1990:
699:
859:
465:
621:
809:, Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Eritrea. In 1926, Swedish missionaries founded the Evangelical/Lutheran Church of Eritrea. However, there was tension between the Catholic Church as the Roman Catholic Italians resisted and discouraged the spread of Protestantism in their colony and even lay prohibitions and numerous constraints on the activities of the Swedish missionaries. The Lutheran Church of Eritrea and its Swedish and Eritrean missionaries were the ones who translated the
1110:
Proclamation there is the establishment of the
Department of Religious Affairs within the Ministry of Internal Affairs. This is tasked with regulating religious activities and institutions. The Proclamation emphasizes that religions and religious institutions must not engage in political activities or comment on political issues which would hamper the secular character of the State. The decree additionally prohibits religious groups from initiating or offering social services based on sectarian parameters.
19:
114:, 61.4% of all survey respondents reported being Christian (56.3% Orthodox, 4.2% Catholic, and 0.8% Protestant), with 38.4% reporting being Muslim, and the remaining 0.2% adhering to traditional faiths. Among women, who made up 87.6% of those surveyed, 60.7% reported being Christian and 39.0% Muslim. In a similar survey of Eritrean women conducted in 2002, 63.0% reported being Christian (57.8% Orthodox, 4.6% Catholic, and 0.7% Protestant), with 36.6% reporting being Muslim.
1134:
While national service in
Eritrea does include a civil component, all Eritreans are required to undertake military training and Eritreans cannot generally choose which type of service they will perform. Since the decree was issued, Jehovah’s Witnesses have been barred from obtaining government-issued identity and travel documents (required for legal recognition of marriages or land purchases); or obtaining government jobs; as well as securing business licenses.
847:
1932:
901:
688:
532:. In 1530 he began to attack the plateau. Within four years he laid waste to the majority of the Christian highlands, including the Tigray Region of Ethiopia and Eritrea. He converted hundreds of thousands of Christians to Islam by force. Only by surrender and conversion could people save their lives. Only the intervention of the Portuguese transformed the flow of events. They landed at
1102:
standardize and articulate religious institutions and activities is provided in
Proclamation No. 73/1995 of 1995. Although Proclamation No. 73/1995 clearly enshrines the strict principle of secularism, it also states that every Eritrean national's right of freedom of thought, conscience and belief is guaranteed and respected by the law.
855:
the early 8th century when the influence of Islam began to be strongly felt. The late 7th and early 8th centuries witnessed the rise of
Islamic kingdoms in the Eritrean coast. By the 9th century, Islam had spread to the eastern coasts of Eritrea and some indigenous groups in the region began adopting the religion.
1133:
due to their refusal to recognize “the temporal government” and take part in the referendum on independence. Jehovah's
Witnesses have also refused to participate in national service. Political neutrality and conscientious objection to military service are key aspects of faith for Jehovah’s Witnesses.
1105:
However, Proclamation No. 73/1995 also defines that: 1) religious activities are not spread with seduction but with understanding and belief (thus explaining the hostile stance toward new religious movement and evangelical
Christian group proselytism); and that 2) religious activities are carried out
1101:
The
Eritrean constitution provides for the freedom of thought, conscience, and belief; and guarantees the right to practice and manifest any religion. The constitution has not been implemented since its ratification in 1997. Since the constitution has not been implemented, the Proclamation to legally
986:
began after
Eritrea was annexed by Ethiopia. It was then that Jews began to leave Eritrea. In the early 1970s, Jewish emigration increased because of ensuing violence between Eritrea and Ethiopia (up to and beyond Eritrea's official declaration of independence in 1993). Judaism is not one of the four
854:
The history of Islam in
Eritrea can be traced back to the beginnings of the religion in the 7th century. In 615, some followers of Muhammad were said to have arrived at Massawa to seek refuge. Soon, Muslims settled in the coasts of Eritrea and built mosques and other structures. However, it was until
683:
of the
Eritrean Orthodox Church and a Coptic Orthodox Church delegation. Antonios was later formally deposed by the government. However, many believe that Abune Antonios was wrongly deposed and still consider him Patriarch. Many Eritrean Orthodox followers disagree with the Eritrean government making
546:
in 1600. In 1632, this order was expelled from Eritrea for wanting to convert the country (an Orthodox country) to Catholicism. In the 19th century the Italians began to bring Eritrea under their sphere of influence and introduced Roman Catholicism again. Missionaries appeared in the 19th century and
877:, which was a prosperous kingdom that had trading contacts with Ethiopia, Yemen, India, and Egypt. By the 13th century, numerous nomadic groups in Eritrea began adopting Islam and helped further propagate the faith. By the 15th century, Islam was well established and integrated among many Eritreans.
1113:
The Proclamation requires religious groups to register with the government or cease activities. Members of religious groups that are unregistered or otherwise not in compliance with the law are subject to penalties under the provisional penal code. The Office of Religious Affairs has authority to
78:, all other faiths and denominations are in principle required to undergo a registration process; in practice they are not allowed to register. Among other things, the government's registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to
1109:
Moreover, the Proclamation is also clear on the fact that (due to the secular principles) the relation as between the government and religion and religious institutions, as well as policies that deal with religious institutions should be formulated in accordance with the law. Pursuant to this
578:
centered in north Tigray and the central highlands of Eritrea had intimate connections with the Mediterranean world in which Christianity grew. Christianity arrived in the Eritrean and Tigrayan area in the 4th century, growing dynamically in the pre-existing
1642:
1182:
583:
mixed environment. The Tigrayan-Tigrinyas thus converted to Christianity centuries before most of Europe, thereby establishing one of the oldest state churches in the world. The Eritrean Orthodox have their origins in the 4th century
573:
was primarily introduced by European missionaries, this was not the case with the Tigray-Tigrinya people of Eritrea and Tigray Region in neighbouring Ethiopia (or with the Amhara people of Ethiopia). The ancient empire of the
829:
The various estimates shown above place Islam as the religion of between 37% and 52% of the population of Eritrea. Whatever the total share of the overall population, a 2009 report finds that over 99% of Eritrean Muslims are
40:. However, the number of adherents of each faith is subject to debate. Estimates of the Christian share of the population range from 47% and 63%, while estimates of the Muslim share of the population range from 37% to 52%.
2526:
157:
matches the Pew Research Center estimate of 63% Christian, breaking it down further to: 58% Orthodox; 5% Roman Catholic; and less than 1% Protestant. That report further analyzed the regional distribution within
892:, who was a devoutly Christian Tigrayan, Muslim Tigrayans were forcibly expelled from their homes and found refuge in the nearby northern areas in what is now Eritrea, out of reach of royal Ethiopian authority.
1654:
1186:
953:
attracted by new commercial opportunities driven by Italian colonial expansion in the late 19th century. The Jewish population then later increased from European refugees coming to Eritrea to escape the
142:
According to ACS-Italia estimate, around 52% of Eritrea's population in 2017 adhered to Islam, and 46% followed Christianity, with the remaining 2% of residents practicing other religions, including
888:
in mainland Eritrea began converting to Islam. Many of the inland Tigres converted to Islam in the 19th century as well as some of the Bilen. In the late 19th century, during the reign of
139:, that organization estimated around 50 percent of Eritrea's population adhered to Islam, and 48 percent followed Christianity, with all remaining religions accounting for two percent.
922:
had a heavy presence in Eritrea. Those who refused to embrace the new religion were compelled to seek refuge in the mountains of southern Ethiopia. This explains the concentration of
569:
The various estimates shown above place Christianity (all denominations) as the religion of between 47% and 63% of the population of Eritrea. While elsewhere on the continent,
2185:
1003:, the population in southern and central Eritrea is primarily Christian, while the population of northern Eritrea is primarily Muslim. According to that same report, the
675:
as 3rd Patriarch of Eritrea. Abune Antonios was elected on 5 March 2004 and enthroned as the third Patriarch of the Orthodox Tewahedo Church of Eritrea on 24 April 2004.
129:
1022:
found in southern, central and parts of northern Eritrea. A majority of the Tigrinya who constitute almost 60% of the population are Christian. The majority of the
1117:
Religious groups must renew their registration every year. In 2002, the Roman Catholic Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Eritrea (affiliated with the
2513:
2506:
2494:
1414:
987:
religions recognized by the Eritrean government and indeed, as of 2006 there was only one last native Jew left in Eritrea – Sami Cohen, who tends to the
805:, in Eritrea make up between less than 1% to 5% of the Christians. A minor church is the Kale Hiywot Church of Eritrea. Protestant denominations include
555:
churches. These organizations have been allowed to continue to practice. New groups however, have been discouraged from establishing a base in Eritrea.
536:
in 1541 and helped the Eritreans and Ethiopians to drive the Imams forces from the plateau. The Muslim forces dispersed, retreated and disappeared.
2247:
1550:
1106:
in accordance with and respects the law of the nation and particularly preserves the peace, stability, and unity of the people and the country.
655:
following independence in 1993, and in 1994 the two neighbouring churches affirmed their respective status. In April 1998 the former Archbishop
918:
It is believed that before Christianity became the official religion of Abyssinia (ancient Eritrea and northern Ethiopia) in the 4th century,
1731:
56:
1522:
1114:
regulate religious activities and institutions, including approval of the applications of religious groups seeking official recognition.
125:, with the rest following other religions. Pew based its estimate of Eritrea's religious composition on the 2002 survey referenced above.
132:'s 2021 annual report states that the country's population is "split in half between Christians (49 percent) and Muslims (49 percent)".
1479:
821:
and other local languages and their main goal was to reach and "enlighten" as many people as possible in the world through education.
785:
was their main church. So, in the early 1940s, Catholicism was the religion of nearly 28% of people in the colony of Italian Eritrea.
1964:
2392:
2232:
1622:
1327:
782:
692:
1121:) were required to submit registration applications and cease religious activities and services until applications were approved.
1026:
are Catholic, with a small minority of Muslims and some who practice traditional indigenous religions. Approximately 40% of the
472:
In 1941 Italian soldiers took refuge in the tree from British planes. The tree was hit but the Italians and the shrine survived.
1037:
The majority of Muslims in Eritrea inhabit the eastern, coastal lowlands as well as the western lowlands near the border with
2382:
1819:
1387:
635:
According to surveys, Orthodox Christians make up 56-58% of the population. A large majority of the Christian population of
1995:
652:
1888:
1863:
1726:
1213:
777:
community, mainly in Asmara. When Eritrea was an Italian colony, all the colonists and the Italian military were of the
2471:
1607:
644:
1912:
1772:
1736:
1691:
1583:
1562:
1000:
640:
48:
412:, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. Over 200 years after the kingdom's formation, it adopted
408:
in northern Ethiopia, arose somewhere around the first or second centuries. The Aksumites erected a number of large
1809:
676:
1081:
tribe who migrated from the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia in the 19th century. Additionally, the majority of the
600:(r. 320–360). Among ecclesiastical buildings, most notable date from the 4th to the 14th centuries; for example
2482:
1480:"THE FUTURE OF WORLD RELIGIONS: POPULATION GROWTH PROJECTIONS, 2010-2050 - Appendix B: Data Sources by Country"
913:
420:. Eritrea was also one of the first Islamic settlements in Africa, as a group of Muslims facing persecution in
110:
In the 2010 Eritrea Population and Health Survey, conducted by the Eritrean National Statistics Office and the
2018:
1425:
2262:
2155:
2103:
1957:
668:
624:
1773:
Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population
2582:
1989:
983:
143:
103:
2028:
762:
754:
2563:
2545:
1922:
485:
1547:
2302:
2013:
1517:
1118:
136:
2532:
2417:
2407:
2212:
1950:
794:
718:
712:
698:
458:
413:
52:
1267:
2422:
2307:
2242:
1157:
1130:
889:
601:
564:
356:
318:
2539:
2402:
2362:
2347:
2332:
2287:
2227:
2048:
1508:
1373:
1082:
1077:, though they claim a different ethnic background from the Biher-Tigrinya; the Rashaida are an
1042:
570:
425:
95:
2519:
2175:
2352:
1677:
979:
2550:
2457:
2432:
2277:
2272:
2252:
2222:
2207:
2083:
609:
962:
in 1948. During British administration, Eritrea was often used as a location of exile for
8:
2500:
2466:
2442:
2412:
2397:
2377:
2367:
2357:
2322:
2317:
2217:
2192:
2148:
1779:
1650:
870:
1334:
2452:
2447:
2387:
2337:
2297:
2197:
2133:
2108:
2073:
2043:
2038:
1973:
1019:
874:
1242:
938:, Ethiopia and southern Tigray. However, there was not much oppression against ethnic
464:
2488:
2427:
2372:
2327:
2312:
2292:
2282:
2257:
2202:
2160:
2123:
2098:
2053:
1815:
1697:
1687:
1603:
1579:
1558:
1383:
818:
814:
774:
758:
750:
439:
250:
858:
18:
2437:
2342:
2237:
2128:
2113:
2003:
1683:
988:
766:
734:
726:
671:
was very brief as he died not long after his enthronement, and he was succeeded by
575:
543:
517:
429:
401:
1450:
1299:"United States Commission on International Religious Freedom - Annual Report 2021"
620:
2170:
2138:
2093:
2088:
2023:
1597:
1554:
1379:
1070:
1058:
1012:
1004:
746:
656:
111:
1836:
117:
In 2015, Pew Research estimated that, by 2020, 62.9% of the population would be
2143:
2118:
2068:
2063:
2058:
1936:
1372:
Hsu, Becky (2011). "Eritrea". In Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (eds.).
1074:
971:
881:
801:
741:
is also used. There are four territorial jurisdictions in the country known as
722:
672:
552:
513:
509:
488:, also known as Ahmad Gurey or Gragn. Al-Ghazi led Muslim forces consisting of
2576:
2008:
1701:
1643:"Eritrea Religious Demography: Affiliation (web-enabled searchable graphics)"
1090:
1023:
946:
806:
597:
521:
493:
489:
454:
417:
405:
284:
182:
663:
was elevated to the rank of Patriarch. He died in 2004 and was succeeded by
1705:
1400:
1066:
1046:
1027:
1008:
967:
955:
885:
778:
497:
216:
118:
91:
71:
33:
2165:
1913:
United Kingdom Home Office’s report paper Fact Finding Mission to Eritrea
1086:
1078:
1062:
1054:
1050:
994:
927:
831:
664:
648:
605:
593:
548:
539:
505:
501:
75:
64:
1298:
1647:
The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050
975:
835:
738:
680:
596:, when the first Archbishop was elected for the Aksumite Empire, under
589:
44:
32:
consists of a number of faiths. The two major religions in Eritrea are
1942:
970:
guerrillas. Among those imprisoned was future Israeli prime minister
846:
749:, Roman Catholicism was already introduced into the country by Saint
469:
1129:
On 25 October 1994, the government revoked the business licenses of
900:
2033:
1841:
1031:
945:
The present Eritrean Jewish community is believed to be started by
730:
525:
442:
1236:
1234:
2078:
919:
905:
863:
742:
687:
636:
580:
533:
529:
434:
147:
122:
79:
60:
28:
1759:
Gli italiani in Africa, storia delle guerre coloniali 1882-1943
1231:
959:
935:
660:
628:
757:. Today the church is a distinctly Eritrean church, using the
1124:
1038:
963:
950:
810:
770:
585:
481:
446:
421:
409:
99:
37:
781:: in 1940 they constituted 11% of the total population. The
22:
Estimates of the religious makeup of the Eritrean population
1303:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
939:
923:
477:
450:
130:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
1625:. Workmall.com (24 March 2007). Retrieved on 3 March 2012.
1089:
ethnic minorities also adhere to Islam, as do some of the
106:). However, the number of adherents is subject to debate.
1864:"2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eritrea"
1272:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
1727:
2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eritrea
717:
Catholics make up 4-5% of the Eritrean population. The
995:
Religious affiliation by geography and by ethnic group
679:
presided at the ceremony in Asmara, together with the
457:
of Ethiopia under the protection of the Axumite king,
70:
Apart from the officially recognized denominations of
1920:
1985:
1915:, pages 7-20. February 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
615:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1096:
1568:
721:and Roman Catholic Church has dioceses of Asmara,
958:regimes in Europe at the time. Many emigrated to
395:
2574:
1764:
1628:
1548:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity
1007:ethnic group are primarily Christian, while the
112:Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies
1511:[Report on Religious Freedom: Eritrea]
799:Protestants, sometimes known by the slang name
1676:Rabasa, Angel (2009). "Ethiopia and Eritrea".
817:only understood by higher clergymen, into the
702:St. George's Episcopal Church, Asmara, Eritrea
476:Another great power came in the person of the
404:, covering much of modern-day Eritrea and the
364:
326:
288:
254:
220:
186:
1958:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1268:"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050"
524:soldiers from present-day Ethiopia, Eritrea,
51:, although a minority is affiliated with the
1732:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1451:"Eritrea Demographic and Health Survey 2002"
1185:. Globalreligiousfutures.org. Archived from
1018:The majority of Christians are found in the
1837:"Asmara's last Jew recalls 'good old days'"
1540:
1415:"Eritrea Population and Health Survey 2010"
85:
1965:
1951:
1352:
1125:Treatment of unregistered religious groups
90:There are two major religions in Eritrea:
1712:
1509:Rapporto Sulla Libertà Religiosa: Eritrea
1424:. August 2013. p. 42. Archived from
862:The 15th-century Sheikh Hanafi Mosque in
729:. Catholics in Eritrea mainly follow the
1595:
1073:are also Muslims; they are known as the
899:
880:Islam later spread in Eritrea under the
857:
845:
697:
693:Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara
686:
619:
463:
17:
1599:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, Volume 1
625:Enda Mariam Eritrean Orthodox Cathedral
2575:
1972:
1834:
1770:
1675:
1589:
1240:
1946:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1576:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
1557:. Edinburgh: University Press, p. 65
1183:"Religions in Eritrea | PEW-GRF"
1996:Traditional African religions portal
1528:from the original on 22 October 2020
1322:
1320:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1262:
1260:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
999:According to a 2018 report from the
653:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
542:was first brought to Eritrea by the
426:Islam spread to Ethiopia and Eritrea
1771:Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009).
1371:
1241:Fisher, Jonah (17 September 2004).
869:In the late 11th century, a Muslim
13:
1794:
1243:"Religious persecution in Eritrea"
1030:are Christian, the majority being
765:continue to be celebrated also in
645:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
428:around 615 AD with the arrival of
424:migrated to the Kingdom of Aksum.
14:
2594:
1893:United States Department of State
1868:United States Department of State
1807:
1737:United States Department of State
1317:
1286:
1257:
1218:United States Department of State
1201:
1143:
1001:United States Department of State
641:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
616:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
163:Religious affiliation in Eritrea
49:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
2527:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2248:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1988:
1930:
1097:Legal framework and restrictions
788:
783:Church of Our Lady of the Rosary
445:. Uthman had been driven out of
1906:
1881:
1856:
1828:
1808:G, Mussie Tesfagiorgis (2010).
1751:
1669:
1616:
1501:
1472:
1443:
1375:Encyclopedia of Global Religion
1069:ethnic groups. About 5% of the
684:decisions in religious matters.
558:
155:Encyclopedia of Global Religion
1814:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 139–143.
1407:
1175:
914:History of the Jews in Eritrea
706:
667:. The reign of Abune Yacob as
643:, which used to belong to the
396:History of religion in Eritrea
1:
2156:Traditional African religions
1521:(Report) (in Italian). 2016.
1137:
1015:groups are primarily Muslim.
1835:Harris, Ed (30 April 2006).
1679:Radical Islam in East Africa
1045:communities, especially the
984:Eritrean War of Independence
884:when ethnic groups like the
7:
2308:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
2029:Traditional Berber religion
10:
2599:
2564:African diaspora religions
1596:Brockman, Norbert (2011).
911:
895:
850:The Great Mosque of Asmara
841:
792:
773:for the small Italian and
710:
647:. The Eritrean Church was
562:
486:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
2560:
2465:
2184:
2014:Ancient Egyptian religion
1980:
1546:Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991)
1518:Aid to the Church in Need
1119:Lutheran World Federation
1041:. Most belong to various
761:in the liturgy, although
365:
355:
327:
317:
289:
283:
255:
249:
221:
215:
187:
181:
137:Aid to the Church in Need
59:, respectively. Eritrean
2233:Central African Republic
1602:. ABC-CLIO. p. 30.
824:
795:Protestantism in Eritrea
719:Eritrean Catholic Church
713:Eritrean Catholic Church
153:The 2011 edition of the
86:Faiths and denominations
57:Protestant denominations
53:Eritrean Catholic Church
1553:23 January 2013 at the
565:Christianity in Eritrea
357:Southern Red Sea Region
319:Northern Red Sea Region
121:, while 36.6% would be
1653:. 2015. Archived from
1574:Henze, Paul B. (2005)
1460:. May 2003. p. 32
909:
866:
851:
703:
695:
632:
571:Christianity in Africa
473:
23:
2393:São Tomé and Príncipe
2383:Republic of the Congo
903:
861:
849:
701:
690:
623:
467:
449:and found shelter at
324:Semienawi Keyih Bahri
21:
1382:. pp. 354–355.
834:, with less than 1%
745:. Before the era of
669:Patriarch of Eritrea
438:(companions) of the
362:Debubawi Keyih Bahri
135:In a 2016 report by
2583:Religion in Eritrea
2149:Serer creation myth
1780:Pew Research Center
1651:Pew Research Center
1158:"National Profiles"
1131:Jehovah’s Witnesses
890:Emperor Yohannes IV
164:
2134:Malagasy mythology
2044:Bushongo mythology
1974:Religion in Africa
1657:on 30 October 2021
1020:Eritrean Highlands
910:
908:cemetery in Asmara
867:
852:
807:Christian Brethren
755:Vincentian Fathers
704:
696:
633:
588:mission of Syrian
474:
162:
144:traditional faiths
63:are predominantly
24:
2570:
2569:
2476:other territories
2263:Equatorial Guinea
2161:Tumbuka mythology
2124:Lugbara mythology
2109:Khoe/San religion
2054:Dahomean religion
1821:978-1-59884-231-9
1757:Bandini, Franco.
1623:Aksumite Ethiopia
1389:978-0-7619-2729-7
819:Tigrinya language
751:Justin de Jacobis
677:Pope Shenouda III
393:
392:
251:Gash-Barka Region
2590:
2186:Sovereign states
2129:Maasai mythology
2114:Lotuko mythology
2004:Akamba mythology
1998:
1993:
1992:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1777:
1768:
1762:
1761:Chapter: Eritrea
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1684:RAND Corporation
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1639:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1593:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1498:
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1494:
1484:
1476:
1470:
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1467:
1465:
1455:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1369:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1340:on 12 April 2019
1339:
1333:. Archived from
1332:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1295:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1210:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1154:
989:Asmara Synagogue
980:Beitar Jerusalem
735:Alexandrian Rite
576:Kingdom of Aksum
547:established the
459:Aṣḥama ibn Abjar
430:Uthman ibn Affan
402:Kingdom of Aksum
368:
367:
330:
329:
292:
291:
258:
257:
224:
223:
190:
189:
165:
161:
102:(only the Sunni
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2475:
2470:
2461:
2180:
2171:Yoruba religion
2139:Mbuti mythology
2094:Isoko mythology
2024:Bantu mythology
1994:
1987:
1976:
1971:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1806:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1724:
1713:
1694:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1641:
1640:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1594:
1590:
1573:
1569:
1555:Wayback Machine
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1477:
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1463:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1380:SAGE Publishing
1378:. Los Angeles:
1370:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1189:on 7 March 2022
1181:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1162:www.thearda.com
1156:
1155:
1144:
1140:
1127:
1099:
997:
978:, a founder of
916:
898:
873:was founded in
844:
827:
797:
791:
747:Italian Eritrea
733:variant of the
715:
709:
657:Abune Phillipos
639:belongs to the
627:in the capital
618:
567:
561:
468:Madonna of the
440:Islamic prophet
398:
389:
388:
382:
381:
375:
374:
366:ዞባ ደቡባዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ
360:
351:
350:
344:
343:
337:
336:
328:ዞባ ሰሜናዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ
322:
313:
312:
306:
305:
299:
298:
279:
278:
272:
271:
265:
264:
245:
244:
238:
237:
231:
230:
211:
210:
204:
203:
197:
196:
88:
12:
11:
5:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2546:Western Sahara
2543:
2536:
2530:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2483:Canary Islands
2479:
2477:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2144:Serer religion
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2119:Lozi mythology
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:Efik mythology
2066:
2064:Dogon religion
2061:
2059:Dinka religion
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:Bono mythology
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1880:
1855:
1827:
1820:
1793:
1763:
1750:
1711:
1692:
1686:. p. 34.
1668:
1627:
1615:
1609:978-1598846546
1608:
1588:
1567:
1539:
1500:
1471:
1442:
1431:on 6 June 2019
1406:
1388:
1351:
1316:
1285:
1274:. 2 April 2015
1256:
1230:
1200:
1174:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1126:
1123:
1098:
1095:
996:
993:
991:and cemetery.
982:. In 1961 the
972:Yitzhak Shamir
897:
894:
882:Ottoman Empire
843:
840:
826:
823:
815:Ge'ez language
790:
787:
775:Italo-Eritrean
759:Ge'ez language
708:
705:
673:Abune Antonios
617:
614:
560:
557:
397:
394:
391:
390:
386:
385:
383:
379:
378:
376:
372:
371:
369:
353:
352:
348:
347:
345:
341:
340:
338:
334:
333:
331:
315:
314:
310:
309:
307:
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302:
300:
296:
295:
293:
281:
280:
276:
275:
273:
269:
268:
266:
262:
261:
259:
247:
246:
242:
241:
239:
235:
234:
232:
228:
227:
225:
213:
212:
208:
207:
205:
201:
200:
198:
194:
193:
191:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
160:
159:
151:
140:
133:
126:
115:
87:
84:
47:belong to the
43:Most Eritrean
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2595:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:Guinea-Bissau
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2176:Zulu religion
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Igbo religion
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:Akan religion
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1693:9780833046796
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1585:
1584:1-85065-522-7
1581:
1577:
1571:
1564:
1563:0-7486-0106-6
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1489:. p. 206
1488:
1481:
1475:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
948:
947:Yemenite Jews
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
915:
907:
902:
893:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
865:
860:
856:
848:
839:
837:
833:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:
796:
789:Protestantism
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
714:
700:
694:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
630:
626:
622:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:Ezana of Axum
595:
591:
587:
582:
577:
572:
566:
556:
554:
550:
545:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:in Ethiopia,
483:
479:
471:
466:
462:
460:
456:
455:Tigray Region
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
436:
432:, one of the
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:Tigray Region
403:
384:
377:
370:
363:
358:
354:
346:
339:
332:
325:
320:
316:
308:
301:
294:
286:
285:Anseba Region
282:
274:
267:
260:
252:
248:
240:
233:
226:
218:
214:
206:
199:
192:
184:
183:Maekel Region
180:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
108:
107:
105:
101:
97:
96:denominations
93:
83:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
39:
35:
31:
30:
20:
16:
2538:
2525:
2512:
2467:Dependencies
2418:South Africa
2408:Sierra Leone
2267:
2213:Burkina Faso
2049:Christianity
2019:Baháʼí Faith
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1892:
1883:
1873:21 September
1871:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1840:
1830:
1810:
1784:. Retrieved
1782:. p. 39
1766:
1758:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1730:
1706:Google Books
1704:– via
1678:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1646:
1618:
1598:
1591:
1575:
1570:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1516:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:Pew Research
1486:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1457:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1426:the original
1421:
1409:
1401:Google Books
1399:– via
1393:. Retrieved
1374:
1342:. Retrieved
1335:the original
1307:. Retrieved
1302:
1276:. Retrieved
1271:
1247:. Retrieved
1221:. Retrieved
1217:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:the original
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1161:
1128:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1083:Nilo-Saharan
1043:Afro-Asiatic
1036:
1017:
998:
956:anti-Semitic
944:
931:
917:
886:Tigre people
879:
868:
853:
828:
800:
798:
779:Latin Church
716:
634:
568:
559:Christianity
538:
475:
433:
414:Christianity
399:
361:
323:
217:Debub Region
154:
92:Christianity
89:
72:Christianity
69:
55:and various
42:
34:Christianity
27:Religion in
26:
25:
15:
2423:South Sudan
2166:Waaqeffanna
1493:30 December
1464:30 December
1458:DHS Program
1435:30 December
1309:28 December
1249:11 December
928:Beta Israel
707:Catholicism
665:Abune Yacob
594:East Africa
553:Evangelical
540:Catholicism
416:under King
171:Christians
76:Sunni Islam
2562:See also:
2553:(Tanzania)
2540:Somaliland
2533:St. Helena
2497:(Portugal)
2472:autonomies
2403:Seychelles
2363:Mozambique
2348:Mauritania
2333:Madagascar
2288:The Gambia
2228:Cape Verde
2084:Irreligion
1898:18 October
1778:(Report).
1743:22 October
1735:(Report).
1661:21 October
1532:22 October
1395:22 October
1278:12 October
1245:. BBC News
1223:5 November
1167:17 October
1138:References
1085:-speaking
976:Haim Corfu
912:See also:
793:See also:
739:Roman Rite
737:, but the
711:See also:
681:Holy Synod
649:recognized
590:Frumentius
563:See also:
45:Christians
2353:Mauritius
1981:Religions
1889:"Eritrea"
1702:294064246
1344:18 August
1328:"Eritrea"
1214:"Eritrea"
1093:Nilotes.
926:known as
871:sultanate
743:eparchies
581:Animistic
256:ዞባ ጋሽ ባርካ
119:Christian
2577:Category
2551:Zanzibar
2522:(France)
2514:Puntland
2503:(France)
2458:Zimbabwe
2433:Tanzania
2278:Ethiopia
2273:Eswatini
2253:Djibouti
2223:Cameroon
2208:Botswana
2074:Hinduism
2039:Buddhism
1842:BBC News
1786:30 April
1551:Archived
1523:Archived
1193:14 March
1071:Tigrinya
1059:Rashaida
1032:Catholic
1013:Rashaida
1011:and the
1005:Tigrinya
802:P'ent'ay
753:and the
549:Lutheran
526:Djibouti
443:Muhammad
174:Muslims
158:Eritrea:
2520:Réunion
2509:(Spain)
2507:Melilla
2501:Mayotte
2495:Madeira
2491:(Spain)
2485:(Spain)
2443:Tunisia
2413:Somalia
2398:Senegal
2378:Nigeria
2368:Namibia
2358:Morocco
2323:Liberia
2318:Lesotho
2268:Eritrea
2243:Comoros
2218:Burundi
2193:Algeria
2104:Judaism
2099:Jainism
1937:Eritrea
1811:Eritrea
1075:Jeberti
932:Falasha
920:Judaism
896:Judaism
864:Massawa
842:History
767:Italian
727:Barentu
651:by the
637:Eritrea
602:Libanos
579:Jewish/
544:Jesuits
534:Massawa
530:Somalia
510:Argobba
453:in the
435:Sahabah
290:ዞባ ዓንሰባ
188:ዞባ ማእከል
168:Region
148:animism
80:worship
61:Muslims
29:Eritrea
2453:Zambia
2448:Uganda
2388:Rwanda
2338:Malawi
2298:Guinea
2198:Angola
1923:Portal
1848:25 May
1818:
1739:. 2018
1700:
1690:
1606:
1582:
1561:
1422:UNICEF
1386:
1305:. 2021
1091:Kunama
1024:Kunama
960:Israel
936:Gondar
906:Jewish
875:Dahlak
832:Sunnis
763:Masses
661:Asmara
629:Asmara
586:Coptic
522:Gurage
514:Hadiya
494:Harari
490:Somali
470:Baobab
410:stelae
222:ዞባ ደቡብ
177:Other
123:Muslim
104:school
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94:(four
2489:Ceuta
2474:, and
2428:Sudan
2373:Niger
2328:Libya
2313:Kenya
2293:Ghana
2283:Gabon
2258:Egypt
2203:Benin
2089:Islam
1776:(PDF)
1526:(PDF)
1513:(PDF)
1483:(PDF)
1454:(PDF)
1429:(PDF)
1418:(PDF)
1338:(PDF)
1331:(PDF)
1067:Bilen
1047:Tigre
1039:Sudan
1028:Bilen
1009:Tigre
964:Irgun
951:Yemen
949:from
836:Shias
825:Islam
813:from
811:Bible
771:Latin
731:Ge'ez
723:Keren
606:Bizen
518:Silte
498:Oromo
482:Harar
447:Hejaz
422:Mecca
418:Ezana
387:<1
349:<1
311:<1
243:<1
100:Islam
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38:Islam
2535:(UK)
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2343:Mali
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1900:2022
1875:2021
1850:2007
1816:ISBN
1788:2018
1745:2020
1698:OCLC
1688:ISBN
1663:2020
1604:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1559:ISBN
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1466:2021
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1280:2021
1251:2009
1225:2022
1195:2022
1169:2022
1087:Nara
1079:Arab
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1063:Beja
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1051:Saho
974:and
968:Lehi
966:and
940:Jews
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769:and
725:and
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373:37%
342:87%
335:12%
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263:36%
236:11%
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