733:, was a notable early example. It was begun in 1245, built atop the foundations of an earlier Romanesque church which some deviations from the usual Rayonnant arrangement of arcades, which were separated by bundled columns. The three-part elevation were large windows with lancets and roses along the aisles, more windows above on the narrow Triforium, and dramatic high windows with four lancets surmounted by quadrille windows, filling the church with light. One special aspect of the cathedral was its color; the reddish-grey stone in different shades became part of the decoration. The western façade was built in 1277. Its fine rose window of more than 13 metres diameter is divided into sixteen "soufflets", or elongated heart-shaped forms. Stone of similar colour as on Strasbourg Cathedral was used for many important medieval churches in the
367:
1566:
1226:
421:
1451:
1703:
1581:
623:
1363:
798:
287:
383:
1524:
880:
433:
1394:
1121:
706:
973:
355:
484:
690:
1000:
830:
782:
1241:
468:
303:
1257:
544:
1467:
1347:
1509:
1015:
658:
1109:
988:
1718:
1094:
1410:
1378:
936:
895:
814:
532:
1493:
1320:, was to use double-pitched roofs over the aisles, with hidden gutters to drain off the rainwater. This meant the outer wall of the triforioum passage could now be glazed, and the inner wall reduced to slender bar tracery. Architects also began to emphasise the linkage between triforium and clerestory by extending the central mullions from the windows of the latter in a continuous moulding running from the top of the windows down through the blind tracery of the triforium to the string course at the top of the arcading.
1219:, was to use double-pitched roofs over the aisles, with hidden gutters to drain off the rainwater. This meant the outer wall of the triforioum passage could now be glazed, and the inner wall reduced to slender bar tracery. Architects also began to emphasise the linkage between triforium and clerestory by extending the central mullions from the windows of the latter in a continuous moulding running from the top of the windows down through the blind tracery of the triforium to the string course at the top of the arcading.
23:
1596:
1082:
1070:
642:
674:
1611:
1054:
2640:
927:
51:. French architects turned their attention from building cathedral of greater size and height towards bringing greater light into the cathedral interiors and adding more extensive decoration. The architects made the vertical columns and supports thinner, made extensive use of pinnacles and moldings. They combined the triforium gallery and the clerestory into single space and filled it with stained glass. They made extensive use of moldings and
2664:
850:
2652:
1684:
1193:
with much larger openings. The tribune, no longer needed for support, disappeared entirely. The intermediate triforium nearly disappeared, or was itself filled with windows. Most impressive was the change to the top level, the clerestory, supported by longer buttresses; the upper walls were filled with larger and larger windows, until the walls at that level nearly disappeared.
273:, which had been the most influential initial building of Gothic style, developed problems of stability in the early 13th century. Therefore, the upper parts of the choir as well as the nave and the transepts were rebuilt beginning in 1231, opening up a greater amount of interior space (though altering beyond recognition some of the original Gothic features created by
1043:, begun in 1290 or 1310, has many Gothic but also some Romanesque elements. It is notable for its elaborate two-dimensional decorative patterns on its façade and interiors. Its open trusses emphasize the difference from transalpine Gothic. Both interiors are dominated by polychrome marble. The facade of the bell tower 1334–1358) of
1544:
three-dimensional, standing out in their own niches across the facade. They had individual facial characteristics, natural gestures and postures, and finely-sculpted costumes. The other decorative sculpture, such as the leaves and plants that decorated the capitals of columns, also became more realistic.
1156:
In the layout of stained glass windows, combinations of coloured subjects and uncoloured areas made the presentations more impressive and interiors brighter. The
Rayonnant period coincided with the development of the band window, in which a central strip of richly coloured stained glass is positioned
1033:
In most of the Gothic architecture of Italy, transalpine forms are applied very selectively. So was the adaption of
Rayonnant architecture. Some of the few examples are abbey churches whose orders were active in France and other parts of Europe. But also cathedrals have to be mentioned. The façade of
410:
The first rose window of Notre-Dame was built on the west facade in the 1220s. In the Middle Ages, the rose was the symbol of the Virgin Mary, to whom the cathedral was dedicated. The west window was smaller, with thick spokes of stone. The larger transept windows were added in about 1250 (north) and
1276:
Light, and therefore the window, was a central feature of
Rayonnant architecture; Rayonnant windows were larger, more numerous, and more ornate than in earlier styles. They also frequently had clear or grisaille glass, brightening up the interior. The shadows and darkness of early Gothic cathedrals,
175:. Its choir was built from 1248 to 1322, the decoration accomplished and partly remodeled until 1360. After an interruption from 1528 to 1832, the Cathedral was completed in 1880. The footplan with all foundations is medieval, but many details of the western parts are creations of the 19th century.
92:. Its choir was built from 1248 to 1322, the decoration accomplished and partly remodeled until 1360. After an interruption from 1528 to 1832, the Cathedral was completed in 1880. The footplan with all foundations is medieval, but many details of the western parts are creations of the 19th century.
1192:
on the top, just below the vaults, which usually had small windows. This changed dramatically in the
Rayonnant period. Thanks to the more efficient flying buttress and quadripartite rib vaults, the walls could be higher and thinner, with more space for windows. The arcade became higher and higher,
406:
also received a major makeover into the new style. Between 1220 and 1230, flying buttresses were constructed to replace the old wall buttresses, and to support the walls of upper level. Thirty-seven new windows were installed, each one six meters high, each with a double-arched window topped by a
1300:
in which the stone ribs separating the glass panels are made of narrow carved mouldings, with rounded inner and outer profiles. The elaborate designs of the spokes of the rose windows, radiating outward, gave the name to the
Rayonnant style. Bar-tracery probably made its first appearance in the
1323:
In
England, the Rayonnant or Decorated period was characterised by windows of great width and height, divided by mullions into subdivisions, and further elaborated with tracery. Early characteristics were a trefoil or quadrifoil design. Later windows often used an S-shaped curve, called an
1543:
Sculpture was an important feature of the decoration of the facades of cathedrals, a practice dating back to the
Romanesque period. Stone figures of saints and the Holy family were featured on the facade and tympanum. In the Rayonnant period, the sculptures became more naturalistic and
864:. They invited specialists from France, and particularly even from Germany, who made Spain participate in the actual developments north of the Pyrenees. This way, Rayonnant appeared in Spain. But each Spanish cathedral had its own very distinctive style that was difficult to classify.
277:). The walls were rebuilt with much larger windows, which opened up the upper elevation from the main arcades to the apexes of the vaults. The apse, once dark, was filled with light. In this campaign, the first triforia with windows were built. This was the onset of Rayonnant Gothic.
330:, at the same time. Its builder, Bishop Evrard de Fouilly, set out to build the largest cathedral in France; one-hundred forty-five meters long, and seventy meters wide, with a surface area of 7700 square meters. The vaults are 42.5 meters high. The nave was completed by 1235.
333:
After the necessary enlargement of the area enclosed by the city wall, in 1236, began the construction of transept and choir, which was completed between 1241 and 1269. Here, the innovations were applied, that had been initiated in the relaunch of Saint-Denis abbey church.
456:
had an even more ambitious program, financed with the assistance of Louis IX between 1236 and 1279. Its most striking
Rayonnant feature was the fusion of the windows of the triforium and high clerestory windows to create a curtain of stained glass, similar to that of
420:
260:
was the brother-in-law of Louis, visited Paris, and had
Westminster Abbey modified after 1245 following the new style. He also attended the dedication of Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, and had the east end of St. Paul's Cathedral remodelled in 1258 to resemble it.
1038:
was planned in the
Rayonnant style, in 1284, though modified in later years. The façade is covered by fine sculpture. The interior was remodeled and vaulted in 1260 and therefore resembles northern Gothic – except of the round arcades and travers arches.
1136:
The distinguishing features of Rayonnant architecture included the greatly increased amount of light in the interior, due to the enlargement of the arcades and especially the increase in the number and size of windows. In distinction from the dark
1157:
between upper and lower bands of clear or frosted glass, which allowed even more light to flood in, and a comparable increase in the amount of ornament, both on the inside and the exterior. This was often achieved by very elaborate designs in the
1280:
Intermediate levels of the walls, such as the Triforium, were given windows. At the high level of the clerestory, rows of lancet windows appeared, often topped with tri-lobed or four-part windows and a type of miniature rose windows, called an
592:
saw the addition of several important Rayonnant features; the vaulted ceiling of the chapter house (1220); and the Dean's Eye rose window (1237); the Galilee Porch and the Angel Choir (1256–1280). Other notable Rayonnant examples include
366:
2091:, 33rd eddition (2016), Prestel Verlag, ISBN 978-3-7913-4997-8, p. 170. On the same page, for France the French criteria for Classic Gothic are applied for "Hochgotik", which pretends an immense delay of German Gothic architecture.
1316:. Although it made the interior darker, it was a necessary feature to accommodate the sloping lean-to roofs over the side aisles and chapels. The Rayonnant solution to this, as employed to brilliant effect in the 1230s nave of the
1215:. Although it made the interior darker, it was a necessary feature to accommodate the sloping lean-to roofs over the side aisles and chapels. The Rayonnant solution to this, as employed to brilliant effect in the 1230s nave of the
248:, or Saint Louis, from 1226 to 1270. During his reign, France was the wealthiest and most powerful nation in Europe. Louis was devoutly religious and was a major patron of the Catholic Church and arts. The University of Paris, or
1485:
The tracery within windows inspired another form of Rayonnant decoration; the use of blind tracery, or meshes of thin ribs that could be used to cover blank walls in decorative designs, matching the designs within the windows.
1749:
and the various other misfortunes experienced by Europe during the 14th century, relatively little large-scale construction occurred and certain elements of the Rayonnant style remained in vogue well into the next century.
411:
1260 (south), with much more ornate designs and thinner mullions, or ribs, between the glass. The north window was devoted to the events of the Old Testament, and the South to the teachings of Christ and the New Testament.
1450:
1646:, which gave greater height to everything from doorways to buttress. These elements usually also had a practical purpose; they were often added to external structures, such as buttresses, to give them additional weight.
1744:
Gothic was gradual, marked primarily by a shift towards new tracery patterns based on S-shaped curves (these curves resemble flickering flames, from which the new style got its name). However, amidst the chaos of the
1296:, or ornamental designs, within windows. Early Gothic windows often used plate-tracery (in which the window openings look as if they have been punched out of a flat stone plate. This was replaced by the more delicate
1183:
In early Gothic cathedrals, the walls of the nave were about equally divided between the arcades on the ground floor, the Tribune, an arcaded passage above, which buttressed the nave; above that the narrow arcaded
1466:
1240:
1225:
1145:, Rayonnant triforia are lit by windows. This became possible by covering the aisles with roofs with own ridges, instead of lean-to roofs. Nevertheless, there was some roll back of this development, see
1565:
1444:
separating the pieces of glass, and those glass pieces supported by lead ribs, windows became stronger and larger, able to resist strong winds. Rayonnant rose windows reached a diameter of ten meters.
186:, where French Rayonnant tracery was often incorporated into more traditional English features, such as colonettes and vault ribs. Notable examples of Rayonnant in England include the Angel Choir of
256:, which he built to house his extensive collection of relics of the Saints, is considered one of the major landmarks of Rayonnant Gothic. He also had an important influence on English Gothic; King
522:
at the edge of Paris. The glass was heavily coloured, the walls were brightly painted, and the portions of the walls not covered with glass were densely covered with sculpted and painted tracery.
1256:
616:(1300–38). This was monochrome painting in large windows onto the glass, usually grey or white, which allowed more light to enter, and was usually surrounded by smaller panels of stained glass.
99:
At first French Rayonnant tracery was incorporated into more traditional English features, such as colonettes and vault ribs. Notable examples of Rayonnant in England include the Angel Choir of
605:. In these structures, the French tracery and decoration was often mixed with typical English decorative features, including colonettes, and added very decorative ribs to the ceiling vaults.
1702:
382:
1523:
1508:
510:
that he had brought back from the Crusades, consecrated in 1248, is considered the summit of the Rayonnant style. It served as a model of several similar chapels around Europe, in
345:
in 1992 revealed traces of paint, indicating that it was entirely painted in bright colors. The original appearance is simulated today on special occasions with coloured lights.
452:
in Normandy, the Bishop Geoffrey de Loudon modified the plans to add double flying arches and high windows divided into lancets, as well as a circle of new Rayonnant chapels.
168:; the reduction of the importance of the transept; and larger openings on the ground floor to establish greater communication between the central vessel and the side aisles.
286:
622:
1580:
1492:
467:
153:, as defined by French scholars. Related to the English division of Continental Gothic into three phases (Early, High, Late Gothic), it is the second and larger part of
577:
was the brother-in-law of Louis IX of France, and he had attended the consecration of Sainte-Chapelle in Paris in 1248. In 1245 he had begun reconstructing portions of
483:
1362:
1595:
781:
1432:
was among the most distinctive elements of the Rayonnant. The transepts of Notre-Dame de Paris were rebuilt to make a place for two enormous rose windows, made by
764:. Work began in 1248 and the choir was consecrated in 1322, but work stopped in the 14th century and was not resumed until the 19th, and not finished until 1880.
1393:
797:
1346:
657:
585:, based upon the model of Sainte Chapelle. Unlike the French Rayonnant, the English version at Westminster was more heavily decorated with carved stonework.
1610:
705:
426:
Rayonnant rose window of the north transept (1250s), Primary or Early Gothic tribune windows (before 1190), one Classic or High Gothic clerestory (c. 1200)
559:
An English version of the Rayonnant style began to appear in England in the middle of the 13th century. Later scholars gave the English version the term "
354:
829:
1440:, and paid for by King Louis IX. Similar great roses were added to the nave of the Basilica of Saint-Denis and Amiens Cathedral. With the use of stone
879:
1312:
of an Early or High Gothic cathedral was a dark horizontal band, usually housing a narrow passageway, that separated the top of the arcade from the
1277:
with their small windows and deep, rich colors such as Chartres blue, was replaced by a brightly lit space with a full spectrum of coloured light.
1555:(1310) was extremely fine, and was part of a combination of bronze and marble figures, mosaics, and polychrome reliefs. It was a forecast of the
689:
1717:
972:
2331:
567:
style, lasted (about 1245 or 50 until 1315 or 1360), where ornament tended to be based on straight lines, cubes and circles, followed by the
432:
1308:
A notable architectural innovation that emerged as part of the Rayonnant style in France was the use of glazed triforia. Traditionally, the
1196:
The final architectural innovation that emerged as part of the Rayonnant style in France was the use of glazed triforia. Traditionally, the
1120:
767:
The Central European examples of Rayonnant demonstrate the bias between French and German phasings; in German literature, they are called
2037:
1683:
999:
1634:
One distinctive element of Rayonnant was the use of carved stone decorative elements on the exterior and interior. These included the
563:". English Historians sometimes subdivide this style into two periods, based on the predominant motifs of the designs. The first, the
1377:
870:, begun in 1226 and continued in Gothic style until 1493 ,shows more preference of large windows than most other churches in Spain.
2524:
448:
Rayonnant spread quickly from the Ile de France to other parts of France Normandy, in many projects already under construction. At
987:
2700:
813:
641:
252:, was founded under his rule, as a school of theology. The major Rayonnant cathedrals had his patronage, and his royal chapel,
1014:
302:
2565:
2560:
2240:
2204:
2185:
1409:
2656:
2608:
2410:
2613:
2518:
2259:
1328:, giving a flame-like design that heralded the Flamboyant style. Notable examples include the windows in the cloister of
1108:
1093:
673:
1053:
543:
894:
581:. After his visit to Paris, he began adding Rayonnant elements. He also ordered the reconstruction of the east end of
2324:
2278:
950:
1298 to 1448 (without the facade, which was added as late as after 1882, and the central tower, added 1906–1911) and
2618:
2483:
2400:
1081:
2514:
2457:
2415:
2177:
1779:
1475:, north rose window (1250s), typically Rayonnant: the glass area exceeds the round shape of the rose structure.
1211:
was a dark horizontal band, usually housing a narrow passageway, that separated the top of the arcade from the
1020:
1005:
951:
2695:
2690:
2644:
2393:
2317:
1936:
1774:
1208:
519:
2588:
2555:
2420:
2383:
2366:
2300:
1353:
725:
The Rayonnant style gradually spread to the east from Paris and was adapted to local styles. The nave of
2668:
1951:
1069:
946:, begun in 1292, has triforia without windows. In Barcelona, two large churches were built, parallelly,
2371:
1764:
183:
150:
48:
2141:
2063:
1888:
1856:
531:
2705:
2463:
2361:
293:
209:
After the mid-14th century, Rayonnant was gradually replaced by the more ornate and highly decorated
1317:
1216:
1966:
122:
After the mid-14th century, Rayonnant was gradually replaced by the even more lavishly decorative
1690:
582:
342:
270:
2715:
2603:
2376:
1635:
2033:
2572:
1912:
1282:
1250:, Classic Gothic: dark triforium, windows partly without tracery, partly with proto-tracery.
2598:
1572:
1416:
804:
788:
726:
574:
257:
2663:
954:, 1324 to 1384. Besides some elaborate tracery in Santa Maria del Mar, both have dominant
8:
2388:
2340:
1769:
1759:
1472:
1437:
947:
403:
249:
147:
82:
40:
1807:"Encylclopaedia Britannica" on-line, ""Rayonnant" (by subscription) retrieved April 2024
1798:"Encylclopaedia Britannica" on-line, ""Rayonnant" (by subscription) retrieved April 2024
1285:. This was made possible at Notre-Dame by the construction of taller and longer kind of
571:
style (from about 1290 or 1315 until 1350 or 1360) which used gracefully curving lines.
1941:, presentation of Beauvais Cathedral – with a didactic timetable of French architecture
1247:
1044:
407:
rose. (Twenty-five are still in place, twelve in the nave and thirteen in the choir.).
245:
78:
236:
and Ferdinand de Lasteyrie) to classify Gothic styles on the basis of window tracery.
2550:
2545:
2405:
2356:
2274:
2255:
2236:
2224:
2200:
2181:
1746:
1728:
1617:
1548:
1514:
1457:
1333:
1329:
1263:
1150:
1146:
1099:
1040:
820:
761:
734:
730:
648:
632:
598:
589:
578:
507:
490:
449:
203:
199:
187:
172:
116:
112:
100:
89:
2136:
2058:
1883:
1851:
935:
906:
2710:
2540:
2435:
2430:
1499:
978:
943:
910:
886:
867:
853:
836:
750:
680:
594:
560:
319:
226:
191:
104:
96:
70:
1047:
is decorated with elaborate patterns in the marble, resembling Rayonnant tracery.
22:
2171:
1621:
1602:
1587:
1552:
1433:
1369:
1302:
1286:
1231:
1060:
1035:
959:
742:
738:
664:
602:
503:
474:
458:
453:
327:
253:
195:
179:
142:
108:
74:
66:. The design of the windows gave the name Rayonnant ("Radiant"} to the style.
27:
2425:
2157:
1694:
1205:
1165:
screens on the exterior to cover the facades and elements like the buttresses.
1142:
389:
373:
323:
233:
43:
which appeared in France in the 13th century. It was the defining style of the
2684:
2467:
1400:
1384:
1266:, Rayonnant: Above the arcades almost all is large windows with fine tracery.
746:
2453:
1601:
Detail of column capital sculpture, showing a farmer hitting a fruit thief
1517:, Angel Choir, 2nd half of C 13, blind tracery below a dark triforium
1337:
1201:
1158:
712:
696:
613:
232:
The term was first used by the 19th-century French art historians (notably
222:
88:
Rayonnant cathedrals soon appeared outside of France. One of the first was
59:
322:
had begun in 1220 with its western parts, in the more advanced version of
2498:
2478:
1556:
1547:
The sculptural decoration of Italian Gothic churches, such as the facade
1429:
861:
860:
In Spain, the Christian states of the north expanded with the success of
768:
754:
588:
The style was soon used in other cathedrals and churches across England.
161:
154:
63:
52:
44:
612:
was more widely used in English cathedrals, such as the nave windows of
2473:
2221:
English Church Architecture of the Middle Ages - an Elementary Handbook
2161:
1741:
1313:
1212:
1189:
963:
926:
914:
338:
210:
165:
123:
2309:
2488:
2223:(1922), T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd., London (1922) (Full text available on
1661:
which are used at regular intervals to decorate the sloping edges of
1309:
1289:
that made a double leap to support the higher sections of the walls.
1197:
1185:
1138:
955:
905:
Another important example of Rayonnant are the nave and transepts of
609:
58:
The most prominent features of the Rayonnant style were the enormous
2163:
Paris and the Origins of Rayonnant Gothic Architecture down to 1240
1991:
1989:
1987:
1234:, Primary Gothic: tribune, blind triforium, windows without tracery.
849:
62:
installed in the transepts and facades, made possible by the use of
2593:
1825:"Encylclopaedia Britannica" on-line, ""Rayonnant" (by subscription)
1816:"Encylclopaedia Britannica" on-line, ""Rayonnant" (by subscription)
1724:
1670:
1639:
1441:
1188:
which was a passageway which further reinforced the walls; and the
95:
The style also soon appeared in England, where it took the name of
85:(1250-1270, and the church of Sainte-Urbaine in Troyes (1262).
2173:
French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
1460:"Dean's Eye" rose window (c. 1225), in French terms Classic Gothic
2625:
2165:; The Art Bulletin, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Mar., 1962), pp. 39-51; JSTOR
1984:
1708:
1674:
1650:
1530:
1293:
1169:
1162:
1711:
on the spire of the church of Notre-Dame de Vitré, Brussels (35)
372:
Southern transept of Amiens Cathedral: To the right the nave of
2304:
1666:
1658:
1643:
628:
511:
1662:
274:
2290:, Christopher Wilson, London, 1990, especially p. 120ff
264:
221:
The term "Rayonnant" comes from the radiating spokes of the
171:
The most prominent Rayonnant building outside France may be
1654:
1325:
515:
506:, the chapel constructed by Louis IX for the relics of the
337:
The western rose window was renewed in the 16th century in
2094:
597:(begun before 1280); in the Choir of Saint Augustine at
2118:
1502:, after 1236, pierced tracery and high relief sculpture
473:
Combination of the triforium and clerestory windows of
160:
Other features of Rayonnant include development of the
392:, before 1235; Flamboyant rose window of 15th century
198:(begun before 1280), the choir of Saint Augustine at
111:(begun before 1280), the choir of Saint Augustine at
2216:, Paul Frankl (revised by Paul Crossley), Yale, 2000
2106:
2069:
2001:
1168:
On the walls, the use of gables, pinnacles and open
47:
period, and is often described as the high point of
1571:Naturalistic figures of Saints over west portal of
1533:, blind tracery instead of lit triforia, about 1300
229:in England, used many ideas from French Rayonnant.
69:The first major church built in the new style was
225:of the major cathedrals. The largely contemporary
2269:Trintignac, Andrei; Coloni, Marie-Jeanne (1984).
281:Basilica of Saint-Denis, rebuilding begun in 1231
2682:
2268:
1995:
1149:(younger but with dark triforia) in relation to
958:character and little Rayonnant elements. (Note:
753:, nave (1220–1230) and spire (finished in 1330)
360:Rayonnant choir, begun in 1236, mainly 1241–1258
194:(begun before 1280). The striking retrochoir of
107:(begun before 1280). The striking retrochoir of
292:Rayonnant windows of clerestory and triforium,
2250:Renault, Christophe; Lazé, Christophe (2006).
2021:English Church Architecture of the Middle Ages
1653:, in the form of a stylized carving of curled
909:, begun 1255. Other examples in Spain include
745:(Late Romanesque, 1130–1181) and the minsters
2325:
1740:The transition (in France) from Rayonnant to
966:, begun in 1882 and still not accomplished.)
913:, though it was much modified in the time of
554:
81:(1248); the new north and south transepts of
2252:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
2249:
2100:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1292:There was also a fundamental change in the
741:(various Romanesque and Gothic phases) and
146:) style is the third of the four phases of
55:to decorate the exteriors and interiors.
2332:
2318:
663:View through retrochoir to Lady Chapel of
498:
265:Basilica of Saint-Denis rebuilding (1231)
244:The style originated during the reign of
2525:Gothic secular and domestic architecture
1954:L'art gothique à la conquête de l'Europe
1894:
848:
21:
2339:
1336:(1256), and the nave and west front of
2683:
2233:Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques
2230:
2194:
2124:
2112:
2075:
2007:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1785:
1629:
749:(Late Romanesque and Late Gothic) and
608:In the 14th century, the technique of
397:
239:
16:Architectural style of Medieval France
2313:
993:The spacious nave of Girona Cathedral
737:. Famous examples are the cathedrals
141:
2651:
2235:(in French). Éditions Ouest-France.
2169:
1616:Adam and Eve Sculpture on facade of
1087:Siena Cathedral, apse and clerestory
526:Sainte-Chapelle, consecrated in 1248
443:
73:(1220-1271). Later examples include
2519:List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe
2040:from the original on 4 October 2018
1959:
1862:
1828:
1586:Sculpture and tracery on facade of
601:; and in the unusual retrochoir of
313:
13:
1305:and quickly spread across Europe.
1131:
326:, similar to the eastern parts of
164:; more windows in the upper-level
14:
2727:
2294:
720:
376:, to the left the Rayonnant choir
2662:
2650:
2639:
2638:
1716:
1701:
1682:
1609:
1594:
1579:
1564:
1522:
1507:
1491:
1480:
1465:
1449:
1408:
1392:
1376:
1361:
1345:
1255:
1239:
1224:
1126:Orvieto Cathedral, traverse view
1119:
1107:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1052:
1013:
998:
986:
971:
934:
925:
893:
878:
856:, Rayonnant with later additions
828:
812:
796:
780:
704:
688:
672:
656:
640:
621:
542:
530:
482:
466:
431:
419:
381:
365:
353:
301:
285:
2151:
2130:
2081:
2052:
2026:
2013:
1423:
874:Toledo Cathedral, begun in 1226
787:West façade and rose window of
20:Rayonnant style (13th century)
2515:Gothic cathedrals and churches
2458:List of Brick Gothic buildings
2271:Decouvrir Notre-Dame der Paris
2178:University of California Press
2034:"Timeline - Lincoln Cathedral"
1945:
1930:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1780:Gothic cathedrals and churches
1332:(1245–69), the Angel Choir of
900:Ambulatory of Toledo Cathedral
760:Another important example was
206:are other important examples.
182:, the style quickly spread to
119:are other important examples.
1:
2701:Gothic architecture in France
1973:(in French) (online ed.)
1919:(in French) (online ed.)
1735:
1178:
921:León Cathedral, begun in 1255
711:Grisaille in nave windows of
1996:Trintignac & Coloni 1984
1775:List of architectural styles
1649:These elements included the
1538:
1352:The glazed triforium of the
520:Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes
489:Triforium and Clerestory of
341:style. A close study of the
39:was a very refined style of
7:
2589:Building a Gothic cathedral
2556:Gothic Revival architecture
1753:
1354:Abbey Church of Saint Denis
1114:Orvieto Cathedral, westward
77:, the royal chapel of King
10:
2732:
2197:Caractéristique des Styles
1765:French Gothic architecture
1723:Buttresses decorated with
1271:
555:Decorated Style in England
129:
49:French Gothic architecture
2634:
2581:
2533:
2507:
2464:Early Gothic architecture
2446:
2347:
2199:(in French). Flammarion.
1559:that was about to begin.
1498:Lateral choir screens of
1075:Siena Cathedral, westward
2301:Rayonnant Gothic gallery
2273:. Les Editions du Cerf.
2231:Mignon, Olivier (2015).
1937:Dominique Vermand, site
1318:Abbey Church of St Denis
1217:Abbey Church of St Denis
1028:
844:
2254:(in French). Gisserot.
2195:Ducher, Robert (2014).
2142:Encyclopædia Britannica
2101:Renault & Lazé 2006
2064:Encyclopædia Britannica
1889:Encyclopædia Britannica
1857:Encyclopædia Britannica
1399:Window of Lady Chapel,
1383:Geometric bar tracery,
1368:The "Golden Window" of
271:Basilica of Saint-Denis
216:
2604:Medieval stained glass
1301:clerestory windows at
857:
499:Sainte-Chapelle (1248)
438:North transept outside
31:
2573:High Victorian Gothic
1971:Encyclopédie Larousse
1917:Encyclopédie Larousse
962:is a work of Catalan
852:
695:Great West window of
308:Rayonnant rose window
139:French pronunciation:
25:
2599:International Gothic
2288:The Gothic Cathedral
1573:Strasbourg Cathedral
1417:Strasbourg Cathedral
805:Strasbourg Cathedral
789:Strasbourg Cathedral
727:Strasbourg Cathedral
631:vaulting of nave of
583:St. Paul's Cathedral
575:Henry III of England
318:The construction of
258:Henry III of England
30:, Paris (about 1250)
2696:Church architecture
2691:Gothic architecture
2341:Gothic architecture
2219:Smith, A. Freeman,
2214:Gothic Architecture
2170:Bony, Jean (1983).
2019:Smith, A. Freeman,
1786:Notes and citations
1770:French architecture
1760:Gothic architecture
1630:Decorative elements
1473:Notre-Dame de Paris
1438:Pierre de Montreuil
1021:Santa Maria del Mar
1006:Santa Maria del Mar
952:Santa Maria del Mar
647:The Angel Choir of
415:Notre Dame de Paris
404:Notre-Dame de Paris
398:Notre-Dame de Paris
240:Rayonnant in France
148:Gothic architecture
83:Notre Dame de Paris
41:Gothic Architecture
33:
1415:Emperor Window of
1248:Chartres Cathedral
1161:and the lace-like
1045:Florence Cathedral
858:
839:, finished in 1330
493:(mid-13th century)
246:Louis IX of France
79:Louis IX of France
32:
19:
2678:
2677:
2551:Dissenting Gothic
2546:Collegiate Gothic
2242:978-2-7373-6535-5
2225:Project Gutenberg
2206:978-2-0813-4383-2
2187:978-0-520-02831-9
2023:(1922), pp. 45–47
1939:Églises de l'Oise
1747:Hundred Years War
1729:Cologne Cathedral
1618:Orvieto Cathedral
1549:Orvieto Cathedral
1515:Lincoln Cathedral
1458:Lincoln Cathedral
1334:Lincoln Cathedral
1330:Westminster Abbey
1264:Cologne Cathedral
1151:Cologne Cathedral
1147:Utrecht Cathedral
1100:Orvieto Cathedral
1041:Orvieto Cathedral
835:Western tower of
821:Cologne Cathedral
762:Cologne Cathedral
735:Upper Rhine Plain
731:Holy Roman Empire
649:Lincoln Cathedral
633:Bristol Cathedral
599:Bristol Cathedral
590:Lincoln Cathedral
579:Westminster Abbey
508:Passion of Christ
491:Le Mans Cathedral
450:Le Mans Cathedral
444:Le Mans and Tours
402:The Cathedral of
204:Westminster Abbey
200:Bristol Cathedral
188:Lincoln Cathedral
173:Cologne Cathedral
143:[ʁɛjɔnɑ̃]
117:Westminster Abbey
113:Bristol Cathedral
101:Lincoln Cathedral
90:Cologne Cathedral
34:
2723:
2706:History of glass
2666:
2654:
2653:
2642:
2641:
2582:Related articles
2541:Carpenter Gothic
2334:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2284:
2265:
2246:
2210:
2191:
2145:
2134:
2128:
2127:, p. 52-56.
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1998:, p. 34-41.
1993:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1963:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1909:
1892:
1881:
1860:
1849:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1720:
1705:
1686:
1613:
1598:
1583:
1568:
1526:
1511:
1500:Amiens Cathedral
1495:
1469:
1453:
1412:
1396:
1380:
1365:
1349:
1259:
1243:
1228:
1123:
1111:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1059:Upper facade of
1056:
1017:
1002:
990:
979:Girona Cathedral
975:
944:Gerona Cathedral
938:
929:
911:Burgos cathedral
897:
887:Toledo Cathedral
882:
868:Toledo Cathedral
854:Toledo Cathedral
837:Freiburg Minster
832:
816:
800:
784:
708:
692:
681:Exeter Cathedral
676:
660:
644:
625:
595:Exeter Cathedral
561:Decorated Period
549:sculpture Detail
546:
534:
486:
470:
435:
423:
385:
369:
357:
349:Amiens Cathedral
320:Amiens Cathedral
314:Amiens Cathedral
305:
289:
192:Exeter Cathedral
145:
140:
105:Exeter Cathedral
97:Decorated Gothic
71:Amiens Cathedral
18:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2630:
2577:
2529:
2503:
2442:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2297:
2281:
2262:
2261:9-782877-474658
2243:
2207:
2188:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:Wilfried Koch,
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1946:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1895:
1882:
1863:
1852:Rayonnant Style
1850:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1756:
1738:
1731:
1721:
1712:
1706:
1697:
1693:illustrated by
1687:
1632:
1625:
1622:Lorenzo Maitani
1614:
1605:
1603:Wells Cathedral
1599:
1590:
1588:Rouen Cathedral
1584:
1575:
1569:
1553:Lorenzo Maitani
1541:
1534:
1529:Broederenkerk,
1527:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1496:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1456:Plate tracery,
1454:
1434:Jean de Chelles
1426:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1381:
1372:
1370:Wells Cathedral
1366:
1357:
1350:
1303:Reims Cathedral
1287:flying buttress
1274:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1232:Noyon Cathedral
1229:
1181:
1175:
1134:
1132:Characteristics
1127:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1102:, begun in 1310
1097:
1088:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1064:
1061:Siena Cathedral
1057:
1036:Siena Cathedral
1031:
1024:
1018:
1009:
1003:
994:
991:
982:
981:, begun in 1292
976:
960:Sagrada Familia
939:
930:
901:
898:
889:
883:
847:
840:
833:
824:
823:, begun in 1248
817:
808:
807:, begun in 1245
801:
792:
791:, begun in 1277
785:
723:
716:
709:
700:
693:
684:
677:
668:
665:Wells Cathedral
661:
652:
645:
636:
626:
603:Wells Cathedral
557:
550:
547:
538:
535:
504:Sainte-Chapelle
501:
494:
487:
478:
475:Tours Cathedral
471:
459:Sainte-Chapelle
454:Tours Cathedral
446:
439:
436:
427:
424:
400:
393:
386:
377:
370:
361:
358:
328:Reims Cathedral
316:
309:
306:
297:
290:
267:
254:Sainte-Chapelle
242:
227:Decorated style
219:
196:Wells Cathedral
180:Medieval France
138:
132:
109:Wells Cathedral
75:Sainte-Chapelle
28:Sainte-Chapelle
26:Upper level of
17:
12:
11:
5:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2534:Gothic Revival
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
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2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2296:
2295:External links
2293:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2266:
2260:
2247:
2241:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2192:
2186:
2167:
2158:Robert Branner
2153:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2080:
2068:
2051:
2025:
2012:
2000:
1983:
1958:
1944:
1929:
1893:
1861:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1787:
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1737:
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1733:
1732:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1695:Viollet-le-Duc
1688:
1681:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1624:, (begun 1310)
1615:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1551:, designed by
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1344:
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1270:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1206:Classic Gothic
1202:Primary Gothic
1180:
1177:
1143:Classic Gothic
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1089:
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997:
995:
992:
985:
983:
977:
970:
941:
940:
933:
931:
924:
922:
907:León Cathedral
903:
902:
899:
892:
890:
885:Elevations of
884:
877:
875:
846:
843:
842:
841:
834:
827:
825:
818:
811:
809:
802:
795:
793:
786:
779:
729:, then in the
722:
721:Central Europe
719:
718:
717:
710:
703:
701:
694:
687:
685:
678:
671:
669:
662:
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556:
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548:
541:
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445:
442:
441:
440:
437:
430:
428:
425:
418:
416:
399:
396:
395:
394:
390:Classic Gothic
387:
380:
378:
374:Classic Gothic
371:
364:
362:
359:
352:
350:
324:Classic Gothic
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
300:
298:
291:
284:
282:
266:
263:
241:
238:
234:Henri Focillon
218:
215:
190:, and that of
131:
128:
103:, and that of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2728:
2717:
2716:Stained glass
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
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2552:
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2538:
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2532:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:Romano-Gothic
2465:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Low Countries
2404:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
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2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
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2352:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2280:2-204-02087-7
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2115:, p. 46.
2114:
2109:
2103:, p. 36.
2102:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2078:, p. 40.
2077:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2059:stained glass
2055:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2010:, p. 32.
2009:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1918:
1914:
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1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
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1689:13th century
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1481:Blind tracery
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1401:Ely Cathedral
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1385:Ely Cathedral
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1340:(1260–1320).
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948:the cathedral
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29:
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2454:Brick Gothic
2287:
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2196:
2172:
2162:
2152:Bibliography
2140:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2089:Baustilkunde
2088:
2083:
2071:
2062:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2028:
2020:
2015:
2003:
1975:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1953:
1952:L'Histoire,
1947:
1938:
1932:
1921:. Retrieved
1916:
1887:
1855:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1739:
1648:
1633:
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1542:
1484:
1427:
1424:Rose windows
1338:York Minster
1322:
1307:
1297:
1291:
1279:
1275:
1195:
1182:
1174:
1167:
1159:rose windows
1155:
1135:
1032:
942:
904:
866:
859:
772:
766:
759:
724:
713:York Minster
697:York Minster
683:(after 1258)
614:York Minster
607:
587:
573:
568:
564:
558:
502:
447:
409:
401:
336:
332:
317:
294:Early Gothic
268:
243:
231:
223:rose windows
220:
208:
177:
170:
159:
134:
133:
121:
94:
87:
68:
60:rose windows
57:
36:
35:
2499:Sondergotik
2479:High Gothic
2125:Ducher 2014
2113:Ducher 2014
2076:Mignon 2015
2008:Mignon 2015
1557:Renaissance
1430:rose window
1403:(1321–1351)
1387:(1321–1351)
1298:bar-tracery
1172:increased.
1063:, 1215–1264
862:Reconquista
773:Hochgotisch
769:High Gothic
755:High Gothic
751:of Freiburg
679:Tracery of
667:(1329–1345)
651:(1256–1280)
635:(1298–1382)
569:Curvilinear
537:Upper level
477:(1236–1279)
162:rose window
155:High Gothic
64:bar tracery
53:bar tracery
45:High Gothic
2685:Categories
2484:Isabelline
2474:Flamboyant
2348:By country
1977:2020-09-06
1967:"Louis IX"
1923:2020-09-06
1913:"Gothique"
1884:Gothic art
1742:Flamboyant
1736:Transition
1657:, buds or
1642:, and the
1428:The great
1314:clerestory
1213:clerestory
1190:clerestory
1179:Elevations
1023:, eastward
1008:, westward
964:Modernisme
956:Catalonian
915:Flamboyant
339:Flamboyant
211:Flamboyant
166:clerestory
124:Flamboyant
2494:Rayonnant
2489:Manueline
2426:Catalonia
2401:Lithuania
2350:or region
2044:4 October
1725:pinnacles
1671:pinnacles
1539:Sculpture
1310:triforium
1262:Choir of
1246:Choir of
1198:triforium
1186:Triforium
819:Choir of
715:(1330–38)
699:(1338–39)
610:grisaille
565:Geometric
151:in France
135:Rayonnant
37:Rayonnant
2645:Category
2594:Gargoyle
2447:By style
2436:Valencia
2416:Portugal
2377:Southern
2038:Archived
1754:See also
1709:Crockets
1675:wimpergs
1640:pinnacle
1442:mullions
1209:basilica
1139:triforia
917:Gothic.
803:Nave of
747:of Basel
743:of Worms
739:of Mainz
388:Nave of
343:tympanum
250:Sorbonne
2711:Windows
2657:Commons
2626:Tracery
2619:Swedish
2609:English
2431:Levante
2367:England
2362:Czechia
2357:Belarus
2139:at the
2137:Crocket
2061:at the
1886:at the
1854:at the
1691:Fleuron
1667:finials
1659:flowers
1651:crocket
1636:fleuron
1531:Zutphen
1356:(1230s)
1294:tracery
1272:Windows
1170:tracery
1163:tracery
213:style.
184:England
130:Periods
126:style.
2669:Voyage
2614:French
2566:Poland
2561:Canada
2508:By use
2411:Poland
2394:Venice
2372:France
2305:Flickr
2277:
2258:
2239:
2203:
2184:
1673:, and
1663:spires
1655:leaves
1644:finial
1638:, the
1283:oculus
629:Lierne
518:, and
512:Aachen
202:, and
115:, and
2421:Spain
2389:Milan
2384:Italy
1200:of a
1029:Italy
845:Spain
771:(GE:
296:below
275:Suger
178:From
2275:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2201:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2046:2018
1436:and
1326:ogee
516:Riom
269:The
217:Name
2303:in
1620:by
1204:or
1141:of
775:).
2687::
2180:.
2176:.
2160:,
2036:.
1986:^
1969:.
1915:.
1896:^
1864:^
1830:^
1727:,
1677:.
1669:,
1665:,
1153:.
757:.
514:,
461:.
157:.
2521:)
2517:(
2470:)
2466:(
2460:)
2456:(
2333:e
2326:t
2319:v
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2264:.
2245:.
2227:)
2209:.
2190:.
2048:.
1980:.
1926:.
137:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
