2339:
750:
2127:
2847:
298:
371:
284:
775:
2626:
2354:; the other was the Jacobins, radical authoritarians who opposed the paulista coffee oligarchy and who wanted to preserve and intensify presidential authority. The constitution created by this assembly established a federation that was officially governed by a president, a bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional; hereafter, Congress), and a judiciary. However, the real power was held by the states, and by local potentates called "colonels." The colonels largely controlled Brazil's internal politics through a system of unwritten agreements known as
2198:
2981:
groups, and especially to the middle class, which began to voice even more strongly its discontent with the rule of the corrupt rural oligarchies". In contrast, the labor movement remained small and weak (despite a wave of general strikes in the postwar years), lacking ties to the peasantry, who constituted the overwhelming majority of the
Brazilian population. As a result, disparate social reform movements would crop up in the 1920s, ultimately culminating in the Revolution of 1930. The 1920s revolt against the seating of
138:
2768:
36:
812:
1969:
2478:, far from major centers, the news could take 4 to 6 weeks longer to arrive. In those circumstances, for lack of alternatives, along the last decade of the 19th century and the first of the 20th, a free press created by European immigrant anarchists started to develop, and, due to non-segregated conformation (ethnically speaking) of Brazilian society, spread widely, particularly in large cities.
2996:, or lieutenants), who had long been active against the ruling coffee oligarchy, staged their own revolt in 1922 amid demands for various forms of social modernization, calling for agrarian reform, the formation of cooperatives, and the nationalization of mines. Though ultimately unsuccessful, the Tenente revolts illustrated the conflicts that would go on to underpin the Revolution of 1930.
2863:— the "world power of the future". This sentiment was later nurtured throughout the Vargas years and under successive populist governments, before the 1964 military junta repudiated Brazilian populism. While these populist groups were somewhat ineffectual under the Old Republic, the structural changes in the Brazilian economy opened up by the Great War strengthened these demands.
2570:
or long-term commitments), that could have unpredictable consequences and potentially risk the social, economic, and political power held by the
Brazilian elite. This course of conduct would extend throughout the 20th century, an isolationist foreign policy interspersed with sporadic automatic alignments against "disturbing elements of peace and international trade".
2604:' strategic ones (demonstrated for example in the German submarine campaign as well as in the Ottoman control over the Middle East), Brazilian involvement in the war would be inevitable. So he advised that the most logical way to proceed would be to follow the United States, which was working for a peace agreement but at the same time since the sinking of the
2482:
mule trains, impeded internal economic integration, political cohesion and military efficiency. The regions, "the
Brazils" as the British called them, moved to their own rhythms. The Northeast exported its surplus cheap labor and saw its political influence decline as its sugar lost foreign markets to Caribbean producers. The
2828:
In the early twentieth century, demographic changes and structural shifts in the economy threatened the primacy of the agrarian oligarchies. Under the Old
Republic, the growth of the urban middle sectors, though slowed by dependency and entrenched oligarchy, was eventually strong enough to propel the
2481:
During this period, Brazil did not have a significantly integrated national economy. Rather, Brazil had a grouping of regional economies that exported their own specialty products to
European and North American markets. The absence of a big internal market with overland transportation, except for the
2334:
The instability and violence of the 1890s were related to the absence of consensus among the elites regarding a governmental model, as the armed forces were divided over their status, relationship to the political regime, and institutional goals. The lack of military unity, and the disagreement among
2569:
By 1915 it was also clear that the
Brazilian elites were dedicated to making sure Brazil followed a conservative political path; they were unwilling to embark upon courses of action, whether domestically (i.e. adopting the secret ballot and universal suffrage) or in foreign affairs (making alliances
2298:
continued its presence throughout the country, it was not national but rather international in its personnel, doctrine, liturgy, and purposes. The Army assumed this new position strategically; the monarchy had become unpopular with Brazil's conservative economic elite after the abolition of slavery,
3063:
had violated the traditional alternation between Minas Gerais and São Paulo. Vargas campaigned carefully, needing to please a large range of supporters. He used populist rhetoric and promoted bourgeois concerns. He opposed the primacy of São Paulo, but did not challenge the planters' legitimacy and
2980:
Meanwhile, the divergence of interests between the coffee oligarchs— devastated by the
Depression— and the burgeoning, dynamic urban sectors was intensifying. According to prominent Latin American historian Benjamin Keen, the task of transforming society "fell to the rapidly growing urban bourgeois
2892:
as the center of
Brazilian industry. Industrial production, though concentrated in light industry (food processing, small shops, and textiles) doubled during the war, and the number of enterprises (which stood at about 3,000 in 1908) grew by 5,940 between 1915 and 1918. The war was also a stimulus
2875:
during World War I. The central government, dominated by rural gentries, responded to falling world coffee demand by bailing out the oligarchs, reinstating the valorization program. Valorization, government intervention to maintain coffee prices by withholding stocks from the market or restricting
2459:
The middle class was not yet active in political life. The patron-client political machines of the countryside enabled the coffee oligarchs to dominate state structures to their advantage, particularly the weak central state structures that effectively devolved power to local agrarian oligarchies.
3115:. However, on October 12 and 13, the Battle of Quatiguá took place (possibly the biggest fight of the revolution), although it has been little studied. Quatiguá is located to the east of Jaguariaíva, near the border between São Paulo state and Paraná. The battle did not occur in Itararé since the
2883:
Paradoxically, economic crisis spurred industrialization and a resultant boost to the urban middle and working classes. The depressed coffee sector freed up the capital and labor needed for manufacturing finished goods. A chronically adverse balance of trade and declining rate of exchange against
2870:
in August 1914 was the turning point for the dynamic urban sectors. Wartime conditions prevented
Britain from exporting goods to Brazil, thus creating space for Brazil's domestic manufacturing sector to grow. These structural shifts in the Brazilian economy helped to increase the ranks of the new
2335:
civilian elites about the military's role in society, explain partially why a long-term military dictatorship was not established. Although the military did not directly control Brazil, military men were very active in politics; early in the decade, ten of the twenty state governors were officers.
2957:
was at the forefront of Brazil's economic, political, and cultural life. Known colloquially as a "locomotive pulling the 20 empty boxcars" (a reference to the 20 other states) and still today Brazil's industrial and commercial center, São Paulo led this trend toward industrialization due to the
2442:
Brazil's dependence on factory-made goods and loans from the technologically and economically superior North
Atlantic diminished its domestic industrial base. Farm equipment was primitive and largely non-mechanized; peasants tilled the land with hoes and cleared the soil through the inefficient
2371:
dominated the system and swapped the presidency between them for many years. The system consolidated the state oligarchies around families that had been members of the old monarchical elite. And to check the nationalizing tendencies of the army, this oligarchic republic and its state components
2941:
marked 1920s Brazilian politics with little support from a central government dominated by the coffee interests. Under considerable middle class pressure, a more activist, centralized state adapted to represent the interests that the new bourgeoisie had been demanded for years — one that could
357:
2247:
in ending the Empire had made an oath to uphold it. The officer corps would eventually resolve the contradiction by linking its duty to Brazil itself, rather than to transitory governments. The Republic was born rather accidentally: Deodoro had intended only to replace the cabinet, but the
2330:
to 145,296. This reduction was one reason the Empire's legitimacy foundered, but the Republic did not move to correct the situation. By 1910 there were only 627,000 voters in a population of 22 million. Throughout the 1920s, only between 2.3% and 3.4% of the total population could vote.
3092:
The 1930 revolution began in Rio Grande do Sul on October 3 at 5:25pm. Osvaldo Aranha telegraphed Juarez Távora to communicate the beginning of the Revolution. It spread quickly through the country. Eight state governments in the northeast of Brazil were deposed by revolutionaries.
356:
353:
360:
2259:), granted extensive autonomy to the provinces, now called States. A federal system was adopted, and all powers not granted in the Constitution to the Federal Government belonged to the States. It recognized that the central government did not rule at the local level. The
358:
351:
359:
350:
349:
348:
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2942:
utilize a state interventionist policy consisting of tax breaks, lowered duties, and import quotas to expand the domestic capital base. Manufacturers, white-collar workers, and the urban proletariat alike had earlier enjoyed the respite of world trade associated with
354:
2754:, continued to decline during this same period; largely due to the effects of contact with the outside world such as commercial expansion into the interior. Consequently, indigenous full-blooded Amerindians now constitute less than 1% of Brazil's population.
2383:
Around the start of the 20th century, the vast majority of the population lived in communities that were essentially semi-feudal in structure, though accumulating capitalist surpluses for overseas export. Because of the legacy of Ibero-American
346:
2858:
Long before the first revolts of the urban middle classes to seize power from the coffee oligarchs in the 1920s, Brazil's intelligentsia and farsighted agro-capitalists, dreamed of forging a modern, industrialized society inspired by
2594:, the government attempted to brutally repress the labor movement in order to prevent new movements from beginning. This repression, supported by legislation, was very effective in preventing the formation of real free labor unions.
3071:
and denounced by both sides: when the victory of Prestes with 57,7% of votes was declared, Vargas and the Liberal Alliance refused to concede defeat, sparking tensions in the country. On July 26, 1930, vice-presidential candidate
2946:. However, the coffee oligarchs, relying on the decentralized power structure to delegate power to their own patrimonial ruling oligarchies, were uninterested in regularizing Brazil's personalistic politics or centralizing power.
2473:
Thus, high illiteracy rates went hand in hand with the absence of universal suffrage by secret ballot and the demand for a free press, independent from the then dominant economic influence. In regions where there was not even the
3142:
to Getulio Vargas; the new administration abrogated the 1891 Constitution, dissolved the National Congress and started to rule by decree, ending the Old Republic. A Constituent Assembly was convened in 1934, following the failed
3362:("D.N.O.G. - Naval Division in War Operations, 1917–1918: A forgotten page in the history of the Brazilian Navy") : Serviço de Documentação Geral da Marinha, 1961 (General Documentation Service of Brazilian Navy) OCLC 22210405
182:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
2299:
and the Army capitalized on that shift in opinion to amass support for itself within the upper class. Thanks to their success in this area, the Army's prestige managed to eclipse even other military institutions, like the
2871:
urban middle classes. Meanwhile, Brazil's manufacturers and those employed by them enjoyed these gains at the expense of the agrarian oligarchies. This process was further accelerated by the declining world demand for
2443:
slash-and-burn method. Meanwhile, living standards were generally squalid. Malnutrition, parasitic diseases, and a lack of medical facilities limited the average life span in 1920 to twenty-eight years. Because of the
2581:
ideas, which created problems for the very conservative regime of large estate owners. With the growth, masses of industrial workers became unhappy with the system and began engaging in massive protests, mostly in
2490:
lost its world primacy to efficient Southeast Asian colonial plantations after 1912. The nationally oriented market economies of the South were not dramatic, but their growth was steady and by the 1920s allowed
2372:
strengthened the navy and the state police. In the larger states, the state police were soon turned into small armies. The Head of the Brazilian army ordered that it would doubled so they could defend them.
2455:
process that first intensified, and then crashed, in the years between 1889 and 1891) occurred, the consequences of which were felt in all areas of the Brazilian economy throughout the subsequent decades.
345:
4219:
1033:
2294:
as a national regulatory and interventionist institution. With the monarchy suddenly eliminated, the Army was left as the country's only long-lasting and powerful national institution. Although the
168:
2363:
This informal but real distribution of power emerged, the so-called politics of the governors, to take shape as the result of armed struggles and bargaining. The populous and prosperous states of
2645:; another side was concerned about the bloody and fruitless nature of trench warfare, nurturing critical and pacifist feelings in the urban worker classes. Therefore, Brazil remained neutral in
2326:
expanded the right to vote. Brazil, however, moved to restrict access to the polls. In 1874, in a population of about 10 million, the franchise was held by about one million, but in 1881 this
2350:
The Constituent Assembly, which drew up the constitution of 1891, was divided between two factions. One group sought to limit executive power, which was dictatorial in scope under President
2388:, abolished as late as 1888 in Brazil, there was an extreme concentration of such landownership reminiscent of feudal aristocracies: 464 great landowners held more than 270,000 km of land (
347:
2653:
began feeling the need to divert public attention from his government; this goal could be accomplished by focusing on an external enemy and thus stoking a sense of unity and patriotism.
2360:. Coronelismo, which supported state autonomy, was called the "politics of the governors". Under it, the local oligarchies chose the state governors, who in turn selected the president.
1604:
4226:
4205:
4212:
192:
2217:, although the Brazilian regime would attempt to associate itself with both. The republic did not have enough popular support to risk open elections. It was a regime born of a
4238:
4035:
2085:
2600:
was the main opposition leader, campaigning for internal political changes. He also stated that, due to the natural conflict between Brazilian commercial interests and the
2913:. Foreign interests, however, continued to control the more capital-intensive industries, distinguishing Brazil's industrial revolution from that of the rest of the West.
2160:, but democracy was nominal. In reality, the elections were rigged, voters in rural areas were pressured or induced to vote for the chosen candidates of their bosses (see
2961:
Prosperity contributed to a rapid rise in the population of recent working class Southern and Eastern European immigrants, a population that contributed to the growth of
2168:(election authorities in the República Velha were not independent from the executive and the Legislature, dominated by the ruling oligarchs). This system resulted in the
2470:
under which the control of patronage was centralized in the hands of a locally dominant oligarch known as a coronel, who would dispense favors in return for loyalty.
1038:
4246:
1047:
2710:
further prevented the Brás administration from getting involved more deeply. Ultimately, the armistice in November 1918 prevented the government from carrying out
2067:. Because of the power of these two states, based on the production of coffee and dairy, respectively, the Old Republic's political system has been described as "
2888:, with its relatively large capital base, large immigrant population from Southern and Eastern Europe, and wealth of natural resources, led the trend, eclipsing
1324:
2656:
During 1917, the German Navy sank Brazilian civilian ships off the French coast, creating such an opportunity. On October 26 the government declared war on the
2290:
Because the monarchy had been overthrown by the Brazilian military, the history of the outset of republic in Brazil is also the story of the development of the
2315:
than elsewhere, the Army's presence was felt throughout the country. Its personnel, its interests, its ideology, and its commitments were national in scope.
3573:
3463:
Vinhosa, Luiz Francisco Teixeira "A diplomacia brasileira e a revolução mexicana, 1913–1915" (Brazilian diplomacy and the Mexican Revolution, 1913–1915)
2668:. Soon after, the navy was ordered to capture Central Powers' ships found on the Brazilian coast, and three small military groups were dispatched to the
2447:
system and lack of an open market, Brazilian industries could not compete against the technologically superior Anglo-American economies. In this context
1060:
907:
2534:
Following the creation of the republic in 1889, there were many political and social rebellions that had to be subdued by the regime, such as the Two
2672:. The first group consisted of medical staff from the Army, the second consisted of Army sergeants and officers, and the third consisted of military
3034:, who led a broad coalition of middle-class industrialists, planters from outside São Paulo, and the reformist faction of the military known as the
370:
202:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
4381:
3289:
Woodward; James P. "A Place in Politics: São Paulo, Brazil, from Seigneurial Republicanism to Regionalist Revolt" Duke University Press Books 2009
2255:. This quest lurched back and forth between state autonomy and centralization. The constitution of 1891, establishing the United States of Brazil (
3333:
3307:
1883:
4020:
3264:
Brassey, Thomas Allnutt "The Naval Annual; 1894" Elibron Classics/Adamant Media Corporation 2006, Chapter XI "The Naval Revolt in Brazil"
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1997:
1919:
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878:
100:
1628:
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72:
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Cardim; Carlos Henrique "A Raiz das Coisas. Rui Barbosa: o Brasil no Mundo" (The Root of Things. Ruy Barbosa: Brazil in the World)
3209:
Smallman, Shawn C. "Fear & Memory: in the Brazilian Army & Society, 1889–1954" The University of North Carolina Press 2002
1854:
1554:
3073:
2421:, Brazilian producers neglected domestic consumption, forcing the country to import four-fifths of its grain needs. As in most of
3529:
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undermined the domination of the republic's politics by the landed gentries of that state (dominated by the coffee industry) and
187:
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79:
4371:
3724:
3679:
3358:
Maia, Prado "D.N.O.G. (Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra), 1917–18: uma página esquecida da história da Marinha Brasileira"
2985:
as president signaled the beginning of a struggle by the urban bourgeoisie to seize power from the coffee-producing oligarchy.
4045:
3409:
2439:(estate) included the owner's chaplain and overseers, his indigent peasants, his sharecroppers, and his indentured servants.
2263:
had not absorbed fully the regional provinces, and now they reasserted themselves. Into the 1920s, the federal government in
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584:
297:
3714:
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3144:
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set off the tensions that had been building in Brazilian society for some time, spurring revolutionary leaders to action.
2750:. In contrast, Brazil's indigenous population, located mainly in the northern and western border regions and in the upper
2164:) and, if all those methods did not work, the election results could still be changed by one sided decisions of Congress'
1804:
956:
86:
3822:
3112:
2641:
There were two main lines of thought regarding Brazil's joining the war: One, led by Ruy Barbosa, called for joining the
2405:
responded to mounting European and North American demand for primary products and foodstuffs. A few key export products—
1914:
1214:
223:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
150:
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210:
17:
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Scheina, Robert L. "Latin America's Wars Vol.II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001" Potomac Books, 2003
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2433:, large estate owners exporting primary products overseas who headed their own patriarchal communities. Each typical
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as a new president. During the First Republic, the country's presidency was dominated by the most powerful states of
1869:
1799:
1774:
1569:
1177:
119:
68:
2797:
2726:
From 1875 until 1960, about 3 million Europeans emigrated to Brazil, settling mainly in the four southern states of
2711:
3906:
3664:
2973:. In the post-World War I period, Brazil was hit by its first wave of general strikes and the establishment of the
2876:
plantings, had some successes in the short term; however, coffee demand plunged even more precipitously during the
2185:
2126:
1904:
1514:
838:
3434:
D.N.O.G. (Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra), 1914–1918: uma página esquecida da história da Marinha Brasileira
3096:
On the 10th of October, Vargas launched the manifesto, "Rio Grande standing by Brazil" and left, by rail, towards
2706:, only strengthened the isolationist sentiment among the Brazilian elites. In addition, the devastating advent of
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for the diversification of agriculture. Growing wartime demand of the Allies for staple products— for instance,
2307:
to prevent such hegemony were defeated militarily during the early 1890s. Although it had more units and men in
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foreign currencies was also helpful; Brazilian goods were simply cheaper in the Brazilian market. The state of
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middle class into the forefront of Brazilian political life. In time, growing trade, commerce, and industry in
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to exercise considerable political leverage. Real power resided in the coffee-growing states of the Southeast—
2150:
1844:
1779:
1477:
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1319:
1154:
1137:
929:
597:
57:
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2558:, a rebellion pitting settlers against landowners, also raged from 1912 to 1916. Therefore, with the onset of
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4181:
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1949:
1944:
1924:
1894:
1879:
1849:
1739:
1658:
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232:
2950:, leader from 1930 to 1945 and later for a brief period in the 1950s, would later respond to these demands.
2096:, a force of urban middle-class, planters from outside São Paulo and military reformists composed mostly by
2081:, in which the political and economic spheres were centered around local bosses, who controlled elections.
283:
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3921:
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3111:), where the federal troops were stationed to halt the advance of the revolutionary forces, led by Colonel
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2089:
2052:
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until 1917. However, as denunciations of corruption exacerbated internal problems in the state, President
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3817:
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eventually gave way to the political aspirations of the new urban groups: professionals, government and
2702:
During 1918, protests broke out against the military recruitment; this, in conjunction with the news of
2251:
The history of the Old Republic was dominated by a quest for a viable form of government to replace the
4128:
3958:
3873:
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1983:
1899:
1864:
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1457:
1229:
1082:
795:
2923:
2839:
93:
4199:
4153:
4143:
3883:
3807:
3694:
3674:
3593:
3418:
3044:
3027:
2974:
2703:
2620:
2515:'s crops, turned out 75% of its industrial and meat products, and held 80% of its banking resources.
2222:
2190:
2093:
1507:
1410:
1360:
1184:
971:
333:
1355:
1329:
571:
3944:
3704:
3640:
2846:
2778:
1294:
480:
218:
1023:
4251:
4030:
3337:
2782:
2229:
1954:
1744:
1435:
546:
46:
3311:
4040:
3990:
3868:
3812:
3775:
3755:
3750:
3515:
2735:
2573:
Since the end of the 19th century, many immigrants from Europe had arrived, and with them came
2504:
1889:
1834:
1734:
1616:
1564:
1489:
1095:
912:
661:
303:
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Rex A. Hudson, ed. Brazil: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1997.
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4005:
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3785:
3652:
3252:
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2444:
2398:
1764:
1348:
1274:
919:
900:
873:
623:
409:
239:
3501:
1754:
4163:
4108:
3980:
3975:
3630:
2169:
2068:
1814:
1484:
1465:
709:
397:
2954:
2885:
2830:
2727:
2625:
2496:
2368:
2268:
2173:
2060:
1759:
1390:
8:
4148:
4123:
4015:
3995:
3936:
3827:
3797:
3760:
3647:
3613:
2966:
2934:
2418:
2214:
2031:
2019:
1839:
1699:
1189:
988:
983:
961:
885:
422:
2747:
1769:
1724:
1709:
1694:
1648:
4263:
4191:
4173:
4138:
4088:
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2742:. Immigrants came mainly from Portugal, Italy, Germany, Spain, Japan, Poland, and the
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1749:
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2535:
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2312:
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The Brazilian republic was not an ideological offspring of the republics born of the
2194:", 'coffee with milk', after the respective agricultural products of the two states.
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214:
3911:
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With manufacturing on the rise and the coffee oligarchs imperiled, the old order of
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2131:
1704:
1130:
998:
755:
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419:
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4258:
4158:
4118:
4055:
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3568:
3468:
3116:
3036:
2989:
2982:
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2197:
2097:
1684:
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3059:, because in nominating another Paulista to succeed himself, outgoing President
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2425:, the economy around the start of the 20th century therefore rested on certain
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2300:
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2714:. Despite its modest participation, Brazil gained the right to partake in the
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3504:", in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
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2837:, dominated by dairy interests, known then by observers as the politics of
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1289:
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Smith, Joseph "Brazil and the United States; convergence and divergence"
2943:
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221:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
3238:, Jorge Wilheim & Paulo S.Pinheiro; "Brazil: a century of change"
3104:
3052:
4283:
3417:"Soldiers of the Patria, A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937"
2970:
2578:
2574:
2554:(1910) and the Revolt of Juazeiro ("Sedição de Juazeiro", 1914). The
2475:
2426:
2323:
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1415:
1199:
416:
2850:
President Artur Bernardes (1922–1926) and ministers of state, 1922.
2767:
2318:
In the last decades of the 19th century, the United States, much of
35:
3689:
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3376:(Seventh ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 364–376.
4288:
3124:
2676:, both of Army and Navy. The Army's members were attached to the
2673:
2562:, Brazilian elites were interested in studying the events of the
2435:
2385:
179:
3538:
3077:
2910:
2872:
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2406:
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alternating between the oligarchies of the dominant states of
2146:, declared Brazil a republic, and reorganized the government.
2906:
2898:
2894:
2746:. The world's largest Japanese community outside Japan is in
2684:. By 1918 all three groups were already in action in France.
2566:
with more attention than those related to the War in Europe.
2410:
2284:
2225:
president (1889–91) and, after a financial crisis, appointed
2880:, creating a decline too steep for valorization to reverse.
3200:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1997, pg.22
2507:— which produced the most export revenue. Those three and
2088:
against the ruling oligarchies, which culminated into the
2071:". At local level, the country was dominated by a form of
191:
to this template: there are already 473 articles in the
3334:": Exército Brasileiro – Braço Forte, Mão Amiga :"
171:
a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.
2757:
2248:
republicans manipulated him into founding a republic.
2221:
that maintained itself by force. The republicans made
3308:"Grandes Guerras – Os grandes conflitos do século XX"
2201:
First Brazilian flag after empire's fall, created by
3047:. Support was especially strong in the provinces of
375:
Brazil at its largest territorial extent, including
175:
3103:It was expected that a major battle would occur in
2958:foreign revenues flowing into the coffee industry.
2342:Constitution of the United States of Brazil, 1891.
2043:from 1889 to 1930. The Old Republic began with the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2238:
2235:of War to ensure the allegiance of the military.
4343:
3274:
3272:
3270:
264:
229:{{Translated|pt|Primeira República Brasileira}}
3147:: the Assembly enacted a new Constitution and
2205:, used between November 15th and 19th of 1889.
217:accompanying your translation by providing an
162:Click for important translation instructions.
149:expand this article with text translated from
3523:
3371:
3267:
3131:on October 24 and formed a joint government.
3043:Together, these disparate groups made up the
2905:— sparked a new boom for products other than
1991:
3436:. Serviço de Documentação Geral da Marinha.
3192:
3190:
3188:
3076:of the Liberal Alliance was assassinated in
3010:
2188:(PRM). This regime is often referred to as "
3460:Chapter 5 "World War I and Brazil, 1917–18"
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3064:kept his calls for social reform moderate.
2999:
2796:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2084:The country was also marked by a series of
27:1889–1930 federal republic in South America
3530:
3516:
2695:, to join the Allies' Naval Forces in the
2691:, the Naval Division in War Operations or
1998:
1984:
1029:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil
369:
3151:as new President of Brazil, starting the
2816:Learn how and when to remove this message
2680:, and the Navy's aviators to the British
2417:— thus dominated agriculture. Because of
2114:as president, heralding the start of the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3165:
2845:
2624:
2518:
2337:
2196:
2125:
4382:Former countries of the interwar period
2375:
2180:, who governed the country through the
2037:Republic of the United States of Brazil
14:
4344:
3372:Benajmin, Keen; Keith, Haynes (2004).
2953:During this time period, the state of
2916:
2721:
2243:The officers who joined Field Marshal
2153:enacted in 1891, the government was a
266:República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil
3511:
3365:
2130:The Proclamation of the Republic, by
2030:
3431:
3145:Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932
3100:, the national capital at the time.
2794:adding citations to reliable sources
2761:
2687:By that time Brazil had also sent a
2138:On November 15, 1889, Field Marshal
131:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3604:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)
3537:
3127:Isaiah de Noronha ousted President
3067:The election itself was plagued by
2992:as well. Junior military officers (
2758:Developments under the Old Republic
1215:Declaration of majority of Pedro II
24:
3240:University of North Carolina Press
1019:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)
1004:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)
25:
4398:
3599:Military dictatorship (1964–1985)
3474:
3087:
2166:verification of powers commission
1570:March of the One Hundred Thousand
4377:1930 disestablishments in Brazil
3584:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)
3134:At 3pm on November 3, 1930, the
3080:, sparking the beginning of the
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2704:the ongoing revolution in Russia
2186:Republican Party of Minas Gerais
1967:
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3203:
2239:Rule of the landed oligarchies
1639:1993 Constitutional referendum
1629:Impeachment of Fernando Collor
1078:Conquest of the Banda Oriental
1048:Invasion of the Banda Oriental
227:You may also add the template
13:
1:
4372:1889 establishments in Brazil
3028:Republican Party of São Paulo
3022:The elections of 1930 pitted
2182:Republican Party of São Paulo
1659:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff
891:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha
879:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage
3404:Civilização Brasileira 2007
3006:Brazilian Revolution of 1930
2611:was also preparing for war.
2523:
2303:and the National Guard. The
2106:), deposed ruling president
2051:in 1889, and ended with the
1448:Constitutionalist Revolution
1315:Proclamation of the Republic
1160:Confederation of the Equator
1061:United Kingdom with Portugal
585:Proclamation of the Republic
7:
4046:Water supply and sanitation
3594:Fourth Republic (1946–1964)
3569:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)
3026:, of the pro-establishment
2852:National Archives of Brazil
2401:in the advanced countries,
2344:National Archives of Brazil
2151:new republican Constitution
2121:
1118:Recognition of Independence
1108:Declaration of Independence
339:"Brazilian National Anthem"
199:will aid in categorization.
10:
4403:
3574:United Kingdom (1815–1822)
3374:A History of Latin America
3003:
2618:
2538:(1891 & 1893–94), the
2527:
2086:rebellions and revolutions
2039:, refers to the period of
2014:, also referred to as the
1550:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
1473:1937 Brazilian coup d'état
1458:Communist uprising of 1935
1230:Liberal rebellions of 1842
1083:Constituent Cortes of 1820
174:Machine translation, like
69:"First Brazilian Republic"
4303:
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3957:
3935:
3849:
3840:
3828:President of the Republic
3746:
3737:
3621:
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3549:
3419:Stanford University Press
3153:Second Brazilian Republic
3011:The 1930 general election
2621:Brazil during World War I
2279:, and to a lesser extent
2032:[ʁeˈpublikɐˈvɛʎɐ]
2028:Portuguese pronunciation:
1610:1988 Constituent Assembly
1555:Vacancy in the Presidency
1495:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas
1436:Second Brazilian Republic
1361:Coffee with milk politics
1295:Post–abolition of slavery
1145:1823 Constituent Assembly
1073:Conquest of French Guiana
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151:the corresponding article
4357:Modern history of Brazil
4352:First Brazilian Republic
3751:Administrative divisions
3158:
3000:Fall of the Old Republic
2257:Estados Unidos do Brasil
2045:coup d'état that deposed
2012:First Brazilian Republic
1520:Construction of Brasília
1515:Lott's preventative coup
334:Hino Nacional Brasileiro
3198:Brazil: A Country Study
3140:the presidential palace
2230:Floriano Vieira Peixoto
1024:Minas Gerais Conspiracy
598:Republican Constitution
261:United States of Brazil
238:For more guidance, see
4387:Military dictatorships
4367:20th century in Brazil
4362:19th century in Brazil
3907:Science and technology
3589:Vargas Era (1930–1946)
3242:2009 pages 58 & 63
3226:Ibidem - Smallman 2002
2855:
2843:; 'coffee with milk'.
2716:Paris Peace Conference
2638:
2614:
2592:General Strike in 1917
2347:
2206:
2135:
2023:
1654:Car Wash investigation
1565:Araguaia Guerrilla War
1245:Eusébio de Queirós Law
265:
3253:University of Georgia
2988:This era sparked the
2849:
2628:
2519:Brazil in World War I
2466:, this was a classic
2445:comparative advantage
2399:Industrial Revolution
2341:
2296:Roman Catholic Church
2200:
2129:
1543:Military dictatorship
1349:Federalist Revolution
1325:Republic of the Sword
1275:Revolt of the Muckers
1170:Abdication of Pedro I
962:Quilombo dos Palmares
874:Treaty of Tordesillas
635:• Civilian rule
624:Federalist Revolution
423:presidential republic
410:Military dictatorship
394:Common languages
240:Knowledge:Translation
211:copyright attribution
3725:World Heritage Sites
3658:Environmental issues
3631:Brazilian Antarctica
3486:(WorldWars) Magazine
3432:Maia, Prado (1961).
3107:(on the border with
3082:Brazilian Revolution
2935:white-collar workers
2790:improve this section
2633:declares war on the
2540:Federalist Rebellion
2215:American Revolutions
2170:presidency of Brazil
2069:milk coffee politics
1664:Coronavirus pandemic
1485:Integralist Uprising
1290:Abolition of Slavery
1034:Opening of the ports
321:"Order and Progress"
54:improve this article
4274:Syncretic Religions
4182:Freedom of religion
3864:Automotive industry
3500:Frederik Schulze: "
3340:on 23 December 2007
3314:on 20 December 2007
3279:pt:Página principal
3255:Press 2010, page 39
2917:Struggle for reform
2722:Demographic changes
1780:Rio Grande do Norte
1190:1834 Additional Act
1113:War of Independence
989:War of the Emboabas
562:Chamber of Deputies
4234:Eastern Orthodoxy
4227:Ukrainian Catholic
3922:Telecommunications
3579:Empire (1822–1889)
3564:Indigenous peoples
3297:Page94 2nParagraph
3119:Tasso Fragoso and
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2564:Mexican Revolution
2552:Revolt of the Whip
2352:Deodoro da Fonseca
2348:
2322:, and neighboring
2245:Deodoro da Fonseca
2207:
2140:Deodoro da Fonseca
2136:
2090:Revolution of 1930
2053:Revolution of 1930
2035:), officially the
1740:Mato Grosso do Sul
1677:By federative unit
1560:Institutional Acts
1443:Revolution of 1930
1416:Lieutenant revolts
1401:Revolt of the Lash
1381:Annexation of Acre
1371:Amazon rubber boom
967:France Equinoxiale
947:France Antarctique
886:European discovery
839:Indigenous Peoples
647:Revolution of 1930
452:Deodoro da Fonseca
219:interlanguage link
4339:
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4206:Armenian Catholic
4011:Income inequality
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3823:Political parties
3818:National Congress
3781:Freedom of speech
3766:Foreign relations
3733:
3732:
3410:978-85-200-0835-5
3138:handed power and
3057:Rio Grande do Sul
2826:
2825:
2818:
2740:Rio Grande do Sul
2511:harvested 60% of
2509:Rio Grande do Sul
2493:Rio Grande do Sul
2397:After the Second
2313:Rio Grande do Sul
2277:Rio Grande do Sul
2149:According to the
2041:Brazilian history
2008:
2007:
1974:Brazil portal
1895:Jewish Brazilians
1785:Rio Grande do Sul
1617:1988 Constitution
1580:Redemocratization
1575:Brazilian Miracle
1525:Legality Campaign
1508:Populist Republic
1478:1937 Constitution
1453:1934 Constitution
1391:Taubaté Agreement
1320:1891 Constitution
1285:Military Question
1223:Reign of Pedro II
1155:1824 Constitution
1068:Pernambuco Revolt
854:Marajoara culture
804:History of Brazil
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532:National Congress
510:• 1926–1930
462:• 1926–1930
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3349:
3347:
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3336:. Archived from
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3310:. Archived from
3304:
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3217:pages 17–22
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3045:Liberal Alliance
3017:Great Depression
2878:Great Depression
2866:The outbreak of
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2814:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2770:
2762:
2712:its plan for war
2484:wild rubber boom
2449:the Encilhamento
2429:produced by the
2261:Empire of Brazil
2144:Emperor Pedro II
2132:Benedito Calixto
2094:Liberal Alliance
2073:machine politics
2034:
2029:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1715:Federal District
1333:
1138:Reign of Pedro I
1131:Empire of Brazil
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999:Vila Rica Revolt
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180:Google Translate
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3665:Extreme points
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3475:External links
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3149:elected Vargas
3098:Rio de Janeiro
3089:
3088:The Revolution
3086:
3032:Getúlio Vargas
3012:
3009:
3004:Main article:
3001:
2998:
2963:trade unionism
2948:Getúlio Vargas
2924:café com leite
2918:
2915:
2890:Rio de Janeiro
2840:café com leite
2824:
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2736:Santa Catarina
2723:
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2666:Ottoman Empire
2658:Central Powers
2651:Venceslau Brás
2635:Central Powers
2631:Venceslau Brás
2619:Main article:
2616:
2613:
2602:Central Powers
2588:Rio de Janeiro
2556:Contestado War
2548:Vaccine Revolt
2544:War of Canudos
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2505:Rio de Janeiro
2419:specialization
2380:
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2309:Rio de Janeiro
2265:Rio de Janeiro
2240:
2237:
2191:café com leite
2184:(PRP) and the
2155:constitutional
2123:
2120:
2112:Getúlio Vargas
2057:Getúlio Vargas
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1980:
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1386:Vaccine Revolt
1383:
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1376:War of Canudos
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1178:Regency Period
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1150:Night of Agony
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4031:Social issues
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3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:Official Site
3490:(Portuguese)
3489:
3487:
3485:
3480:(Portuguese)
3479:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3459:
3458:1-57488-452-2
3455:
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3443:
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3435:
3430:
3428:
3427:0-8047-3222-1
3424:
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3407:
3399:
3398:
3385:
3383:0-618-31851-8
3379:
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3113:Góis Monteiro
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3024:Júlio Prestes
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2939:protectionism
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2775:This section
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2698:
2697:Mediterranean
2694:
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2675:
2671:
2670:Western Front
2667:
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2536:Naval Revolts
2531:
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2423:Latin America
2420:
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2403:Latin America
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2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
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1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1965:
1964:
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1946:
1943:
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1935:
1934:
1926:
1923:
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1911:
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1885:
1884:Football Team
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1530:Plano Trienal
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1260:Uruguayan War
1258:
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193:main category
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153:in Portuguese
152:
147:You can help
143:
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110:November 2020
102:
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71: –
70:
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4041:Unemployment
3991:Demographics
3869:Central Bank
3776:Human rights
3756:Constitution
3626:Amazon basin
3583:
3483:
3446:(Portuguese)
3433:
3395:Bibliography
3373:
3367:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3338:the original
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3312:the original
3302:
3285:
3260:
3247:
3236:Ignacy Sachs
3231:
3222:
3205:
3197:
3133:
3121:Mena Barreto
3102:
3095:
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3049:Minas Gerais
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2920:
2882:
2865:
2857:
2838:
2835:Minas Gerais
2827:
2812:
2806:October 2014
2803:
2788:Please help
2776:
2752:Amazon Basin
2725:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2655:
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2568:
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2501:Minas Gerais
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2365:Minas Gerais
2362:
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2328:had been cut
2317:
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2273:Minas Gerais
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2178:Minas Gerais
2165:
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2102:
2083:
2077:
2065:Minas Gerais
2036:
2016:Old Republic
2015:
2011:
2009:
1860:Constitution
1745:Minas Gerais
1624:Plano Collor
1598:New Republic
1490:World War II
1356:Belle Époque
1344:Navy Revolts
1339:Encilhamento
1308:Old Republic
1307:
1240:Coffee cycle
1185:April Revolt
1096:Independence
977:Dutch Brazil
952:Bandeirantes
821:Miller Atlas
816:
738:Succeeded by
737:
732:
693:• 1920
683:• 1900
673:• 1890
572:Belle Époque
495:• 1891
332:
327:
316:
314:Motto:
313:
304:Coat of arms
252:
215:edit summary
206:
186:
156:
148:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4200:Catholicism
4114:Malandragem
4079:Archaeology
4006:Immigration
3912:Stock index
3854:Agriculture
3653:Environment
3344:28 December
3318:28 December
3074:João Pessoa
2944:World War I
2930:coronelismo
2868:World War I
2744:Middle East
2708:Spanish flu
2689:Naval fleet
2678:French Army
2660:: Germany,
2647:World War I
2598:Ruy Barbosa
2560:World War I
2546:(1896–97),
2542:(1893–95),
2468:boss system
2463:coronelismo
2431:fazendeiros
2391:latifúndios
2357:coronelismo
2219:coup d'état
2203:Ruy Barbosa
2162:coronelismo
2092:, when the
1925:Transgender
1905:Nationality
1735:Mato Grosso
1605:Lost Decade
1466:Estado Novo
1411:World War I
1328: [
1280:Grande Seca
1250:Platine War
1195:Malê Revolt
1103:Dia do Fico
1037: [
1014:Guaraní War
994:Mascate War
930:Slave trade
920:Sugar cycle
911: [
901:Captaincies
733:Preceded by
556:Lower house
541:Upper house
528:Legislature
426:(1894–1930)
413:(1889–1894)
4346:Categories
4239:Antiochian
4164:Television
4134:Newspapers
4109:Literature
3981:Corruption
3976:Censorship
3901:(currency)
3771:Government
3069:corruption
3030:, against
2861:positivism
2664:, and the
2629:President
2590:. After a
2528:See also:
2427:cash crops
2377:Latifúndio
2281:Pernambuco
2116:Vargas Era
2100:(known as
2078:coronelism
2020:Portuguese
1765:Pernambuco
1644:Plano Real
1585:Diretas Já
1429:Vargas Era
1366:Coronelism
984:Gold cycle
769:Vargas Era
697:30,635,605
687:17,438,434
677:14,333,915
662:Population
515:Melo Viana
417:Oligarchic
405:Government
398:Portuguese
80:newspapers
4284:Quimbanda
4279:Candomblé
4149:Sculpture
4124:Mythology
4074:Animation
4016:Languages
3996:Education
3937:Transport
3798:Judiciary
3761:Elections
3710:Time Zone
3685:Mountains
3648:Coastline
3614:Geography
3467:FLT 1975
2977:in 1922.
2971:socialism
2967:anarchism
2955:São Paulo
2886:São Paulo
2831:São Paulo
2777:does not
2748:São Paulo
2728:São Paulo
2608:Lusitania
2584:São Paulo
2579:anarchist
2575:communist
2524:Preceding
2497:São Paulo
2476:telegraph
2460:Known as
2379:economies
2369:São Paulo
2324:Argentina
2269:São Paulo
2174:São Paulo
2158:democracy
2075:known as
2061:São Paulo
1950:Conflicts
1920:Socialism
1875:Etymology
1845:Animation
1840:Anarchism
1815:Tocantins
1805:São Paulo
1200:Cabanagem
629:1893–1895
616:1893–1894
433:President
274:1889–1930
233:talk page
185:Consider
4326:Category
4264:Hinduism
4213:Maronite
4192:Buddhism
4174:Religion
4139:Painting
4089:Carnaval
3971:Abortion
3917:Taxation
3889:Industry
3813:Military
3739:Politics
3720:Wildlife
3690:Pantanal
3559:Timeline
3543:articles
3482:site of
3442:22210405
3117:generals
3037:tenentes
2994:tenentes
2674:aviators
2550:(1904),
2488:Amazônia
2253:monarchy
2233:Minister
2142:deposed
2122:Overview
2103:Tenetism
2049:Pedro II
2047:emperor
1945:Timeline
1938:Research
1900:Military
1880:Football
1790:Rondônia
1730:Maranhão
1700:Amazonas
1649:Mensalão
1634:Mercosul
1210:Balaiada
849:Kuhikugu
796:a series
794:Part of
706:Currency
209:provide
4310:Outline
4289:Umbanda
4269:Judaism
4220:Melkite
4104:Cuisine
4066:Culture
4051:Welfare
3959:Society
3927:Tourism
3884:Exports
3842:Economy
3700:Regions
3675:Islands
3670:Geology
3636:Climate
3551:History
3125:Admiral
3105:Itararé
3053:Paraíba
2798:removed
2783:sources
2643:Entente
2436:fazenda
2386:slavery
2227:Marshal
2223:Deodoro
1870:Ethanol
1865:Economy
1810:Sergipe
1795:Roraima
1755:Paraíba
1690:Alagoas
925:Slavery
645:•
622:•
609:•
596:•
583:•
554:•
539:•
503:(first)
455:(first)
420:federal
384:Capital
328:Anthem:
231:to the
213:in the
155:.
94:scholar
4331:Portal
4187:Baháʼí
4159:Sports
4099:Comics
4094:Cinema
4026:People
4001:Health
3894:Mining
3879:Energy
3705:Rivers
3541:
3539:Brazil
3502:Brazil
3456:
3440:
3425:
3408:
3380:
3293:
3213:
3109:Paraná
3078:Recife
2969:, and
2911:coffee
2901:, and
2873:coffee
2738:, and
2732:Paraná
2513:Brazil
2503:, and
2415:cotton
2413:, and
2407:coffee
2320:Europe
2211:French
1910:Postal
1828:Topics
1760:Paraná
823:, 1519
798:on the
547:Senate
518:(last)
485:
470:(last)
437:
330:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4317:Index
4259:Islam
4119:Music
4056:Youth
3986:Crime
3899:Real
3421:2004
3159:Notes
3136:junta
2907:sugar
2899:beans
2895:sugar
2411:sugar
2285:Bahia
1770:Piauí
1725:Goiás
1710:Ceará
1705:Bahia
1695:Amapá
1332:]
1041:]
915:]
844:Luzia
176:DeepL
101:JSTOR
87:books
4084:Arts
3786:LGBT
3454:ISBN
3438:OCLC
3423:ISBN
3406:ISBN
3378:ISBN
3346:2007
3320:2007
3291:ISBN
3211:ISBN
3123:and
3055:and
3015:The
2927:and
2781:any
2779:cite
2693:DNOG
2606:RMS
2586:and
2577:and
2367:and
2311:and
2301:Navy
2292:Army
2283:and
2176:and
2063:and
2010:The
1890:LGBT
1850:Book
1750:Pará
1685:Acre
710:Real
377:Acre
290:Flag
207:must
205:You
169:View
73:news
4247:LDS
3803:Law
3494:of
2909:or
2792:by
2615:War
2486:in
2451:(a
2213:or
178:or
56:by
4348::
3269:^
3167:^
3155:.
3084:.
3051:,
3040:.
2965:,
2897:,
2734:,
2730:,
2718:.
2699:.
2499:,
2409:,
2287:.
2275:,
2271:,
2118:.
2026:,
2022::
1330:pt
1039:pt
913:pt
819:,
722:BR
3531:e
3524:t
3517:v
3444:.
3386:.
3348:.
3322:.
2854:.
2819:)
2813:(
2808:)
2804:(
2800:.
2786:.
2346:.
2134:.
2018:(
1999:e
1992:t
1985:v
1886:)
1882:(
242:.
235:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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