1155:, a work of semi-official historiography, this Iranian patriotic tendency shows itself only here and there, and then in a disguised form. In his letters Rashid al-Din is more outspoken. There he speaks sharply about the Turks (i. e. the Mongols) as tyrants and oppressors of the Iranian ra'iyyats. Rashid al-Din's dislike for the Turks was also due to the fact that under the last Ilkhans the Mongol-Turkish tribal aristocracy was the main bearer of the centrifugal tendency and a wilful element not always obedient to the central authority in the person of the Ilkhan. In a letter Rashid al-Din calls the Turkish (= Mongol) amirs "pure swindlers and accomplices of the devil".
542:
tablets were placed in sealed bags to be kept by reliable persons, and if anyone wanted a copy of the book, he paid the charges fixed by the government. The tablets were then taken out of the bags and imposed on leaves of paper to obtain the printed sheets as desired. In this way, alterations could not be made and documents could be faithfully transmitted. Under this system he had copies made, lent them to friends, and urged them to transcribe them and return the originals. He had Arabic translations made of those works he composed in
Persian, and Persian translations of works composed in Arabic. When the translations had been prepared, he deposited them in the
212:
649:
497:
201:
337:
675:. Then, in 1314, Öljaitü died and power passed to his son, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, who sided with Ali-Shah. In 1318, Rashid al-Din was charged with having poisoned Öljaitü and was executed on July 13, at the age of seventy. His Jewish ancestry was referenced numerous times in the court. His head was carried around the city after the execution and people were chanting: "This is the head of the Jew who abused God's name, may God's curse be upon him."
721:
508:
1401:
745:
733:
448:. This was the product of the geographical extension of the Mongol Empire and is most clearly reflected in this work by Rashid al-Din. The text describes the different peoples with whom the Mongols came into contact and is one of the first attempts to transcend a single cultural perspective and to treat history on a universal scale. The
541:
hen any book was desired, a copy was made by a skillful calligrapher on tablets and carefully corrected by proof-readers whose names were inscribed on the back of the tablets. The letters were then cut out by expert engravers, and all pages of the books consecutively numbered. When completed, the
390:
have survived and are of great importance for the study of the
Ilkhanate. Volume I "contains the history of the Turkish and Mongol tribes, including their tribal legends, genealogies, myths and the history of the Mongol conquests from the time of
530:. Anyone who wished was given access to his works and encouraged to copy them. In order to facilitate this, he set aside a fund to pay for the annual transcription of two complete manuscripts of his works, one in Arabic and one in Persian.
1451:
333:, where a large team of calligraphers and illustrators were employed to produce lavishly illustrated books. These books could also be copied, while preserving accuracy, using a printing process imported from China.
395:
to the end of the reign of Ghazan Khan", while volume II describes "the history of all the peoples with whom the
Mongols had fought or with whom they had exchanged embassies". In his narration down to the reign of
1444:
1437:
533:
The printing process used at the workshop has been described by Rashid al-Din, and bears very strong resemblance to the processes used in the large printing ventures in China under
668:
378:
survive in lavishly illustrated manuscripts, believed to have been produced during Rashid's lifetime and perhaps under his direct supervision at the Rab'-e
Rashidi workshop.
418:"Golden Book". His treatment of the Ilkhanid period seems to be biased, as he was a high official, yet it is still seen as the most valuable written source for the dynasty.
672:
184:
Historian Morris
Rossabi calls Rashid al-Din "arguably the most distinguished figure in Persia during Mongolian rule". He was a prolific author and established the
526:("The Collected Works of Rashid"), complete with maps and illustrations. He even had some of his shorter works, on medicine and government, translated into
2611:
586:, the work has generally been considered a collective effort, partly carried out by research assistants." Kashani may have been one of those assistants.
2854:
2778:
762:
832:
1725:
2864:
307:, a Mongol nobleman who was the emissary of the Great Khan to the Ilkhanid court. Bolad provided him with much background about the Mongols.
2702:
1918:
2596:
1504:
1708:
1645:
992:
Morton, A. H. (1999). "The
Letters of Rashid al-Din: Ilkhanid fact or Timurid fiction?". In Amitai-Preiss, R.; Morgan, D. O. (eds.).
569:(d. 1324), who wrote the most important extant contemporary source on Öljaitü, maintained that he himself was the true author of the
2874:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2601:
1650:
2849:
2402:
698:
Rashid al-din was an
Iranian patriot and also an admirer of the Iranian state traditions. The name of "Iran" is mentioned in his
2839:
1429:
17:
682:, with its scriptorium and its precious copies, were turned over to the Mongol soldiery. A century later, during the reign of
1314:
1077:
1411:
2653:
1928:
2160:
2793:
2504:
1148:
Equally, the state of the
Ilkhans was to Rashid al-Din not a Mongol ulus, but "the state of Iran" (Mamalik-i Irãn) (...)
2524:
1908:
2904:
2889:
1383:
1352:
1333:
1276:
1257:
1193:
1001:
884:
872:
500:
2909:
2884:
2266:
1622:
1293:
269:
1172:
875:(contains a complete set of the folios from Khalili collection, with discussion of the work as a whole); B. Gray,
2844:
2540:
1145:) he invariably speaks as an ardent Sunni Muslim and Iranian patriot, an admirer of the Iranian state traditions.
428:
may be its documentation of the cultural mixing and ensuing dynamism that led to the greatness of the subsequent
404:
was Rashid al-Din's main source; however, he also utilized numerous now-lost Far
Eastern and other sources. The
2225:
2145:
1701:
1405:
816:
471:, which is a generally consistent description with many details on Europe's political organization, the use of
1141:
Although Rashid al-Din was of a family of Jewish origin nevertheless in his correspondence (as well as in the
2215:
1837:
573:, "for which Rashid al-Din had stolen not only the credit but also the very considerable financial rewards."
2879:
2463:
2155:
2150:
2003:
1363:
2392:
907:
2640:
2478:
1245:
352:
283:
264:
and physician under the
Ilkhans Ghazan and Öljaitü before falling to court intrigues during the reign of
166:
2545:
2869:
2859:
2688:
2473:
2422:
711:
2397:
2316:
1998:
1694:
1579:
757:
265:
2757:
2417:
2281:
2246:
2079:
2039:
1968:
1943:
1755:
1094:
690:, Rashid al-Din's bones were exhumed from the Muslim cemetery and reburied in the Jewish cemetery.
605:
170:, now considered the most important single source for the history of the Ilkhanate period and the
2674:
2620:
2576:
2458:
2321:
2044:
1973:
1459:
965:
578:
408:
is perhaps the single most comprehensive Persian source on the Mongol period. For the period of
2752:
2326:
2271:
2170:
2064:
2034:
1938:
807:
616:
period. One scholar who has attempted to defend the letters' authenticity is Abolala Soudovar.
207:(center) at the coronation of his son Ögedei, illustration by Rashid al-Din, early 14th century
1067:
463:(1305/1306), possibly based on information from Europeans working under the Ilkhanids such as
421:
The third volume is either lost or was never completed; its topic was "historical geography".
2899:
2736:
2726:
2627:
2448:
2054:
1887:
374:, of monumental size. Several sections have not survived or been discovered. Portions of the
1978:
2819:
2814:
2519:
2443:
2276:
2220:
1862:
1745:
1597:
566:
452:
attempted to provide a history of the whole world of that era, though many parts are lost.
217:
8:
2894:
2788:
2709:
2646:
2550:
2341:
2286:
2230:
2129:
2008:
1872:
1574:
1548:
292:"Compendium of Chronicles" was commissioned by Ghazan and initially was a history of the
960:
211:
2634:
2560:
2251:
1953:
1933:
1882:
1801:
1775:
1770:
1460:
1282:
1232:
1130:
344:
2336:
2311:
2165:
1780:
1607:
1379:
1348:
1329:
1310:
1272:
1253:
1224:
1189:
1073:
997:
945:
880:
877:
The 'World history' of Rashid al-Din: A study of the Royal Asiatic Society manuscript
868:
812:
401:
356:
326:
185:
1286:
522:
Rashid al-Din also collected all of his compositions into a single volume, entitled
2783:
2453:
2387:
2331:
2069:
1993:
1923:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1717:
1371:
1216:
1026:
737:
582:, "While there is little reason to doubt Rashid al-Din’s overall authorship of the
527:
230:
126:
2499:
1420:
1121:
PETRUSHEVSKY, I. P. (1 January 1970). "RASH͟ĪD AL-DĪN'S CONCEPTION OF THE STATE".
865:
A compendium of chronicles : Rashid al-Din’s illustrated history of the world
2509:
2124:
1913:
1877:
1740:
1494:
1098:
625:
613:
485:
468:
2514:
2494:
2205:
2114:
2109:
2089:
2059:
2018:
1892:
1543:
1302:
937:
781:
749:
464:
441:
429:
1484:
1375:
397:
296:
and their dynasty, but gradually expanded to include the entire history since
2808:
2681:
2377:
2372:
2296:
2261:
2084:
1988:
1464:
1228:
1063:
653:
648:
351:. Hulagu conquered Muslim Syria, in collaboration with Christian forces from
171:
2190:
2427:
2301:
2119:
1832:
1637:
1535:
1489:
811:. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 145–148.
433:
414:
409:
392:
348:
249:
204:
178:
496:
244:
Rashid was trained as a physician and started service under Hulagu's son,
2660:
2362:
2306:
1958:
1765:
1617:
725:
473:
445:
340:
323:
234:
226:
200:
1569:
1134:
1030:
1017:
Soudovar, Abolala (2003). "In defense of Rašid-od-din and his Letters".
2731:
2555:
2468:
2367:
2357:
2291:
2256:
2210:
2195:
2094:
1983:
1948:
1827:
1665:
1525:
1236:
687:
437:
336:
253:
245:
238:
233:. His grandfather had been a courtier to the founder of the Ilkhanate,
702:, and he showed dislike for Mongols (whom they referred to as Turks).
444:, many aspects of which were transmitted to Europe and influenced the
2667:
2407:
2185:
2104:
2099:
2049:
1963:
1867:
1842:
1822:
1796:
1760:
1750:
1589:
612:, Alexander Morton has shown them to be a forgery, probably from the
142:
50:
1220:
589:
Some also contended that it was a translation of a Mongol original.
2762:
2382:
2200:
2180:
2175:
2074:
1817:
1686:
1660:
534:
478:
1204:
314:
was completed between 1307 and 1316, during the reign of Öljaitü.
2695:
1655:
1509:
1499:
1364:"The Letters of Rashīd al-Dīn: Ilkhānid Fact or Timurid Fiction?"
360:
293:
268:, whose ministers had him killed at the age of seventy. His son,
153:
46:
507:
221:
of Rashid al-Din, BnF. MS. Supplément Persan 1113. 1430-1434 AD.
1627:
1514:
1479:
1412:
The Mongol siege of Mosul from a manuscript of Rashid Al-Din's
1400:
834:
Genghis Khan: World Conqueror? (Introduction by Morris Rossabi)
788:. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed 11 April 2007.
657:
543:
511:
481:
330:
261:
257:
189:
161:
157:
65:
1269:
The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion
491:
241:
at the court. He converted to Islam around the age of thirty.
2013:
1675:
1670:
1561:
1045:
683:
661:
304:
149:
628:
by him apparently in his native dialect: a hemistich called
156:
by the age of 30 in 1277, Rashid al-Din became the powerful
1602:
297:
1553:
632:(1976, I, p. 290), a quatrain with the appellation
554:
1425:
in digitised book form from the University of Edinburgh
1345:
Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature
317:
600:
Scholars are in dispute about whether Rashid al-Din's
484:
and regnal chronologies derived from the chronicle of
709:
177:
After being charged with poisoning the Ilkhanid king
174:. He retained his position as a vizier until 1316.
1301:Lane, George E. (2012). "The Mongols in Iran". In
863:The large literature on these includes: S. Blair,
763:List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars
693:
1250:Encyclopedia of historians and historical writing
424:The most important historiographic legacy of the
381:
2806:
1173:"Iranian identity iii. Medieval Islamic period"
948:. Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 306–307.
141:) was a statesman, historian, and physician in
1252:. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 982–983.
643:
1702:
1445:
164:. He was commissioned by Ghazan to write the
1919:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
1120:
905:
805:Morgan, D.O. (1994). "Rāshid Al-Dīn Tabīb".
592:
1309:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432.
492:Book transmission: printing and translation
27:Persian physician and historian (1247–1318)
1709:
1695:
1452:
1438:
1205:"Rashīd al-Dīn: The First World Historian"
1100:Jews Under Muslim Rule: The Case of Persia
956:
954:
2855:Medieval Iranian people of Jewish descent
2703:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
1347:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 1–784.
1271:. Yale University Press. pp. 1–448.
1188:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 1–320.
1342:
1323:
1177:Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. XIII, Fasc. 5
1016:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
647:
563:has been questioned on several grounds.
506:
495:
367:The work was at the time of completion,
335:
210:
199:
2403:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
1266:
1093:
951:
906:Lunde, Paul; Mazzawi, Rosalind (1981).
887:. See the article on the work for more
322:The work was executed at the elaborate
14:
2807:
1361:
1307:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
1243:
1183:
1170:
1043:
991:
804:
272:, briefly served as vizier after him.
225:Rashid al-Din was born in 1247 into a
1690:
1461:High-ranking ministers and commanders
1433:
1202:
1062:
890:
800:
798:
796:
794:
555:Authorship and plagiarism accusations
2865:Medieval Jewish physicians of Persia
2654:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
1716:
1300:
1103:. Institute of Contemporary History.
671:fell from power and was replaced by
604:are a forgery or not. According to
412:, his sources included the now lost
318:Calligraphy workshop: Rab' i-Rashidi
275:
237:, and Rashid al-Din's father was an
2505:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
1044:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
996:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 155–199.
138:
130:
24:
1046:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
791:
775:
133:; 1247–1318; also known as
25:
2921:
1929:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
1393:
1326:Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan
944:. v.5, "Paper and Printing", ed.
942:Science and Civilisation in China
678:His property was confiscated and
2267:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
1423:Illustrated History of the World
1399:
1368:The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy
994:The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy
854:Hackett Publishing , 2009 p.121.
743:
731:
719:
619:
135:Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlullāh Hamadānī
2875:13th-century Iranian physicians
2835:13th-century Iranian historians
2830:14th-century Iranian historians
2825:14th-century Iranian physicians
2541:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
2525:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
1114:
1108:
1087:
1056:
1037:
1010:
985:
971:
694:National and political thoughts
636:, and another hemistich titled
77:Historian, Physician, Statesman
2850:Converts to Islam from Judaism
2146:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
1072:. Princeton University Press.
931:
922:
857:
844:
840:. www.blackwellpublishing.com.
825:
382:Historiographical significance
13:
1:
2840:Historians from the Ilkhanate
2216:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi
1838:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
852:Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule,
768:
514:on his horse. Rashid al-Din,
368:
2464:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
2252:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
2156:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
2151:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar
2004:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
1909:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
981:(2nd ed.). p. 183.
363:. From Rashid al-Din's work.
195:
7:
2641:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
2226:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili
1203:Boyle, John Andrew (1971).
705:
644:Loss of influence and death
524:Jami' al-Tasanif al-Rashidi
181:, he was executed in 1318.
10:
2926:
2689:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya
2474:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
2423:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi
1343:Melville, Charles (2012).
1246:"Rashid al-Din, Fazlallah"
1164:
673:Taj-al-Din Ali-Shah Jilani
669:Sa'd-al-Din Mohammad Avaji
455:One of the volumes of the
281:
2771:
2745:
2719:
2610:
2589:
2569:
2533:
2487:
2436:
2398:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
2393:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
2350:
2317:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
2239:
2161:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
2138:
2027:
1999:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
1901:
1810:
1789:
1733:
1724:
1636:
1588:
1534:
1472:
1421:Rashid al-din Hamadani's
1376:10.1163/9789004492738_013
1328:. Brill. pp. 1–678.
758:List of Muslim historians
300:to Rashid al-Din's time.
252:of the Ilkhanid court at
139:رشیدالدین فضلالله همدانی
116:
106:
98:
90:
85:
81:
73:
58:
39:
32:
2905:Viziers of the Ilkhanate
2890:Executed prime ministers
2758:Ancient Iranian medicine
2546:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri
2418:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
2282:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi
2247:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
2070:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
1969:Al-Tamimi, the physician
1756:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
1324:Komaroff, Linda (2012).
908:"A History of the World"
459:deals with an extensive
386:Volumes I and II of the
248:. He rose to become the
2910:Jews from the Ilkhanate
2885:Executed Iranian people
2710:Lives of the Physicians
2675:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
2621:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
2577:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
2459:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
2322:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
2045:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
1974:Eutychius of Alexandria
1949:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
1623:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
1267:Jackson, Peter (2017).
1184:Babaie, Sussan (2019).
1123:Central Asiatic Journal
786:Encyclopædia Britannica
667:In 1312, his colleague
303:Rashid was assisted by
270:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
215:Mongol soldiers in the
188:academic foundation in
2845:Historians of Mongolia
2753:Ancient Greek medicine
2413:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
2327:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2171:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
2065:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
2035:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
1939:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari
1613:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
1362:Morton, A. H. (2001).
1186:Iran After the Mongols
1171:Ashraf, Ahmad (2006).
808:Encyclopaedia of Islam
664:
640:("Fahlavi language").
559:The authorship of the
552:
519:
504:
364:
266:Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
222:
208:
34:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
18:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
2737:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
2628:The Canon of Medicine
2449:Burhan-ud-din Kermani
2055:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal
2040:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
1944:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
1888:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
1294:registration required
1244:Bregel, Yuri (1999).
651:
539:
510:
503:pursuing their enemy.
499:
461:History of the Franks
339:
214:
203:
2520:Sultan Ali Khorasani
2221:Serapion the Younger
1863:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
1746:Al-Harith ibn Kalada
1598:Shams al-Din Juvayni
1408:at Wikimedia Commons
1287:10.3366/j.ctt1n2tvq0
966:Encyclopædia Iranica
579:Encyclopædia Iranica
567:Abu al-Qasim Kashani
148:Having converted to
2880:People from Hamadan
2789:Medical Renaissance
2647:The Book of Healing
2551:Qurayshi al-Shirazi
2342:Zakariya al-Qazwini
2231:Zayn al-Din Gorgani
1873:Salmawaih ibn Bunan
1179:. pp. 507–522.
1031:10.2143/SI.32.1.262
928:Jackson, p.329–330.
123:Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb
2727:Al-'Adudi Hospital
2635:Tacuinum Sanitatis
2561:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
2080:Badi' al-Asturlabi
1979:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath
1954:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
1934:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
1883:Yahya ibn Sarafyun
1776:Rufaida Al-Aslamia
1771:Nafi ibn al-Harith
961:"Jāmeʿ al-Tawāriḵ"
912:Saudi Aramco World
665:
593:Authorship of his
520:
505:
365:
223:
209:
2870:13th-century Jews
2860:Iranian inventors
2802:
2801:
2794:Medieval medicine
2585:
2584:
2444:Abu Sa'id al-Afif
2277:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
2166:Ahmad ibn Farrokh
1781:Zaynab al-Awadiya
1684:
1683:
1467:and its divisions
1414:Jami' Al-Tawarikh
1404:Media related to
1316:978-0-19-987575-7
1153:Jami' al-tawarikh
1143:Jami' al-tawarikh
1079:978-1-4008-2029-0
1069:The Jews of Islam
1050:iranicaonline.org
946:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
700:Jami' al-tawarikh
584:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
571:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
561:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
516:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
457:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
426:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
406:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
402:Ata-Malik Juvayni
388:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
376:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
345:Eastern Christian
290:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
284:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
277:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
218:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
167:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
120:
119:
111:Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh
102:History, Medicine
16:(Redirected from
2917:
2784:Learned medicine
2779:Ibn Sina Academy
2479:Şerafeddin Kadir
2454:Husayni Isfahani
2388:Mansur ibn Ilyas
2332:Rashidun al-Suri
2211:Moshe ben Maimon
1994:Ibrahim ibn Baks
1924:Abu Bakr al-Razi
1858:Jabir ibn Hayyan
1853:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
1848:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
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68:, Ilkhanate Iran
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2287:Ibn Abi Usaibia
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2125:Jonah ibn Janah
2023:
1914:Aayon Ibn Aayon
1897:
1878:Shapur ibn Sahl
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546:library of the
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417:
416:
411:
407:
403:
400:(1251–1259),
399:
394:
389:
379:
377:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
332:
328:
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315:
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228:
220:
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193:
191:
187:
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180:
175:
173:
172:Mongol Empire
169:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
136:
128:
124:
115:
112:
109:
107:Notable works
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:Academic work
84:
80:
76:
74:Occupation(s)
72:
67:
61:
57:
52:
48:
42:
38:
31:
19:
2900:Turkologists
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2570:18th century
2534:17th century
2488:16th century
2437:15th century
2428:Zayn-e-Attar
2412:
2351:14th century
2302:Ibn al-Nafis
2240:13th century
2139:12th century
2120:Ibn al-Wafid
2028:11th century
1902:10th century
1833:Ali al-Ridha
1638:Golden Horde
1612:
1575:Bayan Merkid
1549:Bayan Baarin
1536:Yuan dynasty
1490:Shigi Qutuqu
1473:Early empire
1422:
1413:
1367:
1344:
1325:
1306:
1268:
1249:
1212:
1208:
1185:
1176:
1152:
1142:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1099:
1089:
1068:
1058:
1049:
1039:
1022:
1018:
1012:
993:
987:
978:
973:
964:
941:
933:
924:
915:
911:
876:
864:
859:
851:
846:
833:
827:
806:
785:
777:
699:
697:
679:
677:
666:
637:
633:
629:
623:
609:
606:David Morgan
601:
599:
594:
588:
583:
577:
575:
570:
565:
560:
558:
547:
540:
532:
523:
521:
515:
474:mappae mundi
472:
460:
456:
454:
449:
434:Safavid Iran
425:
423:
420:
415:Altan Debter
413:
410:Genghis Khan
405:
393:Genghis Khan
387:
385:
375:
366:
349:Doquz Khatun
321:
311:
309:
302:
289:
287:
276:
250:Grand Vizier
243:
229:family from
224:
216:
205:Genghis Khan
183:
176:
165:
147:
134:
122:
121:
110:
2820:1318 deaths
2815:1247 births
2661:De Gradibus
2307:Ibn al-Quff
1811:9th century
1790:8th century
1766:Masarjawaih
1734:7th century
1618:Demasq Kaja
1566:Dawlat Shah
1485:Yelü Chucai
1370:: 155–199.
979:The Mongols
610:The Mongols
537:(932–953):
488:(d. 1278).
446:Renaissance
398:Möngke Khan
372: 1307
341:Hulagu Khan
324:scriptorium
235:Hulagu Khan
137:, Persian:
2895:Mongolists
2809:Categories
2772:Influenced
2746:Influences
2732:Bimarestan
2602:Psychology
2556:Tunakabuni
2469:Nurbakhshi
2368:Ibn Shuayb
2358:Al-Nagawri
2292:Ibn Tumlus
2272:As-Suwaydi
2257:Al-Dakhwar
2196:Ibn Tufayl
2191:Ibn Jumay‘
2095:Ibn Butlan
1984:Ibn Juljul
1959:Al-Kaŝkarī
1828:Albubather
1726:Physicians
1666:Nogai Khan
1526:Arghun Aqa
1025:: 77–122.
818:9004098348
769:References
688:Miran Shah
626:fahlavīyāt
312:Compendium
254:Soltaniyeh
246:Abaqa Khan
239:apothecary
160:of Ilkhan
2668:Al-Tasrif
2408:Nakhshabi
2186:Ibn Habal
2105:Ibn Jazla
2100:Ibn Hindu
2050:Al-Biruni
1964:Al-Natili
1868:Masawaiyh
1843:Bukhtishu
1823:Al-Ruhawi
1797:Bukhtishu
1761:Ibn Uthal
1751:Bukhtishu
1590:Ilkhanate
1505:Masud Beg
1229:0578-6967
1215:: 19–26.
1105:, page 3.
1084:, p. 101.
738:Biography
343:with his
196:Biography
143:Ilkhanate
51:Ilkhanate
2763:Ayurveda
2590:Concepts
2383:Jaghmini
2363:Aqsara'i
2201:Ibn Zuhr
2181:Averroes
2176:Avempace
2130:Masawaih
2075:Avicenna
2009:Muvaffak
1818:Al-Kindi
1661:Boroldai
1570:El Temür
1135:41926869
1097:(1979).
1066:(2014).
706:See also
535:Feng Dao
482:mariners
2720:Centers
2696:Al-Hawi
1656:Negudar
1646:Kuremsa
1580:Toqto'a
1522:Bulghai
1510:Chinqai
1500:Subutai
1463:of the
1305:(ed.).
1237:4300435
1165:Sources
1151:In the
750:History
712:Portals
686:'s son
656:ruler,
614:Timurid
602:Letters
595:Letters
528:Chinese
479:Italian
467:or the
430:Timurid
361:Antioch
357:Georgia
294:Mongols
256:, near
179:Öljaitü
154:Judaism
127:Persian
47:Hamadan
1651:Nevruy
1628:Chupan
1558:Sengga
1515:Khadag
1480:Muqali
1382:
1351:
1332:
1313:
1285:
1275:
1256:
1235:
1227:
1192:
1133:
1076:
1000:
883:
871:
815:
658:Ghazan
654:Mongol
544:mosque
512:Ghazan
440:, and
359:, and
347:wife,
331:Qazvin
262:vizier
258:Qazvin
190:Tabriz
162:Ghazan
158:vizier
145:Iran.
66:Tabriz
2612:Works
2014:Qumri
1676:Edigu
1671:Mamai
1562:Bolad
1283:JSTOR
1233:JSTOR
1131:JSTOR
838:(PDF)
684:Timur
662:Quran
450:Jāmiʿ
438:Qajar
305:Bolad
152:from
150:Islam
1603:Buqa
1519:Bala
1380:ISBN
1349:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1225:ISSN
1209:Iran
1190:ISBN
1074:ISBN
998:ISBN
918:(1).
881:ISBN
869:ISBN
813:ISBN
726:Iran
652:The
310:The
298:Adam
288:The
62:1318
59:Died
53:Iran
43:1247
40:Born
1554:Aju
1372:doi
1217:doi
1027:doi
963:at
608:in
477:by
329:at
91:Era
2811::
1378:.
1366:.
1281:.
1248:.
1231:.
1223:.
1211:.
1207:.
1175:.
1127:14
1125:.
1048:.
1023:32
1021:.
953:^
940:,
916:32
914:.
910:.
892:^
793:^
784:.
436:,
432:,
369:c.
355:,
192:.
129::
49:,
1710:e
1703:t
1696:v
1453:e
1446:t
1439:v
1388:.
1374::
1357:.
1338:.
1319:.
1296:)
1292:(
1289:.
1262:.
1239:.
1219::
1213:9
1198:.
1137:.
1082:.
1052:.
1033:.
1029::
1006:.
821:.
714::
550:.
518:.
125:(
20:)
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