231:, attacked Brazil saying that racial mixing in the country had affected every stratosphere of class making the entire country "lazy, ugly and infertile." These thoughts began to spark fear among Brazil's elite who sought to use ideas of eugenics to better the country's economic standing. One anthropologist who adopted eugenic thought, Raimundo Nina Rodrigues, began to become concerned with the racial mixing occurring in Brazil. He conducted a 'study' on people of African origin in Brazil and found that the ethnic group was "unequivocally inferior." He advocated for separate criminal laws by race and that blacks be subject to separate laws because they were not free to choose crime because of their diminished capacities. However, Rodrigues himself was mixed race and expressed confusion about the status of mixed race individuals in the racial hierarchy. To counter this, he proposed the creation of several categories to express the spectrum of mixed people going from superior to ordinary, to degenerate.
1952:
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a policy of "whitening" wherein it would try to dilute the black population and drive out all signs of
African culture. This was done by incentives encouraging immigrants from Europe to come and skew demographics along with suppression of African and Indigenous culture all in an effort to erase the presence of blacks from Brazil. The policy lasted until 1910 and because of it the percentage of whites in Brazil jumped from 34 percent in 1870 to 64 percent in 1940.The idea of racial whitening has become such a prevalent idea that Spanish artist
149:
labor demands. By the end of the slave trade in 1850, the
Brazilian colony had imported an estimated four million slaves from Africa, the largest number of any other country in the Americas and seven times more than what was imported to the United States. Slavery brought with it dehumanization of Africans and a multitude of negative stereotypes that set the stage for a racial hierarchy in Brazil where blacks and those of African descent would become the subservient class to whites.
411:, 59% believe it makes a difference at work, and 68.3% in questions related to police justice. According to Ivanir dos Santos (the former Justice Ministry's specialist on race affairs), "There is a hierarchy of skin color: where blacks, mixed race and dark skinned people are expected to know their place in society." Although 54% of the population is black or has black ancestry, they represented only 24% of the 513 chosen representatives the legislature as of 2018.
355:
157:, who was a prominent figure in leading Brazil to independence from Portugal, was in high favor of gradual emancipation. Britain also contributed to the push for abolition in Brazil, by abolishing the slave trade. This was a significant move due to the fact that the British was Brazil's main trade partner. A small amount of legislation also helped lead up to the official abolition of slavery in 1888. First, in 1871 the
196:" such as that which was instituted in the United States. Rather, newly freed black Brazilians were left to create a life for themselves out of nothing—no land, money, or education. This disadvantaged state left the country with massive amounts of inequality between whites and non-whites. Because of this, the conversation about race in Brazil became closely intertwined with conversations about poverty and class.
252:"The broad influence of Catholicism in Brazil and the rest of Latin America constrained eugenicists' interventions in discussions on marriage restrictions and human reproduction. In the eyes of Catholic intellectuals, these were matters of a moral and religious nature and as such not open to political or medical intervention; this kept them from making any more radical proposals such as eugenic sterilization."
292:
was troubled by this idea was eugenicist Renato Khel. Khel was influenced by aggressive eugenics policies that were being used in
Germany and advocated for similar policies in Brazil, such as the sterilization of degenerates and criminals. However, the majority of the Brazilian population, including those within the eugenics community, were beginning to see miscegenation as a path to racial harmony.
316:. Freye's book transformed the idea of miscegenation into a positive part of Brazilian culture and national identity and it became widely accepted that Brazil's history of intermixing between races had rendered the country a post-racial society, as it would come to be hailed for many years to come. Importantly, the idea of racial democracy became central dogma to the
346:(World Conference on Racism) attracted large amounts of attention to existing racial inequality. The issue stayed on the front page of national newspapers for months and even prompted comments from the president. In 2003, President Luiz Lula made race a central issue of his presidency and the government began to initiate affirmative action programs.
176:
despite having twice served as regent during her father's reign. During her brief time as regent, she took small measures to abolish slavery. Due to the obstacles she faced, she had to appoint an entirely new cabinet in order to completely abolish slavery. She succeeded, and the abolition of slavery was referred to as the
105:(indigenous). Because there was never a legal genetic definition for these categories, throughout history, each of these racial groups has been defined in different ways. Racial classification in Brazilian society is often inconsistent and influenced by a myriad of factors including: class, status, education, location and
419:. In his book, Pastore examines the 1973 household survey and compares the income and occupations of father-son pairs. Based on his findings, he concluded that the level of economic mobility in Brazil should have been enough to overcome inequality left from slavery had opportunities been available equally.
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officially ended and the year marked the beginning of re-democratization. The public greatly influenced the writing of the 1988 constitution and black rights organization successfully petitioned for the inclusion of an anti-racist clause that would make racism a punishable offense. In the 1990s, with
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The end of
European immigration in 1910 meant the resurfacing of fears among Brazil elite about the "blackening" of the Brazilian population. Suggestions about increasing immigration of Afro- North Americans sparked contentious debates inside and outside of the eugenics community. One such person who
269:
Racial whitening, or "whitening" (branqueamento), is an ideology that was widely accepted in Brazil between 1889 and 1914, as the solution to the "Negro problem". Amidst discussions of eugenics and the country's demographics hindering its development, the first
Brazilian Republic decided to institute
199:
Though there were no laws directly targeting those of
African descent on the basis of race, there were laws that were put in place that created inequality between whites and blacks. For example, when Brazil first became a republic in 1889, voting was restricted to only literate men, which barred the
148:
began to settle in Brazil in the year 1500, they began to enslave the indigenous population in order to sustain their growing sugar economy. However, European induced wars and disease quickly began to deplete the indigenous populations and
Portuguese colonizers soon looked to Africa to satisfy their
414:
For many decades, discussions of inequality in Brazil largely ignored the disproportionate correlation between race and class. Under the racial democracy thesis, it was assumed that any disparity in wealth between white and non-white
Brazilians was due to the legacy of slavery and broader issues of
323:
During military rule, racial democracy became a consensus among almost all
Brazilians. The idea became so popular that the mentioning of race would become taboo and bringing up issues of race was deemed as racist. Some argue that the long consensus of Brazil as a racial democracy was what prevented
434:
Additionally, racial discrimination in education is a well documented phenomenon in Brazil. Ellis Monk, Professor of sociology at
Harvard University, found that one unit of darkness in a student's skin corresponds to a 26 percent lower chance of the student receiving more education as compared to
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as explanatory variables for potential causes of racialized killings. In the discussion section, the authors suggested that anti-gun legislation in Brazil has yielded different outcomes among Brazil's population due to race or color. The risk of death by homicide in the white population declined
234:
In the end, eugenics in Brazil never took on as strong as it did in Europe or North America. Some attribute the pseudoscience's limited success to the fact that Brazil already had a very large mixed-race population. Nina Rodrigues' confusion about how racial superiority works outside of a racial
589:
Another study determined that in 2008, 111.2% more blacks died proportionally than whites in Brazil. The disparity is especially pronounced among young adults between 15 and 24 years of age. Among whites, the number of murders fell from 6,592 to 4,582 between 2002 and 2008, a difference of 30%.
175:
A large contributor to the lengthy abolition process in Brazil was in part due to the dynamics of the royal family. By the 1870s, the last emperor, Pedro II had only one surviving child, the princess Isabel. Due to her gender and her marriage to a foreigner, Isabel had trouble gaining support,
227:". Eugenics of the time suggested that blacks were inferior, and mulattoes were "degenerate," putting Brazil's large black and mixed populations in question. Further, it was thought that tropical climates, like Brazil's, hindered a country's development. One French eugenicist, Count
328:
argues that the unwillingness of the Brazilian government to define race prevented Afro-Brazilian rights organizations from forming and limited the group's political power. She also argues that refusing to acknowledge race created inaction that allowed for racism to continue.
235:
binary demonstrates this thought. Even at the time slavery was abolished in 1888, 6 percent of all marriages were interracial. This means that, at some level, racial barriers had already been broken down, making it difficult to institute hardline eugenics policies like
422:
Racial inequality is seen primarily through lower levels of education and income for non-whites than whites. Economic inequality is most dramatically seen in the near absence of non-whites from the upper levels of Brazil's income bracket. According to sociologist
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lighter-skinned students. Further, a study on racial bias in teacher evaluations in Brazil found that Brazilian math teachers gave better grading assessments of white students than equally proficient and equivalently well-behaved black students.
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majority of the black population from voting since there were large inequities in education after the abolition of slavery. In addition to this, there was a redefining of crime that criminalized many aspects of African culture.
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Due to the ongoing questions surrounding race in Brazil, there have been various studies of violence in the country and whether race was a contributing or main factor in these crimes. One particular study looked at a series of
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the reintroduction of democratic systems, the use of NGOs and international organizations brought color consciousness and issues of persisting racial inequality to the forefront of national discussions. In particular, the 2001
152:
Along with being the largest importer of Africans during the slave trade, Brazil was also the last country in the Americas to eradicate slavery. Calls for the end of slavery in Brazil began in the early 19th century. In 1825,
590:
Meanwhile, the murders of young black men rose from 11,308 to 12,749—an increase of 13%. In 2008, 127.6% more young black men died proportionately than whites. Ten years earlier, this difference was 39%. In the state of
415:
inequality and lack of economic mobility in the country. The general consensus was that the problem would fix itself given enough time. This hypothesis was examined in 1982 by sociologist José Pastore in his book
254:(From: Sebastião de Souza, Vanderlei (December 2016). "Brazilian Eugenics and Its International Connections: an Analysis Based on the Controversies between Renato Kehl and Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930")
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during the period studied. In the black population, the risk of being victimized based on race increased regardless of gender, even after gun control measures took place over the studied period of time.
2078:
1993:
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between blacks and whites. However, racism did not die with the abolition of slavery. The racial hierarchies put in place by slavery stood strong after abolition. There was no period of "
727:
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declared that all the children of slaves that were born after the law was passed were to be freed; followed by the 1885 Sexagenarian Law, which freed slaves over sixty years of age.
1906:
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2008:
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1998:
832:
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278:(Cam's Redemption). The work addressed the controversial racial policy based on eugenics and depicted the phenomenon of gradual whitening of the population over generations.
320:. While it was in power, the military preferred to think of race as a non-issue and pushed the idea of a unified identity among all Brazilians in order to quell resistance.
52:, an African-American dancer touring Brazil, was barred from a hotel. Nonetheless, race has been the subject of multiple intense debates over the years within the country.
2103:
2063:
858:
2262:
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2043:
2013:
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Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. (2011). Predictions are always deceptive: João Baptista de Lacerda and his white Brazil. História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos, 18(1), 225–242
2068:
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Sánchez Arteaga, Juanma. "Biological Discourses on Human Races and Scientific Racism in Brazil (1832–1911)." Journal of the History of Biology 50.2 (2017): 267–314
1911:
1846:
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1821:
2003:
70:, color lines in Brazil have long been blurred. At the same time, more and more people see themselves as Black and seek to reclaim their Blackness due to the
2018:
1886:
1856:
1444:
1016:[Brazilian eugenics and its international connections: an analysis from the controversies between Renato Kehl and Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930].
1522:
2224:
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2199:
1973:
1921:
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1988:
1983:
1936:
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1851:
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1978:
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41:(The Masters and the Slaves), is used by many people in the country to deny or downplay the existence and the broad extension of racism in Brazil.
1014:"A eugenia brasileira e suas conexões internacionais: uma análise a partir das controvérsias entre Renato Kehl e Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920–1930"
1470:
970:
Cooper, Elizabeth (February 2017). "The 'Africanization' of Salvador: Race, Work, and Politics in Post-Emancipation Salvador Da Bahia, Brazil".
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427:, whites are five times more likely to be earning in the highest income bracket (more than $ 2,000/month). Overall, The salary of Whites in
1148:
754:"O mito do paraíso racial: Ideia de democracia racial foi amplamente adotada pelo Brasil pós-escravidão e ajuda a explicar racismo atual"
1618:
208:
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, fear began to spread among the elite classes about how Brazil's early history of
1369:
Botelho, Fernando; Madeira, Ricardo A.; Rangel, Marcos A. (1 October 2015). "Racial Discrimination in Grading: Evidence from Brazil".
365:
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Many Brazilians still think that race impacts life in their country. A research article published in 2011 indicated that 63.7% of
45:
145:
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109:. For example, a light-skinned multiracial person who held an important, well-paying position in society may be considered
24:, if not the most, in the country by several anthropologists, sociologists, jurists, historians and others. The myth of a
1707:
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http://ultimainstancia.uol.com.br/conteudo/colunas/54059/mais+de+65%25+dos+assassinados+no+brasil+sao+negros.shtml
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to explain racial differences, led to the growth of different forms of pseudoscientific racism and, particularly,
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404:
338:
317:
1091:
Skidmore, Thomas. Black Into White Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought, Oxford University Press. NY, 1974
193:
154:
1926:
1605:
1229:
Htun, Mala (2004). "From 'Racial Democracy' to Affirmative Action: Changing State Policy on Race in Brazil".
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the country from dealing with issues of race. In her article "From 'Racial Democracy' to Affirmative Action"
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61:
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As the overall homicide rate registered in Brazil has been rising, the number of homicides per 100,000
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244:
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also increased from 32.42 in 2006 to 43.15 in 2017, whereas the number of homicides per 100,000 for
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312:
240:
37:
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2163:
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1732:
728:"Negro continuará sendo oprimido enquanto o Brasil não se assumir racista, dizem especialistas"
612:
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would affect its development. This fear, in combination with the growing popularity of using
1175:
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that occurred in Brazil, spanning from 2000 to 2009. The statistics were obtained from the
8:
2245:
2234:
2179:
1960:
1941:
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1674:
The Color of Love: Racial Features, Stigma, and Socialization in Black Brazilian Families
371:
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The common narrative of Brazil as a racial democracy persisted until the 1990s. In 1985,
1719:
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European critics had long criticized Brazil's racially diverse society for its lack of "
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82:
49:
25:
1127:"Raça, gênero e projeto branqueador : "a redenção de Cam", de modesto brocos"
983:
2194:
1811:
1682:
1523:"Brancos recebem cerca de 70% a mais do que pretos e pardos por hora de trabalho"
833:"Total de pessoas que se autodeclaram pretas e pardas cresce no Brasil, diz IBGE"
701:
571:
483:
470:
408:
307:
32:
17:
1568:[Victimización por homicidios según características de raza en Brasil].
797:
Monk, Ellis P. (August 2016). "The Consequences of "Race and Color" in Brazil".
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As Brazilian society drew farther and farther away from ideas of racial purity,
2219:
1901:
1826:
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224:
158:
85:
organizes the population into five, albeit imperfect, racial groups. These are
21:
1664:
Race, State, and Armed Forces in Independence-Era Brazil: Bahia 1790s to 1840s
907:"Slavery and Abolition in the 19th Century | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"
598:, 974.8% more blacks died than whites. In 11 states, this ratio exceeds 200%.
164:
2284:
779:
Since Established In The 1950s, Brazilians Say Anti-Racism Laws Aren't Enough
522:
424:
213:
209:
67:
810:
702:"Racismo é um problema econômico, diz diretor de agência antipobreza da ONU"
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1405:"Analfabetismo entre negros é mais que o dobro do registrado entre brancos"
1149:"OP-ED: Miscegenation in Brazil as a state policy to whiten its population"
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Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil
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1309:] on Quality of Life, but not Everyone is Concerned About Equality
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400:
1566:"Vitimização por homicídios segundo características de raça no Brasil"
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make up who had darker skin or was of a lower class may be considered
1965:
1497:"IBGE: renda média de trabalhador branco é 75,7% maior que de pretos"
563:
325:
106:
29:
1445:"A expectativa de vida no Brasil, por gênero, raça ou cor, e estado"
1125:
Lotierzo, Tatiana H. P.; Schwarcz, Lilia K. M. (28 September 2013).
1951:
543:
217:
661:
Rachid, Edimilson Cardial, João Jonas e Laura (9 September 2021).
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in Brazil may have saved the country from harsher racial policies.
1638:
Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil
595:
310:
popularized the idea of Brazil as a racial democracy in his book
1619:
For every death of a white person in Brazil, 2 black people die
183:
20:
and is pointed as one of the major and most widespread types of
1325:"Ethnic Representation in Brazil's Congress: a long road ahead"
859:"O aumento da autodeclaração de negros na população brasileira"
559:
509:
428:
1683:
Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race, & Color in Latin America
594:
in 2008, 1083% more blacks died than whites. In the state of
586:
has decreased from 17.12 in 2006 to 15.97 recorded in 2017.
1686:. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
188:
The abolition of slavery in Brazil meant the end of legal
1178:
Blackness Without Ethnicity: constructing race in BRazil
1207:
1205:
1108:
1106:
1066:
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1049:
663:"Lilia Schwarcz destrincha o Brasil racista e desigual"
1471:"Desemprego é maior entre mulheres e negros, diz IBGE"
882:
880:
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1980s to present: Emergence of a race-conscious state
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Academic degree between Whites and Blacks in Brazil
1368:
1322:
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1702:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1997.
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2282:
1278:"Lula's Approach to Affirmative Action and Race"
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431:are, on average, 46% over the salary of Blacks.
1012:Souza, Vanderlei Sebastião de (December 2016).
55:
939:"Abolition | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"
296:1930s to 1980s: Brazil as a "racial democracy"
2148:
1740:
1182:. New York, NY: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN. pp.
368:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
258:
184:Post-emancipation Brazil (1888 – early 1900s)
2269:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2074:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1564:Soares Filho, Adauto Martins (August 2011).
1563:
1371:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
686:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
16:Racism has been present in Brazil since its
2162:
1529:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 November 2022
1503:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 November 2022
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972:Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies
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1677:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015.
1668:Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.
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378:this issue before removing this message.
243:. Others argue that the large presence of
66:Because the country has a long history of
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1323:The Brazilian Report (20 November 2018).
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1305:Brazilians Think Race Intefere [
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608:Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil
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163:
133:
28:, a term originally coined by Brazilian
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48:, which were passed in the 1950s after
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1635:
1606:"Homicide rate in Brazil by ethnicity"
1477:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 18 May 2023
1411:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 June 2023
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1018:História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos
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439:Quality of Life Indicators vs. Race
372:create a more balanced presentation
44:Racism has been made illegal under
13:
1655:
1276:João, Feres Júnior (12 May 2011).
998:
956:
924:
892:
452:Black & Multiracial Brazilian
14:
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1713:
318:military governments of 1964–1985
113:while someone else with the same
46:Brazil's anti-discrimination laws
1950:
1917:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1346:. University of Wisconsin Press.
353:
1629:
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1583:10.1590/S0034-89102011005000045
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1550:Homicide rate in Brazil (2009)
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1031:10.1590/s0104-59702016000500006
1640:. Princeton University Press.
1231:Latin American Research Review
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537:Studies on racialized violence
155:José Bonifácio Andrada e Silva
1:
1720:Insight into Brazilian Racism
984:10.1080/17442222.2017.1365429
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286:
623:Race and ethnicity in Brazil
548:Mortality Information System
170:National Archives of Brazil.
62:Race and Ethnicity in Brazil
56:Definition of race in Brazil
7:
1671:Elizabeth Hordge-Freeman.
601:
203:
10:
2327:
1636:Telles, Edward E. (2006).
643:Social apartheid in Brazil
313:The Masters and the Slaves
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262:
259:Policy of racial whitening
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128:
97:(brown, or multi-racial),
59:
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2059:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1959:
1948:
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1696:France Winddance Twine.
1451:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
1344:Social Mobility in Brazil
1129:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
865:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
839:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
760:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
734:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
708:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
417:Social Mobility in Brazil
38:Casa-Grande & Senzala
2164:Racism in South America
2079:Turks and Caicos Islands
1570:Revista de Saúde Pública
618:Post-abolition in Brazil
101:(yellow, or Asian), and
2306:Racism in South America
2301:Racism in Latin America
1174:Sansone, Livio (2003).
1994:British Virgin Islands
1755:Racism in the Americas
1342:Pastore, Jose (1982).
613:Human rights in Brazil
282:Shifting views on race
256:
172:
1907:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1449:www.nexojornal.com.br
1243:10.1353/lar.2004.0010
811:10.1093/socpro/spw014
510:Average annual income
395:Persisting inequality
249:
167:
134:Slavery and abolition
1383:10.1257/app.20140352
1329:The Brazilian Report
407:interferes with the
159:Law of the Free Womb
2084:U.S. Virgin Islands
1927:Trinidad and Tobago
1772:Antigua and Barbuda
1024:(suppl 1): 93–110.
1837:Dominican Republic
1155:. 16 February 2016
550:, which looked at
229:Arthur de Gobineau
173:
2296:Racism by country
2278:
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2250:other territories
2130:
2129:
1692:978-1-4696-1783-1
1647:978-0-691-12792-7
1572:(in Portuguese).
1020:(in Portuguese).
943:library.brown.edu
911:library.brown.edu
638:Slavery in Brazil
534:
533:
471:University degree
392:
391:
370:. Please help to
362:This section may
344:Durban conference
276:A Redenção de Cam
140:Slavery in Brazil
35:in his 1933 work
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2291:Racism in Brazil
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2258:Falkland Islands
2172:Sovereign states
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2009:Falkland Islands
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449:White Brazilian
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302:Racial Democracy
265:Racial whitening
168:The Golden Law.
83:Brazilian census
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1661:Hendric Kraay,
1658:
1656:Further reading
1648:
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799:Social Problems
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523:Homicide deaths
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1714:External links
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300:Main article:
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420:
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241:sterilization
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225:racial purity
221:
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214:pseudoscience
211:
210:miscegenation
201:
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68:miscegenation
63:
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27:
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2246:Dependencies
2189:
2119:
2096:
2069:Sint Maarten
2054:Saint Martin
1961:Dependencies
1801:
1697:
1681:
1672:
1662:
1637:
1630:Bibliography
1614:
1600:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1526:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1500:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1474:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1408:
1399:
1377:(4): 37–52.
1374:
1370:
1364:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1328:
1318:
1311:(in English)
1306:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:
1271:
1259:
1237:(1): 60–89.
1234:
1230:
1192:
1177:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1152:
1143:
1131:. Retrieved
1120:
1096:
1087:
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1021:
1017:
975:
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946:. Retrieved
942:
914:. Retrieved
910:
867:. Retrieved
862:
853:
841:. Retrieved
836:
827:
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798:
774:
762:. Retrieved
757:
748:
736:. Retrieved
731:
722:
710:. Retrieved
705:
696:
670:. Retrieved
667:RFM Editores
666:
656:
588:
569:
540:
497:Unemployment
438:
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421:
416:
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366:undue weight
363:
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115:ethnogenetic
110:
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80:
65:
43:
36:
15:
2039:Puerto Rico
1966:territories
1912:Saint Lucia
1847:El Salvador
1357:Telles 2006
1264:Telles 2006
1212:Telles 2006
1197:Telles 2006
1113:Telles 2006
1071:Telles 2006
1056:Telles 2006
887:Telles 2006
869:10 December
863:Nexo Jornal
843:10 December
764:10 December
738:10 December
712:10 December
672:10 December
446:Indicators
245:Catholicism
237:segregation
220:in Brazil.
190:segregation
78:movements.
76:Black power
72:Black pride
30:sociologist
2285:Categories
2034:Montserrat
2029:Martinique
2024:Guadeloupe
1822:Costa Rica
1287:15 October
649:References
556:skin color
517:R$ 21,168
514:R$ 37,188
458:Illiteracy
401:Brazilians
287:1910–1920s
239:or racial
178:Golden Law
146:Portuguese
2235:Venezuela
2180:Argentina
2109:Caribbean
2019:Greenland
1942:Venezuela
1887:Nicaragua
1857:Guatemala
1777:Argentina
1762:Sovereign
1527:O Popular
1391:145711236
1251:145197711
1133:10 August
992:148594382
564:education
544:homicides
383:June 2018
326:Mala Htun
107:phenotype
93:(black),
89:(white),
2225:Suriname
2215:Paraguay
2200:Colombia
1974:Anguilla
1922:Suriname
1897:Paraguay
1872:Honduras
1832:Dominica
1817:Colombia
1787:Barbados
1592:21739076
1153:AFROPUNK
1040:28198927
948:29 March
916:29 March
682:cite web
602:See also
274:painted
218:eugenics
204:Eugenics
121:or even
103:indígena
2230:Uruguay
2205:Ecuador
2185:Bolivia
2004:Curaçao
1989:Bonaire
1984:Bermuda
1937:Uruguay
1877:Jamaica
1852:Grenada
1842:Ecuador
1797:Bolivia
1782:Bahamas
1533:14 July
1507:14 July
1481:14 July
1455:14 July
1415:14 July
819:6738969
596:Alagoas
592:Paraíba
376:resolve
129:History
99:amarelo
2210:Guyana
2190:Brazil
1892:Panama
1882:Mexico
1862:Guyana
1807:Canada
1802:Brazil
1792:Belize
1764:states
1706:
1690:
1644:
1590:
1389:
1249:
1159:9 June
1038:
990:
817:
560:gender
530:65.5%
504:11.3%
475:15.0%
429:Brazil
111:branco
87:branco
2195:Chile
1979:Aruba
1867:Haiti
1812:Chile
1387:S2CID
1282:NACLA
1247:S2CID
988:S2CID
815:S2CID
580:white
572:Preto
501:6.8%
478:4.7%
465:7.4%
462:3.4%
364:lend
123:preto
119:pardo
95:pardo
91:preto
2220:Peru
2044:Saba
1964:and
1902:Peru
1827:Cuba
1704:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1588:PMID
1535:2023
1509:2023
1483:2023
1457:2023
1417:2023
1289:2019
1161:2021
1135:2023
1036:PMID
950:2018
918:2018
871:2022
845:2022
766:2022
740:2022
714:2022
688:link
674:2022
582:and
574:and
562:and
552:race
527:29%
405:race
81:The
74:and
2248:and
1578:doi
1379:doi
1307:sic
1239:doi
1026:doi
980:doi
807:doi
491:73
488:76
2287::
1586:.
1574:45
1525:.
1499:.
1473:.
1447:.
1407:.
1385:.
1373:.
1327:.
1297:^
1280:.
1245:.
1235:39
1233:.
1219:^
1204:^
1151:.
1105:^
1063:^
1048:^
1034:.
1022:23
1000:^
986:.
976:12
974:.
958:^
941:.
926:^
909:.
894:^
879:^
861:.
837:G1
835:.
813:.
803:63
801:.
785:^
756:.
730:.
704:.
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