3052:
3850:
4203:
3112:
1718:
3975:
4376:
4694:
2982:
3790:
3163:
4083:
3372:
3910:
4326:
5740:
5735:
5569:
5544:
4260:
4139:
3427:
4488:
5102:
5088:
169:
4911:
4430:
4542:
3688:
4808:
3231:
4592:
8433:
8365:
3295:
4754:
5629:
183:
2823:
8671:
4935:
493:
4644:
4923:
8637:
5014:
1664:
8620:
8569:
2857:, set many precedents that continue today and established the chancellorship as the clear focus of power in Germany. Under the provisions of the Basic Law giving him the power to set guidelines for all fields of policy, Adenauer arrogated nearly all major decisions to himself. He often treated his ministers as mere extensions of his authority rather than colleagues. While his successors have tended to be less domineering, the chancellor has acquired enough
8756:
8382:
8739:
8705:
8484:
8845:
8828:
8809:
8552:
8399:
8328:
8722:
8467:
8450:
8348:
8603:
8416:
5778:
8535:
43:
8654:
8518:
3515:
5000:
1650:
8790:
8688:
160:
8501:
8586:
4027:
8773:
5481:
3702:(Article 69.1 Basic Law). The vice chancellor may deputise for the chancellor, if they are absent or unable to perform their duties. Although the chancellor is theoretically free to choose any cabinet minister, in coalition governments the leadership of the second biggest coalition party usually designates one of their ministers for the position, whom the chancellor appoints accordingly.
2783:) with broad powers to initiate government policy. For that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a "chancellor democracy". Even though the office of chancellor is often considered the most powerful in the German political system and is seen as such within the German public, it is only the third
2891:(roughly translated as "guideline setting competence"). Any formal policy guidelines issued by the chancellor are legally binding directives that cabinet ministers must implement. Cabinet ministers are expected to introduce specific policies at the ministerial level that reflect the chancellor's broader guidelines.
2653:
Reichstag. According to the sense of the Weimar
Constitution, the president was thus to have the initiative. The task of putting together the Reich government was nevertheless the responsibility of the chancellor. The president could not appoint anyone as minister whom the chancellor had not proposed.
3604:
If this nominee is not elected, the right of nomination is transferred onto the
Bundestag: Candidates can now be nominated for election, whereby a nomination must be supported by at least a quarter of all MPs. The Bundestag can hold any number of ballots in this manner for two weeks. To be elected, a
2656:
The chancellor alone had to answer to the
Reichstag and the president for the policy guidelines, and he determined whether the conduct of business by the individual Reich ministries conformed to the guidelines. The government's decisions required a majority vote of the ministers, who sitting together
2704:
giving the chancellor full legislative powers for a period of four years – the chancellor could introduce any law without consulting parliament. The powers of the chancellor continued to grow until August 1934, when
Hindenburg died. Hitler used the Enabling Act to merge the office of chancellor with
2274:) demanded it. As today, the chancellor had the prerogative to determine the guidelines of government. In reality this power was limited by the needs of coalition governments of the several major political parties (and numerous smaller minor ones) plus the powers of the Reich President in this early
3705:
If the chancellor's term in office ends or if they resign, the
Bundestag has to elect a new chancellor. The president of Germany may ask the former chancellor to act as chancellor until a new office holder is elected, but if they are unwilling or unable to do so, the president may also appoint the
2660:
In practice the Reich chancellor's power to determine political guidelines was limited by his own party as well as the other parties in the governing coalition. The Weimar chancellors were accordingly men whose strength lay in mediation rather than political initiative. Constitutionally, there was
2652:
said that the constitution had tacitly assumed that the president would have discussions with party leaders in the
Reichstag before he made ministerial appointments. Based on these talks, the president would get a sense of which potential chancellor would be able to build a stable majority in the
2559:
states. Here too, the terms of "chancellor" and "federal agency" (as opposed to "ministry" or "government") suggested an (apparent) lower priority of the federal executive as compared to the governments of the federal states. For this reason, neither the chancellor nor the leaders of the imperial
2536:
The term chancellor signalled the seemingly low priority of this institution compared to the governments of the German states, because the new chancellor of the federal empire should not be a full-fledged prime minister, in contrast to the heads of the states. The title of chancellor additionally
3595:
The process begins with the
President of Germany proposing a candidate to the Bundestag (A formality, as they are usually a candidate on which majority parties have agreed to beforehand), who is then voted upon without debate ("1st voting phase"). If the nominee reaches the necessary "chancellor
2532:
Technically, the foreign ministers of the empire's states instructed their states' deputies to the
Bundesrat and therefore outranked the chancellor. For this reason, Prince Bismarck (as he was from 1871 onwards) continued to serve as both minister president and foreign minister of the Kingdom of
3613:
If the
Bundestag is unable to elect a chancellor in these fourteen days, a final ballot is held on the very next day. Once again, candidates must be nominated by at least a quarter of all MPs. Candidates receiving a "chancellor majority" in this ballot are elected. Otherwise, it is up to the
2391:), which dominated East Germany from 7 October 1949 to 3 October 1990 (when the territory of the former GDR was reunified with the free western Federal Republic of Germany), the position of chancellor did not exist. The equivalent position of head of government there was called either
5141:
It is unclear whether and from when Erhard was formally a member of the CDU; however, he was a member of the CDU/CSU group in the German
Bundestag throughout his chancellorship and was chairman of the CDU from 23 March 1966 – 23 May 1967, which implies membership at least during this
2533:
Prussia for virtually his entire tenure as chancellor of the empire (1871-1890), since he wanted to continue to exercise the power. Because Prussia controlled seventeen votes in the Bundesrat, Bismarck could effectively control the proceedings by making deals with the smaller states.
2270:, as were the subordinate ministers of various portfolios (departments / agencies) on the chancellor's recommendation. The chancellor or any minister had to be dismissed if the lower chamber of the Reichstag legislative assembly (continuing its old name of the previous century of the
2868:. The president formally appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers, on the recommendation of the chancellor; no parliamentary approval is needed. According to the Basic Law, the chancellor may set the number of cabinet ministers and dictate their specific duties. Chancellor
2289:(1889-1945) came to power after getting the largest number of votes (plurality) in the recent parliamentary elections on 30 January 1933, and the Reich President was forced to ask Adolf Hitler, to become Chancellor of Germany. Subsequently the 1919 Weimar Constitution was
2661:
also the fact that the president had certain special rights. The actions of the president required the countersignature of the chancellor or the minister or ministers concerned, but the president always had to be informed about matters of foreign and defence policy.
2664:
The Reichstag could call for the dismissal of any member of the government, including the chancellor. Under Articles 54 and 59, the Reichstag could also impeach the chancellor as well as the ministers and the president before the State Court for the German Reich
2894:
The "principle of ministerial autonomy" entrusts each minister with the freedom to supervise departmental operations and prepare legislative proposals without cabinet interference so long as the minister's policies are consistent with the chancellor's broader
4900:
of the chancellors in West-Berlin. Gerhard Schröder lived there between 1999 and 2001. Since 2004 it has however served as a private residence for the Presidents of Germany. Angela Merkel preferred to live with her husband in her private apartment downtown.
2640:
The constitution stipulated that the president appoint and dismiss the chancellor and ministers. The ministers were appointed by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor (Article 53), and members of the government required the confidence of the
3629:
As of 2023, all chancellors of the federal republic have been (re-)elected on proposal of the President and on the first ballot with the sole exception of Helmut Kohl, who was elected to his first term via a constructive vote of no confidence against
2657:
were known as the National Ministry (Article 58). The chancellor could therefore be outvoted, as could a department minister. The chancellor presided over the government, and he had to conduct business in accordance with given rules of procedure.
3660:) and was created to avoid the situation that existed in the Weimar Republic, when it was easier to gather a parliament majority willing to remove a government in office than to find a majority capable of supporting a new stable government.
2636:
The Weimar Constitution provided for a two-part executive consisting of a Reich president and a government made up of Reich ministers and a Reich chancellor (Article 52) who determined the guidelines of the government's policy (Article 56).
2730:
would dissolve and be replaced by the previous system of administration: that of the office of the President separate from that of Chancellor. On 30 April 1945, when Hitler committed suicide, he was briefly succeeded as Chancellor by
2140:) were civil servants subordinate to the chancellor and similar to ministers. Besides his executive duties, the constitution gave the chancellor only one function: presiding over the German Empire's upper legislative chamber of the
4979:
Holding the third-highest state office available within Germany, the chancellor of Germany receives €220,000 per annum and a €22,000 bonus, i.e. one and two thirds of Salary Grade B11 (according to § 11 (1) a of the Federal Law on
3575:
is necessary whenever the office of Chancellor has fallen vacant. This is the case if a newly elected Bundestag meets for the first time, or during legislative periods, if the former chancellor died or resigned.
5103:
5089:
3587:("chancellor majority"). As with other elections performed by the Bundestag, the chancellor is elected via secret ballot. The election procedure laid down in the Basic Law can be divided into three phases:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
5894:
5057:
4892:
built by Ludwig Erhard in the park of Palais Schaumburg, while his predecessor Konrad Adenauer used to live in his private house near Bonn. Under Adenauer, the government had also acquired a villa in
2583:(1871-1925). Ebert continued to serve as head of government during the three months between the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and the end of the German Empire in November 1918, the beginning of the
2322:, while strongly diminishing the role of the federal president. Germany is today often referred to as a "chancellor democracy", reflecting the role of the chancellor as the country's chief executive.
8017:
7687:
8836:
3718:
he requested, to be not asked to remain in office in an acting capacity and instead to appoint the vice chancellor as acting chancellor. President Heinemann followed the request. Vice Chancellor
965:
960:
955:
2544:
In both of these aspects, the executive of the earlier confederation, and then empire, as it was formed in 1867 and 1871, was deliberately different from the previous Imperial Ministry of the
2834:
The chancellor's authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and in practice from their status as leader of the party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in the
3675:, literally "question of trust"), either combined with a legislative proposal or as a standalone vote. If such a vote fails, the chancellor may ask the president for the dissolution of the
2155:
Although effective government was possible only in cooperation with the Reichstag, the results of the elections had at most an indirect influence on the chancellorship. Only by October
2152:, which was the largest and dominant state in the Empire. Indirectly, this gave him the power of the Bundesrat, including to dissolve the houses of parliament and call for elections.
7433:
2130:
The role of the chancellor has varied during the different eras. From 1867 to 1918, the chancellor was the only responsible minister at the federal level. He was appointed by the
2567:, when the parliament Reichstag and Bundesrat was given the right to dismiss the chancellor. However, the change could not prevent the outbreak of revolution a few days later.
8261:
8206:
7832:
8256:
8211:
6514:
3725:
Scheel not taken into account, three persons, Ludwig Erhard, Willy Brandt, and Olaf Scholz, have held both the office of Vice Chancellor and that of Chancellor of Germany.
3596:
majority", the President of Germany will appoint him or her and, after that, the President of the Bundestag will administer the oath of office before the assembled house.
2299:
the following year in 1934, Adolf Hitler, the dictatorial party leader and new chancellor, also then took over the powers of the president. The new official title became
1482:
2367:(DDR / GDR, East Germany), which also existed in a parallel life, first occupied in the eastern Soviet Zone (including a similar wedge of the former German capital of
4848:
3896:
3733:
2692:. On taking office, Hitler immediately began accumulating power and changing the nature of the chancellorship. After only two months in office, and following the
1492:
678:
423:. The chancellor is the chief executive of the Federal Cabinet and heads the executive branch. The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag on the proposal of the
2767:
8899:
7426:
5901:
5165:
5224:
2876:
presided over 17 ministers at the start of his fourth term in 1994; the 2002 cabinet, the second of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, had 13 ministers, and the
1477:
1437:
749:
3849:
3051:
2912:
2555:
In 1871, the concept of the federal chancellor was transferred to the executive of the newly formed German Empire, which now also contained the several
5376:
5027:
4965:(female). In international correspondence, the chancellor is referred to as "His/Her Excellency the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany" ("
2454:
Under the German Empire's constitution of 1 January 1871, the king had the additional title of Emperor. The constitution still called the chancellor,
2416:
1632:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1216:
1211:
3614:
President of Germany either to appoint the candidate with the plurality of votes as Chancellor or to dissolve the Bundestag and call new elections.
7419:
5522:
5216:
5037:
5032:
3656:
members agree on a successor, who is then immediately sworn in as new chancellor. This procedure is called "constructive motion of no confidence" (
1622:
5589:
2861:
authority (in addition to their constitutional powers) that Germany is often described by constitutional law experts as a "chancellor democracy".
2519:), consisting of representatives of the federal states (kingdoms , duchies, principalities, free cities, etc.) and presided over by the chancellor
6681:
6524:
5485:
2718:" indicating that the head of state and head of government were still separate positions, albeit held by the same person, although the title of "
2898:
The "cabinet principle" calls for disagreements between federal ministers over jurisdictional or budgetary matters to be settled by the cabinet.
2603:
6886:
5129:
4528:
2772:
2564:
2307:
2266:(a.k.a. "Weimar Republic", 1919-1933), the chancellor was head of a collegial democratic government. The chancellor was appointed by the new
2164:
1850:
1704:
504:
428:
7927:
7892:
2763:
2621:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
5190:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
2537:
symbolized a strong monarchist, bureaucratic, and ultimately antiparliamentary component, as in the Prussian tradition of, for instance,
1206:
1081:
806:
3626:, which allows the Bundestag to replace a sitting chancellor, if it elects a new chancellor with the "chancellor-majority" (see below).
2199:, to attempt to govern Germany in the crisis aftermath of the war reversals and seek an armistice / peace with the attacking / invading
8148:
4202:
4013:
1086:
5700:
5660:
3111:
2759:
107:
7172:
6412:
2408:
2077:
79:
8889:
8884:
7353:
2723:
516:
5392:
7802:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
727:
60:
1717:
1677:
7937:
6646:
5125:
4794:
3880:
3012:
2925:
2799:
1607:
1571:
1196:
1176:
86:
8853:
8817:
8441:
8047:
7852:
7502:
6953:
5887:
5515:
2400:
2267:
1996:
1535:
921:
886:
4375:
3974:
2765:
6800:
6783:
6616:
2761:
2599:
2545:
2380:
2196:
1540:
770:
2806:) does not hold the chancellorship usually calls its leading candidate for the federal election "chancellor-candidate" (
2439:, the serving minister president of the Kingdom of Prussia. Chancellor Bismarck served under the king of Prussia of the
6691:
6656:
6601:
4910:
4057:
3954:
3643:
3623:
3193:
2934:
2803:
1741:
1462:
1457:
1201:
589:
552:
439:
93:
2764:
2758:
8679:
8336:
8168:
8073:
7967:
7962:
7140:
7044:
6881:
6212:
6200:
6187:
6181:
6167:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6140:
6136:
6124:
6042:
6013:
6007:
6002:
5990:
5978:
5965:
5951:
5945:
5939:
5933:
2459:
2168:
1697:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1191:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
939:
934:
929:
857:
572:
126:
3836:
2887:
The "chancellor principle" makes the chancellor responsible for all government policies; this is also known as the
2762:
2412:
2061:
1616:
1467:
1171:
656:
17:
2645:(Article 54). The provisions gave rise to the question of who in fact was responsible for forming the government.
1417:
75:
8894:
8078:
7522:
7006:
6606:
6323:
5508:
3820:
2447:(1797-1888, regent 1858-1861, reigned as Prussian king 1861-1871, first German Emperor 1871-1888), holder of the
2039:
455:
2760:
2757:
8141:
8094:
7717:
6989:
6805:
6489:
5870:
5760:
2740:
2326:
1566:
1487:
661:
577:
64:
31:
5739:
5734:
5568:
5543:
3722:
was appointed acting chancellor and served for nine days until the election of Helmut Schmidt on 16 May 1974.
8032:
7702:
7283:
7059:
6921:
6825:
6724:
5599:
2584:
2204:
2149:
2085:
8645:
7957:
7917:
7817:
7743:
7637:
7303:
7031:
6901:
6405:
6362:
6336:
6309:
6296:
6284:
6272:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6236:
6224:
6098:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6054:
6030:
6025:
6019:
2495:, the upper chamber of the German parliament. He was neither elected by nor responsible to parliament (the
2148:
was the Reich's lower legislative chamber and major lawmaking body). The chancellor was also nearly always
2024:
1690:
1594:
1550:
1525:
1506:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1186:
1181:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
901:
832:
792:
709:
3648:
Unlike in other parliamentary legislatures, the Bundestag cannot remove the chancellor with a traditional
2187:. Although he lacked the constitutional authority, the last imperial chancellor handed over his office to
7932:
7632:
7098:
7011:
6463:
4934:
4862:
2642:
2208:
1545:
1530:
1091:
881:
263:
5444:
Harlen, Christine M. 2002. "The Leadership Styles of the German Chancellors: From Schmidt to Schröder".
3789:
2981:
2883:
Article 65 of the Basic Law sets forth three principles that define how the executive branch functions:
2528:
the federal executive, first led by Otto von Bismarck, the Minister President of Prussia, as chancellor.
8764:
8747:
8713:
8390:
8063:
8012:
8007:
7982:
7952:
7837:
7748:
7021:
6933:
6911:
6830:
6815:
6631:
6611:
6453:
6349:
5614:
5539:
4693:
3699:
2792:
2784:
2680:
2576:
2538:
2428:
2350:
2100:
1943:
1776:
896:
797:
598:
361:
5458:
Mayntz, Renate. 1980. "Executive Leadership in Germany: Dispersion of Power or 'Kanzler Demokratie'?"
4470:
3679:; they are however not bound to do so, and the president in turn is not bound to follow this request.
3415:
8560:
8492:
8475:
8458:
8407:
8373:
8134:
8042:
7987:
7947:
7902:
7897:
7877:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7842:
7827:
7822:
7807:
7797:
7764:
7597:
7273:
6458:
4984:, BGBl. 1971 I p. 1166 and attachment IV to the Federal Law on Salaries of Officers –
3162:
2497:
2492:
2145:
2141:
2019:. Already in Middle Ages / Medieval times, the German chancellor had political power like Archbishop
1722:
947:
848:
839:
5462:, ed. R. Rose and E. N. Suleiman. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute. pp. 139–171.
4922:
4466:
3411:
2167:
after 47 years, to require that the chancellor have the trust / confidence of parliament (as in the
8798:
8696:
8611:
8543:
8068:
8027:
8002:
7992:
7977:
7972:
7922:
7887:
7872:
7250:
7212:
7049:
6820:
5096:
5082:
4209:
4082:
3269:
2588:
2088:, merely existed on paper. After the 1806 dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire by Napoleon, Prince
2057:
1862:
1452:
722:
631:
208:
100:
2144:(Federal Council), the representative organ of the various German states (which together with the
757:
8781:
8662:
8594:
8022:
7942:
7912:
7627:
7587:
7487:
7386:
7260:
7240:
7217:
7197:
7157:
7120:
7069:
6943:
6906:
6676:
6398:
6267:
5307:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich/Berlin: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 210.
4548:
3890:
3830:
3668:
3649:
3571:
The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag and formally appointed by the president of Germany. A
3465:
3040:
3032:
2192:
1612:
1432:
548:
521:
219:
53:
5628:
3909:
3371:
8628:
7607:
7602:
7187:
7162:
7125:
6984:
6916:
6745:
6636:
6626:
4460:
4181:
4145:
4069:
3981:
3886:
3328:
3279:
3264:
3090:
3036:
3028:
2219:, ending the "Great War" on "the eleventh hour, of the eleventh day, in the eleventh month" of
2089:
1823:. With the enlargement of this short-lived federal state to the newly unified and established
891:
610:
451:
3579:
The chancellor's election is one of the few cases in which a vote in the Bundestag requires a
2846:, the chancellor has also been chairman of their own party. This was the case with Chancellor
8865:
8419:
8356:
7812:
7733:
7682:
7677:
7652:
7507:
7472:
7348:
7167:
7152:
7115:
5665:
4788:
4626:
4332:
4325:
4259:
4185:
4177:
4138:
4121:
3948:
3503:
3495:
3333:
3283:
3275:
3208:
3100:
2440:
2200:
2180:
1992:
1627:
1598:
685:
6037:
5594:
2466:. Since the office remained the same, it was not necessary for Bismarck to be re-appointed.
2068:
court chancellor in charge of the internal and foreign affairs of the ruling dynasty of the
2053:, headed by a vice chancellor under the nominal authority of the Mainz archbishop. Upon the
8813:
8730:
7712:
7657:
7617:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7552:
7547:
7537:
7532:
7512:
7492:
7482:
7477:
7467:
7130:
7074:
6958:
6896:
6891:
6861:
6793:
6771:
6719:
6621:
5973:
5807:
4728:
4522:
4117:
3944:
3499:
3491:
3426:
3204:
3118:
3096:
2788:
2701:
2444:
2108:
2065:
2032:
1472:
973:
872:
823:
742:
737:
732:
700:
669:
540:
424:
297:
7411:
5777:
4494:
3460:
8:
8568:
8538:
8509:
8424:
8037:
7847:
7738:
7707:
7672:
7662:
7647:
7592:
7557:
7542:
7527:
7517:
7497:
7313:
7207:
7182:
7177:
7054:
6999:
6938:
6844:
6575:
6509:
5715:
5644:
5451:
Helms, Ludger. 2001. "The Changing Chancellorship: Resources and Constraints Revisited".
5121:
4968:
Seine/Ihre Exzellenz der Bundeskanzler/die Bundeskanzlerin der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
4487:
4308:
4300:
3356:
3348:
2722:" was quietly dropped. This separation was made more evident when, in April 1945, Hitler
2689:
2296:
2255:
2000:
1958:
1788:
1442:
1422:
478:
258:
8402:
6671:
6243:
5839:
5705:
3378:
2847:
2587:, and the first gathering behind the Western Front battle lines and trenches of the new
7778:
7697:
7642:
7622:
7612:
7582:
7379:
7372:
7227:
7192:
7079:
7064:
6994:
6972:
6948:
6876:
6810:
6740:
6651:
6570:
6539:
6448:
6425:
5609:
5117:
4412:
4304:
4296:
3826:
3706:
vice chancellor as acting chancellor. This has happened once: On 7 May 1974 Chancellor
3360:
3352:
3344:
2865:
2827:
2746:
2697:
2649:
2127:
as representative organ of the various German states in the 51 year old Confederation.
2120:
2104:
2016:
1976:
1905:
1427:
619:
412:
408:
247:
237:
212:
8708:
8623:
6279:
5500:
2357:- nearly all of them with the title of Chancellor as the elected head of government.
2132:
1799:. The office began with the Confederation under which its prime creator / instigator
8453:
8368:
7692:
7333:
7308:
7255:
7202:
7016:
6788:
6580:
6357:
6331:
6195:
5680:
5579:
5554:
5387:
4870:
4598:
4063:
3470:
3151:
2549:
2436:
2136:, (i.e. the Prussian king; since 1871 called German Emperor). The state secretaries (
2069:
2028:
1972:
1963:
1800:
1757:
1447:
780:
272:
5214:
4650:
4541:
3475:
168:
8385:
8157:
7395:
7343:
7338:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7145:
7110:
7084:
6756:
6560:
6529:
6484:
6479:
6231:
6219:
6131:
4878:
4807:
3715:
3711:
3687:
2556:
2422:
2004:
1951:
1913:
1768:
816:
420:
322:
287:
251:
8776:
5879:
5343:
German Constitutional History since 1789. Volume VI: The Weimar Reich Constitution
5286:
German Constitutional History since 1789. Volume VI: The Weimar Reich Constitution
4591:
3796:
3017:
8849:
8793:
8504:
7997:
7667:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7235:
6661:
6119:
5927:
5791:
5755:
5710:
5639:
5624:
5604:
5584:
5396:
5019:
4893:
4436:
4429:
3405:
2988:
2854:
2830:(to the left of the flag) with the raised seat of the chancellor in the front row
2732:
2592:
2580:
2334:
2311:
2263:
2247:
2188:
2096:
2093:
2047:
1980:
1955:
1796:
1765:
1668:
1576:
351:
8606:
8555:
5339:
Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band VI: Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung
5320:
Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band VI: Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung
5282:
Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band VI: Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung
5191:"Das Amt des Bundeskanzlers: Einzelfragen zur Vergütung und weiteren Leistungen"
2913:
List of chancellors of Germany § Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present)
2171:
and other European parliamentary democracies). Some two weeks later, Chancellor
8844:
8827:
8808:
8725:
8589:
8470:
8432:
8332:
8327:
7400:
7278:
7265:
6928:
6686:
6175:
6049:
5823:
5005:
4877:, now serves as a secondary official seat. The chancellor's country retreat is
4842:
4700:
3737:
3631:
3558:
3480:
3237:
2839:
2822:
2693:
2491:") served both as the emperor's first minister and as presiding officer of the
2012:
1968:
1935:
1772:
1761:
1654:
624:
447:
309:
5196:. Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages. 30 July 2020. p. 3
3230:
2736:
2278:
created version of a European German democratic repubic and political system.
2242:(1914-1918), a new post-war democratic republic government was set up for the
8878:
8832:
8351:
7448:
6641:
6291:
6093:
6061:
5985:
5959:
5847:
5799:
5564:
5389:
Gesetz über die Rechtsverhältnisse der Mitglieder der Bundesregierung – § 11.
4814:
4753:
4089:
3856:
3729:
3719:
3691:
3652:. Instead, the removal of a chancellor is only possible if a majority of the
3580:
3548:
3433:
3294:
3217:
3198:
3058:
3022:
2877:
2869:
2602:", until a month and half later on 29 December 1918 together with the allied
2480:
2330:
2243:
2227:
2172:
2123:
did not have a government or parliament, only the single-chamber legislature
2081:
2008:
1851:
Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)'s Basic Law (constitution) of 1949
1824:
1784:
606:
443:
182:
1775:. The modern office of chancellor was established with the beginning of the
8759:
8657:
8572:
8487:
7026:
6701:
6696:
6666:
6565:
6519:
6207:
6147:
5815:
5750:
5730:
5720:
5695:
5685:
5675:
5670:
5652:
4643:
4382:
4033:
3707:
3338:
3169:
3145:
2685:
2610:(1863-1919), who unfortunately died later that next year in November 1919.
2565:
constitution of the German Empire was reformed / altered on 29 October 1918
2384:
2372:
2364:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2286:
2275:
2080:. The imperial chancellery lost its importance, and from the days of Queen
1866:
1846:
1828:
1737:
1730:
5324:
German Constitutional History since 1789. Vol. VI: The Weimar Constitution
492:
8742:
8691:
8674:
8670:
8640:
8521:
7036:
6750:
6585:
6534:
6303:
5997:
5855:
5831:
5690:
5064:
4882:
4760:
3916:
3521:
3485:
3301:
3085:
2873:
2843:
2239:
2184:
2160:
1925:
1901:
1897:
585:
435:
190:
5377:
WILLY BRANDT QUITS POST IN WAKE OF SPY SCANDAL; ASKS SCHEEL TO TAKE OVER
5013:
2595:, in February 1919, but Ebert did not then use the title of chancellor.
2508:
the king of Prussia in his federal constitutional role as bearer of the
1663:
8636:
8436:
8111:
1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.
7245:
6866:
5266:
4888:
The private lodging of the chancellors at Bonn has previously been the
3583:, not just a majority of those assembled at the time, or the so-called
2714:
Although the offices were merged, Hitler continued to be addressed as "
2607:
2282:
2176:
2076:
onwards, the office of an Austrian state chancellor was held by Prince
2031:(Chancellor, 1156–1162 and 1166–1167), under famous Holy Roman Emperor
1947:
1930:
416:
226:
8619:
8577:
7907:
6856:
6504:
2613:
2560:
departments under his command used the title of Minister until 1918.
2361:
2271:
2183:, who then left Germany with his family for exile in the neighboring
2124:
1857:- "Federal Chancellor" was revived, continuing to the present after
1771:. The title was, at times, used in several states of German-speaking
650:
302:
2707:
42:
8755:
8738:
8704:
8381:
8126:
6390:
6379:
Note: The candidate became chancellor in the marked election years.
3514:
2376:
2291:
2195:
who the next day became co-chairman of the temporary revolutionary
2020:
1874:
1749:
3714:, an espionage scandal. In his letter of resignation to President
1803:(1815-1898), (previously foreign minister, then Chancellor of the
1756:
The office of Chancellor has a long history, stemming back to the
8721:
8551:
8517:
8483:
8466:
8449:
8398:
8364:
8347:
7135:
6555:
6499:
6421:
5919:
5773:
5258:
4026:
2850:
from 1999 until he resigned the chairmanship of the SPD in 2004.
2622:
List of chancellors of Germany § Weimar Republic (1918–1933)
2354:
2216:
2050:
1886:
1804:
1726:
3622:
Another possibility to vote a new chancellor into office is the
2423:
Federal Chancellor of the North German Confederation (1867–1870)
2353:
of 1867-1871, then the current reunified, revived and expanded
386:
159:
8789:
8687:
8602:
8534:
8500:
8415:
5480:
2795:, a position similar to the speaker of the federal parliament.
2705:
that of the president to create a new office, "the leader" (or
2435:. The only person to hold the office for those three years was
2388:
2368:
2212:
1909:
1893:
1870:
267:
5425:
The Development of the German Chancellorship: Adenauer to Kohl
2872:
had the largest cabinet, with 22 ministers, in the mid-1960s.
2756:
8772:
8653:
8585:
6515:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
6494:
5465:
Smith, Gordon. 1991. "The Resources of a German Chancellor".
5171:. Bundesministerium des Innern – Protokoll Inland. p. 40
2319:
2315:
2295:
set aside. After the death of elderly German Reich President
5326:] (in German). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. pp. 324 f.
3698:
The chancellor must appoint one of the cabinet ministers as
3605:
candidate still needs a "chancellor majority" of yes-votes.
2747:
Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (1949–
7562:
7441:
4874:
2259:
2251:
2235:
2231:
2220:
2156:
2119:, organized after the Napoleonic Wars and the peace-making
2116:
2112:
2073:
2054:
1984:
1921:
1882:
1878:
1858:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1792:
1780:
371:
276:
5493:
5215:
Parliamentary Council of the Federal Republic of Germany.
4896:
in 1962, a suburban district of southwestern Berlin, as a
3743:
2688:
was appointed chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933 by
2589:
National Assembly of the German Republic (Weimar Republic)
2474:
2246:
with an assembly meeting in the historic medieval town of
1979:(1769-1821, Emperor of the French, Napoleon I) during the
6111:
5345:] (in German). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. p. 326.
4824:
4776:
4770:
4716:
4710:
4666:
4660:
4614:
4608:
4564:
4558:
4510:
4504:
4452:
4446:
4398:
4392:
4348:
4342:
4284:
4278:
4225:
4219:
4165:
4159:
4105:
4099:
4049:
4043:
3997:
3991:
3962:
The office was vacant from 28 October to 8 November 1966.
3932:
3926:
3872:
3866:
3812:
3806:
3531:
3449:
3443:
3394:
3388:
3317:
3311:
3253:
3247:
3185:
3179:
3134:
3128:
3074:
3068:
3004:
2998:
2743:
as head of government with the title "Leading Minister".
2739:. When Goebbels also committed suicide, Dönitz appointed
2501:). Instead, the chancellor was appointed by the emperor.
2458:. This was changed a few months later in the new revised
1917:
1745:
5288:] (in German). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. p. 47.
2598:
During that time, Ebert also served as chairman of the "
2548:, which had been led by a prime minister elected by the
2310:
gave the chancellor much greater powers than during the
5530:
4861:
Since 2001, the official seat of the chancellor is the
4247:
The office was vacant from 1 October to 4 October 1982.
1971:, a position he held until the end of the 900 year old
3220:
served as acting Chancellor from 7 May to 16 May 1974.
2579:(1867-1929), handed over his office of chancellor to
2427:
The head of the loose federal government of the brief
5432:
The Velvet Chancellors: A History of Post-War Germany
5252:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5242:
2902:
1916:), then proclaimed emperor on Christmas Day, in A.D.
1908:(A.D. 800-887), beginning with first the king of the
405:
federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany
144:
Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany
8114:
2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.
4995:
3734:
Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Protection
2814:) consists of the chancellor and cabinet ministers.
5909:
4869:). The former seat of the Federal Chancellery, the
2570:
2042:
established the agency of an imperial chancellery (
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5239:
2942:
2614:First German Republic (Weimar Republic, 1919–1933)
2431:, which was created on 1 July 1867, had the title
2864:The chancellor determines the composition of the
2469:
2283:National Socialist German Workers Party ("Nazis")
1892:Due to his administrative tasks, the head of the
8876:
8117:3. Not recognised by any United Nations members.
5038:Religious affiliations of chancellors of Germany
5033:List of chancellors of Germany by time in office
2175:declared the abdication of the emperor / kaiser
8856:) (partially attending, non-member, non-voting)
5217:"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"
2671:), the Weimar Republic's constitutional court.
2407:, which was the second powerful position under
2401:Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the GDR
2165:Empire's 1871 constitution changed and reformed
1942:). The chapel's college acted as the Emperor's
1740:(1913-1992, served 1969-1974), speaking at his
442:, who was elected in December 2021, succeeding
3663:In order to garner legislative support in the
446:. He was elected after the SPD entered into a
8142:
7427:
6406:
5895:
5516:
5257:
2735:and as President of Germany by Grand Admiral
1698:
8900:Lists of political office-holders in Germany
5590:Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
4966:
4960:
4954:
4245:
3960:
3617:
3214:
2838:(federal parliament). With the exception of
2666:
2627:
2303:(meaning "Leader and Imperial Chancellor").
2150:minister president of the Kingdom of Prussia
151:Bundeskanzler der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
149:
6525:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
5364:Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte vol.2 1982
2674:
8149:
8135:
7434:
7420:
6413:
6399:
5902:
5888:
5523:
5509:
4953:The correct style of address in German is
3728:The current vice chancellor of Germany is
2343:Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)
2329:have served as heads of government of the
2159:on the verge of disasterous defeat in the
2023:(archchancellor 975–1011, regent for King
1787:'s decisive military victory in the brief
1705:
1691:
209:Executive branch of the Federal Government
181:
2347:German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
2339:National Socialist Germany (Nazi Germany)
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
5656:(as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor)
3694:, the current Vice Chancellor of Germany
3686:
3566:
2821:
2668:Staatsgerichtshof für das Deutsche Reich
2575:On 9 November 1918, Imperial Chancellor
2025:Otto III of Germany (Holy Roman Emperor)
1760:(c.900-1806), when the office of German
1716:
974:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
461:
7442:Heads of state and government of Europe
4849:Economic Affairs and Climate Protection
3744:List of vice chancellors (1949–present)
2952:
2880:cabinet as of 22 November 2005 had 15.
2726:that upon his death, the office of the
2546:German revolutionary years of 1848–1849
2475:German Empire (Second Reich, 1871–1918)
2405:(Vorsitzender des Ministerrats der DDR)
2335:First German Republic (Weimar Republic)
1845:"). 78 years later after the defeat in
471:This article is part of a series on the
14:
8877:
5166:"Ratgeber für Anschriften und Anreden"
5160:
5158:
3766:
3599:
2632:) was continued in the Weimar Republic
2512:, since 1871 with the title of emperor
2268:President of Germany (Reich President)
2015:of the Holy Roman Empire electing the
1849:(1939-1945), with the new reorganized
427:and without debate (Article 63 of the
30:For a list of all office-holders, see
8130:
7415:
6394:
5883:
5504:
5336:
5317:
5298:
5279:
5095:
5081:
4856:
3750:
3608:
3590:
2522:the parliament, lower chamber called
2515:the federal council - upper chamber (
8156:
6420:
5227:from the original on 28 January 2021
3667:, the chancellor can also ask for a
2591:several months later in the town of
195:since 8 December 2021
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
5532:Chancellors of Germany (since 1867)
5155:
4948:
2787:, following the head of state (the
2779:), invests the chancellor (German,
2504:The federal level had four organs:
2381:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2371:) after the "Great Patriotic War" (
2226:Following the defeat of the former
24:
8839:) (present non-member, non-voting)
5405:
5305:History of the Weimar Constitution
5301:Geschichte der Weimarer Verfassung
3837:Marshall Plan/Economic Cooperation
3682:
3644:Constructive vote of no confidence
3624:constructive vote of no confidence
2771:The 1949 German constitution, the
2451:, appointed him on 14 July, 1867.
2092:served as state chancellor of the
1742:Social Democratic Party of Germany
491:
25:
8911:
8018:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
7688:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
5473:
5460:In presidents and Prime Ministers
3710:resigned as a consequence of the
1865:following the dissolution of the
8843:
8826:
8807:
8788:
8771:
8754:
8737:
8720:
8703:
8686:
8669:
8652:
8635:
8618:
8601:
8584:
8567:
8550:
8533:
8516:
8499:
8482:
8465:
8448:
8431:
8414:
8397:
8380:
8363:
8346:
8326:
5776:
5738:
5733:
5627:
5567:
5542:
5479:
5128:according to Article 65a of the
5067:) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
5012:
4998:
4933:
4921:
4909:
4806:
4752:
4692:
4642:
4590:
4540:
4486:
4428:
4374:
4324:
4258:
4201:
4137:
4081:
4025:
3973:
3908:
3848:
3788:
3513:
3425:
3370:
3293:
3229:
3161:
3110:
3050:
2980:
2600:Council of the People's Deputies
2571:Revolutionary period (1918–1919)
2413:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
2197:Council of the People's Deputies
1928:(A.D. 748-814), was also called
1662:
1648:
167:
158:
41:
6617:German revolutions of 1848–1849
6586:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
5911:Chancellor Candidate of Germany
5381:
5367:
5358:
5349:
5330:
5135:
4916:The Federal Chancellery, Berlin
3581:majority of all elected members
2107:'s chancellor (1810–1822). The
1926:Charlemagne (Charles the Great)
52:needs additional citations for
8890:1949 establishments in Germany
8885:1867 establishments in Germany
6602:Early modern period, 1500–1800
6490:List of early Germanic peoples
5486:Federal Chancellors of Germany
5311:
5292:
5273:
5208:
5183:
5110:
5050:
3658:konstruktives Misstrauensvotum
2470:Chancellor of the German Reich
1567:Politics of the European Union
32:List of chancellors of Germany
13:
1:
6725:History of Germany since 1990
5600:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
5149:
5097:[ˈbʊndəsˌkant͡sləʁɪn]
4863:Federal Chancellery in Berlin
3637:
2460:constitution of 16 April 1871
2250:during the following year of
2205:Armistice of 11 November 1918
2099:(1821–1848), likewise Prince
1898:Kaiserpfalz (imperial palace)
407:, is the head of the federal
27:Head of government of Germany
5783:Bundeskanzler (1949–present)
5423:Padgett, Stephen, ed. 1994.
5337:Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1981).
5318:Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1981).
5280:Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1981).
4835:2 years, 298 days
4781:3 years, 269 days
4671:2 years, 215 days
4403:5 years, 279 days
4289:9 years, 230 days
4170:8 years, 123 days
4110:4 years, 207 days
4054:2 years, 325 days
3877:5 years, 362 days
3542:2 years, 298 days
3454:16 years, 16 days
3322:16 years, 26 days
3258:8 years, 138 days
3190:4 years, 197 days
3139:2 years, 325 days
3009:14 years, 31 days
2700:, the parliament passed the
2203:, which was attained in the
1518:Foreign relations by country
710:Federal Constitutional Court
517:Federal Constitutional Court
434:The current officeholder is
7:
8854:President of the Parliament
8818:President of the Commission
5438:
5434:. London: Frederick Muller.
5126:Federal Minister of Defence
4991:
4980:Ministers –
4721:4 years, 87 days
4619:1 year, 201 days
4569:1 year, 340 days
4515:1 year, 364 days
4457:7 years, 26 days
3937:3 years, 10 days
3817:8 years, 30 days
3399:7 years, 26 days
3079:3 years, 46 days
2810:). The federal government (
2604:Independent Social Democrat
2585:November 11, 1918 Armistice
2355:Federal Republic of Germany
2191:, (leader of the anti-war
1887:Federal Republic of Germany
1835:, the title was renamed to
1727:Federal Republic of Germany
922:Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
10:
8916:
6632:North German Confederation
6612:Confederation of the Rhine
5761:Count Schwerin von Krosigk
5633:Reichskanzler (1919–1933)
5615:Prince Maximilian of Baden
5540:North German Confederation
5416:Klein, Herbert, ed. 1993.
5083:[ˈbʊndəsˌkant͡slɐ]
5028:Leadership of East Germany
3641:
2910:
2903:List of chancellors (1949–
2793:President of the Bundestag
2741:Count Schwerin von Krosigk
2681:Government of Nazi Germany
2678:
2648:Constitutional law expert
2626:The office of chancellor (
2619:
2577:Prince Maximilian of Baden
2441:Hohenzollern royal dynasty
2429:North German Confederation
2365:German Democratic Republic
2351:North German Confederation
2185:Kingdom of the Netherlands
2101:Karl August von Hardenberg
1777:North German Confederation
599:Vice Chancellor of Germany
173:Standard of the chancellor
29:
8863:
8322:
8164:
8107:
8087:
8056:
7788:
7777:
7757:
7726:
7458:
7447:
7366:
7226:
7106:
7097:
6980:
6971:
6852:
6843:
6779:
6770:
6733:
6712:
6594:
6548:
6472:
6441:
6432:
6373:
6347:
6321:
6109:
5917:
5868:
5772:
5744:Reichskanzler (1933–1945)
5729:
5623:
5573:Reichskanzler (1871–1918)
5563:
5548:Bundeskanzler (1867–1871)
5538:
5299:Apelt, Willibalt (1964).
4974:
4940:Schloss Meseberg, Gransee
4529:Labour and Social Affairs
3769:
3763:
3760:
3753:
3618:Other election mechanisms
2963:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2826:The cabinet bench in the
2064:created the office of an
1723:Governing Mayor of Berlin
840:Collective municipality (
381:
367:
357:
347:
329:
318:
308:
293:
283:
257:
243:
233:
224:Mr. Chancellor (informal)
218:
207:
178:
166:
157:
148:
143:
6784:Administrative divisions
5859:(SPD, 2021–present)
5430:Prittie, Terence, 1979.
5410:
5043:
4988:, BGBl. 2002 I p. 3020)
2716:Führer und Reichskanzler
2675:Nazi Germany (1933–1945)
2301:Führer und Reichskanzler
2058:Battle of White Mountain
1863:Reunification of Germany
1764:was usually held by the
1403:State and local politics
948:East Germany (1949–1960)
7893:Holy See (Vatican City)
7563:Holy See (Vatican City)
6268:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
5448:30 (2 (June)): 347–371.
5395:4 November 2021 at the
4928:Palais Schaumburg, Bonn
4838:Alliance 90/The Greens
4549:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
4241:Intra-German Relations
3650:motion of no confidence
3466:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
2817:
2798:Whichever major party (
2417:Leaders of East Germany
2193:Social Democratic Party
2084:and Holy Roman Emperor
1885:, and a newly expanded
1559:International Relations
549:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
319:Constituting instrument
76:"Chancellor of Germany"
8895:Chancellors of Germany
7833:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7503:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7045:Science and technology
6746:History of Brandenburg
6637:Unification of Germany
6627:Frankfurt Constitution
5648:(as Ministerpräsident)
5467:West European Politics
5418:The German Chancellors
5399:gesetze-im-internet.de
5355:Basic Law, Article 63.
5062:
4986:Bundesbesoldungsgesetz
4967:
4961:
4955:
4873:in the former capital
4461:Alliance 90/The Greens
4266:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
4146:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
3982:Hans-Christoph Seebohm
3955:Intra-German Relations
3695:
3329:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
3265:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
3091:Hans-Christoph Seebohm
2853:The first chancellor,
2831:
2667:
2628:
2090:Klemens von Metternich
1939:
1902:Medieval / Middle Ages
1753:
1463:North Rhine-Westphalia
1458:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1073:Parliamentary election
914:Presidential elections
496:
452:Alliance 90/The Greens
335:; 75 years ago
333:15 September 1949
150:
8866:European Union Portal
6682:Flight and expulsions
5851:(CDU, 2005–2021)
5843:(SPD, 1998–2005)
5835:(CDU, 1982–1998)
5827:(SPD, 1974–1982)
5819:(SPD, 1969–1974)
5811:(CDU, 1966–1969)
5803:(CDU, 1963–1966)
5795:(CDU, 1949–1963)
5764:(as Leading Minister)
5666:Constantin Fehrenbach
5069:; often shortened to
4890:Chancellor's bungalow
3732:, who also serves as
3690:
3573:chancellor's election
3567:Chancellor's election
2911:Further information:
2825:
2375:, 1939-1945), by the
2264:First German Republic
2211:in occupied northern
2201:Allies of World War I
2163:(1914-1918), was the
1993:archbishop of Cologne
1873:) and the end of the
1720:
1617:Agrarian Conservatism
687:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss
680:Vermittlungsausschuss
573:Chancellor of Germany
495:
462:History of the office
409:government of Germany
401:chancellor of Germany
325:(German Constitution)
301:upon election by the
8262:2013 (July–December)
8207:2004 (January–April)
8173:Parties represented
8057:Partially recognised
7727:Partially recognised
7354:World Heritage Sites
7032:German states by GDP
6622:German Confederation
5974:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
5808:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
5488:at Wikimedia Commons
4982:Bundesministergesetz
4962:Frau Bundeskanzlerin
3669:motion of confidence
3119:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
2889:Richtlinienkompetenz
2789:President of Germany
2181:Hohenzollern dynasty
2109:German Confederation
2066:Archduchy of Austria
2033:Frederick Barbarossa
1896:at the chapel of an
1769:archbishops of Mainz
1589:Political ideologies
1468:Rhineland-Palatinate
902:Federal Convention (
541:President of Germany
61:improve this article
8837:High Representative
8257:2013 (January–June)
8212:2004 (May–December)
8088:Unrecognised states
7758:Unrecognised states
6990:Automobile industry
6576:Carolingian dynasty
6510:History of the Huns
5871:List of chancellors
5716:Kurt von Schleicher
5645:Philipp Scheidemann
5446:Politics and Policy
5260:Weimar constitution
5122:German Armed Forces
3600:Second voting phase
2961:Vice Chancellor(s)
2690:Paul von Hindenburg
2489:Imperial Chancellor
2445:William (Wilhelm) I
2396:(Ministerpräsident)
2360:In the now-defunct
2297:Paul von Hindenburg
2256:Weimar Constitution
2254:. According to the
2001:archbishop of Trier
1959:archbishop of Mainz
1950:. From the days of
1843:Imperial Chancellor
1789:Austro-Prussian War
1669:Politics portal
448:coalition agreement
429:German Constitution
417:German Armed Forces
264:Federal Chancellery
213:Federal Chancellery
7993:Russian Federation
7663:Russian Federation
7060:Telecommunications
6741:History of Prussia
6657:Revolution of 1918
6652:War guilt question
6571:Carolingian Empire
6540:Sack of Rome (410)
6449:History of Germany
6038:Franz Josef Strauß
5610:Georg von Hertling
5595:Bernhard von Bülow
5420:. Berlin: Edition.
5118:commander in chief
5116:In peacetime, the
4956:Herr Bundeskanzler
4857:Official residence
4220:September 17, 1982
4166:September 17, 1982
3807:September 20, 1949
3696:
3609:Third voting phase
3591:First voting phase
2999:September 15, 1949
2832:
2828:Reichstag building
2698:Reichstag building
2650:Ernst Rudolf Huber
2393:Minister President
2169:British Parliament
2121:Congress of Vienna
2105:Kingdom of Prussia
2029:Rainald von Dassel
2027:(A.D. 991–994) or
2017:King of the Romans
2009:prince-archbishops
1995:was chancellor of
1977:Napoleon Bonaparte
1946:issuing deeds and
1906:Carolingian Empire
1817:Federal Chancellor
1805:Kingdom of Prussia
1754:
1655:Germany portal
1488:Schleswig-Holstein
1333:European elections
798:State Parliament (
793:Minister president
497:
413:commander-in-chief
314:4 years, renewable
238:Head of government
8872:
8871:
8124:
8123:
8103:
8102:
7789:UN members
7773:
7772:
7459:UN members
7409:
7408:
7362:
7361:
7093:
7092:
7007:Chemical Triangle
6967:
6966:
6954:Political parties
6902:Foreign relations
6839:
6838:
6766:
6765:
6677:Allied occupation
6581:Holy Roman Empire
6388:
6387:
6358:Annalena Baerbock
6332:Guido Westerwelle
6196:Hans-Jochen Vogel
6132:Erich Ollenhauer
5877:
5876:
5681:Gustav Stresemann
5580:Otto von Bismarck
5555:Otto von Bismarck
5484:Media related to
4871:Palais Schaumburg
4854:
4853:
4845:
4821:
4791:
4767:
4742:
4737:
4734:Economic Affairs
4731:
4711:December 17, 2013
4707:
4682:Economic Affairs
4679:
4667:December 17, 2013
4657:
4629:
4605:
4599:Guido Westerwelle
4577:
4559:November 21, 2007
4555:
4525:
4511:November 21, 2007
4505:November 22, 2005
4501:
4495:Franz Müntefering
4473:
4453:November 22, 2005
4443:
4415:
4389:
4364:Economic Affairs
4361:
4339:
4311:
4275:
4238:
4216:
4188:
4156:
4124:
4096:
4066:
4040:
4010:
3988:
3951:
3923:
3893:
3863:
3833:
3803:
3564:
3563:
3471:Guido Westerwelle
3461:Franz Müntefering
3444:November 22, 2005
3395:November 22, 2005
2550:National Assembly
2437:Otto von Bismarck
2409:General Secretary
2308:1949 constitution
2070:Habsburg monarchy
2038:In 1559, Emperor
1973:Holy Roman Empire
1801:Otto von Bismarck
1758:Holy Roman Empire
1715:
1714:
1595:Political culture
1508:Foreign relations
1418:Baden-Württemberg
904:Bundesversammlung
887:Political parties
482:
425:federal president
403:, officially the
397:
396:
377:
374:255,150 per year
273:Palais Schaumburg
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
8907:
8848:
8847:
8831:
8830:
8812:
8811:
8796:
8792:
8779:
8775:
8762:
8758:
8745:
8741:
8728:
8724:
8711:
8707:
8694:
8690:
8677:
8673:
8660:
8656:
8643:
8639:
8626:
8622:
8609:
8605:
8592:
8588:
8575:
8571:
8558:
8554:
8541:
8537:
8524:
8520:
8507:
8503:
8490:
8486:
8473:
8469:
8456:
8452:
8439:
8435:
8422:
8418:
8405:
8401:
8388:
8384:
8371:
8367:
8354:
8350:
8330:
8169:List of meetings
8158:European Council
8151:
8144:
8137:
8128:
8127:
7786:
7785:
7456:
7455:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7413:
7412:
7389:
7382:
7375:
7339:Prussian virtues
7104:
7103:
7012:Economic history
6978:
6977:
6872:
6850:
6849:
6801:Cities and towns
6777:
6776:
6757:Baden Revolution
6561:Treaty of Verdun
6530:Marcomannic Wars
6485:Migration Period
6480:Germanic peoples
6464:Military history
6439:
6438:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6392:
6391:
6381:
6366:
6340:
6314:
6300:
6288:
6276:
6264:
6244:Gerhard Schröder
6240:
6232:Rudolf Scharping
6228:
6220:Oskar Lafontaine
6216:
6204:
6192:
6172:
6144:
6128:
6102:
6090:
6058:
6046:
6034:
5994:
5982:
5970:
5956:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5881:
5880:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5840:Gerhard Schröder
5836:
5828:
5820:
5812:
5804:
5796:
5780:
5774:Federal Republic
5765:
5742:
5737:
5706:Heinrich Brüning
5657:
5649:
5631:
5571:
5546:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5494:Official website
5483:
5455:10 (2): 155–168.
5427:. London: Hurst.
5400:
5385:
5379:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5264:
5254:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5195:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5162:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5130:German Basic Law
5114:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5085:
5080:
5060:
5054:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5008:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4949:Style of address
4937:
4925:
4913:
4881:in the state of
4879:Schloss Meseberg
4867:Bundeskanzleramt
4841:
4826:
4825:December 8, 2021
4819:
4810:
4787:
4778:
4777:December 8, 2021
4772:
4765:
4756:
4740:
4739:Foreign Affairs
4735:
4727:
4718:
4712:
4705:
4696:
4677:
4668:
4662:
4655:
4646:
4632:Foreign Affairs
4625:
4616:
4610:
4609:October 27, 2009
4603:
4594:
4580:Foreign Affairs
4575:
4566:
4565:October 27, 2009
4560:
4553:
4544:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4499:
4490:
4476:Foreign Affairs
4465:
4454:
4448:
4447:October 27, 1998
4441:
4432:
4418:Foreign Affairs
4409:
4400:
4399:October 27, 1998
4394:
4393:January 21, 1993
4387:
4378:
4359:
4350:
4349:January 21, 1993
4344:
4337:
4333:Jürgen Möllemann
4328:
4314:Foreign Affairs
4295:
4286:
4280:
4269:
4262:
4236:
4227:
4221:
4214:
4205:
4191:Foreign Affairs
4176:
4167:
4161:
4150:
4141:
4127:Foreign Affairs
4116:
4107:
4101:
4100:October 22, 1969
4094:
4085:
4062:
4051:
4050:October 22, 1969
4045:
4044:December 1, 1966
4038:
4029:
4008:
3999:
3998:December 1, 1966
3993:
3992:November 8, 1966
3986:
3977:
3943:
3934:
3933:October 28, 1966
3928:
3927:October 17, 1963
3921:
3912:
3897:Economic Affairs
3885:
3874:
3873:October 16, 1963
3868:
3867:October 29, 1957
3861:
3852:
3825:
3814:
3813:October 29, 1957
3808:
3801:
3792:
3764:Political party
3758:
3748:
3747:
3716:Gustav Heinemann
3712:Guillaume affair
3533:
3532:December 8, 2021
3528:
3517:
3451:
3450:December 8, 2021
3445:
3440:
3429:
3396:
3390:
3389:October 27, 1998
3385:
3379:Gerhard Schröder
3374:
3334:Jürgen Möllemann
3319:
3318:October 27, 1998
3313:
3308:
3297:
3255:
3249:
3244:
3233:
3216:Vice Chancellor
3187:
3181:
3180:October 22, 1969
3176:
3165:
3136:
3135:October 22, 1969
3130:
3129:December 1, 1966
3125:
3114:
3076:
3075:December 1, 1966
3070:
3069:October 16, 1963
3065:
3054:
3006:
3005:October 16, 1963
3000:
2995:
2984:
2950:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:Political party:
2848:Gerhard Schröder
2724:gave instruction
2670:
2631:
2044:Reichshofkanzlei
1952:Louis the German
1914:Frankish Kingdom
1707:
1700:
1693:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1633:Social Democracy
1509:
882:Electoral system
875:
818:Regierungsbezirk
773:
703:
632:Federal agencies
510:
509:
485:
480:
472:
466:
465:
393:
390:
388:
375:
343:
341:
336:
323:German Basic Law
279:(secondary seat)
252:European Council
202:
200:
185:
171:
162:
153:
141:
140:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
18:Reich Chancellor
8915:
8914:
8910:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8905:
8904:
8875:
8874:
8873:
8868:
8859:
8842:
8825:
8806:
8787:
8770:
8753:
8736:
8719:
8702:
8685:
8668:
8651:
8634:
8617:
8600:
8583:
8566:
8549:
8532:
8515:
8498:
8481:
8464:
8447:
8430:
8420:Christodoulides
8413:
8396:
8379:
8362:
8345:
8318:
8160:
8155:
8125:
8120:
8099:
8083:
8074:Northern Cyprus
8052:
7968:North Macedonia
7790:
7780:
7769:
7753:
7744:Northern Cyprus
7722:
7638:North Macedonia
7460:
7450:
7443:
7440:
7410:
7405:
7392:
7385:
7378:
7371:
7358:
7222:
7173:Life expectancy
7089:
6963:
6934:Law enforcement
6870:
6835:
6762:
6729:
6708:
6692:Divided Germany
6662:Weimar Republic
6590:
6556:Frankish Empire
6544:
6468:
6434:
6428:
6419:
6389:
6384:
6377:
6369:
6360:
6343:
6334:
6317:
6306:
6294:
6282:
6280:Peer Steinbrück
6270:
6246:
6234:
6222:
6210:
6198:
6178:
6150:
6134:
6122:
6120:Kurt Schumacher
6105:
6096:
6064:
6052:
6040:
6000:
5988:
5976:
5962:
5930:
5928:Konrad Adenauer
5913:
5908:
5878:
5873:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5850:
5842:
5834:
5826:
5818:
5810:
5802:
5794:
5792:Konrad Adenauer
5781:
5768:
5763:
5756:Joseph Goebbels
5743:
5725:
5711:Franz von Papen
5655:
5647:
5640:Friedrich Ebert
5632:
5625:Weimar Republic
5619:
5605:Georg Michaelis
5585:Leo von Caprivi
5572:
5559:
5547:
5534:
5529:
5492:
5491:
5476:
5453:German Politics
5441:
5413:
5408:
5406:Further reading
5403:
5397:Wayback Machine
5386:
5382:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5335:
5331:
5316:
5312:
5297:
5293:
5278:
5274:
5256:
5255:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5140:
5136:
5115:
5111:
5101:
5100:
5087:
5086:
5078:
5075:Bundeskanzlerin
5056:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5020:Politics portal
5018:
5011:
5004:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4977:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4929:
4926:
4917:
4914:
4859:
4829:
4827:
4818:
4775:
4773:
4764:
4738:
4715:
4713:
4704:
4665:
4663:
4654:
4613:
4611:
4602:
4563:
4561:
4552:
4509:
4507:
4498:
4469:
4451:
4449:
4440:
4437:Joschka Fischer
4411:
4397:
4395:
4386:
4347:
4345:
4336:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4283:
4281:
4279:October 4, 1982
4271:
4268:
4226:October 1, 1982
4224:
4222:
4213:
4184:
4180:
4164:
4162:
4152:
4149:
4120:
4104:
4102:
4093:
4070:Foreign Affairs
4048:
4046:
4037:
3996:
3994:
3985:
3947:
3931:
3929:
3920:
3889:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3829:
3811:
3809:
3800:
3778:Time in office
3761:Term of office
3756:
3755:
3746:
3700:vice chancellor
3685:
3683:Vice chancellor
3673:Vertrauensfrage
3646:
3640:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3585:Kanzlermehrheit
3569:
3536:
3534:
3526:
3525:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3414:
3406:Joschka Fischer
3393:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3316:
3314:
3312:October 1, 1982
3306:
3305:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3254:October 1, 1982
3252:
3250:
3242:
3241:
3207:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3133:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3099:
3089:
3073:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2992:
2989:Konrad Adenauer
2972:Time in office
2957:
2953:Term of office
2948:
2947:
2930:
2929:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2866:Federal Cabinet
2855:Konrad Adenauer
2820:
2812:Bundesregierung
2808:Kanzlerkandidat
2769:
2768:
2766:
2753:
2733:Joseph Goebbels
2683:
2677:
2624:
2616:
2581:Friedrich Ebert
2573:
2510:Bundespräsidium
2477:
2472:
2449:Bundespräsidium
2425:
2349:or the earlier
2312:Weimar Republic
2240:First World War
2189:Friedrich Ebert
2161:First World War
2138:Staatssekretäre
2133:Bundespräsidium
2097:Austrian Empire
2094:German-speaking
2013:prince-electors
1981:Napoleonic Wars
1853:, the title of
1797:Austrian Empire
1795:over the rival
1711:
1682:
1678:Other countries
1661:
1660:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1603:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1563:
1555:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1413:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1077:
1069:
1068:
970:
944:
918:
910:
877:
873:
865:
864:
813:
775:
771:
763:
762:
754:
714:
705:
701:
693:
692:
675:
645:
637:
636:
616:
567:
559:
558:
535:
527:
526:
512:
507:
505:
483:
479:
470:
464:
385:
362:Vice Chancellor
352:Konrad Adenauer
339:
337:
334:
300:
271:
250:
248:Federal Cabinet
225:
211:
203:
198:
196:
194:
193:
189:
186:
174:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8913:
8903:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8870:
8869:
8864:
8861:
8860:
8858:
8857:
8840:
8822:
8821:
8803:
8802:
8785:
8768:
8751:
8734:
8717:
8700:
8683:
8666:
8649:
8632:
8615:
8598:
8581:
8564:
8547:
8530:
8513:
8496:
8479:
8462:
8445:
8428:
8411:
8394:
8377:
8360:
8342:
8341:
8333:Charles Michel
8323:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8171:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8154:
8153:
8146:
8139:
8131:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8115:
8112:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8097:
8091:
8089:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8060:
8058:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8050:
8048:United Kingdom
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7853:Czech Republic
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7794:
7792:
7783:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7761:
7759:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7718:United Kingdom
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7523:Czech Republic
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7464:
7462:
7453:
7445:
7444:
7439:
7438:
7431:
7424:
7416:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7403:
7398:
7391:
7390:
7383:
7376:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7270:Cultural icons
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7232:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7050:Stock exchange
7047:
7042:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6992:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6864:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6754:
6748:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6689:
6687:Denazification
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6459:Historiography
6456:
6451:
6445:
6443:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6418:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6395:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6354:
6352:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6328:
6326:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6301:
6289:
6277:
6265:
6241:
6229:
6217:
6205:
6193:
6176:Helmut Schmidt
6173:
6145:
6129:
6116:
6114:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6091:
6059:
6050:Edmund Stoiber
6047:
6035:
5995:
5983:
5971:
5957:
5924:
5922:
5915:
5914:
5907:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5884:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5853:
5845:
5837:
5829:
5824:Helmut Schmidt
5821:
5813:
5805:
5797:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5758:
5753:
5747:
5745:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5701:Hermann Müller
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5661:Hermann Müller
5658:
5650:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5551:
5549:
5536:
5535:
5528:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5489:
5475:
5474:External links
5472:
5471:
5470:
5469:14 (2): 48–61.
5463:
5456:
5449:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5380:
5366:
5357:
5348:
5329:
5310:
5291:
5272:
5238:
5207:
5182:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5134:
5109:
5063:Bundeskanzler(
5048:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5009:
5006:Germany portal
4993:
4990:
4976:
4973:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4822:
4811:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4771:March 14, 2018
4768:
4757:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4732:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4717:March 14, 2018
4708:
4701:Sigmar Gabriel
4697:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4658:
4651:Philipp Rösler
4647:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4606:
4595:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4556:
4545:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4502:
4491:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4444:
4433:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4390:
4379:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4353:249 days
4351:
4340:
4329:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4276:
4263:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4217:
4206:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4157:
4142:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4097:
4086:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4041:
4030:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3989:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3924:
3913:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3864:
3853:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3804:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3742:
3738:Scholz cabinet
3684:
3681:
3642:Main article:
3639:
3636:
3632:Helmut Schmidt
3619:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3529:
3518:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3489:
3481:Sigmar Gabriel
3476:Philipp Rösler
3458:
3455:
3452:
3441:
3430:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3386:
3375:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3342:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3309:
3298:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3273:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3245:
3238:Helmut Schmidt
3234:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3202:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3177:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3126:
3115:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3094:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3066:
3055:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3026:
3015:
3010:
3007:
2996:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2944:
2908:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2840:Helmut Schmidt
2819:
2816:
2785:highest office
2755:
2754:
2752:
2745:
2679:Main article:
2676:
2673:
2615:
2612:
2606:party leader
2572:
2569:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2424:
2421:
2327:33 individuals
2051:Hofburg Palace
2007:. These three
1969:archchancellor
1956:Roman Catholic
1773:Central Europe
1766:Roman Catholic
1762:archchancellor
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1658:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1409:State Politics
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
978:
977:
976:
969:
968:
963:
958:
952:
951:
950:
943:
942:
937:
932:
926:
925:
924:
917:
916:
909:
908:
899:
894:
889:
884:
878:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
861:
860:
849:Municipality (
846:
837:
836:
835:
821:
812:
811:
810:
809:
795:
789:
788:
776:
769:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
753:
752:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
728:Administrative
725:
719:
718:
717:Federal courts
713:
712:
706:
699:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
683:
674:
673:
666:
665:
664:
659:
657:constituencies
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
629:
628:
627:
615:
614:
603:
602:
594:
593:
582:
581:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
545:
544:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
519:
513:
503:
502:
499:
498:
488:
487:
475:
474:
463:
460:
395:
394:
383:
379:
378:
369:
365:
364:
359:
355:
354:
349:
345:
344:
331:
327:
326:
320:
316:
315:
312:
306:
305:
295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
261:
255:
254:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
227:His Excellency
222:
216:
215:
205:
204:
187:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
164:
163:
155:
154:
146:
145:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8912:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8867:
8862:
8855:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8838:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8823:
8819:
8815:
8814:von der Leyen
8810:
8805:
8804:
8800:
8795:
8791:
8786:
8783:
8778:
8774:
8769:
8766:
8761:
8757:
8752:
8749:
8744:
8740:
8735:
8732:
8727:
8723:
8718:
8715:
8710:
8706:
8701:
8698:
8693:
8689:
8684:
8681:
8676:
8672:
8667:
8664:
8659:
8655:
8650:
8647:
8642:
8638:
8633:
8630:
8625:
8621:
8616:
8613:
8608:
8604:
8599:
8596:
8591:
8587:
8582:
8579:
8574:
8570:
8565:
8562:
8557:
8553:
8548:
8545:
8540:
8536:
8531:
8528:
8523:
8519:
8514:
8511:
8506:
8502:
8497:
8494:
8489:
8485:
8480:
8477:
8472:
8468:
8463:
8460:
8455:
8451:
8446:
8443:
8438:
8434:
8429:
8426:
8421:
8417:
8412:
8409:
8404:
8400:
8395:
8392:
8387:
8383:
8378:
8375:
8370:
8366:
8361:
8358:
8353:
8349:
8344:
8343:
8339:
8338:
8334:
8329:
8325:
8324:
8321:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8166:
8163:
8159:
8152:
8147:
8145:
8140:
8138:
8133:
8132:
8129:
8116:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8106:
8096:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8080:
8079:South Ossetia
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8055:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7928:Liechtenstein
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7791:and observers
7787:
7784:
7782:
7776:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7749:South Ossetia
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7598:Liechtenstein
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7461:and observers
7457:
7454:
7452:
7446:
7437:
7432:
7430:
7425:
7423:
7418:
7417:
7414:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7384:
7381:
7377:
7374:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7213:Social issues
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7141:Ethnic groups
7139:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6970:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6720:Reunification
6718:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6642:German Empire
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6411:
6409:
6404:
6402:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6364:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6346:
6338:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6320:
6312:
6311:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6293:
6292:Martin Schulz
6290:
6286:
6281:
6278:
6274:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6251:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6221:
6218:
6214:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6183:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6154:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6108:
6100:
6095:
6094:Armin Laschet
6092:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6069:
6063:
6062:Angela Merkel
6060:
6056:
6051:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5987:
5986:Rainer Barzel
5984:
5980:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5967:
5961:
5960:Ludwig Erhard
5958:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5935:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5900:
5898:
5893:
5891:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5872:
5867:
5857:
5854:
5849:
5848:Angela Merkel
5846:
5841:
5838:
5833:
5830:
5825:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5809:
5806:
5801:
5800:Ludwig Erhard
5798:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5654:
5651:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5570:
5566:
5565:German Empire
5562:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5526:
5521:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5495:
5490:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5370:
5361:
5352:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5306:
5302:
5295:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5263:
5261:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5226:
5223:. Wikimedia.
5222:
5218:
5211:
5192:
5186:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5154:
5138:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5104:
5098:
5090:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5071:Bundeskanzler
5068:
5066:
5059:
5053:
5049:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5010:
5007:
4996:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4972:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4936:
4931:
4924:
4919:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4815:Robert Habeck
4812:
4809:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4277:
4274:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4232:
4230:14 days
4229:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4158:
4155:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4090:Walter Scheel
4087:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4004:
4002:23 days
4001:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3857:Ludwig Erhard
3854:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3797:Franz Blücher
3794:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3757:(Birth–Death)
3749:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3730:Robert Habeck
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:Walter Scheel
3717:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3693:
3692:Robert Habeck
3689:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3615:
3606:
3597:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3549:Robert Habeck
3547:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3434:Angela Merkel
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:Walter Scheel
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3199:Walter Scheel
3197:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3059:Ludwig Erhard
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3023:Ludwig Erhard
3019:
3018:Franz Blücher
3016:
3014:
3011:
3008:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2949:(Birth–Death)
2941:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2906:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Angela Merkel
2875:
2871:
2870:Ludwig Erhard
2867:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2781:Bundeskanzler
2778:
2774:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2720:Reichskanzler
2717:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2629:Reichskanzler
2623:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2524:der Reichstag
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:Reichskanzler
2482:
2481:German Empire
2467:
2465:
2464:Reichskanzler
2461:
2457:
2456:Bundeskanzler
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:Bundeskanzler
2430:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:German Empire
2328:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:for the old
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:German people
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:German Empire
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:Western Front
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:Max von Baden
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:Maria Theresa
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:Bundeskanzler
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1838:Reichskanzler
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:German Empire
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:Bundeskanzler
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:Prussian Army
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1748:) meeting in
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Saxony-Anhalt
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
971:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:
919:
915:
912:
911:
907:
905:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
876:
869:
868:
859:
856:
855:
854:
852:
847:
845:
843:
838:
834:
831:
830:
829:
827:
822:
820:
819:
815:
814:
808:
805:
804:
803:
801:
796:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
784:
778:
777:
774:
767:
766:
759:
756:
755:
751:
748:
747:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:
715:
711:
708:
707:
704:
697:
696:
689:
688:
684:
682:
681:
677:
676:
672:
671:
667:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
653:
652:
648:
647:
641:
640:
633:
630:
626:
623:
622:
621:
618:
617:
612:
608:
607:Robert Habeck
605:
604:
601:
600:
596:
595:
591:
587:
584:
583:
579:
575:
574:
570:
569:
563:
562:
554:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
538:
537:
534:Head of State
531:
530:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
511:
506:Constitution
501:
500:
494:
490:
489:
486:
477:
476:
473:
468:
467:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Angela Merkel
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
392:
387:bundeskanzler
384:
380:
373:
370:
366:
363:
360:
356:
353:
350:
346:
332:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
311:
307:
304:
299:
296:
292:
289:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
265:
262:
260:
256:
253:
249:
246:
242:
239:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
214:
210:
206:
192:
184:
177:
170:
165:
161:
156:
152:
147:
142:
139:
131:
128:
120:
117:February 2023
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
8820:(non-voting)
8526:
8340:(non-voting)
8331:
8095:Transnistria
7882:
7765:Transnistria
7387:Bibliography
7261:Coat of arms
7241:Architecture
7218:Trade unions
7198:Prostitution
7158:Homelessness
7121:Demographics
7070:Trade unions
7037:
7027:German model
7000:Central bank
6944:Conservatism
6907:Human rights
6892:Court system
6887:Constitution
6867:
6713:Contemporary
6702:West Germany
6697:East Germany
6672:World War II
6667:Nazi Germany
6607:18th-century
6566:East Francia
6520:Cimbrian War
6378:
6308:
6254:
6248:
6208:Johannes Rau
6186:
6180:
6166:
6160:
6148:Willy Brandt
6084:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6024:
6018:
6012:
6006:
5964:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5910:
5816:Willy Brandt
5782:
5751:Adolf Hitler
5731:Nazi Germany
5721:Adolf Hitler
5696:Wilhelm Marx
5686:Wilhelm Marx
5676:Wilhelm Cuno
5671:Joseph Wirth
5653:Gustav Bauer
5531:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5388:
5383:
5373:
5369:
5360:
5351:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5265:– via
5259:
5229:. Retrieved
5220:
5210:
5198:. Retrieved
5185:
5173:. Retrieved
5137:
5112:
5074:
5070:
5052:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4952:
4898:pied-a-terre
4897:
4889:
4887:
4866:
4860:
4830:
4813:
4801:
4759:
4747:
4699:
4687:
4661:May 16, 2011
4649:
4637:
4615:May 16, 2011
4597:
4585:
4547:
4535:
4493:
4481:
4435:
4423:
4383:Klaus Kinkel
4381:
4369:
4343:May 18, 1992
4331:
4319:
4285:May 18, 1992
4272:
4265:
4253:
4246:
4208:
4196:
4160:May 17, 1974
4153:
4144:
4132:
4106:May 16, 1974
4088:
4076:
4034:Willy Brandt
4032:
4020:
3980:
3968:
3961:
3915:
3903:
3887:Adenauer III
3855:
3843:
3795:
3783:
3727:
3724:
3708:Willy Brandt
3704:
3697:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3628:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3594:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3552:
3537:
3520:
3488:(2018–2021)
3432:
3408:(1998–2005)
3377:
3341:(1993–1998)
3339:Klaus Kinkel
3300:
3248:May 16, 1974
3236:
3215:
3201:(1969–1974)
3170:Willy Brandt
3168:
3148:(1966–1969)
3146:Willy Brandt
3117:
3057:
3025:(1957–1963)
2987:
2917:
2916:
2904:
2888:
2882:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2835:
2833:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2748:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2706:
2702:Enabling Act
2686:Adolf Hitler
2684:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2597:
2574:
2562:
2557:South German
2554:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2463:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2432:
2426:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2385:Soviet Union
2383:(U.S.S.R. /
2373:World War II
2359:
2325:Since 1867,
2324:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2287:Adolf Hitler
2280:
2276:20th century
2225:
2154:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2062:Ferdinand II
2043:
2037:
1988:
1962:
1948:capitularies
1940:cancellarius
1929:
1891:
1867:Soviet Union
1854:
1847:World War II
1842:
1837:
1836:
1829:Second Reich
1816:
1812:
1783:, after the
1755:
1738:Willy Brandt
1734:
1731:West Germany
1613:Conservatism
1558:
1517:
1453:Lower Saxony
1408:
1387:
1332:
1322:
1072:
1062:
913:
903:
850:
841:
825:
817:
799:
782:
779:
772:Subdivisions
758:Other courts
750:Joint Senate
686:
679:
668:
649:
597:
571:
539:
522:Human rights
481:Politics of
469:
433:
404:
400:
398:
376:(as of 2020)
348:First holder
229:(diplomatic)
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
8794:Kristersson
8454:Frederiksen
8033:Switzerland
7963:Netherlands
7703:Switzerland
7633:Netherlands
7188:Pornography
7163:Immigration
7126:Drug policy
7038:Mittelstand
6985:Agriculture
6949:Nationalism
6922:Transgender
6806:Earthquakes
6753:, 1583-1588
6751:Cologne War
6647:World War I
6549:Middle Ages
6535:Gothic Wars
6304:Olaf Scholz
5998:Helmut Kohl
5856:Olaf Scholz
5832:Helmut Kohl
5691:Hans Luther
5231:24 November
4883:Brandenburg
4761:Olaf Scholz
4741:(2017–2018)
4736:(2013–2017)
4604:(1961–2016)
4471:Schröder II
4388:(1936–2019)
4338:(1945–2003)
4270:(1927–2016)
4237:Schmidt III
4215:(1913–1995)
4210:Egon Franke
4186:Schmidt III
4151:(1927–2016)
4095:(1919–2016)
4039:(1913–1992)
3987:(1903–1967)
3922:(1916–1998)
3917:Erich Mende
3891:Adenauer IV
3862:(1897–1977)
3831:Adenauer II
3802:(1896–1959)
3522:Olaf Scholz
3486:Olaf Scholz
3483:(2013–2018)
3478:(2011–2013)
3473:(2009–2011)
3468:(2007–2009)
3463:(2005–2007)
3336:(1992–1993)
3331:(1982–1992)
3307:(1930–2017)
3302:Helmut Kohl
3270:Egon Franke
3267:(1974–1982)
3243:(1918–2015)
3186:May 7, 1974
3175:(1913–1992)
3124:(1904–1988)
3088:(1963–1966)
3086:Erich Mende
3064:(1897–1977)
3020:(1949–1957)
2994:(1876–1967)
2895:guidelines.
2874:Helmut Kohl
2844:Olaf Scholz
2777:Grundgesetz
2737:Karl Dönitz
2387:, formerly
2040:Ferdinand I
1975:decreed by
1904:era of the
1900:during the
1433:Brandenburg
1192:1932 (July)
892:Referendums
807:composition
644:Legislature
586:Olaf Scholz
508:(Basic Law)
436:Olaf Scholz
310:Term length
270:(main seat)
191:Olaf Scholz
8879:Categories
8709:Montenegro
8539:Mitsotakis
7998:San Marino
7958:Montenegro
7938:Luxembourg
7918:Kazakhstan
7818:Azerbaijan
7781:government
7668:San Marino
7628:Montenegro
7608:Luxembourg
7588:Kazakhstan
7488:Azerbaijan
7349:Television
7334:Philosophy
7309:Literature
7168:Irreligion
7153:Healthcare
7116:Corruption
6882:Chancellor
6871:(military)
6868:Bundeswehr
5267:Wikisource
5221:Wikisource
5200:19 January
5150:References
5079:pronounced
4959:(male) or
4729:Merkel III
4467:Schröder I
4182:Schmidt II
3827:Adenauer I
3770:Portfolio
3638:Confidence
2859:ex officio
2791:) and the
2620:See also:
2608:Hugo Haase
2539:Hardenberg
2318:and early
2177:Wilhelm II
2060:, Emperor
2011:were also
1964:ex officio
1931:chancellor
1841:(meaning "
1815:(meaning "
1811:), became
1735:Chancellor
1628:Liberalism
1599:Federalism
1207:1933 (Nov)
1202:1933 (Mar)
1197:1932 (Nov)
1177:1924 (Dec)
1172:1924 (May)
1087:1867 (Aug)
1082:1867 (Feb)
897:Coalitions
824:District (
411:, and the
340:1949-09-15
199:2021-12-08
87:newspapers
8403:Plenković
8337:President
7933:Lithuania
7603:Lithuania
7304:Libraries
7284:Festivals
7131:Education
7075:Transport
7040:companies
6959:President
6897:Elections
6862:Bundesrat
6857:Bundestag
6826:Mountains
6794:Districts
6772:Geography
6505:Visigoths
6442:Overviews
5058:‹See Tfd›
4831:Incumbent
4820:(b. 1969)
4789:Merkel IV
4766:(b. 1958)
4706:(b. 1959)
4678:Merkel II
4656:(b. 1973)
4627:Merkel II
4554:(b. 1956)
4500:(b. 1940)
4442:(b. 1948)
4178:Schmidt I
4122:Brandt II
4064:Kiesinger
4014:Transport
4009:Erhard II
3949:Erhard II
3751:Portrait
3677:Bundestag
3665:Bundestag
3654:Bundestag
3553:Incumbent
3538:Incumbent
3527:(b. 1958)
3439:(b. 1954)
3384:(b. 1944)
2964:Cabinets
2956:Political
2943:Portrait
2836:Bundestag
2773:Basic Law
2643:Reichstag
2517:Bundesrat
2498:Reichstag
2493:Bundesrat
2362:communist
2281:When the
2272:Reichstag
2146:Reichstag
2142:Bundesrat
2125:Bundestag
2103:acted as
2086:Joseph II
2046:) at the
1861:with the
1623:Far-right
1608:Communism
1493:Thuringia
874:Elections
702:Judiciary
670:Bundesrat
651:Bundestag
566:Executive
330:Formation
303:Bundestag
298:President
294:Appointer
288:Bundestag
284:Nominator
244:Member of
188:Incumbent
8726:Iohannis
8386:Glavchev
8352:Nehammer
8064:Abkhazia
8013:Slovenia
8008:Slovakia
7983:Portugal
7838:Bulgaria
7779:Heads of
7734:Abkhazia
7683:Slovenia
7678:Slovakia
7653:Portugal
7508:Bulgaria
7451:of state
7396:Category
7314:Internet
7299:Language
7289:Folklore
7208:Religion
7183:Pensions
7178:Naturism
7055:Taxation
6939:Lobbying
6912:Intersex
6845:Politics
6454:Timeline
6433:General
6426:articles
5439:Articles
5393:Archived
5225:Archived
5061:German:
4992:See also
4576:Merkel I
4523:Merkel I
4305:Kohl III
4273:2nd term
4154:1st term
4118:Brandt I
3945:Erhard I
3767:Cabinet
2802:/CSU or
2377:Red Army
2292:de facto
2179:of the
2048:Vienna's
2021:Willigis
2005:Burgundy
1999:and the
1987:, while
1944:chancery
1875:Cold War
1752:, (1983)
1750:Dortmund
1577:Passport
1473:Saarland
851:Gemeinde
723:Ordinary
454:and the
8850:Metsola
8833:Borrell
8777:Sánchez
8641:Frieden
8624:Nausėda
8369:De Croo
8043:Ukraine
7988:Romania
7948:Moldova
7908:Ireland
7903:Iceland
7898:Hungary
7883:Germany
7878:Georgia
7868:Finland
7863:Estonia
7858:Denmark
7843:Croatia
7828:Belgium
7823:Belarus
7813:Austria
7808:Armenia
7803:Andorra
7798:Albania
7713:Ukraine
7658:Romania
7618:Moldova
7578:Ireland
7573:Iceland
7568:Hungary
7553:Germany
7548:Georgia
7538:Finland
7533:Estonia
7528:Denmark
7513:Croatia
7498:Belgium
7493:Belarus
7483:Austria
7478:Armenia
7473:Andorra
7468:Albania
7373:Outline
7279:Fashion
7266:Cuisine
7228:Culture
7193:Poverty
7136:Germans
7099:Society
7080:Welfare
7065:Tourism
7022:Exports
6995:Banking
6973:Economy
6877:Cabinet
6816:Islands
6811:Geology
6734:Regions
6500:Teutons
6473:Ancient
6435:History
6422:Germany
5920:CDU/CSU
5142:period.
5124:is the
5120:of the
4795:Finance
4410:Kohl IV
4360:Kohl IV
4309:Kohl IV
4301:Kohl II
3736:in the
3272:(1982)
3093:(1966)
2905:present
2749:present
2696:of the
2694:burning
2479:In the
2443:, then
2411:of the
2398:or the
2379:of the
2314:of the
2285:led by
2238:in the
2217:Belgium
2207:on the
2078:Kaunitz
2072:. From
1989:de jure
1967:German
1920:by the
1894:clerics
1725:, then
1721:Former
1443:Hamburg
1423:Bavaria
800:Landtag
781:State (
662:members
620:Cabinet
484:Germany
438:of the
421:wartime
419:during
415:of the
382:Website
338: (
197: (
101:scholar
8675:Schoof
8607:Siliņa
8590:Meloni
8573:Harris
8522:Scholz
8505:Macron
8471:Michal
8069:Kosovo
8038:Turkey
8028:Sweden
8003:Serbia
7978:Poland
7973:Norway
7953:Monaco
7923:Latvia
7888:Greece
7873:France
7848:Cyprus
7739:Kosovo
7708:Turkey
7698:Sweden
7673:Serbia
7648:Poland
7643:Norway
7623:Monaco
7593:Latvia
7558:Greece
7543:France
7518:Cyprus
7401:Portal
7256:Cinema
7236:Anthem
7203:Racism
7017:Energy
6831:Rivers
6789:States
6759:, 1848
6595:Modern
6424:
6350:Greens
5262:
5175:23 May
4975:Salary
4894:Dahlem
4843:Scholz
4413:Kohl V
4297:Kohl I
2958:party
2933:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2728:Führer
2708:Führer
2593:Weimar
2483:, the
2389:Russia
2369:Berlin
2248:Weimar
2213:France
1954:, the
1934:(from
1910:Franks
1871:Russia
1831:") in
1819:") in
1807:since
1551:Russia
1526:France
1478:Saxony
1438:Bremen
1428:Berlin
743:Social
738:Labour
733:Fiscal
625:Scholz
391:/bk-en
368:Salary
358:Deputy
268:Berlin
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
8760:Golob
8658:Abela
8556:Orbán
8437:Fiala
8023:Spain
7943:Malta
7913:Italy
7693:Spain
7613:Malta
7583:Italy
7449:Heads
7380:Index
7344:Sport
7329:Names
7324:Music
7319:Media
7274:Dance
7146:Women
7111:Crime
7085:Women
6821:Lakes
6495:Goths
5411:Books
5341:[
5322:[
5303:[
5284:[
5194:(PDF)
5169:(PDF)
5044:Notes
3775:Term
2969:Term
2415:(See
2320:1930s
2316:1920s
1997:Italy
1936:Latin
1546:China
1531:Italy
1448:Hesse
826:Kreis
611:Grüne
450:with
220:Style
108:JSTOR
94:books
8743:Fico
8692:Tusk
8488:Orpo
8312:2023
8307:2022
8302:2021
8297:2020
8292:2019
8287:2018
8282:2017
8277:2016
8272:2015
8267:2014
8252:2012
8247:2011
8242:2010
8237:2009
8232:2008
8227:2007
8222:2006
8217:2005
8202:2003
8197:2002
8192:2001
8187:2000
8182:1999
8177:1998
7294:Flag
7251:Arts
6917:LGBT
6363:2021
6348:For
6337:2002
6322:For
6310:2021
6297:2017
6285:2013
6273:2009
6261:2005
6256:2002
6250:1998
6237:1994
6225:1990
6213:1987
6201:1983
6188:1980
6182:1976
6168:1972
6162:1969
6157:1965
6153:1961
6141:1957
6137:1953
6125:1949
6110:For
6099:2021
6086:2017
6080:2013
6074:2009
6068:2005
6055:2002
6043:1980
6031:1998
6026:1994
6020:1990
6014:1987
6008:1983
6003:1976
5991:1972
5979:1969
5966:1965
5952:1961
5946:1957
5940:1953
5934:1949
5918:For
5233:2020
5202:2023
5177:2019
4971:").
4875:Bonn
4784:SPD
4724:SPD
4674:FDP
4622:FDP
4572:SPD
4518:SPD
4406:FDP
4356:FDP
4292:FDP
4233:SPD
4173:FDP
4113:FDP
4005:CDU
3940:FDP
3754:Name
3545:SPD
3457:CDU
3402:SPD
3325:CDU
3261:SPD
3142:CDU
3082:CDU
2946:Name
2842:and
2818:Role
2563:The
2306:The
2260:1919
2252:1919
2236:1918
2232:1871
2221:1918
2215:and
2157:1918
2117:1866
2113:1815
2074:1753
2055:1620
1991:the
1985:1806
1961:was
1922:Pope
1883:1991
1879:1946
1859:1992
1833:1871
1821:1867
1809:1862
1793:1866
1781:1867
1572:Visa
1388:2024
1382:2019
1377:2014
1372:2009
1367:2004
1362:1999
1357:1994
1352:1989
1347:1984
1342:1979
1323:Next
1317:2021
1312:2017
1307:2013
1302:2009
1297:2005
1292:2002
1287:1998
1282:1994
1277:1990
1272:1987
1267:1983
1262:1980
1257:1976
1252:1972
1247:1969
1242:1965
1237:1961
1232:1957
1227:1953
1222:1949
1217:1938
1212:1936
1187:1930
1182:1928
1167:1920
1162:1919
1157:1912
1152:1907
1147:1903
1142:1898
1137:1893
1132:1890
1127:1887
1122:1884
1117:1881
1112:1878
1107:1877
1102:1874
1097:1871
1092:1868
1063:2022
1057:2017
1052:2012
1047:2010
1042:2009
1037:2004
1032:1999
1027:1994
1022:1989
1017:1984
1012:1979
1007:1974
1002:1969
997:1964
992:1959
987:1954
982:1949
966:1957
961:1953
956:1949
940:1932
935:1925
930:1919
858:list
833:list
783:Land
578:list
399:The
277:Bonn
259:Seat
234:Type
80:news
7246:Art
6929:Law
6324:FDP
6112:SPD
4058:SPD
3881:CDU
3821:FDP
3500:III
3353:III
3284:III
3194:SPD
3037:III
3013:CDU
2935:SPD
2926:CDU
2804:SPD
2800:CDU
2711:).
2462:to
2419:).
2258:of
2230:of
2111:of
2003:of
1983:in
1924:of
1918:800
1912:, (
1877:of
1791:of
1779:in
1746:SPD
1541:USA
842:Amt
590:SPD
553:SPD
456:FDP
440:SPD
431:).
389:.de
63:by
8881::
8816:,
8799:SE
8782:ES
8765:SI
8748:SK
8731:RO
8714:PT
8697:PL
8680:NL
8663:MT
8646:LU
8629:LT
8612:LV
8595:IT
8578:IE
8561:HU
8544:GR
8527:DE
8510:FR
8493:FI
8476:EE
8459:DK
8442:CZ
8425:CY
8408:HR
8391:BG
8374:BE
8357:AT
8335:,
6259:,
6253:,
6185:,
6165:,
6159:,
6155:,
6139:,
6083:,
6077:,
6071:,
6029:,
6023:,
6017:,
6011:,
6005:,
5949:,
5943:,
5937:,
5241:^
5219:.
5157:^
5077:,
5065:in
4885:.
4802:19
4748:18
4688:17
4638:16
4586:15
4536:14
4482:13
4424:12
4370:11
4320:10
3740:.
3634:.
3555:)
3510:9
3504:IV
3496:II
3422:8
3416:II
3367:7
3357:IV
3349:II
3290:6
3280:II
3226:5
3209:II
3158:4
3107:3
3101:II
3047:2
3041:IV
3033:II
2977:1
2552:.
2541:.
2487:("
2345:/
2341:,
2337:,
2333:,
2223:.
2035:.
1938::
1889:.
1827:("
1733:)
1597:/
1536:UK
458:.
275:,
266:,
8852:(
8835:(
8801:)
8797:(
8784:)
8780:(
8767:)
8763:(
8750:)
8746:(
8733:)
8729:(
8716:)
8712:(
8699:)
8695:(
8682:)
8678:(
8665:)
8661:(
8648:)
8644:(
8631:)
8627:(
8614:)
8610:(
8597:)
8593:(
8580:)
8576:(
8563:)
8559:(
8546:)
8542:(
8529:)
8525:(
8512:)
8508:(
8495:)
8491:(
8478:)
8474:(
8461:)
8457:(
8444:)
8440:(
8427:)
8423:(
8410:)
8406:(
8393:)
8389:(
8376:)
8372:(
8359:)
8355:(
8150:e
8143:t
8136:v
7435:e
7428:t
7421:v
6414:e
6407:t
6400:v
6365:)
6361:(
6339:)
6335:(
6313:)
6307:(
6299:)
6295:(
6287:)
6283:(
6275:)
6271:(
6263:)
6247:(
6239:)
6235:(
6227:)
6223:(
6215:)
6211:(
6203:)
6199:(
6191:)
6179:(
6171:)
6151:(
6143:)
6135:(
6127:)
6123:(
6101:)
6097:(
6089:)
6065:(
6057:)
6053:(
6045:)
6041:(
6033:)
6001:(
5993:)
5989:(
5981:)
5977:(
5969:)
5963:(
5955:)
5931:(
5903:e
5896:t
5889:v
5524:e
5517:t
5510:v
5374:.
5269:.
5235:.
5204:.
5179:.
5132:.
5094:/
5073:/
4865:(
4828:–
4774:–
4714:–
4664:–
4612:–
4562:–
4508:–
4450:–
4396:–
4346:–
4282:–
4254:9
4223:–
4197:8
4163:–
4133:7
4103:–
4077:6
4047:–
4021:5
3995:–
3969:4
3930:–
3904:3
3870:–
3844:2
3810:–
3784:1
3671:(
3559:I
3551:(
3535:–
3492:I
3447:–
3412:I
3392:–
3361:V
3345:I
3315:–
3276:I
3251:–
3205:I
3183:–
3152:I
3132:–
3097:I
3072:–
3029:I
3002:–
2907:)
2775:(
2751:)
2665:(
2634:.
2234:-
2115:–
1881:-
1869:(
1744:(
1729:(
1706:e
1699:t
1692:v
1619:)
1615:(
906:)
853:)
844:)
828:)
802:)
785:)
613:)
609:(
592:)
588:(
580:)
576:(
555:)
551:(
372:€
342:)
201:)
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
