Moor frog - Knowledge

42: 815:. When exposed to acidity, moor frogs have been shown to be able to adapt relatively rapidly (within 16–40 generations). Local adaptation to acidity is also possible in survival during the embryonic stage, during which frogs are most sensitive to severe acidity. Moreover, compared to those from neutral sites, acidic origin populations have higher embryonic and larval acid tolerance (survival and larval period were less negatively affected by low pH), higher larval growth but slower larval development rates, and larger metamorphosing size. Divergence in embryonic acid tolerance and metamorphic size correlates most strongly with breeding pond pH, whereas divergence in larval period and larval growth correlates most strongly with latitude and predator density, respectively. 860:

trade-off. High habitat acidity often imposes great costs to survival, which may lead to the culling of Moor frogs. High acidity imposes stress on eggs; when a habitat is acidic enough, embryos often exhibit developmental defects and become inviable. Egg coats are maternally derived structures that surround Moor frog eggs to protect them. Egg coats can buffer the low pH of the Moor frog's acidic habitats; however, drastic decreases in habitat pH caused by human-made pollution affects an egg coat's function. High habitat acidity causes thinning and a loss in the egg coat's ability to attract water. Thinned egg coats are more tacky and opaque. These eggs are more susceptible to drying out, pathogen infection, UV light degradation, and poor

852: 3311: 2993: 688: 864:. The disabling of the egg coat leaves an embryo defenseless and tremendously susceptible to developmental defects. Moor frogs that are more easily killed by acidic waters are less fit and their genes are lost from the gene pool. Acidification is strong enough to cause rapid adaptation due to the high selection pressure it places on the Moor frog. As a result, certain highly acidic habitats have seen the development of Moor frogs that are less sensitive to the stress of highly acidic waters. Eggs of acid-tolerant frogs have coats with a greater negative charge. This suggests 831:. Moor frog tadpoles use and understand a variety of chemicals that signal stressors, and acidification can chemically disrupt a tadpole's ability to receive and send signals, thus making an individual tadpole unable to respond to environmental stressors. Acid-tolerant Moor frogs are larger and more active than Moor frogs that have not acclimatized to acidification. Acid-tolerant moor frogs also exhibit stronger hormonal responses to immediate dangers like the presence of a predator, which, in turn, creates a stronger behavioral response to evade those predators. 1114:

that were had a mortality rate of 50%. Organic sediment is removed from pools before the addition of limestone particles (<3mm) to prevent eutrophication. Before liming of acidic waters, moor frog eggs can expect to be infected with fungi 75-100% of the time. Liming treatment is able to reduce the presence of fungal infection to 0-25% of the time by increasing pH to 5-6. While this method may allow for moor frog reproduction to occur in the short-term, the effect is only temporary and acidification will ultimately reoccur. Protection and addition of

680: 928:

exchange of gases and liquids. Formation of ice crystals externally can act as nucleation sites for the formation of crystals inside the moor frog. When temperatures reach below the SCP a moor frog's skin darkens, muscles become rigid, eyes dull, and solid ice can be readily felt through touch. At temperatures between 0°C and 1°C frogs assume normal behavior but still respond to external stimuli i.e. frogs will leap away if disturbed. At temperatures immediately below freezing frogs assume an overwintering posture with their limbs

207: 86: 912:

Siberia are able to tolerate freezing to temperatures as low as -16°C. Moor frogs from Denmark are only able to survive freezing temperatures as low as -4°C for 3 to 4 days. The minimum freezing temperatures at which frogs are able to survive with 0% mortality is different between frog populations. Minimum freezing temperatures with some chance of survival appears to decrease from Western Europe to Western Siberia. However, in the aforementioned Siberian and Danish populations

718: 216: 61: 899: 748: 1053:

of the 28 member states of the time reported that the conservation status of the moor frog was unfavorable. 11 of the 19 said that their status was in decline as well. It is known that existing populations in Europe are small in number which indicates a significant loss of genetic diversity. This lack of genetic diversity threatens the current stability of populations and long-term survival because of the increased risk of

998:

the point of stopping when the moor frog is in a frozen state. Products of the breakdown of DNA are found in higher concentrations in frozen moor frogs suggesting that freezing is a highly stressful process for the frog. Frozen moor frogs also have greater concentrations of antioxidants; which are presumably made in anticipation of the

978:

are also known to be in higher concentrations in the liver and muscles of frozen moor frogs; however, the change in concentration is not as drastic as the change in concentration of glycerol between frozen and non-frozen moor frogs. Freezing temperatures directly increase the rate at which glucose is

872:

properties. Acid-tolerant eggs also have egg coats that are more acidic which suggests a greater concentration of negatively charged glycans as compared to typical Moor frogs. High acidity is able to reduce an egg coat's attraction to water because high proton concentration in acidic water is able to

1019:

content in muscles reaches 35% in males, 20% in females, and 25% in juveniles by mass in autumn before wintering. Glycogen in the muscles also decrease much more over winter than in the liver as limbs freeze before the core does. The mass of glycogen in the liver decreased by 10 times in females and

911:

in bodies of water because ambient temperatures are moderated by water. In these cases, temperatures only reach a few degrees below freezing. The moor frog is only known to overwinter on land. They overwinter in pits of leaf litter and between tree stumps. Moor frogs from European Russia and Western

733:

Blue reflectance may be a form of intersexual communication. It is hypothesized that males with brighter blue coloration may signal greater sexual and genetic fitness; however, studies have only revealed tadpoles fathered by bright blue individuals had greater chances of survival when pitted against

1052:

status of the moor frog does not properly reflect the current declining nature of the moor frog. There is a general lack of research on the conservation status of the moor frog in many EU member states and in-range countries. However, a European Habitats Directive performed in 2013 revealed that 19

997:

are found in higher concentrations in frozen moor frogs. The moor frog is the only known terrestrial vertebrate to produce ethanol as a product of glycolysis. These two molecules are products of anaerobic processes which is to be expected because breathing/aerobic processes drastically slow down to

822:

through long-term selection causing genetic change or spontaneous behavioral changes mediated by hormonal responses. Stressors that demand immediate solutions, such as a sudden shift in temperature or appearance of a predator, demand that an individual can respond appropriately, such as moving to a

1122:

vegetation aids the rewetting process of drained land. Drainage of land for agriculture is especially dangerous to the moor frog because they are prone to desiccation. Conservation efforts undertaken for the moor frog are most effective when executed in small scale phases. These small scale phases

618:

In Romania, the moor frog is known to live in humid habitats that border land with human activity, such as flooded agricultural fields, ditches on the side of roads, small canals and streams, and human settlements. The moor frog is sparingly found in habitats with little human activity. Swamps are

1113:

of peat bogs by adding chalk can increase pH. Acidification of freshwater aquatic habitats has the detrimental effect of reduced biodiversity. One study showed in highly acidic waters, pH 4.2, eggs of the moor frog were especially susceptible to fungal infection. Many eggs were infected and those

670:

Plant matter and inedible objects such as pebbles are also found to be consumed by the moor frog. Plant matter is found to be consumed in greater quantities when more prey has been consumed, which suggests that plant matter is consumed accidentally during the capture of prey. The moor frog's shed

662:

Large moor frogs tend to consume large prey and small moor frogs consume small prey. This behavior is assumed to have evolved to reduce competition between moor frogs or to maximize net energy gained from feeding, as large moor flogs consuming both large and small prey would leave little food for

314:

The moor frog is a small bog frog, characterized by a solid belly, a large, dark ear spot, and often a pale stripe down the centre of the back. The species is reddish-brown, but can also be yellow, grey, or light-olive. Common traits include white or yellow pigmentation on its underside and black

708:

Long thumb length is correlated with poor sperm quality, and short thumb length is correlated with higher sperm quality. Males with higher quality sperm breed progeny with greater chances of survival. Despite this correlation, female individuals do not appear to prefer thumb length or be able to

614:

of human developments. Each population typically has 200-400 adults; however, exceptional populations of 2000 adults have been found as well. Most Romanian populations of moor frog can be found between 108-414 meters above sea level; exceptional populations have been found to exist at 740 meters

945:

Freezing temperatures impose tremendous stress on the moor frog; breathing stops, circulation stops, ice forms in the tissues, and cells are severely dehydrated. To tolerate these tremendous stressors the moor frog and many other ice-tolerant animals greatly subdue metabolic processes, produce

927:

that decrease the freezing temperature to prevent the formation of ice). Freeze-tolerant frogs may see up to 65% of their body freeze solid during winter. Moor frogs, like many frogs, are particularly susceptible to freezing solid because of their skin which is thin and porous—permeable to the

847:

than in egg size, invest more in their offspring than in self-maintenance, and increase their reproductive effort as their residual reproductive value decreases. Consequently, acid origin females increase the clutch size and total reproductive output with age, while neutral origin females only

859:

Environmental acidification has various reproductive impacts: decreased maternal investment, selection for investment in larger eggs at a cost to fecundity, hindered reproductive output, altered relationship between female phenotype and maternal investment, and strengthened egg-size-fecundity

936:

were able to freeze solid to -16°C, thaw, and survive. The time a frog spends frozen does not seem to affect mortality rather the absolute minimum temperature they experience has the greatest effect on mortality. Frogs have been recorded to spend around 3 months in this frozen state with the

1084:

The moor frog is considered nearly extinct in France where the western limit of the moor frog range extends. As of 2020, there are only four isolated populations in France. These four were once a contiguous metapopulation. In France, moor frog habitats are limited and of poor quality due to

1041:). However, the moor frog may soon be impacted by the destruction and pollution of breeding sites and adjacent habitats, mostly through urbanization, recreational use of waterside areas, and intensive agriculture. The species does not appear to be notably susceptible to 41: 725:

Male moor frogs turn a conspicuous blue during the mating season, but only for a few days during peak reproductive activity. Females remain brown during this time. While the blue is conspicuous to human vision, the greatest color change in male moor frogs occurs in the

932:. When touched at below-freezing temperatures, frogs are only capable of slight movements of the limbs and body. Siberian populations exhibit 0% mortality at -8°C, 25% mortality at -10°C, and 50% mortality at -12°C. A few members from a population from 666:

Moor frogs are opportunistic predators that wait for prey to appear before consuming them, as opposed to intentional predators that actively hunt for prey. More mobile prey are more often consumed by the moor frog because of their opportunistic nature.

663:

smaller moor frogs. Aside from size preferences, individual moor frogs do not appear to prefer more energetically favorable prey over less energetically favorable prey of equal size. The moor frog will ingest any animal that it is able to swallow.

1108:

which produce these acidic conditions have poor buffering properties that make them susceptible to drastic decreases of pH even below 4.5. There are various conservation practices being initiated in order to remediate these pH driven effects.

326:

The skin on their flanks and thighs is smooth, and their tongue is forked and free. Pupils are horizontally oriented, feet are partially webbed, and back legs are shorter than those in the same family of frogs. Males, unlike females, have

1014:

at temperatures immediately below 0°C i.e -0.5°C to -1°C. However, the amount of oxygen consumed exponentially decreases with each decrease in degree Celsius. The majority of glucose degradation still occurs through anaerobic processes.

511:, and private farms or water gardens (though they tend to prefer areas away from humans and predators). Nonetheless, they are adaptable, and are often seen in such urban spots as city-adjacent meadows, bogs, pastures, or public parks. 987:, in the muscles. As expected, the production of these cryoprotectants and continued metabolism (even though it is slowed) consumes a great quantity of glycogen that is not replenished as the frog is not feeding during the winter. 702:, in which multiple males mate with a single female, is the predominant method of mating that the moor frog performs. The sperm of male moor frogs compete in the female reproductive tract for fertilization of the female's egg. 452:, the moor frog is found as high-up as 2 kilometres, or around 2000m (over 6,000’) above sea level. Within the higher-elevation ranges, the species is often found near bodies of still (or very slow-moving) water, with adequate 659:(centipedes and millipedes). Beetles make up the majority of the moor frog's diet due to their abundance. Large moor frogs do appear to have a preference for beetles because they are larger than most other insect prey. 779:

The mating season takes place between March and June, right after the end of hibernation. Males form breeding choruses that may sound similar to air escaping from a submerged empty bottle, similar to those of the

1146:

Kuzmin, S.; Tarkhnishvili, D.; Ishchenko, V.; Tuniyev, B.; Beebee, T.; Anthony, B.P.; Schmidt, B.; Ogrodowczyk, A.; Ogielska, M.; Babik, W.; Vogrin, M.; Loman, J.; Cogalniceanu, D.; Kovács, T.; Kiss, I. (2016) .

315:

stripes from its nostrils along the sides of its head. The Moor frog ranges from 5.5 to 6.0 cm (2.2 to 2.4 in) long, but can reach up to 7.0 cm (2.8 in) in length. Their heads are more tapered than those of the

842:

Frogs from acidic environments may favor different reproductive strategies than those in more benign environments. Compared to neutral-origin females, acid-origin females tend to invest relatively more in

906:

Moor frogs are renowned for their ability to tolerate freezing temperatures because most frog species live in hot and humid tropical environments. Many frogs that do live in cold climates will attempt to

514:

Moor frogs provide a good model for studying local adaptation as they experience a wide range of environments and are relatively limited in their movements. Their restriction in movements implies limited

1089:

of human developments also fragment and degrade remaining habitats. Mild inbreeding greatly reduces the moor frog fitness due to the small number of individuals in these isolated populations.

298:

listing of Least Concern. However, a majority of European states independently consider the conservation status of the moor frog to be unfavorable. The moor frog, like other members of

705:

Female frogs do not appear to prefer males of a particular size. Instead, they tend to prefer to mate with males that have successfully helped produce offspring with them in the past.

2577:

Shekhovtsov, Sergei V.; Bulakhova, Nina A.; Tsentalovich, Yuri P.; Zelentsova, Ekaterina A.; Meshcheryakova, Ekaterina N.; Poluboyarova, Tatiana V.; Berman, Daniil I. (January 2022).

771:

habitats will hibernate (around November or December) and wake earlier (February). However, frogs in cold, polar areas will hibernate sooner (in September) and wake later (in June).

2025:

Hangartner, S; Laurila, A; Räsänen, K (2012a). "Adaptive divergence in moor frog (Rana Arvalis) populations along an acidification gradient: inferences from Qst-Fst correlations".

1479: 823:

more temperate location or evading or fighting off a predator. The extent to which an individual can adapt to respond to a new situation is referred to as an individual's

2412:"Tolerance to Low pH in a Population of Moor Frogs, Rana arvalis, from an Acid and a Neutral Environment: A Possible Case of Rapid Evolutionary Response to Acidification" 2191:"Tolerance to Low pH in a Population of Moor Frogs, Rana arvalis, from an Acid and a Neutral Environment: A Possible Case of Rapid Evolutionary Response to Acidification" 374:

species. The Altai frogs have some different characteristics such as shorter shins, but currently there is no official distinction and all frogs are known as one species—

962:(the breakdown of glucose) continues through wintering, it is presumed there are cryoprotectants other than glucose at play in other parts of the body i.e. the muscles. 2912:"Improvement of breeding success of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) by liming of acid moorland pools and the consequences of liming for water chemistry and diatoms" 1076:, deformation to the vertebral skeleton. Frogs with these deformations are particularly susceptible to predation by the trematode's final and definitive hosts. 347:, is a broad group containing 605 species. The family contains ranoid frogs that do not belong to any other families and are found on every continent but 1368:

Ward, R. D.; Skibinski, D. O.; Woodwark, M. (1992). "Protein heterozygosity, protein structure, and taxonomic differentiation". In K. M. Hecht (ed.).

827:. These plastic adaptations can be quantitatively analyzed through the measurement of hormones that spike when individuals are under stress, such as 1838:

Freda, J.; Sadinski, W. J.; Dunson, W. A. (1991). "Long term monitoring of amphibian populations with respect to the effects of acidic deposition".

1447: 1104:, and other forms of water pollution negatively affect the aquatic habitats of moor frogs. Moor frogs normally enjoy acidic environments; however, 730:

region from 350 to 450 nm, invisible to human vision. Males who have mated appear bluer and have been recorded as having higher body temperatures.

3530: 1982:

Räsänen, K.; Laurila, A.; Merilä, J. (2003). "Geographic variation in acid stress tolerance of the moor frog Rana arvalis. I. Local adaptation".

923:(SCP) is the lowest temperature at which an organism can be cooled to (below freezing) before ice crystals form (cold-tolerant animals often use 1465: 1512: 3582: 2846: 1347: 1207: 3659: 2134:"Short-term responses of Rana arvalis tadpoles to pH and predator stress: adaptive divergence in behavioural and physiological plasticity?" 2077:"Short-term responses of Rana arvalis tadpoles to pH and predator stress: adaptive divergence in behavioural and physiological plasticity?" 1400:"Population mixing and the adaptive divergence of quantitative traits in discrete populations: a theoretical framework for empirical tests" 807:

Increased acidity levels in breeding areas may be problematic for moor frog populations, as it reduces survival and growth of the aquatic

464:

organic material, resulting in a considerably acidic pH level, often at, or below, a 6. The diversity of habitats demonstrates the frog's

1544:"Diet and Trophic Niche Overlap of the Moor Frog (Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842) and the Common Frog (Rana temporaria L., 1758) From Poland" 264:. Male moor frogs are known to turn blue temporarily during the height of mating season. This coloration is assumed to signal a mate's 3504: 2339:"Mechanistic basis of adaptive maternal effects: egg jelly water balance mediates embryonic adaptation to acidity in Rana arvalis" 260:

that decrease its internal freezing temperature. The species is distributed over a large range, covering a significant portion of

3543: 1511:

Sas, István; Covaciu-Marcov, Severus-Daniel; Demeter, László; Cicort-Lucaciu, Alfred-Ştefan; Strugariu, Alexandru (August 2008).

950:, and use other biochemical means to make freezing tolerable i.e. cryoprotectants (anti-freeze). Moor frogs are known to utilize 3025: 790:

Spawning happens quickly and is completed in 3 to 28 days. The spawn of each frog is laid in one or two clusters of 500-3000

3689: 3548: 1724: 3694: 1755: 2243:

Kisdi, E., G. Meszna, and L. Pasztor. 19 1998. "Individual optimization: mechanisms shaping the optimal reaction norm".

1020:

up to 30 times in males. In a study, female Moor frogs lost 82% in mass of body fat after wintering and males lost 81%.

3465: 671:

skin is also consumed; however, it is unknown whether consumption of shed skin is accidental or intentional in nature.

3626: 3483: 3587: 3210: 527: 3496: 3395: 2693:"Pre-hibernation energy reserves and their consumption during freezing in the moor frog Rana arvalis in Siberia" 2579:"Metabolomic Analysis Reveals That the Moor Frog Rana arvalis Uses Both Glucose and Glycerol as Cryoprotectants" 1995: 522:

The species has been successfully bred in captivity in the UK and a reintroduction has been proposed as part of

3390: 290:

of habitat which harms egg health. The moor frog's habitat is also under destruction due to a variety of other

3679: 3674: 3569: 1967:

Böhmer, J.; Rahmann, H. (1990). "Influence of surface water acidification on amphibians". In W. Hanke (ed.).

523: 2792:"The role of trematode infestation in the specifics of skeleton morphogenesis of Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842" 558:

demonstrate the range extended as far south as south-central France and as far west as the eastern coast of

3669: 1725:"Turning blue and ultraviolet: sex-specific colour change during the mating season in the Balkan moor frog" 595: 17: 1448:"Frog turns blue for first time in 700 years amid calls for rare amphibians to be reintroduced to Britain" 3684: 3418: 3413: 3175: 3070: 933: 445: 1325: 834:

Some acid-tolerant Moor frogs have lower levels of sodium, which may be an adaptation to acidification.

286:

its eggs in large batches in still bodies of acidic waters. Human-caused pollution is causing excessive

3245: 3084: 3018: 2983: 929: 2132:

Scaramella, Nicholas; Mausbach, Jelena; Laurila, Anssi; Stednitz, Sarah; Räsänen, Katja (2022-09-01).

2075:

Scaramella, Nicholas; Mausbach, Jelena; Laurila, Anssi; Stednitz, Sarah; Räsänen, Katja (2022-09-01).

3112: 2267:"Geographic variation in maternal investment: acidity affects egg size and fecundity in Rana arvalis" 1562: 979:

broken down. The manufacture of these products all requires the use of glucose, which is stored in a

2963: 2734:"Comparative Analysis of the Parasite Fauna of Rana arvalis in the Environmental Gradients of Ural" 1681:

Hettyey, Attila; Herczeg, Gabor; Laurila, Anssi; Crochet, Pierre-Andre; Merilä, Juha (2009-01-01).

1621:"Female Choice for Males with Greater Fertilization Success in the Swedish Moor Frog, Rana arvalis" 819: 287: 196: 1683:"Body temperature, size, nuptial colouration and mating success in male Moor Frogs (Rana arvalis)" 1587: 1072:

in larvae; particularly at areas undergoing metamorphosis. These cysts can cause the formation of

547: 2266: 1171: 85: 2976: 2636:

Voituron, Yann; Paaschburg, Louise; Holmstrup, Martin; Barré, Hervé; Ramløv, Hans (2009-02-01).

2519:

Voituron, Yann; Paaschburg, Louise; Holmstrup, Martin; Barré, Hervé; Ramløv, Hans (2009-02-01).

877:

the coat, thus neutralizing a glycan's charge. This is also why high habitat pH causes egg coat

3535: 3368: 3330: 958:—a natural process in livers. Because gluconeogenesis is generally restricted to the liver and 647:(flies) are consumed as well. Moor frogs also consume non-insect invertebrates from the orders 567: 1682: 1480:"'Who doesn't love a turtle?' The teenage boys on a mission – to rewild Britain with reptiles" 1068:

species are known to parasitize the moor frog. Trematode infection can cause the formation of

3664: 3636: 3011: 1563:"Prey size selection and food habits of Water Frogs and Moor Frogs from Kis-Balaton, Hungary" 1054: 1034: 824: 692: 591: 465: 180: 3613: 1586:

Aszalós, Lilla; Bogdan, Horia; Kovács, Éva-Hajnalka; Peter, Violeta-Ionela (12 March 2005).

590:

which includes the Western Plains (with the largest Romanian population of moor frogs), the

3621: 3561: 3439: 2923: 2745: 2423: 2350: 2278: 2202: 1925: 1847: 1804: 1632: 1011: 587: 291: 276: 2884:"Distribution, status and conservation of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in the Netherlands" 366:

means "frog of the fields". It is also called the Altai brown frog because frogs from the

8: 3196: 3182: 3147: 3063: 1097: 444:; in the western, more European areas of its range, the frog can be found as high as 900 418: 50: 2927: 2749: 2427: 2354: 2282: 2206: 1929: 1851: 1808: 1781: 1636: 3105: 3049: 2827: 2769: 2714: 2673: 2613: 2578: 2556: 2501: 2447: 2392: 2226: 2166: 2109: 2050: 2007: 1949: 1898: 1863: 1820: 1655: 1620: 1429: 1416: 1399: 966:

is found in much greater concentrations in the liver and muscles of frozen moor frogs.

628: 555: 257: 80: 2911: 2473: 721:

A male moor frog is colored blue for a few days during the height of the mating season

610:. Most populations of moor frog in Romania are isolated and not contiguous due to the 519:

and facilitates evolution through adaptive genetic differentiation among populations.

3608: 3426: 3289: 3275: 3126: 3003: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2883: 2819: 2811: 2773: 2761: 2718: 2665: 2657: 2618: 2600: 2548: 2540: 2505: 2493: 2472:

Berman, D.I.; Bulakhova, N.A.; Meshcheryakova, E.N.; Shekhovtsov, S.V. (2022-09-01).

2439: 2396: 2384: 2376: 2294: 2218: 2171: 2153: 2114: 2096: 2042: 2038: 1999: 1941: 1824: 1740: 1660: 1543: 1421: 1148: 913: 554:

were found on land inside the modern range of the moor frog. Fossil records from the

543: 496: 355:, which includes species found in Europe and Asia. The moor frog is not found in the 2831: 2677: 2560: 2474:"Overwintering and cold tolerance in the Moor Frog (Rana arvalis ) across its range" 2054: 2011: 1867: 1466:"Blue Moor Frog Once Again Seen in the UK After 700 Years in Time for Mating Season" 1433: 3431: 2931: 2803: 2753: 2704: 2649: 2608: 2590: 2532: 2485: 2431: 2366: 2358: 2286: 2210: 2161: 2145: 2104: 2088: 2034: 1991: 1953: 1933: 1890: 1855: 1812: 1736: 1694: 1650: 1640: 1411: 1293: 1166: 1145: 1042: 999: 599: 563: 269: 2709: 2692: 1588:"Food composition of two Rana species on a forest habitat (Livada Plain, Romania)" 1085:

significant human development that encroaches on and destroys moor frog habitats.

787:. Males can also develop bright-blue coloration for a few days during the season. 3595: 3133: 1645: 955: 449: 426: 367: 283: 3574: 1795:

Freda, J. (1986). "The influence of acidic pond water on amphibians: a review".

206: 3491: 3478: 3268: 3261: 3168: 2371: 2149: 2092: 1699: 1101: 1061: 924: 480: 434: 253: 2807: 2757: 2653: 2536: 2362: 2337:

Shu, Longfei; Suter, Marc J.-F.; Laurila, Anssi; Räsänen, Katja (2015-11-01).

687: 3653: 3556: 3296: 3189: 3077: 2943: 2815: 2765: 2661: 2604: 2544: 2497: 2443: 2380: 2222: 2157: 2133: 2100: 2076: 1261: 1157: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1049: 908: 882: 851: 848:

increase egg size but not clutch size or total reproductive output with age.

559: 484: 461: 457: 295: 70: 65: 2791: 2733: 2637: 2520: 2338: 1289:

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the collection of the British Museum

1287: 3353: 3315: 3231: 3203: 3154: 3140: 3119: 3036: 2997: 2951: 2823: 2669: 2622: 2552: 2388: 2298: 2175: 2118: 2046: 2003: 1945: 1723:

Ries, C; Spaethe, J; Sztatecsny, M; Strondl, C; Hödl, W (20 October 2008).

1664: 1425: 1297: 1086: 920: 861: 611: 406: 219:

The male can be colored blue for a short period during the breeding season.

157: 3470: 2576: 2489: 1228: 607: 3517: 3377: 3362: 3282: 3238: 990: 947: 874: 760: 727: 640: 619:

one of the few habitats with little human activity that host moor frogs.

551: 414: 328: 316: 265: 234: 2595: 2471: 538:

The earliest fossil record of the moor frog extends back to between the

3600: 3509: 3405: 3382: 3254: 3224: 3098: 3091: 2451: 2411: 2230: 2190: 1937: 1902: 1859: 1816: 959: 869: 781: 717: 648: 571: 348: 215: 2290: 1510: 1248:

Life on Earth: An Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution

3522: 3452: 3217: 3161: 1916:

Pierce, B. A. (1993). "Effects of acid precipitation on amphibians".

1073: 844: 764: 656: 636: 516: 500: 393:

The moor frog can be found over a vast majority of mainland, central

332: 248:. Moor frogs are known for their ability to freeze solid and survive 237: 147: 127: 97: 3324: 2435: 2214: 1894: 1513:"Distribution and status of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in Romania" 898: 3457: 3347: 2732:

Burakova, A. V.; Vershinin, V. L.; Vershinina, S. D. (2022-08-01).

1065: 1016: 984: 975: 963: 885:

which restores the egg coat's negative charge/attraction to water.

828: 752: 747: 699: 652: 539: 508: 453: 441: 356: 303: 272: 117: 1779: 1326:"Distribution of Rana arvalis in Europe: a historical perspective" 631:

that they can physically ingest. Moor frogs most commonly consume

2918:. Effects of Acidic Pollutants on Freshwater Plants and Animals. 2131: 2074: 1619:

Sherman, Craig; Sagvik, Jorgen; Olsson, Mats (October 26, 2010).

994: 980: 971: 967: 951: 583: 550:, Slovakia. Other fossil records of the moor frog from the early 460:

vegetation surrounding it. These water sources are often rich in

430: 422: 410: 402: 394: 344: 261: 249: 2635: 2518: 679: 3444: 1548:

Proceedings of the Anniversary Scientific Conference of Ecology

1398:

Hendry, A. P.; Kinnison, M. T.; Day, T.; Taylor, E. B. (2001).

878: 865: 808: 632: 492: 488: 472: 398: 241: 107: 1045:, although the fungus has been detected in frogs in Germany. 812: 768: 767:

and June, depending on their latitude. Frogs in southwestern

603: 504: 476: 2962:

Some parts of this article were translated from the article

2264: 1722: 1680: 734:

large beetle larvae than when fathered by dull individuals.

2731: 2265:

Räsänen, K.; Söderman, F.; Laurila, A.; Merilä, J. (2008).

1996:

10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0352:gviast]2.0.co;2

1069: 1038: 448:(nearly 3,000’). Further east in its range, such as in the 385:

with a moderate muzzle and prominent first cuneiform bone.

381:

The moor frog was first reported by Nilsson in volume 3 of

245: 137: 2910:

Bellemakers, Martijn J. S.; van Dam, Herman (1992-01-01).

1262:"All you need to know about the Moor Frog | Slightly Blue" 2638:"Survival and metabolism of Rana arvalis during freezing" 2521:"Survival and metabolism of Rana arvalis during freezing" 2024: 1105: 797: 791: 644: 440:

The moor frog can be found surviving at varied levels of

306:

and will consume anything that it can physically ingest.

2845:

Mergeay, Joachim; Neyrinck, Sabrina; Cox, Karen (2020).

1585: 1346:

Mergeay, Joachim; Neyrinck, Sabrina; Cox, Karen (2020).

1206:

Mergeay, Joachim; Neyrinck, Sabrina; Cox, Karen (2020).

855:

A pair of moor frogs in amplexus amongst a spawn of eggs

1397: 1037:

by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (

3033: 2410:

Andrén, Claes; Mårdén, Marlene; Nilson, Göran (1989).

2336: 2189:

Andrén, Claes; Mårdén, Marlene; Nilson, Göran (1989).

1881:

Pierce, B. A. (1985). "Acid tolerance in amphibians".

2981: 1367: 627:

An adult moor frog's diet consists of any mobile and

2882:

Van Delft, Jeroen; Creemers, Raymond (August 2008).

2847:"Conservation Genetic status of Moor Frog in France" 1981: 1348:"Conservation Genetic status of Moor Frog in France" 1208:"Conservation Genetic status of Moor Frog in France" 1123:

are more easily managed and receive more attention.

2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2789: 2690: 2572: 2570: 2260: 2258: 2256: 1837: 1618: 397:; its longitudinal range extends from northeastern 2909: 2844: 2790:Vershinin, V. L.; Neustroeva, N. S. (2011-10-01). 2409: 2188: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 1345: 1205: 417:. Their latitudinal distribution extends from the 2881: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2785: 2783: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 916:testing revealed that they were closely related. 3651: 2894: 2567: 2253: 1542:Stojanova, Anelia; Mollov, Ivelin (2008-11-01). 1079: 1002:when aerobic respiration resumes after thawing. 2061: 1676: 1674: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1581: 1579: 1541: 818:Moor frogs can adapt to the various effects of 2860: 2780: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 1526: 1324:Roček, Zbyněk; Šandera, Martin (August 2008). 1245: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 3019: 1966: 1005: 2691:Bulakhova, N.; Shishikina, K. (2022-12-31). 2332: 2330: 2328: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1671: 1605: 1576: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1172:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T58548A11800564.en 954:as a cryoprotectant which is formed through 598:. The second region is the northern part of 2458: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 1747: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1186: 802: 582:The moor frog is found in three regions in 388: 331:on their first fingers and paired guttural 3026: 3012: 1780:Otto Berninghausen; Friedo Berninghausen. 1372:. New York: Plenum press. pp. 73–159. 577: 533: 205: 59: 40: 2708: 2612: 2594: 2370: 2165: 2108: 1707: 1698: 1654: 1644: 1415: 1304: 1170: 635:; however, other insects from the orders 2854:Research Institute for Nature and Forest 2305: 1560: 1497: 1355:Research Institute for Nature and Forest 1215:Research Institute for Nature and Forest 897: 850: 746: 716: 686: 678: 566:show the range extended as far south as 214: 1285: 1239: 1233:World Association of Zoos and Aquariums 1092: 602:. The third and smallest region is the 14: 3652: 1915: 1880: 1753: 1561:Low, Peter; Torok, Janos (July 1998). 1385:Ecology and conservation of amphibians 1382: 1250:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 798:Effects of acidification on population 3329: 3328: 3007: 2890:: 255–268 – via Google Scholar. 1794: 1550:: 181–190 – via Google Scholar. 1118:by preventing grazing and replanting 1028: 343:The family the moor frog belongs to, 3497:47bcfa87-1f8f-4e38-b032-c929765e2661 1969:Biology and physiology of Amphibians 268:. Moor frogs typically mate through 3660:IUCN Red List least concern species 2642:Journal of Comparative Physiology B 2525:Journal of Comparative Physiology B 2138:Journal of Comparative Physiology B 2081:Journal of Comparative Physiology B 1975: 1971:. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag. 1601:: 25–30 – via Google Scholar. 1572:: 71–78 – via Google Scholar. 1221: 1158:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1132: 837: 24: 1417:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00780.x 940: 712: 709:detect variation in thumb length. 370:in Asia have been included in the 25: 3706: 2970: 2966:on the French language Knowledge. 1286:Günther, Albert C. L. G. (1858). 893: 691:Multiple blue male moor frogs in 362:The moor frog's scientific name, 351:. The moor frog belongs to genus 3309: 2991: 2888:Zeitschrift für Feldherpetologie 2039:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01472.x 1840:Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 1797:Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 1741:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00456.x 1595:North-Western Journal of Zoology 1520:Zeitschrift für Feldherpetologie 1333:Zeitschrift für Feldherpetologie 683:A pair of moor frogs in amplexus 252:. The frog makes use of various 84: 2838: 2725: 2697:The European Zoological Journal 2684: 2629: 2512: 2403: 2237: 2182: 2125: 2018: 1960: 1909: 1874: 1831: 1788: 1773: 1554: 1472: 1458: 1440: 1391: 1376: 1023: 3034:Selected species in the genus 1361: 1339: 1279: 1254: 1033:It is currently classified as 937:potential to survive thawing. 742: 524:Celtic Reptile & Amphibian 309: 13: 1: 2710:10.1080/24750263.2022.2060357 1126: 1080:Conservation status in France 888: 3690:Amphibians described in 1842 2936:10.1016/0269-7491(92)90025-6 1646:10.1371/journal.pone.0013634 1246:Niles Eldredge, ed. (2002). 902:A hind foot of the moor frog 471:Moor frogs can live in near- 413:, in and around the city of 233:) is a slim, reddish-brown, 7: 2796:Doklady Biological Sciences 2478:Canadian Journal of Zoology 1754:Kuzmin, Sergius L. (1999). 1743:– via Google Scholar. 1703:– via Google Scholar. 1387:. London: Chapman and Hall. 774: 338: 10: 3711: 3695:Taxa named by Sven Nilsson 2150:10.1007/s00360-022-01449-2 2093:10.1007/s00360-022-01449-2 1782:"Moor frog - Rana arvalis" 1700:10.1163/156853809787392784 1229:"Moor Frog (Rana arvalis)" 1006:Metabolism during freezing 737: 294:means. The species has an 3337: 3306: 3044: 2808:10.1134/S0012496611050073 2758:10.1134/S1995082922040289 2654:10.1007/s00360-008-0307-3 2537:10.1007/s00360-008-0307-3 2363:10.1007/s00442-015-3332-4 1383:Beebee, T. J. C. (1996). 1010:Moor frogs still exhibit 794:in warm, shallow waters. 674: 204: 186: 179: 81:Scientific classification 79: 57: 48: 39: 34: 803:Environmental plasticity 751:A pair of moor frogs in 615:above sea level. 405:all the way east to the 389:Distribution and habitat 2916:Environmental Pollution 622: 578:Distribution in Romania 534:Historical distribution 1298:10.5962/bhl.title.8326 903: 868:give the egg coat its 856: 756: 755:near Hamburg, Germany. 722: 695: 684: 568:Bosnia and Herzegovina 446:meters above sea level 220: 2964:Grenouille des champs 2490:10.1139/cjz-2019-0179 1165:: e.T58548A86232114. 901: 854: 825:phenotypic plasticity 750: 720: 690: 682: 592:Transylvanian Plateau 218: 3680:Amphibians of Europe 3675:Amphibians of Russia 3492:Fauna Europaea (new) 2738:Inland Water Biology 2245:Evolutionary Ecology 1370:Evolutionary biology 1093:Conservation efforts 651:(snails and slugs), 588:Transylvanian region 503:-like (arid) areas, 27:Species of amphibian 3670:Arctic land animals 2928:1992EPoll..78..165B 2750:2022InWB...15..464B 2596:10.3390/ani12101286 2428:1989Oikos..56..215A 2372:20.500.11850/101187 2355:2015Oecol.179..617S 2283:2008Ecol...89.2553R 2207:1989Oikos..56..215A 1930:1993Ecotx...2...65P 1852:1991WASP...55..445F 1809:1986WASP...30..439F 1637:2010PLoSO...513634S 1012:aerobic respiration 629:terrestrial animals 596:Eastern Carpathians 586:. The first is the 562:. Records from the 507:, meadows, fields, 51:Conservation status 3685:Amphibians of Asia 1938:10.1007/bf00058215 1860:10.1007/bf00211205 1817:10.1007/bf00305213 1729:Journal of Zoology 1029:Population threats 921:supercooling point 904: 857: 757: 723: 696: 685: 556:middle Pleistocene 425:south through the 383:Skandinavisk fauna 221: 3647: 3646: 3609:Open Tree of Life 3331:Taxon identifiers 3322: 3321: 2291:10.1890/07-0168.1 1687:Amphibia-Reptilia 914:mitochondrial DNA 763:sometime between 600:Romanian Moldavia 544:Early Pleistocene 213: 212: 74: 16:(Redirected from 3702: 3640: 3639: 3630: 3629: 3617: 3616: 3604: 3603: 3591: 3590: 3578: 3577: 3575:NHMSYS0000376011 3565: 3564: 3552: 3551: 3539: 3538: 3526: 3525: 3513: 3512: 3500: 3499: 3487: 3486: 3474: 3473: 3461: 3460: 3448: 3447: 3435: 3434: 3422: 3421: 3409: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3386: 3385: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3326: 3325: 3316:Frogs portal 3314: 3313: 3312: 3246:R. t. temporaria 3028: 3021: 3014: 3005: 3004: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2977:The Animal Files 2956: 2955: 2907: 2892: 2891: 2879: 2858: 2857: 2851: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2787: 2778: 2777: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2712: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2616: 2598: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2469: 2456: 2455: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2374: 2334: 2303: 2302: 2277:(9): 2553–2562. 2262: 2251: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2169: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2112: 2072: 2059: 2058: 2022: 2016: 2015: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1846:(3–4): 445–462. 1835: 1829: 1828: 1803:(1–2): 439–450. 1792: 1786: 1785: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1720: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1678: 1669: 1668: 1658: 1648: 1616: 1603: 1602: 1592: 1583: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1539: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1508: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1419: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1321: 1302: 1301: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1273: 1266:slightlyblue.com 1258: 1252: 1251: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1203: 1184: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1143: 1043:chytridiomycosis 1000:oxidative stress 838:Maternal effects 564:late Pleistocene 548:Dvorníky-Včeláre 209: 192: 89: 88: 68: 63: 62: 44: 32: 31: 21: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3635: 3633: 3625: 3620: 3612: 3607: 3599: 3596:Observation.org 3594: 3586: 3581: 3573: 3568: 3560: 3555: 3547: 3542: 3534: 3529: 3521: 3516: 3508: 3503: 3495: 3490: 3482: 3477: 3469: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3430: 3425: 3417: 3412: 3404: 3402: 3394: 3389: 3381: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3333: 3323: 3318: 3310: 3308: 3302: 3290:R. zhenhaiensis 3040: 3032: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2973: 2959: 2908: 2895: 2880: 2861: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2788: 2781: 2730: 2726: 2689: 2685: 2634: 2630: 2575: 2568: 2517: 2513: 2484:(11): 705–714. 2470: 2459: 2436:10.2307/3565339 2408: 2404: 2335: 2306: 2263: 2254: 2242: 2238: 2215:10.2307/3565339 2187: 2183: 2130: 2126: 2073: 2062: 2023: 2019: 1980: 1976: 1965: 1961: 1914: 1910: 1895:10.2307/1310132 1879: 1875: 1836: 1832: 1793: 1789: 1778: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1752: 1748: 1721: 1708: 1679: 1672: 1617: 1606: 1590: 1584: 1577: 1565: 1559: 1555: 1540: 1527: 1515: 1509: 1498: 1489: 1487: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1396: 1392: 1381: 1377: 1366: 1362: 1350: 1344: 1340: 1328: 1322: 1305: 1284: 1280: 1271: 1269: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1244: 1240: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1210: 1204: 1187: 1177: 1175: 1144: 1133: 1129: 1095: 1082: 1031: 1026: 1008: 956:gluconeogenesis 943: 941:Cryoprotectants 925:cryoprotectants 896: 891: 840: 805: 800: 777: 745: 740: 715: 713:Blue coloration 677: 625: 606:Basin—north of 580: 536: 450:Altai Mountains 429:and the inland 427:Pannonian Basin 391: 368:Altai Mountains 341: 321:Rana temporaria 312: 254:cryoprotectants 200: 194: 188: 175: 172:R. arvalis 83: 75: 64: 60: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3708: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3631: 3618: 3605: 3592: 3579: 3566: 3553: 3540: 3527: 3514: 3501: 3488: 3479:Fauna Europaea 3475: 3462: 3449: 3436: 3423: 3410: 3400: 3387: 3374: 3359: 3343: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3320: 3319: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3276:R. weinigensis 3272: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3053: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3031: 3030: 3023: 3016: 3008: 3001: 3000: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2971:External links 2969: 2968: 2967: 2958: 2957: 2922:(1): 165–171. 2893: 2859: 2837: 2802:(1): 290–292. 2779: 2744:(4): 464–475. 2724: 2703:(1): 556–567. 2683: 2648:(2): 223–230. 2628: 2566: 2531:(2): 223–230. 2511: 2457: 2422:(2): 215–223. 2402: 2349:(3): 617–628. 2304: 2252: 2236: 2201:(2): 215–223. 2181: 2144:(5): 669–682. 2124: 2087:(5): 669–682. 2060: 2033:(3): 867–881. 2017: 1990:(2): 352–362. 1974: 1959: 1908: 1889:(4): 239–243. 1873: 1830: 1787: 1772: 1756:"Rana arvalis" 1746: 1735:(3): 229–236. 1706: 1670: 1631:(10): e13634. 1604: 1575: 1553: 1525: 1496: 1471: 1457: 1439: 1410:(3): 459–466. 1390: 1375: 1360: 1338: 1303: 1278: 1253: 1238: 1220: 1185: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1116:riparian zones 1102:eutrophication 1094: 1091: 1081: 1078: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1007: 1004: 942: 939: 895: 894:Cold tolerance 892: 890: 887: 839: 836: 804: 801: 799: 796: 785:Rana dalmatina 776: 773: 744: 741: 739: 736: 714: 711: 676: 673: 624: 621: 579: 576: 535: 532: 481:conifer forest 435:Central Europe 390: 387: 340: 337: 311: 308: 282:The moor frog 211: 210: 202: 201: 195: 184: 183: 177: 176: 169: 167: 163: 162: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 77: 76: 58: 55: 54: 49: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3707: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3317: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3239:R. temporaria 3236: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3134:R. grandocula 3131: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3006: 2999: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2855: 2848: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2784: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2571: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1970: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918:Ecotoxicology 1912: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1783: 1776: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1675: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1600: 1596: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1571: 1564: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1467: 1461: 1453: 1452:The Telegraph 1449: 1443: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1394: 1386: 1379: 1371: 1364: 1356: 1349: 1342: 1334: 1327: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1282: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1249: 1242: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1216: 1209: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:Acidification 1090: 1088: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1051: 1050:IUCN Red List 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035:Least Concern 1021: 1018: 1013: 1003: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 986: 982: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 938: 935: 931: 926: 922: 917: 915: 910: 900: 886: 884: 880: 876: 871: 867: 863: 853: 849: 846: 835: 832: 830: 826: 821: 820:acidification 816: 814: 810: 795: 793: 788: 786: 783: 772: 770: 766: 762: 754: 749: 735: 731: 729: 719: 710: 706: 703: 701: 694: 689: 681: 672: 668: 664: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 639:(true bugs), 638: 634: 630: 620: 616: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 560:Great Britain 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 531: 529: 525: 520: 518: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485:forest steppe 482: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 419:69th parallel 416: 412: 408: 404: 401:and northern 400: 396: 386: 384: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 364:Rana arvalis, 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 336: 334: 330: 324: 322: 318: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 292:anthropogenic 289: 288:acidification 285: 280: 278: 274: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 236: 232: 231: 226: 217: 208: 203: 198: 193: 191: 185: 182: 181:Binomial name 178: 174: 173: 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 156: 153: 152: 149: 146: 143: 142: 139: 136: 133: 132: 129: 126: 123: 122: 119: 116: 113: 112: 109: 106: 103: 102: 99: 96: 93: 92: 87: 82: 78: 72: 67: 66:Least Concern 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 3665:Rana (genus) 3396:Rana-arvalis 3369:Rana arvalis 3339:Rana arvalis 3338: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3269:R. vibicaria 3267: 3262:R. vaillanti 3260: 3253: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3218:R. sylvatica 3216: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3190:R. palustris 3188: 3181: 3174: 3169:R. longicrus 3167: 3160: 3153: 3146: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3106:R. dybowskii 3104: 3097: 3092:R. dalmatina 3090: 3085:R. draytonii 3083: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3050:R. amurensis 3048: 3035: 2919: 2915: 2887: 2853: 2840: 2799: 2795: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2589:(10): 1286. 2586: 2582: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2481: 2477: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2346: 2342: 2274: 2270: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2084: 2080: 2030: 2026: 2020: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1968: 1962: 1924:(1): 65–77. 1921: 1917: 1911: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1775: 1763:. Retrieved 1759: 1749: 1732: 1728: 1690: 1686: 1628: 1624: 1598: 1594: 1569: 1556: 1547: 1519: 1488:. Retrieved 1486:. 2021-01-10 1484:the Guardian 1483: 1474: 1460: 1451: 1442: 1407: 1403: 1393: 1384: 1378: 1369: 1363: 1354: 1341: 1332: 1288: 1281: 1270:. Retrieved 1268:. 2021-01-19 1265: 1256: 1247: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1214: 1176:. Retrieved 1162: 1156: 1151:Rana arvalis 1150: 1096: 1087:Edge effects 1083: 1059: 1047: 1032: 1024:Conservation 1009: 989: 948:antioxidants 944: 918: 905: 862:gas exchange 858: 841: 833: 817: 806: 789: 784: 778: 758: 732: 724: 707: 704: 697: 693:Stadtwaldsee 669: 665: 661: 626: 617: 612:edge effects 581: 537: 521: 513: 475:conditions, 470: 439: 392: 382: 380: 376:Rana arvalis 375: 371: 363: 361: 352: 342: 329:nuptial pads 325: 320: 313: 299: 281: 230:Rana arvalis 229: 228: 224: 222: 190:Rana arvalis 189: 187: 171: 170: 158: 29: 18:Rana arvalis 3518:iNaturalist 3378:AmphibiaWeb 3363:Wikispecies 3297:R. zweifeli 3197:R. pretiosa 3162:R. lessonae 3078:R. cascadae 1760:AmphibiaWeb 1292:. London: 1074:extra limbs 883:deprotonate 870:hydrophilic 759:Moor frogs 743:Hibernation 728:ultraviolet 641:hymenoptera 552:Pleistocene 462:decomposing 415:Novosibirsk 317:common frog 310:Description 235:semiaquatic 3654:Categories 3232:R. taylori 3211:R. sierrae 3204:R. sauteri 3176:R. muscosa 3155:R. iriodes 3148:R. italica 3141:R. iberica 3120:R. forreri 3113:R. fisheri 3057:R. arvalis 1883:BioScience 1570:Herpetozoa 1522:: 337–354. 1490:2021-10-27 1335:: 135–150. 1272:2022-12-05 1127:References 1055:inbreeding 960:glycolysis 909:overwinter 889:Physiology 782:agile frog 698:Multimale 649:gastropoda 604:Tisa River 594:, and the 572:Azerbaijan 466:plasticity 372:R. arvalis 349:Antarctica 333:vocal sacs 304:omnivorous 275:a form of 258:antifreeze 240:native to 35:Moor frog 3283:R. zhengi 3127:R. graeca 3071:R. boylii 3064:R. blairi 2944:0269-7491 2816:1608-3105 2774:251598749 2766:1995-0837 2719:254457977 2662:1432-136X 2605:2076-2615 2545:1432-136X 2506:225326482 2498:0008-4301 2444:0030-1299 2397:253976911 2381:1432-1939 2343:Oecologia 2250::211-221. 2223:0030-1299 2158:1432-136X 2101:1432-136X 2027:Evolution 1984:Evolution 1825:189826247 1693:: 37–43. 1404:Evolution 1106:peat bogs 1057:. 1048:The 2009 981:polymeric 875:protonate 845:fecundity 765:September 761:hibernate 657:myriapoda 653:arachnida 637:hemiptera 608:Maramureș 546:found in 528:rewilding 517:gene flow 501:chaparral 442:altitudes 409:River in 277:polyandry 270:multimale 238:amphibian 225:moor frog 166:Species: 104:Kingdom: 98:Eukaryota 3536:11163268 3403:BioLib: 3348:Wikidata 3255:R. uenoi 3225:R. tagoi 3099:R. dunni 2952:15091943 2832:33603605 2824:22134813 2678:22480589 2670:18815794 2623:35625132 2561:22480589 2553:18815794 2389:25983113 2299:18831176 2176:35857071 2119:35857071 2055:20964432 2047:22380445 2012:42580879 2004:12683531 1946:24203120 1868:85373859 1765:26 March 1665:21049015 1625:PLOS ONE 1434:23917769 1426:11327154 1120:littoral 1066:nematode 1062:helminth 1017:Glycogen 985:glycogen 976:maltitol 964:Glycerol 930:adducted 829:cortisol 775:Breeding 753:amplexus 700:amplexus 540:Pliocene 509:bushland 458:littoral 454:riparian 357:Americas 339:Taxonomy 273:amplexus 144:Family: 128:Amphibia 118:Chordata 114:Phylum: 108:Animalia 94:Domain: 71:IUCN 3.1 3637:4805475 3510:2426789 3183:R. onca 2924:Bibcode 2746:Bibcode 2614:9137551 2583:Animals 2452:3565339 2424:Bibcode 2351:Bibcode 2279:Bibcode 2271:Ecology 2231:3565339 2203:Bibcode 2167:9388420 2110:9388420 1954:5050232 1926:Bibcode 1903:1310132 1848:Bibcode 1805:Bibcode 1656:2964304 1633:Bibcode 1235:. 2007. 995:ethanol 991:Lactate 972:maltose 968:Mannose 952:glucose 934:Karasuk 879:glycans 866:glycans 809:embryos 738:Ecology 645:diptera 633:beetles 584:Romania 530:plans. 491:, open 431:Balkans 423:Finland 411:Siberia 403:Belgium 395:Eurasia 345:Ranidae 266:fitness 262:Eurasia 250:thawing 197:Nilsson 154:Genus: 148:Ranidae 134:Order: 124:Class: 69: ( 3634:uBio: 3614:448372 3588:156871 3549:665263 3484:177900 3458:RANSAR 3445:333000 3419:599914 3354:Q44324 2984:Portal 2950: 2942: 2830: 2822: 2814: 2772: 2764: 2717: 2676: 2668: 2660: 2621: 2611: 2603: 2559: 2551: 2543: 2504: 2496: 2450: 2442: 2395: 2387: 2379: 2297: 2229: 2221: 2174: 2164: 2156: 2117: 2107: 2099: 2053: 2045: 2010: 2002: 1952: 1944: 1901: 1866: 1823: 1663: 1653: 1432: 1424: 1178:21 May 1111:Liming 983:form, 974:, and 813:larvae 675:Mating 655:, and 643:, and 497:glades 493:forest 489:steppe 487:, dry 473:tundra 399:France 284:spawns 242:Europe 199:, 1842 3627:15385 3562:58548 3531:IRMNG 3523:25488 3466:EUNIS 3432:4RDHG 2998:Frogs 2850:(PDF) 2828:S2CID 2770:S2CID 2715:S2CID 2674:S2CID 2557:S2CID 2502:S2CID 2448:JSTOR 2416:Oikos 2393:S2CID 2227:JSTOR 2195:Oikos 2051:S2CID 2008:S2CID 1950:S2CID 1899:JSTOR 1864:S2CID 1821:S2CID 1591:(PDF) 1566:(PDF) 1516:(PDF) 1430:S2CID 1351:(PDF) 1329:(PDF) 1211:(PDF) 1070:cysts 769:plain 505:swamp 477:taiga 300:Rana, 256:i.e. 138:Anura 3583:NCBI 3557:IUCN 3544:ITIS 3505:GBIF 3453:EPPO 3414:BOLD 3383:4983 3037:Rana 2948:PMID 2940:ISSN 2820:PMID 2812:ISSN 2762:ISSN 2666:PMID 2658:ISSN 2619:PMID 2601:ISSN 2549:PMID 2541:ISSN 2494:ISSN 2440:ISSN 2385:PMID 2377:ISSN 2295:PMID 2219:ISSN 2172:PMID 2154:ISSN 2115:PMID 2097:ISSN 2043:PMID 2000:PMID 1942:PMID 1767:2009 1661:PMID 1422:PMID 1180:2023 1163:2009 1064:and 1039:IUCN 993:and 919:The 811:and 792:eggs 623:Diet 570:and 542:and 407:Lena 353:Rana 323:). 296:IUCN 246:Asia 244:and 223:The 159:Rana 3622:TSA 3601:446 3570:NBN 3471:777 3440:EoL 3427:CoL 3406:331 3391:ASW 2932:doi 2804:doi 2800:440 2754:doi 2705:doi 2650:doi 2646:179 2609:PMC 2591:doi 2533:doi 2529:179 2486:doi 2432:doi 2367:hdl 2359:doi 2347:179 2287:doi 2211:doi 2162:PMC 2146:doi 2142:192 2105:PMC 2089:doi 2085:192 2035:doi 1992:doi 1934:doi 1891:doi 1856:doi 1813:doi 1737:doi 1733:276 1695:doi 1651:PMC 1641:doi 1412:doi 1294:doi 1167:doi 1060:12 881:to 526:'s 456:or 433:in 421:in 378:. 302:is 279:. 3656:: 3624:: 3611:: 3598:: 3585:: 3572:: 3559:: 3546:: 3533:: 3520:: 3507:: 3494:: 3481:: 3468:: 3455:: 3442:: 3429:: 3416:: 3393:: 3380:: 3365:: 3350:: 2946:. 2938:. 2930:. 2920:78 2914:. 2896:^ 2886:. 2862:^ 2852:. 2826:. 2818:. 2810:. 2798:. 2794:. 2782:^ 2768:. 2760:. 2752:. 2742:15 2740:. 2736:. 2713:. 2701:89 2699:. 2695:. 2672:. 2664:. 2656:. 2644:. 2640:. 2617:. 2607:. 2599:. 2587:12 2585:. 2581:. 2569:^ 2555:. 2547:. 2539:. 2527:. 2523:. 2500:. 2492:. 2482:98 2480:. 2476:. 2460:^ 2446:. 2438:. 2430:. 2420:56 2418:. 2414:. 2391:. 2383:. 2375:. 2365:. 2357:. 2345:. 2341:. 2307:^ 2293:. 2285:. 2275:89 2273:. 2269:. 2255:^ 2248:12 2225:. 2217:. 2209:. 2199:56 2197:. 2193:. 2170:. 2160:. 2152:. 2140:. 2136:. 2113:. 2103:. 2095:. 2083:. 2079:. 2063:^ 2049:. 2041:. 2031:66 2029:. 2006:. 1998:. 1988:57 1986:. 1948:. 1940:. 1932:. 1920:. 1897:. 1887:35 1885:. 1862:. 1854:. 1844:55 1842:. 1819:. 1811:. 1801:30 1799:. 1758:. 1731:. 1727:. 1709:^ 1691:30 1689:. 1685:. 1673:^ 1659:. 1649:. 1639:. 1627:. 1623:. 1607:^ 1597:. 1593:. 1578:^ 1568:. 1546:. 1528:^ 1518:. 1499:^ 1482:. 1450:. 1428:. 1420:. 1408:55 1406:. 1402:. 1353:. 1331:. 1306:^ 1264:. 1231:. 1213:. 1188:^ 1161:. 1155:. 1134:^ 1100:, 970:, 574:. 499:, 495:, 483:, 479:, 468:. 437:. 359:. 335:. 3027:e 3020:t 3013:v 2986:: 2954:. 2934:: 2926:: 2856:. 2834:. 2806:: 2776:. 2756:: 2748:: 2721:. 2707:: 2680:. 2652:: 2625:. 2593:: 2563:. 2535:: 2508:. 2488:: 2454:. 2434:: 2426:: 2399:. 2369:: 2361:: 2353:: 2301:. 2289:: 2281:: 2233:. 2213:: 2205:: 2178:. 2148:: 2121:. 2091:: 2057:. 2037:: 2014:. 1994:: 1956:. 1936:: 1928:: 1922:2 1905:. 1893:: 1870:. 1858:: 1850:: 1827:. 1815:: 1807:: 1784:. 1769:. 1739:: 1697:: 1667:. 1643:: 1635:: 1629:5 1599:1 1493:. 1468:. 1454:. 1436:. 1414:: 1357:. 1300:. 1296:: 1275:. 1217:. 1182:. 1169:: 1153:" 1149:" 319:( 227:( 73:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index