2420:
1822:
53:
6544:
5404:
5216:
5099:
4869:
4849:
4743:
4718:
4699:
4686:
4661:
4607:
4572:
4548:
4521:
4497:
4464:
4463:
Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA, Kinzler KW (March 2013).
4399:
4364:
4340:
4305:
4291:
4230:
4195:
4130:
4103:
4009:
3984:
3960:
3927:
3903:
3878:
3854:
3819:
3792:
3759:
3705:
3557:
3524:
3500:
3467:
3463:
3404:
3369:
3350:
3301:
3276:
3257:
3208:
3183:
3159:
3132:
3113:
3065:
3040:
3016:
2990:"Genome-wide investigation of in vivo EGR-1 binding sites in monocytic differentiation"
2989:
2962:
2929:
2903:
2768:
2743:
2684:
2659:
2635:
2610:
2537:
2512:
2488:
2463:
2439:
2404:
2336:
2311:
2287:
2262:
2243:
2192:
2167:
2145:
2097:
2070:
2046:
2021:
1844:
1511:: measures single-stranded DNA generated by RNA polymerases; can work with 1,000 cells.
1362:
1310:
1113:
925:
910:
424:
291:
286:
261:
183:
5771:
4171:
4154:
4045:
3657:
3622:
2586:
2561:
954:
RNA polymerase, assisted by one or more general transcription factors, then selects a
6539:
6243:
5723:
4841:
4773:
4748:
4703:
4691:
4612:
4553:
4502:
4445:
4404:
4345:
4274:
4235:
4176:
4135:
4084:
4049:
4014:
3965:
3908:
3859:
3797:
3740:
3730:
3697:
3693:
3662:
3603:
3562:
3505:
3444:
3440:
3409:
3354:
3340:
3306:
3261:
3249:
3213:
3164:
3105:
3070:
3021:
2967:
2895:
2860:
2814:
2773:
2724:
2689:
2640:
2591:
2542:
2493:
2444:
2382:
2341:
2292:
2247:
2235:
2197:
2149:
2137:
2102:
2051:
2002:
1992:
1954:
1899:
1869:
1836:
1831:
1806:
1633:
1452:
1014:
997:
868:
663:
589:
447:
341:
226:
105:
5300:
4853:
4194:
Marshall, CJ; Qayyum, MZ; Walker, JE; Murakami, KS; Santangelo, TJ (9 August 2022).
3709:
3117:
2744:"Pervasive and CpG-dependent promoter-like characteristics of transcribed enhancers"
1848:
1412:
6275:
6169:
5802:
5645:
5628:
4833:
4738:
4730:
4681:
4673:
4602:
4594:
4543:
4533:
4492:
4484:
4435:
4394:
4384:
4335:
4325:
4266:
4225:
4215:
4166:
4125:
4115:
4076:
4041:
4004:
3996:
3955:
3947:
3898:
3890:
3849:
3839:
3787:
3779:
3689:
3652:
3642:
3593:
3552:
3544:
3495:
3487:
3436:
3399:
3389:
3370:"Global repositioning of transcription start sites in a plant-fermenting bacterium"
3332:
3296:
3288:
3241:
3203:
3195:
3154:
3144:
3097:
3060:
3052:
3011:
3001:
2957:
2949:
2907:
2887:
2850:
2804:
2763:
2755:
2716:
2679:
2671:
2630:
2622:
2581:
2573:
2532:
2524:
2483:
2475:
2434:
2424:
2405:"Positional specificity of different transcription factor classes within enhancers"
2372:
2331:
2323:
2282:
2274:
2227:
2187:
2179:
2129:
2092:
2082:
2041:
2033:
1826:
1656:
Some eukaryotic cells contain an enzyme with reverse transcription activity called
1219:
1194:, RNA transcription stops when the newly synthesized RNA molecule forms a G-C-rich
1132:
764:
510:
233:
3182:
Manzo M, Wirz J, Ambrosi C, Villaseñor R, Roschitzki B, Baubec T (December 2017).
2560:
Li QJ, Yang SH, Maeda Y, Sladek FM, Sharrocks AD, Martins-Green M (January 2003).
1391:
Active transcription units are clustered in the nucleus, in discrete sites called
6532:
6226:
6205:
6134:
5937:
5509:
5277:
5114:
4960:
4924:
4911:
4900:
4887:
4876:
4767:
4080:
4000:
3760:"Nucleosomal fluctuations govern the transcription dynamics of RNA polymerase II"
3598:
3581:
1889:
1761:
1728:
1713:
1708:
1534:
1490:
1345:
1266:
1208:
1080:, which modulate formation and function of the transcription initiation complex.
883:
791:
671:
490:
3327:
Pakay, Julian; Duivenvoorden, Hendrika; Shafee, Thomas; Clarke, Kaitlin (2023).
2022:"Eukaryotic core promoters and the functional basis of transcription initiation"
1348:
the gene becomes inhibited (silenced). Colorectal cancers typically have 3 to 6
1241:
751:
6617:
6522:
6409:
6280:
6139:
6122:
5927:
5857:
5719:
5707:
5657:
5104:
5076:
4734:
4369:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4330:
4306:"A Glucose-Triptolide Conjugate Selectively Targets Cancer Cells under Hypoxia"
4200:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3951:
3627:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2953:
2720:
2377:
2360:
2327:
1688:
1637:
1502:
1442:
1337:
1306:
1098:
822:
799:
785:
393:
281:
206:
4677:
3818:
Fitz V, Shin J, Ehrlich C, Farnung L, Cramer P, Zaburdaev V, Grill SW (2016).
3744:
3292:
3245:
2403:
Grossman SR, Engreitz J, Ray JP, Nguyen TH, Hacohen N, Lander ES (July 2018).
2231:
2183:
2087:
2037:
2006:
1621:), have the ability to transcribe RNA into DNA. HIV has an RNA genome that is
650:. An active enhancer regulatory region of DNA is enabled to interact with the
6627:
6562:
6527:
6370:
6360:
6331:
5964:
5957:
5421:
5305:
4992:
4719:"Nature, nurture, or chance: stochastic gene expression and its consequences"
3056:
3006:
1738:
1693:
1574:
1560:
1479:
1416:
1286:
659:
525:
439:
389:
4488:
4389:
4220:
3844:
3783:
3647:
3548:
3491:
3199:
3149:
2660:"DNA methylation in human epigenomes depends on local topology of CpG sites"
2429:
1632:
In the case of HIV, reverse transcriptase is responsible for synthesizing a
1168:
Double-strand breaks in actively transcribed regions of DNA are repaired by
504:
Only one of the two DNA strands serves as a template for transcription. The
6549:
6392:
6352:
6319:
6091:
6077:
5975:
5179:
5109:
4978:
4845:
4752:
4695:
4616:
4598:
4557:
4506:
4449:
4408:
4349:
4278:
4239:
4180:
4139:
4088:
4053:
4018:
3982:
3969:
3912:
3863:
3801:
3666:
3607:
3566:
3509:
3413:
3310:
3253:
3217:
3168:
3109:
3074:
3025:
2971:
2899:
2864:
2818:
2777:
2728:
2693:
2644:
2595:
2577:
2546:
2528:
2497:
2448:
2386:
2345:
2296:
2239:
2201:
2141:
2106:
2055:
1438:
1420:
1195:
1105:
982:
814:
740:
400:
271:
4893:
4538:
4120:
3983:
García-Rubio M, Huertas P, González-Barrera S, Aguilera A (October 2003).
3701:
3448:
2759:
2626:
1840:
1261:
The Image shows how CTD is carrying protein for further changes in the RNA
755:
This shows where the methyl group is added when 5-methylcytosine is formed
493:, transcription results in an RNA complement that includes the nucleotide
6573:
6439:
6387:
6382:
5895:
5608:
5576:
5479:
5282:
5211:
2675:
1718:
1546:
1471:
1396:
1077:
1073:
1046:
1038:
1026:
864:
860:
780:
768:
3928:"RNA transcripts stimulate homologous recombination by forming DR-loops"
3820:"Nucleosomal arrangement affects single-molecule transcription dynamics"
3394:
2261:
Pennacchio LA, Bickmore W, Dean A, Nobrega MA, Bejerano G (April 2013).
2071:"The Why of YY1: Mechanisms of Transcriptional Regulation by Yin Yang 1"
603:. Can we just make a canonical "main article" and redirect people there?
392:(mRNA). Other segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules called
6481:
6476:
6429:
6422:
6417:
6402:
6397:
6238:
6173:
5922:
5864:
5760:
5454:
5409:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5240:
4519:
4440:
4423:
4304:
Datan E, Minn I, Peng X, He QL, Ahn H, Yu B, Pomper MG, Liu JO (2020).
2809:
2792:
1657:
1298:
1278:
1200:
1173:
1157:
1064:
Transcription initiation is regulated by additional proteins, known as
1017:-dependent transcription, there are six general transcription factors:
993:
978:
416:
408:
201:
115:
95:
70:
3894:
3621:
Mandal SS, Chu C, Wada T, Handa H, Shatkin AJ, Reinberg D (May 2004).
3580:
Raffaelle M, Kanin EI, Vogt J, Burgess RR, Ansari AZ (November 2005).
2855:
2838:
6486:
6471:
6458:
6210:
5998:
5829:
5416:
3758:
Hodges C, Bintu L, Lubkowska L, Kashlev M, Bustamante C (July 2009).
2877:
1646:
1642:
1592:
1550:
1518:
1400:
1069:
828:
818:
810:
760:
404:
158:
4837:
4462:
3101:
2891:
2510:
2479:
2278:
2133:
513:
that are seen in DNA replication. This also removes the need for an
30:
This article is about transcription in biology. For other uses, see
6612:
6517:
6463:
6365:
6309:
6304:
6195:
6156:
6112:
6014:
5819:
5623:
5613:
5260:
5250:
5174:
4034:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression
2068:
1987:
Watson JD, Baker TA, Bell SP, Gann AA, Levine M, Losick RM (2013).
1895:
1751:
1661:
1429:
1341:
1214:
Beyond termination by a terminator sequences (which is a part of a
974:
776:
462:
A DNA transcription unit encoding for a protein may contain both a
431:
217:
100:
90:
45:
4929:
3336:
1573:: applies next-generation sequencing techniques to sequence whole
1505:
assay: measures the relative abundance of newly formed transcripts
6499:
6377:
6161:
6146:
5849:
5824:
5583:
5450:
4996:
3274:
1670:
1660:. Telomerase carries an RNA template from which it synthesizes a
1610:
1570:
1564:
1486:
Transcription can be measured and detected in a variety of ways:
1235:
1145:
989:
498:
415:
language. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA
385:
1361:). Transcriptional repression in cancer can also occur by other
6590:
6568:
6265:
6188:
6183:
5948:
5839:
5834:
5379:
2741:
1747:
1723:
1650:
1528:
1290:
1149:
494:
435:
110:
85:
3326:
3230:
2839:"Methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins: readers of the epigenome"
517:
to initiate RNA synthesis, as is the case in DNA replication.
6072:
6064:
5882:
5844:
5640:
5492:
5018:
4104:"Structural basis of Mfd-dependent transcription termination"
2464:"The Mediator complex: a central integrator of transcription"
2260:
1698:
1370:
1242:
Role of RNA polymerase in post-transcriptional changes in RNA
1054:
1050:
1042:
1030:
1022:
1018:
939:
Transcription begins with the RNA polymerase and one or more
4918:
Virtual Cell
Animation Collection, Introducing Transcription
4193:
3130:
2742:
Steinhaus R, Gonzalez T, Seelow D, Robinson PN (June 2020).
2069:
Verheul TC, van Hijfte L, Perenthaler E, Barakat TS (2020).
1257:
6578:
6270:
5811:
5711:
5541:
5472:
4795:"Some patterns of apoptosis mechanism during HIV-infection"
4294:
8-Hydroxyquinoline from SIGMA-ALDRICH. Retrieved 2022-02-15
3757:
1755:
1703:
1683:
1618:
1522:
1231:
1215:
847:
843:
746:
725:
655:
4570:
4252:
3876:
3523:
Revyakin A, Liu C, Ebright RH, Strick TR (November 2006).
3181:
2657:
2608:
2312:"YY1 Is a Structural Regulator of Enhancer-Promoter Loops"
2165:
1482:
strands are visible as branches from the main DNA strand.
890:
gene: DNA methyltransferase proteins DNMT3A1 and DNMT3A2.
5346:
4988:
3579:
2987:
2402:
2358:
1614:
1313:
is an antifungal transcription inhibitor. The effects of
859:
up-regulated and they bind to (recruit) the pre-existing
772:
729:
658:
by the formation of a chromosome loop. This can initiate
80:
75:
4870:
Interactive Java simulation of transcription initiation.
3522:
2658:
Lövkvist C, Dodd IB, Sneppen K, Haerter JO (June 2016).
2309:
1804:
5801:
4522:"MicroRNAs in the DNA Damage/Repair Network and Cancer"
4153:
Jiang, Y; Liu, M; Spencer, CA; Price, DH (7 May 2004).
4904:
4880:
3817:
3468:"Direct detection of abortive RNA transcripts in vivo"
3087:
1427:
in 1959 for developing a process for synthesizing RNA
863:
enzymes that are produced in high amounts in neurons.
6601:
3461:
1375:
Low expression of BRCA1 in breast and ovarian cancers
1318:
cells with increased glucose transporter production.
1234:
helps to suppress the action of RNAP I and II during
4292:
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sial/h6878
4152:
4066:
3925:
958:
in the transcription bubble, binds to an initiating
2836:
1986:
1866:
Biology, 8th
Edition, International Student Edition
1805:Koonin EV, Gorbalenya AE, Chumakov KM (July 1989).
4716:
4362:
3620:
2217:
1948:
1864:Eldra P. Solomon, Linda R. Berg, Diana W. Martin.
1636:strand (cDNA) to the viral RNA genome. The enzyme
1563:: the traditional method, and until the advent of
1369:. In breast cancer, transcriptional repression of
1104:In bacteria, it was historically thought that the
682:for transcription in mammals is regulated by many
3813:
3811:
2559:
1499:assay: identifies transcription start sites (TSS)
1033:(a multisubunit factor in which the key subunit,
932:upstream or downstream of the open reading frame.
798:proteins bind most strongly to highly methylated
466:, which will be translated into the protein, and
6625:
4424:"DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory"
3322:
3320:
2793:"DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory"
1097:Mechanistically, promoter escape occurs through
851:insensitive to cytosine methylation in the DNA.
4303:
3824:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3038:
2706:
2398:
2396:
2213:
2211:
1493:transcription assay: measures promoter strength
1478:of transcription of ribosomal RNA. The forming
1344:. When many of a gene's promoter CpG sites are
568:
4363:Saxonov S, Berg P, Brutlag DL (January 2006).
3808:
1953:(6th ed.). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
1156:about 10–100 nts/sec. In eukaryotes, however,
524:-template (sense) strand of DNA is called the
5787:
5332:
4945:
4101:
3679:
3317:
2927:
1305:of DNA into mRNA by inhibiting DNA-dependent
501:(T) would have occurred in a DNA complement.
362:
4823:
4817:
4513:
4456:
4356:
3268:
3224:
3175:
3124:
3081:
3032:
2871:
2837:Du Q, Luu PL, Stirzaker C, Clark SJ (2015).
2784:
2735:
2700:
2651:
2602:
2553:
2504:
2461:
2455:
2393:
2352:
2303:
2254:
2208:
2119:
2113:
2019:
1883:
1881:
688:core promoter and promoter-proximal elements
27:Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
4792:
3722:
3361:
2983:
2981:
2062:
2013:
1459:"for his studies of the molecular basis of
5794:
5780:
5339:
5325:
5100:Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA / hnRNA)
4952:
4938:
4031:
3420:
1942:
1466:
1380:
1365:mechanisms, such as altered production of
1297:). An example of such an antibacterial is
1136:Simple diagram of transcription elongation
369:
355:
4742:
4717:Raj A, van Oudenaarden A (October 2008).
4685:
4606:
4588:
4547:
4537:
4496:
4439:
4398:
4388:
4339:
4329:
4255:"Structure of Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases"
4229:
4219:
4170:
4129:
4119:
4008:
3959:
3902:
3853:
3843:
3791:
3656:
3646:
3597:
3556:
3499:
3403:
3393:
3300:
3207:
3158:
3148:
3064:
3015:
3005:
2961:
2854:
2808:
2767:
2683:
2634:
2585:
2536:
2487:
2438:
2428:
2376:
2335:
2286:
2191:
2161:
2159:
2096:
2086:
2045:
1878:
1860:
1858:
1830:
1192:Rho-independent transcription termination
626:Learn how and when to remove this message
4271:10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.130008
2978:
1591:
1587:
1470:
1321:
1277:Transcription inhibitors can be used as
1256:
1245:
1131:
804:
750:
747:CpG island methylation and demethylation
642:
482:from) the coding sequence is called the
474:from) the coding sequence is called the
3367:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
813:of a human, showing an overview of the
694:of genes. Core promoters combined with
450:. This process is catalyzed by a viral
14:
6626:
3426:
2156:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1949:Berg J, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2006).
1855:
1543:: detects the presence of a transcript
648:Regulation of transcription in mammals
5775:
5485:Histone acetylation and deacetylation
5320:
5120:Histone acetylation and deacetylation
4933:
4765:
3039:Bayraktar G, Kreutz MR (April 2018).
2832:
2830:
2828:
2263:"Enhancers: five essential questions"
1887:
1425:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1359:regulation of transcription in cancer
1332:In vertebrates, the majority of gene
1328:Regulation of transcription in cancer
1269:, as shown in the image on the left.
5185:Ribosome-nascent chain complex (RNC)
4421:
4415:
2914:
2790:
1930:from the original on 27 October 2017
1437:, which was useful for cracking the
572:
4959:
4659:
4641:from the original on March 15, 2007
2462:Allen BL, Taatjes DJ (March 2015).
2020:Haberle V, Stark A (October 2018).
1967:
1525:: detect active transcription sites
1309:by binding its beta-subunit, while
996:, RNA polymerase contains subunits
24:
4805:from the original on July 10, 2011
3329:Threshold Concepts in Biochemistry
2825:
1172:during the S and G2 phases of the
1085:
894:post translational modifications.
835:As noted in the previous section,
419:, which produces a complementary,
25:
6655:
4863:
4526:International Journal of Genomics
2361:"The Human Transcription Factors"
1072:, and, in some cases, associated
6611:
924:
909:
577:
484:three prime untranslated regions
336:
335:
222:
221:
52:
5689:Archaeal transcription factor B
5190:Post-translational modification
4786:
4759:
4710:
4653:
4623:
4564:
4297:
4285:
4246:
4187:
4146:
4095:
4060:
4025:
3976:
3919:
3870:
3751:
3716:
3673:
3614:
3573:
3516:
3455:
476:five prime untranslated regions
6448:Last universal common ancestor
6043:Defective interfering particle
4766:Clark, David P. (2005-06-24).
3429:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
1912:
1888:Clark, David P. (2005-06-24).
1798:
1779:
1750:from precursor messenger RNA (
1179:
549:Transcription is divided into
534:
13:
1:
6584:Clonally transmissible cancer
6020:Satellite-like nucleic acids
4172:10.1016/s1097-2765(04)00234-5
4046:10.1016/S0167-4781(02)00456-6
3729:. CRC Press. pp. 231–6.
1989:Molecular Biology of the Gene
1792:
1272:
1127:
941:general transcription factors
900:
696:general transcription factors
478:(5'UTR); the sequence after (
457:
4914:at the Niels Bohr Institute.
4890:at the Niels Bohr Institute.
4081:10.1016/j.biochi.2007.05.007
3694:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90242-9
3599:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.10.011
3441:10.1016/0968-0004(91)90164-Q
1832:10.1016/0014-5793(89)80886-5
1435:polynucleotide phosphorylase
569:Setting up for transcription
452:RNA dependent RNA polymerase
7:
4259:Annual Review of Biophysics
3726:Cell Biology by the Numbers
1677:
1140:One strand of the DNA, the
597:. The specific problem is:
497:(U) in all instances where
10:
6660:
6140:Class II or DNA transposon
6135:Class I or retrotransposon
5365:Transcriptional regulation
4735:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.050
4465:"Cancer genome landscapes"
4331:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101536
4001:10.1093/genetics/165.2.457
3952:10.1038/s41586-021-03538-8
2954:10.1038/s41467-019-11905-3
2721:10.1016/j.gene.2004.02.043
2378:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.029
2328:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.008
1602:
1406:
1384:
1325:
1228:nucleotide excision repair
1183:
826:
690:that are located near the
538:
29:
6510:
6453:Earliest known life forms
6438:
6351:
6327:Repeated sequences in DNA
6219:
6101:
6090:
6063:
6035:
5985:
5974:
5947:
5936:
5881:
5810:
5732:
5697:
5671:
5596:
5562:Transcription coregulator
5554:
5531:
5508:
5498:Histone acetyltransferase
5468:Histone methyltransferase
5446:Histone-modifying enzymes
5444:
5437:
5372:
5363:
5293:
5202:
5167:
5141:
5132:
5090:
5064:
5038:
5029:
4967:
4905:Center for Models of Life
4881:Center for Models of Life
4678:10.1038/s41592-020-0797-9
3466:, Nickels BE (May 2009).
3293:10.1038/s41386-020-0780-2
3246:10.1016/j.jmb.2019.09.006
2232:10.1038/s41576-019-0128-0
2184:10.1038/s41593-020-0634-6
2088:10.3389/fcell.2020.592164
2038:10.1038/s41580-018-0028-8
1991:(7th ed.). Pearson.
1754:) to make messenger RNA (
779:(see Figure). 5-mC is an
692:transcription start sites
654:DNA region of its target
6300:Endogenous viral element
6118:Horizontal gene transfer
5251:sequestration (P-bodies)
4772:. Elsevier. p. 63.
3368:Boutard, Magali (2016).
3057:10.1177/1073858417707457
3007:10.1186/gb-2009-10-4-r41
2409:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1772:
1555:Transcriptional bursting
1461:eukaryotic transcription
1457:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1170:homologous recombination
1118:stochastic release model
956:transcription start site
951:"transcription bubble".
784:occur in groups, called
545:Eukaryotic transcription
5997:dsDNA satellite virus (
5663:Internal control region
5229:Gene regulatory network
4826:Nature Reviews Genetics
4793:Kolesnikova IN (2000).
4489:10.1126/science.1235122
4428:Genes & Development
4422:Bird A (January 2002).
4390:10.1073/pnas.0510310103
4221:10.1073/pnas.2207581119
3845:10.1073/pnas.1602764113
3784:10.1126/science.1172926
3648:10.1073/pnas.0401493101
3549:10.1126/science.1131398
3492:10.1126/science.1169237
3281:Neuropsychopharmacology
3200:10.15252/embj.201797038
3150:10.1074/jbc.M109.089433
2791:Bird A (January 2002).
2430:10.1073/pnas.1804663115
1868:. Thomson Brooks/Cole.
1567:, the most quantitative
1549:: by incorporating RNA
1467:Measuring and detecting
1393:transcription factories
1387:Transcription factories
1381:Transcription factories
1352:mutations and 33 to 66
1303:bacterial transcription
1110:obligate release model.
1001:transcription factors:
877:DNA methyltransferasess
684:cis-regulatory elements
541:Bacterial transcription
6555:Helper dependent virus
5871:Biological dark matter
5234:cis-regulatory element
4599:10.1038/emboj.2012.288
4108:Nucleic Acids Research
2529:10.1101/gad.308619.117
1746:– process of removing
1600:
1515:RNase protection assay
1483:
1281:against, for example,
1262:
1251:
1137:
832:
756:
676:
6315:Endogenous retrovirus
6288:Origin of replication
6004:ssDNA satellite virus
5994:ssRNA satellite virus
5756:Intrinsic termination
5521:DNA methyltransferase
3374:Nature Communications
2468:Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol
2026:Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol
1767:Translation (biology)
1627:reverse transcriptase
1605:Reverse transcription
1598:reverse transcription
1595:
1588:Reverse transcription
1541:In situ hybridization
1497:Run-off transcription
1474:
1322:Endogenous inhibitors
1260:
1249:
1186:Terminator (genetics)
1135:
1059:preinitiation complex
837:transcription factors
827:Further information:
808:
754:
713:transcription factors
668:transcription factors
646:
539:Further information:
399:Both DNA and RNA are
322:Personalized medicine
316:Personalized medicine
179:Quantitative genetics
174:Mendelian inheritance
6259:Secondary chromosome
6254:Extrachromosomal DNA
6130:Transposable element
5533:Chromatin remodeling
5256:alternative splicing
5246:Post-transcriptional
5072:Transcription factor
4660:Wu, T (April 2020).
3331:. La Trobe eBureau.
2578:10.1093/emboj/cdg028
1013:. In eukaryotes, in
662:(mRNA) synthesis by
608:improve this section
593:to meet Knowledge's
468:regulatory sequences
423:RNA strand called a
242:Branches of genetics
6495:Model lipid bilayer
6337:Interspersed repeat
5490:Histone deacetylase
5480:Histone demethylase
5464:Histone methylation
5180:Transfer RNA (tRNA)
4539:10.1155/2014/820248
4481:2013Sci...339.1546V
4381:2006PNAS..103.1412S
4322:2020iSci...23j1536D
4212:2022PNAS..11907581M
4206:(32): e2207581119.
4121:10.1093/nar/gkaa904
4114:(20): 11762–11772.
3944:2021Natur.594..283O
3883:Nat Struct Mol Biol
3836:2016PNAS..11312733F
3830:(45): 12733–12738.
3776:2009Sci...325..626H
3639:2004PNAS..101.7572M
3541:2006Sci...314.1139R
3484:2009Sci...324..927G
3395:10.1038/ncomms13783
3386:2016NatCo...713783B
2946:2019NatCo..10.3892S
2760:10.1093/nar/gkaa223
2627:10.1093/nar/gkaa671
2421:2018PNAS..115E7222G
2075:Front Cell Dev Biol
1823:1989FEBSL.252...42K
1734:Long non-coding RNA
1623:reverse transcribed
1581:Single cell RNA-Seq
1476:Electron micrograph
1441:. RNA synthesis by
1315:histone methylation
1283:pathogenic bacteria
1222:. In bacteria, the
1092:abortive initiation
601:Regulatory sequence
212:Genetic engineering
169:Population genetics
40:Part of a series on
6644:Cellular processes
5805:organic structures
5294:Influential people
5273:Post-translational
5092:Post-transcription
4923:2021-04-14 at the
4910:2011-08-09 at the
4899:2011-08-26 at the
4886:2011-08-09 at the
4875:2011-07-22 at the
4441:10.1101/gad.947102
2810:10.1101/gad.947102
2676:10.1093/nar/gkw124
2322:(7): 1573–88.e28.
1601:
1484:
1311:8-hydroxyquinoline
1263:
1252:
1148:are replaced with
1138:
1049:of archaeal TFE),
1041:of archaeal TBP),
1029:of archaeal TFB),
886:produced from the
833:
757:
677:
425:primary transcript
184:Molecular genetics
143:History and topics
6639:Molecular biology
6599:
6598:
6540:Non-cellular life
6347:
6346:
6086:
6085:
6059:
6058:
6013:ssRNA satellite (
5769:
5768:
5724:RNA polymerase II
5592:
5591:
5550:
5549:
5314:
5313:
5198:
5197:
5128:
5127:
5004:Special transfers
4779:978-0-08-045421-4
4769:Molecular Biology
4475:(6127): 1546–58.
3895:10.1038/nsmb.2796
3736:978-1-317-23069-4
3535:(5802): 1139–43.
3346:978-0-6484681-9-6
2856:10.2217/epi.15.39
2748:Nucleic Acids Res
2664:Nucleic Acids Res
2615:Nucleic Acids Res
1998:978-0-321-76243-6
1905:978-0-08-045421-4
1891:Molecular Biology
1634:complementary DNA
1453:Roger D. Kornberg
1301:, which inhibits
1015:RNA polymerase II
977:, RNA polymerase
962:and an extending
943:binding to a DNA
664:RNA polymerase II
636:
635:
628:
599:Duplication with
595:quality standards
586:This section may
511:Okazaki fragments
448:viral replication
379:
378:
106:Genetic variation
16:(Redirected from
6651:
6616:
6615:
6607:
6276:Gene duplication
6099:
6098:
6095:self-replication
5983:
5982:
5945:
5944:
5803:Self-replicating
5796:
5789:
5782:
5773:
5772:
5646:Response element
5629:Response element
5442:
5441:
5370:
5369:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5318:
5317:
5139:
5138:
5036:
5035:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4931:
4930:
4858:
4857:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4689:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4635:Nobel Foundation
4631:"Chemistry 2006"
4627:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4592:
4577:The EMBO Journal
4568:
4562:
4561:
4551:
4541:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4500:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4443:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4392:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4333:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4233:
4223:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4174:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4133:
4123:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4012:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3857:
3847:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3795:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3660:
3650:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3397:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3304:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3152:
3143:(34): 26114–20.
3128:
3122:
3121:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3009:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2925:
2912:
2911:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2834:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2432:
2415:(30): E7222–30.
2400:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1984:
1965:
1964:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1924:www.sci.sdsu.edu
1916:
1910:
1909:
1885:
1876:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1834:
1802:
1786:
1783:
1445:was established
1220:replication fork
1114:stochastic model
966:(or a short RNA
928:
913:
884:protein isoforms
765:5-methylcytosine
631:
624:
620:
617:
611:
581:
580:
573:
371:
364:
357:
344:
339:
338:
234:Medical genetics
230:
225:
224:
56:
37:
36:
21:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6634:Gene expression
6624:
6623:
6622:
6610:
6602:
6600:
6595:
6545:Synthetic virus
6533:Artificial cell
6506:
6434:
6343:
6232:RNA replication
6227:DNA replication
6215:
6206:Group II intron
6104:
6094:
6082:
6073:Mammalian prion
6055:
6031:
6010:dsRNA satellite
6007:ssDNA satellite
5977:
5970:
5939:
5932:
5877:
5806:
5800:
5770:
5765:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5693:
5667:
5588:
5546:
5527:
5510:DNA methylation
5504:
5448:
5433:
5359:
5345:
5315:
5310:
5289:
5224:Transcriptional
5194:
5163:
5124:
5115:Polyadenylation
5086:
5060:
5025:
5019:Protein→Protein
4970:
4963:
4961:Gene expression
4958:
4925:Wayback Machine
4912:Wayback Machine
4901:Wayback Machine
4888:Wayback Machine
4877:Wayback Machine
4866:
4861:
4838:10.1038/nrg2763
4822:
4818:
4808:
4806:
4791:
4787:
4780:
4764:
4760:
4715:
4711:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4590:10.1.1.919.1919
4583:(23): 4404–14.
4569:
4565:
4518:
4514:
4461:
4457:
4420:
4416:
4361:
4357:
4302:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4251:
4247:
4192:
4188:
4151:
4147:
4100:
4096:
4075:(10): 1177–82.
4065:
4061:
4030:
4026:
3981:
3977:
3938:(7862): 283–8.
3924:
3920:
3875:
3871:
3816:
3809:
3770:(5940): 626–8.
3756:
3752:
3737:
3721:
3717:
3678:
3674:
3619:
3615:
3578:
3574:
3521:
3517:
3478:(5929): 927–8.
3460:
3456:
3425:
3421:
3366:
3362:
3347:
3325:
3318:
3287:(12): 2120–30.
3273:
3269:
3240:(24): 5063–74.
3229:
3225:
3194:(23): 3421–34.
3180:
3176:
3129:
3125:
3102:10.1038/nn.3151
3086:
3082:
3037:
3033:
2986:
2979:
2926:
2915:
2892:10.1038/nrg2538
2880:Nat. Rev. Genet
2876:
2872:
2835:
2826:
2789:
2785:
2754:(10): 5306–17.
2740:
2736:
2705:
2701:
2670:(11): 5123–32.
2656:
2652:
2621:(17): 9550–70.
2607:
2603:
2558:
2554:
2509:
2505:
2480:10.1038/nrm3951
2460:
2456:
2401:
2394:
2357:
2353:
2308:
2304:
2279:10.1038/nrg3458
2259:
2255:
2216:
2209:
2164:
2157:
2134:10.1038/nrg3207
2118:
2114:
2067:
2063:
2032:(10): 621–637.
2018:
2014:
1999:
1985:
1968:
1961:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:. p. 134.
1886:
1879:
1863:
1856:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1762:Transcriptomics
1729:Gene regulation
1714:gene expression
1709:gene regulation
1680:
1617:, the cause of
1607:
1590:
1535:DNA microarrays
1491:G-Less Cassette
1469:
1409:
1389:
1383:
1330:
1324:
1275:
1267:polyadenylation
1244:
1209:polyadenylation
1188:
1182:
1142:template strand
1130:
1088:
1086:Promoter escape
937:
936:
935:
934:
933:
929:
920:
919:
918:
914:
903:
831:
792:DNA methylation
749:
672:phosphorylation
641:
632:
621:
615:
612:
605:
582:
578:
571:
555:promoter escape
547:
537:
491:DNA replication
464:coding sequence
460:
442:is composed of
394:non-coding RNAs
375:
334:
327:
326:
317:
309:
308:
307:
306:
255:
247:
246:
238:
216:
197:
189:
188:
144:
136:
135:
122:
121:
120:
64:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6657:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6621:
6620:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6542:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6520:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6455:
6450:
6444:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6412:
6410:Kappa organism
6407:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6357:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6281:Non-coding DNA
6278:
6273:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6201:Group I intron
6198:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6167:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6123:Genomic island
6120:
6109:
6107:
6103:Mobile genetic
6096:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6018:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5980:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5953:
5951:
5942:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5928:dsDNA-RT virus
5925:
5923:ssRNA-RT virus
5920:
5918:(−)ssRNA virus
5915:
5913:(+)ssRNA virus
5910:
5905:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5887:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5858:Incertae sedis
5854:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5799:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5776:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5747:
5745:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5720:RNA polymerase
5714:
5708:RNA polymerase
5701:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5515:
5513:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5460:
5458:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5376:
5374:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5301:François Jacob
5297:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5270:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5243:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5208:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5077:RNA polymerase
5074:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4965:
4964:
4957:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4915:
4891:
4865:
4864:External links
4862:
4860:
4859:
4816:
4801:(in Russian).
4785:
4778:
4758:
4709:
4672:(5): 515–523.
4666:Nature Methods
4652:
4622:
4563:
4512:
4455:
4414:
4355:
4296:
4284:
4265:(1): 337–352.
4245:
4186:
4159:Molecular Cell
4145:
4094:
4059:
4040:(2): 251–260.
4024:
3975:
3918:
3869:
3807:
3750:
3735:
3715:
3672:
3633:(20): 7572–7.
3613:
3586:Molecular Cell
3572:
3515:
3454:
3419:
3360:
3345:
3316:
3267:
3223:
3174:
3123:
3080:
3051:(2): 171–185.
3045:Neuroscientist
3031:
2977:
2913:
2870:
2849:(6): 1051–73.
2824:
2783:
2734:
2699:
2650:
2601:
2552:
2503:
2454:
2392:
2371:(4): 650–665.
2351:
2302:
2253:
2226:(8): 437–455.
2207:
2178:(6): 707–717.
2155:
2112:
2061:
2012:
1997:
1966:
1959:
1941:
1911:
1904:
1877:
1874:978-0495317142
1854:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:Cell (biology)
1686:
1679:
1676:
1638:ribonuclease H
1603:Main article:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1575:transcriptomes
1568:
1558:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1512:
1506:
1503:Nuclear run-on
1500:
1494:
1468:
1465:
1443:RNA polymerase
1413:François Jacob
1408:
1405:
1385:Main article:
1382:
1379:
1340:with numerous
1326:Main article:
1323:
1320:
1307:RNA polymerase
1287:antibacterials
1274:
1271:
1243:
1240:
1184:Main article:
1181:
1178:
1129:
1126:
1099:DNA scrunching
1087:
1084:
930:
923:
922:
921:
915:
908:
907:
906:
905:
904:
902:
899:
823:non-coding DNA
748:
745:
640:
637:
634:
633:
616:September 2021
585:
583:
576:
570:
567:
536:
533:
489:As opposed to
459:
456:
444:negative-sense
377:
376:
374:
373:
366:
359:
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
329:
328:
325:
324:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
282:Immunogenetics
279:
274:
269:
264:
258:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
237:
236:
231:
214:
209:
207:DNA sequencing
204:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
156:
151:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
128:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
67:
66:
65:
63:Key components
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6656:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6564:
6563:Nanobacterium
6560:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6528:Cell division
6526:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6371:Hydrogenosome
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6361:Mitochondrion
6359:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6353:Endosymbiosis
6350:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6332:Tandem repeat
6330:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:Other aspects
6218:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6100:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5965:Avsunviroidae
5962:
5960:
5959:
5958:Pospiviroidae
5955:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5812:Cellular life
5809:
5804:
5797:
5792:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5738:
5731:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5428:
5427:trp repressor
5425:
5423:
5422:lac repressor
5420:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5348:Transcription
5342:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5307:
5306:Jacques Monod
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:Translational
5266:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:Transcription
5028:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4984:Central dogma
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4832:(5): 319–30.
4831:
4827:
4820:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4729:(2): 216–26.
4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4375:(5): 1412–7.
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4316:(9): 101536.
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4165:(3): 375–85.
4164:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3995:(2): 457–66.
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3889:(4): 366–74.
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:(1): 145–56.
3687:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3592:(3): 357–66.
3591:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3435:(11): 402–8.
3434:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3337:10.26826/1017
3334:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3096:(8): 1111–3.
3095:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:(4): 252–63.
2885:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2572:(2): 281–91.
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:(3): 155–66.
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:(4): 288–95.
2272:
2268:
2267:Nat Rev Genet
2264:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:Nat Rev Genet
2214:
2212:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:(9): 613–26.
2127:
2123:
2122:Nat Rev Genet
2116:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1960:0-7167-8724-5
1956:
1952:
1945:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:"DNA Strands"
1915:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1882:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:(1–2): 42–6.
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:Missense mRNA
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:Cell division
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:Northern blot
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1480:ribosomal RNA
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1455:won the 2006
1454:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:Jacques Monod
1414:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1116:known as the
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
948:
946:
942:
927:
912:
898:
895:
891:
889:
885:
882:
878:
873:
870:
866:
862:
857:
852:
849:
845:
841:
838:
830:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
753:
744:
742:
741:enhancer RNAs
737:
735:
731:
727:
721:
717:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:messenger RNA
657:
653:
649:
645:
630:
627:
619:
609:
604:
602:
596:
592:
591:
584:
575:
574:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
546:
542:
532:
529:
527:
526:coding strand
523:
518:
516:
512:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:complementary
410:
406:
402:
401:nucleic acids
397:
395:
391:
390:messenger RNA
387:
383:
382:Transcription
372:
367:
365:
360:
358:
353:
352:
350:
349:
343:
333:
332:
331:
330:
323:
320:
319:
313:
312:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
251:
250:
243:
240:
239:
235:
232:
228:
219:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
140:
139:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
47:
44:
43:
39:
38:
33:
32:Transcription
19:
18:RNA synthesis
6550:Viral vector
6393:Gerontoplast
6320:Transpoviron
6092:Nucleic acid
6078:Fungal prion
5976:Helper-virus
5963:
5956:
5863:
5856:
5283:irreversible
5168:Key elements
5065:Key elements
5030:
4979:Genetic code
4969:Introduction
4829:
4825:
4819:
4809:February 20,
4807:. Retrieved
4799:Dissertation
4798:
4788:
4768:
4761:
4726:
4722:
4712:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4643:. Retrieved
4634:
4625:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4529:
4525:
4515:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4287:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4037:
4033:
4027:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3827:
3823:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3725:
3718:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3475:
3471:
3462:Goldman SR,
3457:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3328:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3093:
3090:Nat Neurosci
3089:
3083:
3048:
3044:
3034:
2997:
2993:
2937:
2933:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2846:
2842:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2523:(1): 42–57.
2520:
2516:
2506:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2412:
2408:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2223:
2219:
2175:
2172:Nat Neurosci
2171:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2029:
2025:
2015:
1988:
1951:Biochemistry
1950:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1923:
1914:
1890:
1865:
1814:
1811:FEBS Letters
1810:
1800:
1781:
1669:
1666:
1655:
1631:
1622:
1608:
1485:
1451:
1446:
1439:genetic code
1428:
1421:Severo Ochoa
1410:
1390:
1331:
1276:
1264:
1253:
1213:
1205:
1196:hairpin loop
1189:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1141:
1139:
1122:
1117:
1109:
1106:sigma factor
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1078:corepressors
1074:coactivators
1063:
987:
983:sigma factor
972:
955:
953:
949:
938:
896:
892:
887:
874:
855:
853:
842:
834:
815:human genome
790:
771:form of the
767:(5-mC) is a
758:
738:
722:
718:
686:, including
678:
647:
622:
613:
606:Please help
598:
587:
562:
558:
554:
550:
548:
530:
521:
519:
503:
488:
467:
463:
461:
429:
421:antiparallel
403:, which use
398:
381:
380:
302:Quantitative
272:Cytogenetics
267:Conservation
149:Introduction
6574:Cancer cell
6440:Abiogenesis
6388:Chromoplast
6383:Chloroplast
6166:Degradative
5908:dsRNA virus
5903:ssDNA virus
5896:Giant virus
5891:dsDNA virus
5733:Termination
5609:Pribnow box
5577:Corepressor
5572:Coactivator
5373:prokaryotic
5134:Translation
4971:to genetics
4434:(1): 6–21.
3137:J Biol Chem
2994:Genome Biol
2940:(1): 3892.
2843:Epigenomics
2803:(1): 6–21.
1719:Epigenetics
1547:MS2 tagging
1397:euchromatin
1295:antifungals
1279:antibiotics
1180:Termination
1165:structure.
1158:nucleosomes
872:promoters.
869:demethylate
865:TET enzymes
800:CpG islands
786:CpG islands
610:if you can.
563:termination
559:elongation,
535:Major steps
440:RNA viruses
409:nucleotides
6628:Categories
6482:Proteinoid
6477:Coacervate
6430:Nitroplast
6423:Trophosome
6418:Bacteriome
6403:Apicoplast
6398:Leucoplast
6239:Chromosome
6157:Resistance
5865:Parakaryon
5761:Rho factor
5751:Terminator
5742:eukaryotic
5717:eukaryotic
5698:Elongation
5684:Eukaryotic
5672:Initiation
5455:nucleosome
5438:eukaryotic
5410:gal operon
5405:ara operon
5400:Gua Operon
5395:gab operon
5390:trp operon
5385:lac operon
5356:Eukaryotic
5278:reversible
5241:lac operon
5217:imprinting
5212:Epigenetic
5204:Regulation
5159:Eukaryotic
5105:5' capping
5056:Eukaryotic
4532:: 820248.
3745:1105558425
3464:Ebright RH
3234:J Mol Biol
3000:(4): R41.
2934:Nat Commun
2081:: 592164.
2007:0321762436
1793:References
1658:telomerase
1596:Scheme of
1551:stem loops
1363:epigenetic
1354:hitchhiker
1346:methylated
1338:CpG island
1336:contain a
1299:rifampicin
1273:Inhibitors
1174:cell cycle
1128:Elongation
1070:repressors
1066:activators
998:homologous
994:eukaryotes
979:holoenzyme
901:Initiation
809:Schematic
781:epigenetic
769:methylated
709:insulators
680:Setting up
551:initiation
515:RNA primer
480:downstream
458:Background
417:polymerase
405:base pairs
396:(ncRNAs).
297:Population
277:Ecological
202:Geneticist
116:Amino acid
96:Nucleotide
71:Chromosome
6491:Research
6472:Protocell
6211:Retrozyme
6170:Virulence
6152:Fertility
5999:Virophage
5987:Satellite
5978:dependent
5830:Eukaryota
5737:bacterial
5705:bacterial
5679:Bacterial
5653:Insulator
5597:Promotion
5567:Activator
5417:Repressor
5352:Bacterial
5149:Bacterial
5046:Bacterial
4704:214810294
4645:March 29,
4585:CiteSeerX
4069:Biochimie
3380:: 13783.
3355:258899183
3262:204832601
2797:Genes Dev
2715:: 143–9.
2517:Genes Dev
2248:152283312
2150:205485256
1647:apoptosis
1643:integrase
1613:(such as
1519:ChIP-Chip
1401:HeLa cell
1367:microRNAs
1342:CpG sites
1334:promoters
829:Karyotype
819:G banding
811:karyogram
761:CpG sites
705:silencers
701:enhancers
506:antisense
486:(3'UTR).
292:Molecular
287:Microbial
262:Classical
163:molecular
159:Evolution
6518:Organism
6511:See also
6487:Sulphobe
6464:Ribozyme
6459:RNA life
6366:Mitosome
6310:Prophage
6305:Provirus
6293:Replicon
6249:Circular
6196:Phagemid
6113:Mobilome
6105:elements
6015:Virusoid
5938:Subviral
5850:Protista
5835:Animalia
5820:Bacteria
5658:Silencer
5636:Enhancer
5624:CAAT box
5614:TATA box
5604:Promoter
5261:microRNA
5175:Ribosome
5154:Archaeal
5110:Splicing
5082:Promoter
5051:Archaeal
4995: →
4991: →
4921:Archived
4908:Archived
4897:Archived
4884:Archived
4873:Archived
4854:19224032
4846:20351727
4803:Archived
4753:18957198
4696:32251394
4639:Archived
4617:23103767
4558:24616890
4507:23539594
4450:11782440
4409:16432200
4350:33083765
4310:iScience
4279:18573085
4240:35917344
4181:15125840
4140:33068413
4089:17629387
4054:12213656
4019:14573461
3989:Genetics
3970:33981036
3913:24658350
3864:27791062
3802:19644123
3710:24602504
3667:15136722
3608:16285918
3567:17110577
3510:19443781
3414:27982035
3311:32726795
3254:31634469
3218:29074627
3169:20547484
3118:10590208
3110:22751036
3075:28513272
3026:19374776
2972:31467272
2900:19274049
2865:25927341
2819:11782440
2778:32338759
2729:15177689
2694:26932361
2645:32810208
2596:12514134
2547:29378788
2498:25693131
2449:29987030
2387:29425488
2346:29224777
2297:23503198
2240:31086298
2202:32451484
2142:22868264
2107:33102493
2056:29946135
1928:Archived
1896:Elsevier
1849:36482110
1752:pre-mRNA
1744:Splicing
1678:See also
1662:telomere
1447:in vitro
1430:in vitro
1146:thymines
1047:ortholog
1039:ortholog
1037:, is an
1027:ortholog
975:bacteria
945:promoter
777:cytosine
734:Mediator
652:promoter
588:require
472:upstream
438:of many
432:virology
388:produce
386:proteins
342:Category
227:template
218:Genomics
196:Research
101:Mutation
91:Heredity
46:Genetics
6618:Biology
6500:Jeewanu
6414:Organs
6378:Plastid
6178:Cryptic
6147:Plasmid
5845:Plantae
5825:Archaea
5584:Inducer
5451:histone
5014:RNA→DNA
5009:RNA→RNA
4997:Protein
4744:3118044
4687:7205578
4608:3512387
4549:3926391
4498:3749880
4477:Bibcode
4469:Science
4400:1345710
4377:Bibcode
4341:7509213
4318:Bibcode
4231:9371683
4208:Bibcode
4131:7672476
4010:1462770
3961:8855348
3940:Bibcode
3904:4300393
3855:5111697
3832:Bibcode
3793:2775800
3772:Bibcode
3764:Science
3702:8156590
3635:Bibcode
3558:2754787
3537:Bibcode
3529:Science
3501:2718712
3480:Bibcode
3472:Science
3449:1776168
3405:5171806
3382:Bibcode
3302:7547096
3209:5709737
3160:2924014
3066:5846851
3017:2688932
2963:6715719
2942:Bibcode
2908:3207586
2769:7261191
2685:4914085
2636:7515708
2538:5828394
2489:4963239
2440:6065035
2417:Bibcode
2337:5785279
2288:4445073
2193:7558717
2098:7554316
2047:6205604
1841:2759231
1819:Bibcode
1748:introns
1671:in vivo
1651:T cells
1611:viruses
1571:RNA-Seq
1565:RNA-Seq
1509:KAS-seq
1407:History
1236:mitosis
1150:uracils
1124:known.
990:archaea
590:cleanup
499:thymine
154:History
126:Outline
6604:Portal
6591:Virome
6569:Nanobe
6266:Genome
6244:Linear
6189:Fosmid
6184:Cosmid
5949:Viroid
5940:agents
5380:Operon
4852:
4844:
4776:
4751:
4741:
4702:
4694:
4684:
4615:
4605:
4587:
4556:
4546:
4505:
4495:
4448:
4407:
4397:
4348:
4338:
4277:
4238:
4228:
4179:
4138:
4128:
4087:
4052:
4017:
4007:
3968:
3958:
3932:Nature
3911:
3901:
3862:
3852:
3800:
3790:
3743:
3733:
3708:
3700:
3665:
3658:419647
3655:
3606:
3565:
3555:
3508:
3498:
3447:
3412:
3402:
3353:
3343:
3309:
3299:
3260:
3252:
3216:
3206:
3188:EMBO J
3167:
3157:
3116:
3108:
3073:
3063:
3024:
3014:
2970:
2960:
2906:
2898:
2863:
2817:
2776:
2766:
2727:
2692:
2682:
2643:
2633:
2594:
2587:140103
2584:
2566:EMBO J
2545:
2535:
2496:
2486:
2447:
2437:
2385:
2344:
2334:
2295:
2285:
2246:
2238:
2200:
2190:
2148:
2140:
2105:
2095:
2054:
2044:
2005:
1995:
1957:
1902:
1872:
1847:
1839:
1724:Genome
1529:RT-PCR
1423:won a
1350:driver
1289:) and
1053:, and
1009:, and
968:primer
888:DNMT3A
881:splice
495:uracil
436:genome
340:
254:Fields
111:Allele
86:Genome
6065:Prion
6036:Other
5883:Virus
5840:Fungi
5641:E-box
5493:HDAC1
5142:Types
5039:Types
4903:From
4879:From
4850:S2CID
4700:S2CID
3706:S2CID
3351:S2CID
3258:S2CID
3114:S2CID
2904:S2CID
2244:S2CID
2146:S2CID
1934:1 May
1845:S2CID
1773:Notes
1699:DBTSS
1649:, of
1609:Some
1433:with
1371:BRCA1
1291:fungi
1055:TFIIH
1051:TFIIF
1043:TFIIE
1031:TFIID
1023:TFIIB
1019:TFIIA
775:base
411:as a
131:Index
6579:HeLa
6523:Cell
6271:Gene
5712:rpoB
5555:both
5542:CHD7
5473:EZH2
4842:PMID
4811:2011
4774:ISBN
4749:PMID
4723:Cell
4692:PMID
4647:2007
4613:PMID
4554:PMID
4530:2014
4503:PMID
4446:PMID
4405:PMID
4346:PMID
4275:PMID
4236:PMID
4177:PMID
4136:PMID
4085:PMID
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