307:
the creation of false or pseudo memories. Such therapy-created memories can be quite compelling for those who develop them, and can include details that make them seem credible to others. In a now classic experiment by Loftus (widely known as the "Lost in the Mall" study), participants were given a booklet containing three accounts of real childhood events written by family members and a fourth account of a wholly fictitious event of being lost in a shopping mall. A quarter of the subjects reported remembering the fictitious event, and elaborated on it with extensive circumstantial detail. This experiment inspired many others, and in one of these, Porter et al. convinced about half of the participants that they had survived a vicious animal attack in childhood.
482:, lead to more consolidated memories. Evidence shows that stress enhances memory for aspects and details directly related to the stressful event. Furthermore, behavioural and cognitive memory-enhancing responses, such as rehearsing or revisiting a memory in one's mind are also more likely when memories are highly emotional. When compared to positive events, memory for negative, traumatic experiences are more accurate, coherent, vivid, and detailed, and this trend persists over time. This sample of what is a vast body of evidence calls into question how it is possible that traumatic memories, which are typically remembered exceptionally well, might also be associated with patterns of extreme forgetting.
223:
suggestive therapy at the time that Doe was six. Loftus and Guyer also found evidence that, following her initial "recall" of the abuse during therapy at age six, Doe had talked about the abuse during the eleven years in between the sessions of therapy, indicating that even if abuse had really occurred, memory for the abuse had not been repressed. More generally, in addition to the problem of false memories, this case highlights the critical dependence of repression-claims cases on the ability of individuals to recall whether or not they had previously been able to recall a traumatic event; as McNally has noted, people are notoriously poor at making that kind of judgment.
486:
21 years after the event(s) ended found that the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder was positively correlated with the degree of memory accuracy. Further, all persons who identified the child sexual abuse as the most traumatic event of their life, displayed highly accurate memory for the event. Similarly, in a study of World War II survivors, researchers found that participants who scored higher on posttraumatic stress reactions had war memories that were more coherent, personally consequential, and more rehearsed. The researchers concluded that highly distressing events can lead to subjectively clearer memories that are highly accessible.
379:
neural networks than is the case with memories for non-stressful experiences, and that memories for the stressful experiences may then be inaccessible until the organism's brain is in a neurological state similar to the one that occurred when the stressful experience first occurred. At present, however, there is no evidence that what
Radulovic found with rats occurs in the memory systems of humans, and it is not clear that human memories for traumatic experiences are typically "recovered" by placing the individual back in the mental state that was experienced during the original trauma.
353:
active remembering of other related experiences (or less traumatic elements of the traumatic experience) may make memories for the traumatic experience itself less accessible to conscious awareness. However, two problems with this viewpoint have been raised: (1) the evidence for the basic phenomenon itself has not consistently replicated, and (2) the phenomenon does not meet all criteria that must be met to support memory repression theory, particularly the lack of evidence that this form of forgetting is particularly likely to occur in the case of traumatic experiences.
155:, a district court judge overturned the conviction in 1995 based on several trial errors including the unreliability of hypnosis that was used. Eileen Franklin would further accuse her father of raping and murdering 18-year-old Veronica Cascio and 17-year-old Paula Baxter. George Franklin was released in July 1996 after prosecutors announced they would not retry him, and in 2018, the DNA evidence linked Rodney Lynn Halbower to the Cascio and Baxter murders. He was convicted of both murders and sentenced to life in prison. In 1991,
528:. (312 F3d. 423, see also 884 FSupp 1435, N.D. Calif.), that repressed memory is not admissible as evidence in a legal action because of its unreliability, inconsistency, unscientific nature, tendency to be therapeutically induced evidence, and subject to influence by hearsay and suggestibility. The court overturned the conviction of a man accused of murdering a nine-year-old girl purely based upon the evidence of a 21-year-old repressed memory by a lone witness, who also held a complex personal grudge against the defendant.
462:
those of nontraumatic events, perhaps because of alterations in attentional focusing or the fact that extreme emotional arousal interferes with memory. van der Kolk and Fisler's hypothesis is that under extreme stress, the memory categorization system based in the hippocampus fails, with these memories kept as emotional and sensory states. When these traces are remembered and put into a personal narrative, they are subject to being condensed, contaminated and embellished upon.
440:; this makes it difficult for subjects to construct an accurate account of their present and past history. "The combination of lack of autobiographical memory, continued dissociation and of meaning schemes that include victimization, helplessness and betrayal, is likely to make these individuals vulnerable to suggestion and to the construction of explanations for their trauma-related affects that may bear little relationship to the actual realities of their lives"
421:", proposes that memories for childhood abuse are the most likely to be repressed because of the intense emotional trauma produced by being abused by someone the child is dependent on for emotional and physical support; in such situations, according to this theory, dissociative amnesia is an adaptive response because it permits a relationship with the powerful abuser (whom the child is dependent upon) to continue in some form.
366:
certain words while forgetting others. Later, when tested on their memory for all of the words, recall and recognition is typically worse for the deliberately forgotten words. A problem for viewing motivated forgetting as a mechanism of memory repression is that there is no evidence that the intentionally forgotten information becomes, first, inaccessible and then, later, retrievable (as required by memory repression theory).
4851:
4839:
93:. Among her many ailments, Anna O. had stiff paralysis on the right side of her body. Freud hypothesized that her symptoms were attached to psychological traumas; the traumatic experiences had been repressed from her conscious mind, but reappeared as physical symptoms. Breuer used hypnosis to treat Anna O. She is reported to have gained slight mobility on her right side.
332:
those in this range are vulnerable to suggestion of pseudomemories for peripheral details, which can rise to 80% with a combination of other social influence factors. They conclude that the rates of memory errors run 0–5% in adult studies, 3–5% in children's studies and that the rates of false allegations of child abuse allegations run 4–8% in the general population.
66:
memories could be recovered, however, rather than promoting the recovery of a real repressed memory, such attempts could result in the creation of entirely false memories. Subsequent accusations based on such "recovered memories" led to substantial harm of individuals implicated as perpetrators, sometimes resulting in false convictions and years of incarceration.
552:
evidence" in this case is the post-conviction consensus within the social science community that suggestive memory recovery tactics can create false memories" (pg 27 FRIEDMAN v. REHAL Docket No. 08-0297). The ruling goes on to order all previous convictions and plea bargains relying in repressed memories using common memory recovered techniques be reviewed.
3473:"The Validity of Recovered Memory: Decision of a US District Court" Judge Edward F. Harrington, Presentation by Jim Hopper Ph.D. The legal documentation citation is: 923 Federal Supplement 286 (D. Mass. 1996), United States District Court – District of Massachusetts Ann Shahzade, plaintiff Civil Action No.: V. 92-12139-EFH George Gregory, Defendant.
151:. Starting in the 1980s, repressed memory legal cases increased rapidly. In 1989, a landmark legal case developed when George Franklin was charged and convicted in 1990 for the rape and murder of 8-year-old Susan Kay Nason on September 22, 1969, based on the account of his daughter, Eileen Franklin's recovered memories. Originally sentenced to
311:
the recovery of memory, it is now widely (but not universally) accepted that the memories have a high likelihood of being false, i.e. "memories" of incidents that had not actually occurred. It is thus recognised by professional organizations that a risk of implanting false memories is associated with some similar types of therapy. The
408:
neurological condition, and (f) is "always potentially reversible". McNally and others have noted that this definition is essentially the same as the defining characteristics of memory repression, and that all of the reasons for questioning the reality of memory repression apply equally well to claims regarding dissociative amnesia.
465:
A significant problem for trauma theories of memory repression is the lack of evidence with humans that failures of recall of traumatic experiences result from anything other than normal processes of memory that apply equally well to memories for traumatic and non-traumatic events. In addition, it is
65:
While the concept of repressed memories persisted through much of the 1990s, insufficient support exists to conclude that memories can become inconspicuously hidden in a way that is distinct from forgetting. Historically, some psychoanalysts provided therapy based on the belief that alleged repressed
378:
refers to the evidence that memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed. Based upon her research with rats, Radulovic has argued that memories for highly stressful traumatic experiences may be stored in different
69:
Due to a lack of evidence for the concept of repressed and recovered memories, mainstream clinical psychologists have stopped using these terms. Clinical psychologist
Richard McNally stated: "The notion that traumatic events can be repressed and later recovered is the most pernicious bit of folklore
485:
The high quality remembering for traumatic events is not just a lab-based finding but has also been observed in real-life experiences, such as among survivors of child sexual abuse and war-related atrocities. For example, researchers who studied memory accuracy in child sexual abuse survivors 12 to
432:
Traumatic amnesia; this involves the loss of memories of traumatic experiences. The younger the subject and the longer the traumatic event is, the greater the chance of significant amnesia. He stated that subsequent retrieval of memories after traumatic amnesia is well documented in the literature,
365:
phenomenon, which is also sometimes referred to as intentional or directed forgetting, refers to forgetting which is initiated by a conscious goal to forget particular information. In the classic intentional forgetting paradigm, participants are shown a list of words, but are instructed to remember
469:
Evidence from psychological research suggests that most traumatic memories are well remembered over long periods of time. Autobiographical memories appraised as highly negative are remembered with a high degree of accuracy and detail. This observation is in line with psychological understanding of
310:
Critics of these experimental studies have questioned whether their findings generalize to memories for real-world trauma or to what occurs in psychotherapeutic contexts. However, when memories are "recovered" after long periods of amnesia, particularly when extraordinary means were used to secure
306:
has noted that some of the techniques that some therapists use in order to supposedly help the patients recover memories of early trauma (including such techniques as age regression, guided visualization, trance writing, dream work, body work, and hypnosis) are particularly likely to contribute to
461:
According to van der Kolk, memories of highly significant events are usually accurate and stable over time; aspects of traumatic experiences appear to get stuck in the mind, unaltered by time passing or experiences that may follow. The imprints of traumatic experiences appear to be different from
331:
and pseudomemories and appear to be less reliable than nonhypnotic recall. Brown et al. estimate that 3 to 5% of laboratory subjects are vulnerable to post-event misinformation suggestions. They state that 5–8% of the general population is the range of high-hypnotizability. Twenty-five percent of
319:
Not all therapists agree that false memories are a major risk of psychotherapy and they argue that this idea overstates the data and is untested. Several studies have reported high percentages of the corroboration of recovered memories, and some authors have claimed that among skeptics of idea of
298:
even of relatively recent dramatic events is notoriously unreliable. Memories of events are a mix of fact overlaid with emotions, mingled with interpretation and "filled in" with imaginings. Skepticism regarding the validity of a memory as factual detail is warranted. For example, one study where
259:
has been shown, and recovered memories of traumatic childhood abuse have been corroborated; however, forgetting trauma does not necessarily imply that the trauma was repressed. One situation in which the seeming forgetting, and later recovery, of a "traumatic" experience is particularly likely to
407:
as the "inability to recall autobiographical information" that is (a) "traumatic or stressful in nature", (b) "inconsistent with ordinary forgetting", (c) "successfully stored", (d) involves a period of time when the patient is unable to recall the experience, (e) is not caused by a substance or
352:
refers to a memory phenomenon where remembering some information causes forgetting of other information. Anderson and Green have argued that for a linkage between this phenomenon and memory repression; according to this view, the simple decision to not think about a traumatic event, coupled with
505:
for child abuse cases has been extended to accommodate the phenomena of repressed memories as well as other factors. The repressed memory concept came into wider public awareness in the 1980s and 1990s followed by a reduction of public attention after a series of scandals, lawsuits, and license
277:
wrote that "on critical examination, the scientific evidence for repression crumbles." He continued, "asking individuals if they 'remember whether they forgot' is of dubious validity. Furthermore, in most retrospective studies corroboration of the traumatic event was either absent or fell below
226:
An argument that has been made against the validity of the phenomenon of repressed memories is that there is little (if any) discussion in the historical literature prior to the 19th century of phenomena that would qualify as examples of memory repression or dissociative amnesia. In response to
551:
On August 16, 2010, the United States Second
Circuit Court of Appeals in a case reversed the conviction that relied on claimed victim memories of childhood abuse stating that "The record here suggests a "reasonable likelihood" that Jesse Friedman was wrongfully convicted. The "new and material
315:
advises: "...most leaders in the field agree that although it is a rare occurrence, a memory of early childhood abuse that has been forgotten can be remembered later; however, these leaders also agree that it is possible to construct convincing pseudomemories for events that never occurred."
222:
and Melvin Guyer, however, raised serious questions about many of the central details of the case as reported by Corwin, including whether or not Jane Doe was abused by her mother at all, suggesting that this may be a case of false memory for childhood abuse with the memory "created" during
218:) who, according to Corwin, had been seriously abused by her mother, had recalled the abuse at age six during therapy with Corwin, then eleven years later was unable to recall the abuse before memories of the abuse returned to her mind again during therapy. An investigation of the case by
247:, in which the heroine, having forgotten that she saw her lover apparently killed in a duel, waits for him daily. Pope claims that even this single fictional description does not clearly meet all criteria for evidence of memory repression, as opposed to other phenomena of normal memory.
416:
The essence of the theory of memory repression is that it is memories for traumatic experiences that are particularly likely to become unavailable to conscious awareness, even while continuing to exist at an unconscious level. A prominent more specific theory of memory repression,
134:
and his wife/former patient
Michelle Smith about Smith's fabricated experiences with repressed memories of childhood Satantic rituals and abuse, gained widespread popularity that persisted after debunking, influenced subsequent claims, and received promotion from media including
267:
and Daniel Brown in 1996 found 25 previous studies of the subject of amnesia of childhood sexual abuse. All 25 "demonstrated amnesia in a subpopulation", including more recent studies with random sampling and prospective designs. On the other hand, in a 1998 editorial in the
513:
The apparent willingness of courts to credit the recovered memories of complainants but not the absence of memories by defendants has been commented on: "It seems apparent that the courts need better guidelines around the issue of dissociative amnesia in both populations."
470:
human memory, which explains that highly salient and distinctive events—common characteristics of negative traumatic experiences—are remembered well. When experiencing highly emotional, stressful events, physiological and neurological responses, such as those involving the
498:, arises typically within therapy, when people report the "recovery" of childhood memories of previously unknown abuse. The influence of practitioners' beliefs and practices in the eliciting of false "memories" and of false complaints has come under particular criticism.
466:
clear that, rather than being pushed out of consciousness, the difficulty with traumatic memories for most people is their inability to forget the traumatic event and the tendency for memories of the traumatic experience to intrude upon consciousness in problematic ways.
390:
is partial or complete loss of memory that goes beyond mere forgetting. Often it is temporary and involves only part of a person's experience. Amnesia is often caused by an injury to the brain, for instance after a blow to the head, and sometimes by psychological trauma.
340:
Those who argue in favor of the validity of the phenomenon of repressed memory have identified three mechanisms of normal memory that may explain how memory repression may occur: retrieval inhibition, motivated forgetting, and state-dependent remembering.
196:
and contributed to continued evaluation of the phenomenon. Skepticism and criticism of repressed memory continued to mount through the 1990s, 2000s, and beyond, emphasizing unreliability, false claims, and lack of examples in historical records.
3067:
Diagnostic symptoms of PTSD include reexperience such as flashbacks and nightmares, difficulty falling or staying asleep, feelings of panic or fear, depression, headache, and physiological symptoms including irregular heartbeat and diarrhoea.
1616:
Pope H, Poliakoff M, Parker M, Boynes M, Hudson J (2009). "Response to R. E. Goldsmith, R. E. Cheit, & M. E. Wood, "Evidence of
Dissociative Amnesia in Science and Literature: Culture-Bound Approaches to Trauma in Pope et al. (2007)".
433:
with documented examples following natural disasters and accidents, in combat soldiers, in victims of kidnapping, torture and concentration camp experiences, in victims of physical and sexual abuse, and in people who have committed murder.
2562:
546:
There was no scientific evidence of any sort adduced to explain the phenomenon of "flashbacks" and/or "retrieved memory", nor was the applicant in any position to meet such a case in the absence of prior notification
535:'s case of suddenly remembered sexual abuse is one of the most well-documented cases available for the public to see. Cheit prevailed in two lawsuits, located five additional victims and tape-recorded a confession.
1355:
250:
Despite the claims by proponents of the reality of memory repression that any evidence of the forgetting of a seemingly traumatic event qualifies as evidence of repression, research indicates that memories of
509:
A U.S. District Court accepted repressed memories as admissible evidence in a specific case. Dalenberg argues that the evidence shows that recovered memory cases should be allowed to be prosecuted in court.
167:
experiences with childhood abuse and repressed memory. Van Derbur's oldest sister Gwen verified her account, though Barr would later moderate her claims. Such cases and reactions led to the definition of
595:
Controversies regarding adult recollections should not be allowed to obscure the fact that child sexual abuse is a complex and pervasive problem in
America that has historically gone unacknowledged;
70:
ever to infect psychology and psychiatry. It has provided the theoretical basis for 'recovered memory therapy'—the worst catastrophe to befall the mental health field since the lobotomy era."
2603:
2487:
Dalenberg C (October 2006). "Recovered memory and the
Daubert criteria: recovered memory as professionally tested, peer reviewed, and accepted in the relevant scientific community".
2269:
Porter S, Yuille JC, Lehman DR (October 1999). "The nature of real, implanted, and fabricated memories for emotional childhood events: implications for the recovered memory debate".
494:
Serious issues arise when recovered but false memories result in public allegations; false complaints carry serious consequences for the accused. A special type of false allegation,
323:
A difficult issue for the field is that there is no evidence that reliable discriminations can be made between true and false memories. Some believe that memories "recovered" under
574:
nor is recovered memory therapy recommended by mainstream ethical and professional mental health associations. Critics of recovered memory therapy note that the therapy can create
3170:
Alexander KW, Quas JA, Goodman GS, Ghetti S, Edelstein RS, Redlich AD, et al. (January 2005). "Traumatic impact predicts long-term memory for documented child sexual abuse".
1461:
Corwin D, Olafson E (1997). "Videotaped
Discovery of a Reportedly Unrecallable Memory of Child Sexual Abuse: Comparison with a Childhood Interview Videotaped 11 Years Before".
3806:
327:
are particularly likely to be false. According to The
Council on Scientific Affairs for the American Medical Association, recollections obtained during hypnosis can involve
1554:
Pope HG, Poliakoff MB, Parker MP, Boynes M, Hudson JI (February 2007). "Is dissociative amnesia a culture-bound syndrome? Findings from a survey of historical literature".
1239:
578:
through its use of powerful suggestion techniques. It has also been found that patients who retract their claims—after deciding their recovered memories are false—may have
570:
methods that involve guiding the patient's attempts to recall memories of abuse that had previously been forgotten. The term "recovered memory therapy" is not listed in
1363:
501:
Some criminal cases have been based on a witness's testimony of recovered repressed memories, often of alleged childhood sexual abuse. In some jurisdictions, the
260:
occur is when the experience was not interpreted as traumatic when it first occurred, but then, later in life, was reinterpreted as an instance of early trauma.
2071:
184:, its chief of psychiatry Richard Rose, and therapist Marche Isabella, for implanting false memories of child abuse while treating his daughter Holly for
54:
that excludes painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from consciousness. Repressed memory is presently considered largely unsupported by research.
3069:
4439:
3549:
264:
3715:
3581:
3501:
Porter S, Birt AR, Yuille JC, Hervé HF (2001). "Memory for murder. A psychological perspective on dissociative amnesia in legal contexts".
2891:
Alan
Baddeley, Michael W. Eysenck & Michael C. Anderson., 2009. Memory. Motivated Forgetting (pp. 217-244). New York: Psychology Press
4022:
2386:
Brandon S, Boakes J, Glaser D, Green R (April 1998). "Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Implications for clinical practice".
3120:"Tunnel memories for autobiographical events: central details are remembered more frequently from shocking than from happy experiences"
590:
The Working Group on Investigation of Memories of Child Abuse of the American Psychological Association reached five key conclusions:
255:
and other traumatic incidents may sometimes be forgotten through normal mechanisms of memory. Evidence of the spontaneous recovery of
4303:
3346:
Peace KA, Porter S (2004). "A longitudinal investigation of the reliability of memories for trauma and other emotional experiences".
531:
In a 1996 ruling, a U.S. District Court allowed repressed memories entered into evidence in court cases. Jennifer Freyd writes that
1530:
1502:
538:
On December 16, 2005, the Irish Court of Criminal Appeal issued a certificate confirming a Miscarriage of Justice to a former nun,
3810:
299:
victims of documented child abuse were reinterviewed many years later as adults, 38% of the women denied any memory of the abuse.
2531:
3381:
Thomsen DK, Berntsen D (2009). "The long-term impact of emotionally stressful events on memory characteristics and life story".
180:
in 1994 was another landmark case, where father Gary Ramona successfully sued for malpractice against Western Medical Center in
1424:
1405:
950:
Otgaar, Henry; Howe, Mark; Patihis, Lawrence; Merckelbach, Harald; Lynn, Stephen; Lilienfeld, Scott; Loftus, Elizabeth (2019).
1783:
Duggal S, Sroufe LA (April 1998). "Recovered memory of childhood sexual trauma: a documented case from a longitudinal study".
3695:
3102:
2468:
1838:
1740:
Chu JA, Frey LM, Ganzel BL, Matthews JA (May 1999). "Memories of childhood abuse: dissociation, amnesia, and corroboration".
214:
has claimed that one of his cases provides evidence for the reality of repressed memories. This case involved a patient (the
62:
could be repressed, while unconsciously influencing present behavior and emotional responding; he later revised this belief.
2532:"The confirmation and disconfirmation of memories of abuse in Dissociative Identity Disorder patients: A naturalistic study"
302:
Various manipulations are considered to be able to implant false memories (sometimes called "pseudomemories"). Psychologist
3649:
1702:
Williams LM (December 1994). "Recall of childhood trauma: a prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse".
607:
There are gaps in our knowledge about the processes that lead to accurate and inaccurate recollections of childhood abuse.
4881:
3832:"Final conclusions of the American Psychological Association Working Group on Investigation of Memories of Child Abuse".
1024:
1154:
4513:
3475:
2351:
Pope KS (September 1996). "Memory, abuse, and science. Questioning claims about the false memory syndrome epidemic".
1093:
2796:
Anderson MC, Bjork RA, Bjork EL (1994). "Remembering can cause forgetting: Retrieval dynamics in long-term memory".
3898:
1277:
173:
1318:
38:
is a controversial, and largely scientifically discredited, psychiatric phenomenon which involves an inability to
2102:
4386:
688:
624:
579:
542:
whose 1999 conviction for child rape was partly based on repressed-memory evidence. The judgement stated that:
3862:
454:
4886:
4434:
4335:
4222:
3602:
923 Federal Supplement 286 (D. Mass. 1996); Civil Action No. 92-12139-EFH Memorandum and Order; May 8, 1996
3408:
Boakes J (April 1999). "False complaints of sexual assault: recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse".
1463:
349:
320:
recovered memory there is a "tendency to conceal or omit evidence of corroboration" of recovered memories.
1301:"Truth or invention: exploring the repressed memory syndrome; excerpt from 'The Myth of Repressed Memory'"
3871:
3554:
1881:
Alan W. Sheflin, Daniel Brown (1996). "Repressed memory or dissociative amnesia: what the science says".
1386:
1337:
619:
148:
47:
28:
20:
4560:
4485:
4318:
3772:
2761:"Scientific status of refreshing recollection by the use of hypnosis. Council on Scientific Affairs".
4876:
1356:"Roseanne Barr Walks Back Story About Incest Claims, Tells Sean Hannity Abuse Was Only Psychological"
443:
82:
3001:
2942:
2810:
2582:
1968:
Gonsalves B, Paller KA (October 2002). "Mistaken memories: remembering events that never happened".
1258:
4598:
4543:
4518:
4348:
4325:
4275:
4180:
3536:
1982:
561:
193:
177:
24:
3746:
4285:
4051:
270:
39:
3589:
1443:
4692:
4652:
4553:
4522:
4160:
3948:
3311:
Christianson SA (September 1992). "Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: a critical review".
2937:
2805:
2577:
2563:"Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: overview and exploratory study"
1977:
604:
It is also possible to construct convincing pseudo-memories for events that never occurred; and
601:
It is possible for memories of abuse that have been forgotten for a long time to be remembered;
598:
Most people who were sexually abused as children remember all or part of what happened to them;
502:
450:
418:
375:
3094:
2973:
Girden E, Culler E (April 1937). "Conditioned responses in curarized striate muscle in dogs".
4707:
4422:
4308:
4280:
4265:
4260:
4098:
952:"The return of the repressed: The persistent and problematic claims of long-forgotten trauma"
495:
169:
3086:
2223:
4591:
4575:
4454:
4212:
4165:
4155:
3943:
3891:
2850:
2717:
2235:
2072:"Recall of childhood trauma: a prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse"
1300:
1278:"A Claim for Third Party Standing in Malpractice Cases Involving Repressed Memory Syndrome"
644:
400:
362:
295:
3634:
3452:
1220:
1178:
8:
4722:
4622:
4313:
4197:
4145:
4113:
4093:
2841:
Anderson MC, Green C (March 2001). "Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control".
634:
425:
392:
181:
144:
3264:"The effects of acute stress on episodic memory: A meta-analysis and integrative review"
2854:
2721:
2710:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
2239:
2038:
4819:
4804:
4642:
4587:
4580:
4548:
4449:
4444:
4396:
4374:
4343:
4170:
3738:
3433:
3288:
3263:
3239:
3214:
3195:
3149:
3045:
3020:
2955:
2874:
2738:
2705:
2512:
2411:
2294:
2201:
2152:
2047:
2022:
2003:
1945:
1920:
1898:
1808:
1765:
1684:
1634:
1579:
1535:
1507:
1480:
976:
951:
871:
822:
677:
396:
256:
252:
160:
126:
97:
3612:
3514:
2669:
Stocks JT (September 1998). "Recovered memory therapy: a dubious practice technique".
2247:
1659:
McNally RJ, Geraerts E (March 2009). "A New Solution to the Recovered Memory Debate".
4855:
4843:
4814:
4662:
4533:
4508:
4464:
4391:
4369:
4270:
4207:
4175:
4150:
4118:
4103:
4013:
3983:
3921:
3691:
3518:
3425:
3363:
3328:
3293:
3244:
3187:
3183:
3141:
3098:
3087:
3050:
2928:
MacLeod CM (1975). "Long-term recognition and recall following directed forgetting".
2866:
2823:
2778:
2743:
2686:
2595:
2504:
2464:
2403:
2368:
2333:
2286:
2251:
2193:
2144:
2094:
2052:
1995:
1950:
1902:
1834:
1800:
1757:
1719:
1676:
1672:
1638:
1571:
1484:
1198:
1089:
981:
921:
863:
814:
779:
684:
649:
639:
185:
156:
152:
51:
3742:
3153:
2415:
2298:
2205:
1812:
1769:
1688:
1583:
1043:
826:
4794:
4747:
4717:
4672:
4528:
4459:
4412:
4192:
4078:
4038:
3926:
3841:
3787:
3730:
3711:
3683:
3568:
3550:"Repressed Memory Case Ruling / Appeals court refuses to restore murder conviction"
3510:
3417:
3390:
3355:
3320:
3283:
3275:
3234:
3226:
3199:
3179:
3131:
3040:
3032:
2982:
2959:
2947:
2910:
2878:
2858:
2815:
2770:
2733:
2725:
2678:
2637:
2587:
2516:
2496:
2395:
2360:
2325:
2278:
2243:
2219:
2183:
2156:
2136:
2086:
2042:
2034:
2007:
1987:
1940:
1932:
1890:
1863:
1792:
1749:
1711:
1668:
1626:
1563:
1526:
1498:
1472:
1190:
971:
963:
911:
875:
853:
806:
769:
738:
453:
organization. Not being able to integrate traumatic memories seems to be linked to
303:
244:
236:
219:
59:
3734:
3437:
85:. One of the studies published in his essay involved a young woman referred to as
4732:
4712:
4687:
4677:
4632:
4627:
4381:
4353:
4088:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
3931:
3884:
2458:
1598:
1240:"How Canada tricked the world into believing murderous Satanists were everywhere"
1132:
437:
240:
189:
131:
117:
3324:
3230:
2914:
2819:
2090:
1715:
1476:
1110:
4799:
4763:
4657:
4255:
4202:
4028:
3998:
3978:
3965:
3661:
3421:
3082:
3036:
2364:
2188:
2171:
2140:
1894:
1194:
1001:
858:
841:
395:
is a failure to remember new experiences that occur after damage to the brain;
328:
140:
43:
3845:
2951:
2641:
2329:
2282:
1867:
1796:
1630:
1567:
810:
446:; this refers to memories being stored as fragments and not as unitary wholes.
4870:
4778:
4768:
4742:
4737:
4697:
4682:
4647:
4570:
4417:
4245:
4108:
4083:
4046:
4003:
3993:
3988:
3973:
3367:
2774:
2654:
2500:
2429:
1936:
1916:
967:
797:
McNally RJ (2004). "Is traumatic amnesia nothing but psychiatric folklore?".
575:
567:
532:
471:
274:
232:
228:
215:
192:. It was also notable for being brought by a third party not involved in the
164:
136:
121:
78:
55:
3791:
3479:
1991:
1155:"Conviction of Things Not Seen: The Uniquely American Myth of Satanic Cults"
742:
679:
The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse
4809:
4773:
4727:
4637:
4480:
4295:
4250:
4237:
4227:
4187:
3907:
3522:
3429:
3297:
3248:
3191:
3145:
3054:
2870:
2729:
2591:
2508:
2337:
2290:
2197:
2056:
1999:
1761:
1680:
1575:
985:
925:
867:
818:
783:
399:
is the loss of memories of events that occurred before a trauma or injury.
211:
90:
3332:
2827:
2782:
2747:
2690:
2682:
2599:
2407:
2399:
2372:
2255:
2148:
2098:
1954:
1804:
1753:
1723:
1202:
4667:
4538:
4492:
3650:"Patients Versus Therapists: Legal Actions Over Recovered Memory Therapy"
629:
479:
704:
42:, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. The concept originated in
4702:
4565:
4132:
3279:
3136:
3119:
729:
McNally, R.J. (2004). "The Science and Folklore of Traumatic Amnesia".
3165:
3163:
916:
899:
774:
757:
3938:
3453:"The Social and Cultural Context of Satanic Ritual Abuse Allegations"
3394:
3359:
2986:
2901:
Johnson HM (1994). "Processes of successful intentional forgetting".
2862:
2313:
539:
3688:
Return of the Furies: An Investigation into Recovered Memory Therapy
1531:"Who Abused Jane Doe? The Hazards of the Single Case History Part 2"
1503:"Who Abused Jane Doe? The Hazards of the Single Case History Part 1"
566:
The term "recovered memory therapy" refers to the use of a range of
4427:
3773:"Planting false childhood memories: The role of event plausibility"
3476:"The Validity of Recovered Memory: Decision of a US District Court"
3160:
2798:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
475:
428:
divided the effects of traumas on memory functions into four sets:
324:
96:
The concept received renewed interest in the 1970s in relation to
4140:
3613:"D.P.P.-v- Nora Wall [2005] IECCA 140 (16 December 2005)"
3089:
Try to remember: Psychiatry's clash over meaning, memory and mind
387:
124:, and spawned a myriad of legal cases, controversies, and media.
86:
3635:"FRIEDMAN v. REHAL [Docket No. 08-0297(16 August 2010)]"
3537:
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3066228776991890480
2628:
Cheit RE (1998). "Consider this, skeptics of recovered memory".
1854:
Cheit RE (1998). "Consider This, Skeptics of Recovered Memory".
3876:
3866:
3262:
Shields GS, Sazma MA, McCullough AM, Yonelinas AP (June 2017).
3261:
101:
2314:""Lost in a shopping mall" -- a breach of professional ethics"
2930:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
1880:
1111:"Introduction: In the aftermath of the so-called memory wars"
571:
404:
1044:"Dr. Richard McNally Letter to the California Supreme Court"
949:
2127:
Loftus EF (May 1993). "The reality of repressed memories".
900:"Dispelling confusion about traumatic dissociative amnesia"
758:"Dispelling confusion about traumatic dissociative amnesia"
3169:
2172:"Traumatic memories are not necessarily accurate memories"
1831:
Betrayal Trauma – The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse
1615:
1553:
1006: (Supreme Court of California February 21, 2006).
3021:"Neurobiological mechanisms of state-dependent learning"
2385:
1599:"Brown Professor Continues Debate Over Recovered Memory"
1025:"The Forgotten Lessons of the Recovered Memory Movement"
16:
Theory that memory may be stored in the unconscious mind
3018:
2655:
Questions and Answers about Memories of Childhood Abuse
1288:(1): 338–340 – via William & Mary Law School.
89:, who had been treated by Freud's friend and colleague
2430:"Memories of Childhood Abuse: What is the bottom line"
517:
In 1995, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled, in
3500:
1739:
1406:"Father Who Fought 'Memory Therapy' Wins Damage Suit"
1221:"The Recovered Memory Movement: A Female Perspective"
2456:
1299:
Loftus, Elizabeth; Ketcham, Katherine (April 1995).
130:(1980), a discredited book by Canadian psychiatrist
3682:
3541:
3019:Radulovic J, Jovasevic V, Meyer MA (August 2017).
2795:
2560:
2268:
676:
3804:
4868:
3872:Provides help for retrieving repressed memories
3380:
1967:
1658:
670:
668:
666:
3710:
1921:"Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse"
1695:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
675:Loftus, Elizabeth; Ketchum, Katherine (1994).
411:
369:
81:discussed repressed memory in his 1896 essay,
3892:
3825:
2840:
2079:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1915:
1704:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1460:
1298:
728:
674:
58:initially claimed the memories of historical
3805:Lambert K, Lilienfeld SO (October 1, 2007).
3310:
2972:
2482:
2480:
2014:
1782:
1050:. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
663:
4023:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
3770:
3676:
3596:
3503:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
3345:
2169:
1833:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1525:
1497:
1454:
1422:
1384:
882:
790:
555:
231:'s 2006 claim that no such examples exist,
3899:
3885:
3764:
3582:"Articles about George Thomas Sr Franklin"
2561:van der Kolk BA, Fisler R (October 1995).
2556:
2554:
2552:
2457:Brown DP, Scheflin AW, Hammond DC (1998).
2452:
2450:
2120:
1259:"Michelle Remembers and the Satanic Panic"
839:
796:
755:
722:
3287:
3238:
3135:
3044:
3012:
2941:
2834:
2809:
2789:
2737:
2703:
2581:
2486:
2477:
2311:
2187:
2046:
1981:
1944:
1423:Laframboise, Donna (September 19, 2000).
1403:
1387:"Father Wins Suit in 'False Memory' Case"
975:
915:
857:
842:"Debunking myths about trauma and memory"
773:
749:
731:Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
120:during the 1980s and 1990s, connected to
3212:
3117:
2069:
2020:
1847:
1824:
1822:
1701:
1645:
1442:Pettus, Ashley (January–February 2008).
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
833:
582:due to the trauma of illusory memories.
3798:
3569:"Victims of the State: George Franklin"
3547:
3450:
3444:
2999:
2927:
2921:
2900:
2549:
2447:
2379:
1404:Ayres Jr., B. Drummond (May 14, 1994).
1275:
1256:
1218:
1071:Die Verfassung des Freistaates Preussen
1022:
897:
805:(2): 97–101, discussion 102–4, 109–11.
356:
344:
4869:
3771:Pezdek K, Hodge D (July–August 1999).
3704:
3407:
3081:
2966:
2668:
2218:
2126:
2023:"Constructive memory: past and future"
1735:
1733:
1590:
1441:
1353:
1335:
1237:
1176:
1152:
1131:Maran, Meredith (September 20, 2010).
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
243:, a 1786 opera by the French composer
3880:
3809:. Scientific American. Archived from
3070:Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
2627:
2529:
2460:Memory, trauma treatment, and the law
2305:
1853:
1828:
1819:
1661:Perspectives on Psychological Science
1609:
1323:The National Registry of Exonerations
1238:Hopper, Tristin (September 5, 2017).
1225:Institute for Psychological Therapies
1214:
1212:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1148:
1146:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1062:
1023:Watters, Ethan (September 27, 2022).
992:
956:Perspectives on Psychological Science
932:
3647:
3641:
3072:. The Royal College of Psychiatrists
2350:
2344:
2170:Laney C, Loftus EF (November 2005).
1619:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
1596:
1425:"'Recovered memory' tide is turning"
1108:
1083:
1068:
2885:
1730:
1385:L. La Ganga, Maria (May 14, 1994).
1338:"Did Daddy Really Do It? :..."
1257:Goodwin, Megan (February 4, 2020).
1179:"The Reality of Repressed Memories"
1133:"The lie that tore my family apart"
1041:
1009:
683:. New York, NY: St. Martins Press.
40:recall autobiographical information
13:
3834:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
3690:. Open Court Pub Co. p. 360.
2434:American Psychological Association
2027:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
1742:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1209:
1165:
1143:
1121:
1115:American Psychological Association
313:American Psychological Association
278:reasonable scientific standards."
14:
4898:
4304:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
3856:
3716:"The formation of false memories"
3457:Issues in Child Abuse Accusations
3215:"Retrieval of emotional memories"
2975:Journal of Comparative Psychology
2388:The British Journal of Psychiatry
2248:10.1038/scientificamerican0997-70
2039:10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.1/dschacter
1336:Butler, Katy (February 5, 1995).
1153:Shewan, Dan (September 8, 2015).
4849:
4837:
3906:
3184:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00777.x
2658:American Psychiatric Association
1673:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01112.x
1276:F. Rock, Sheila (October 1995).
1073:. J. Bensheimer. pp. 55–57.
174:False Memory Syndrome Foundation
3627:
3605:
3574:
3562:
3535:Franklin v. Duncan Court Order
3529:
3494:
3467:
3401:
3374:
3339:
3304:
3255:
3206:
3111:
3075:
3061:
3025:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
2993:
2894:
2754:
2697:
2662:
2648:
2621:
2523:
2422:
2262:
2212:
2163:
2063:
1961:
1909:
1874:
1776:
1547:
1519:
1491:
1435:
1416:
1397:
1378:
1354:Furdyk, Brent (July 27, 2018).
1347:
1329:
1311:
1292:
1269:
1250:
1231:
1102:
1077:
1035:
489:
281:
205:
4514:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
4387:Memory and social interactions
3686:, Wakefield H (October 1994).
3410:Medicine, Science, and the Law
3213:Buchanan TW (September 2007).
2706:"Hypnosis, memory and amnesia"
2704:Kihlstrom JF (November 1997).
2176:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
898:McNally, RJ (September 2007).
697:
625:Dissociative identity disorder
580:post-traumatic stress disorder
290:be accurate, but they are not
1:
3735:10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-07
3515:10.1016/S0160-2527(00)00066-2
2070:Williams LM (December 1994).
1282:William & Mary Law Review
656:
455:posttraumatic stress disorder
335:
116:, it became a major issue in
106:The Recovered Memory Movement
4223:Retrieval-induced forgetting
3383:Applied Cognitive Psychology
3348:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2489:Trauma, Violence & Abuse
709:APA Dictionary of Psychology
7:
3555:The San Francisco Chronicle
3548:Holding R (June 23, 2011).
3325:10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.284
3231:10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.761
3118:Berntsen D (October 2002).
2915:10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.274
2820:10.1037/0278-7393.20.5.1063
2769:(13): 1918–23. April 1985.
2570:Journal of Traumatic Stress
2091:10.1037/0022-006X.62.6.1167
1785:Journal of Traumatic Stress
1716:10.1037/0022-006X.62.6.1167
1477:10.1177/1077559597002002001
620:Day-care sex-abuse hysteria
612:
412:Effects of trauma on memory
376:state-dependent remembering
370:State-dependent remembering
235:, a political scientist at
194:doctor-patient relationship
21:Repression (psychoanalysis)
10:
4903:
4882:Psychoanalytic terminology
4561:Levels of Processing model
4486:World Memory Championships
4319:Lost in the mall technique
4166:dissociative (psychogenic)
3422:10.1177/002580249903900205
3037:10.1016/j.conb.2017.05.013
2365:10.1037/0003-066X.51.9.957
2312:Crook LS, Dean MC (1999).
2189:10.1177/070674370505001303
2141:10.1037/0003-066x.48.5.518
2021:Schacter DL (March 2012).
1895:10.1177/009318539602400203
1195:10.1037/0003-066x.48.5.518
1177:Loftus, Elizabeth (1993).
859:10.1177/070674370505001302
585:
559:
382:
73:
18:
4832:
4787:
4756:
4615:
4608:
4501:
4473:
4405:
4362:
4334:
4294:
4236:
4131:
4037:
4012:
3964:
3957:
3914:
3846:10.1037/1076-8971.4.4.933
3648:Lief HI (November 1999).
2952:10.1037/0278-7393.1.3.271
2642:10.1207/s15327019eb0802_4
2463:. New York: W.W. Norton.
2353:The American Psychologist
2330:10.1207/s15327019eb0901_3
2224:"Creating false memories"
2129:The American Psychologist
1868:10.1207/s15327019eb0802_4
1631:10.1080/15299730902956754
1568:10.1017/S0033291706009500
1183:The American Psychologist
811:10.1080/16506070410021683
200:
172:and establishment of the
83:The Aetiology of Hysteria
4599:The Seven Sins of Memory
4544:Intermediate-term memory
4349:Indirect tests of memory
4326:Recovered-memory therapy
4276:Misattribution of memory
3571:. Victimsofthestate.org.
3002:"State-Dependent Memory"
2775:10.1001/jama.253.13.1918
2501:10.1177/1524838006294572
1937:10.1136/bmj.316.7130.488
1305:University of Washington
1088:. London: Karnac Books.
968:10.1177/1745691619862306
562:Recovered memory therapy
556:Recovered memory therapy
178:Ramona false memory case
104:. Coming to be labelled
29:Freud's seduction theory
25:Recovered-memory therapy
4286:Source-monitoring error
3792:10.1111/1467-8624.00064
3093:. Dana Press. pp.
2283:10.1023/A:1022344128649
1992:10.1177/107385802236964
1797:10.1023/A:1024403220769
1597:Baum D (July 7, 2009).
1219:Tyroler, Paula (1996).
998:Amicus Curiae brief in
904:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
523:Franklin v. Fox, Murray
294:accurate. For example,
271:British Medical Journal
4693:George Armitage Miller
4653:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
3714:, Pickrell JE (1995).
3313:Psychological Bulletin
3268:Psychological Bulletin
3219:Psychological Bulletin
3124:Memory & Cognition
2903:Psychological Bulletin
2730:10.1098/rstb.1997.0155
2592:10.1002/jts.2490080402
2271:Law and Human Behavior
1556:Psychological Medicine
610:
549:
503:statute of limitations
444:Dissociative processes
419:Betrayal Trauma Theory
4856:Philosophy portal
4844:Psychology portal
4708:Henry L. Roediger III
4309:False memory syndrome
4281:Misinformation effect
4261:Imagination inflation
3172:Psychological Science
2630:Ethics & Behavior
2400:10.1192/bjp.172.4.296
2318:Ethics & Behavior
2108:on September 24, 2015
1856:Ethics & Behavior
1754:10.1176/ajp.156.5.749
1603:Brown University News
1429:University of Alberta
1109:Bell, Robert (2012).
743:10.1093/clipsy/bph056
592:
544:
496:false memory syndrome
170:false memory syndrome
44:psychoanalytic theory
4213:Motivated forgetting
3863:Memory controversies
3840:(4): 933–940. 1998.
3660:(11). Archived from
645:Satanic ritual abuse
449:Traumatic memories'
401:Dissociative amnesia
363:motivated forgetting
357:Motivated forgetting
350:Retrieval inhibition
345:Retrieval inhibition
296:eyewitness testimony
239:, cited the case of
4887:Freudian psychology
4723:Arthur P. Shimamura
4623:Richard C. Atkinson
4440:Effects of exercise
4314:Memory implantation
4198:Interference theory
4114:Selective retention
4094:Meaningful learning
3813:on October 25, 2007
3752:on December 3, 2008
3664:on January 13, 2008
3451:Robbins SP (1998).
2855:2001Natur.410..366A
2722:1997RSPTB.352.1727K
2683:10.1093/sw/43.5.423
2240:1997SciAm.277c..70L
2228:Scientific American
1529:, Guyer MJ (2002).
1501:, Guyer MJ (2002).
1086:Freudian Repression
1048:Religious Tolerance
840:McNally RJ (2005).
756:McNally RJ (2007).
635:Interference theory
474:, specifically the
426:Bessel van der Kolk
393:Anterograde amnesia
145:Sally Jesse Raphael
50:is understood as a
4820:Andriy Slyusarchuk
4643:Hermann Ebbinghaus
4549:Involuntary memory
4450:Memory improvement
4435:Effects of alcohol
4397:Transactive memory
4375:Politics of memory
4344:Exceptional memory
3723:Psychiatric Annals
3280:10.1037/bul0000100
3137:10.3758/BF03194319
3000:Russell D (2007).
1970:The Neuroscientist
1536:Skeptical Inquirer
1508:Skeptical Inquirer
1464:Child Maltreatment
1444:"Repressed Memory"
1410:The New York Times
1042:McNally, Richard.
1029:The New York Times
519:Franklin v. Duncan
403:is defined in the
397:retrograde amnesia
257:traumatic memories
253:child sexual abuse
161:Marilyn Van Derbur
127:Michelle Remembers
98:child sexual abuse
4864:
4863:
4828:
4827:
4815:Cosmos Rossellius
4663:Marcia K. Johnson
4534:Exosomatic memory
4519:Context-dependent
4509:Absent-mindedness
4392:Memory conformity
4370:Collective memory
4271:Memory conformity
4208:Memory inhibition
4127:
4126:
4119:Tip of the tongue
3780:Child Development
3697:978-0-8126-9271-6
3654:Psychiatric Times
3592:on June 25, 2012.
3586:Los Angeles Times
3482:on March 19, 2012
3104:978-1-932594-39-3
2716:(1362): 1727–32.
2530:Kluft RP (1995).
2470:978-0-393-70254-5
1919:(February 1998).
1840:978-0-674-06805-6
1829:Freyd JJ (1996).
1391:Los Angeles Times
1366:on April 24, 2023
1341:Los Angeles Times
1319:"George Franklin"
917:10.4065/82.9.1083
775:10.4065/82.9.1083
650:Spectral evidence
640:Memory inhibition
438:memory impairment
153:life imprisonment
52:defense mechanism
4894:
4877:Memory disorders
4854:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4795:Jonathan Hancock
4748:Robert Stickgold
4718:Richard Shiffrin
4673:Elizabeth Loftus
4613:
4612:
4529:Childhood memory
4336:Research methods
4218:Repressed memory
4193:Forgetting curve
4181:transient global
4052:Autobiographical
3962:
3961:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3850:
3849:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3777:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3745:. Archived from
3720:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3588:. Archived from
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3478:. Archived from
3471:
3465:
3464:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3395:10.1002/acp.1495
3378:
3372:
3371:
3360:10.1002/acp.1046
3354:(9): 1143–1159.
3343:
3337:
3336:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3139:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3092:
3079:
3073:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2987:10.1037/h0058634
2970:
2964:
2963:
2945:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2863:10.1038/35066572
2838:
2832:
2831:
2813:
2804:(5): 1063–1087.
2793:
2787:
2786:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2666:
2660:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2609:on March 2, 2020
2608:
2602:. Archived from
2585:
2567:
2558:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2191:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2101:. Archived from
2076:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1985:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1656:
1643:
1642:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1448:Harvard Magazine
1439:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1362:. Archived from
1351:
1345:
1344:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1159:Pacific Standard
1150:
1141:
1140:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1020:
1007:
1005:
996:
990:
989:
979:
962:(6): 1072–1095.
947:
930:
929:
919:
895:
880:
879:
861:
846:Can J Psychiatry
837:
831:
830:
794:
788:
787:
777:
753:
747:
746:
726:
720:
719:
717:
715:
701:
695:
694:
682:
672:
304:Elizabeth Loftus
245:Nicolas Dalayrac
237:Brown University
220:Elizabeth Loftus
60:childhood trauma
36:Repressed memory
4902:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4850:
4848:
4838:
4836:
4824:
4805:Dominic O'Brien
4783:
4752:
4733:Susumu Tonegawa
4713:Daniel Schacter
4688:Eleanor Maguire
4678:Geoffrey Loftus
4633:Stephen J. Ceci
4628:Robert A. Bjork
4604:
4523:state-dependent
4497:
4469:
4401:
4382:Cultural memory
4358:
4354:Memory disorder
4330:
4290:
4232:
4123:
4033:
4008:
3953:
3910:
3905:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3803:
3799:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3729:(12): 720–725.
3718:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3449:
3445:
3406:
3402:
3379:
3375:
3344:
3340:
3309:
3305:
3260:
3256:
3211:
3207:
3168:
3161:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3062:
3017:
3013:
2998:
2994:
2971:
2967:
2943:10.1.1.383.9175
2926:
2922:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2849:(6826): 366–9.
2839:
2835:
2811:10.1.1.119.3933
2794:
2790:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2702:
2698:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2649:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2583:10.1.1.487.1607
2565:
2559:
2550:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2455:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2384:
2380:
2349:
2345:
2310:
2306:
2267:
2263:
2217:
2213:
2168:
2164:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2019:
2015:
1966:
1962:
1931:(7130): 488–9.
1914:
1910:
1879:
1875:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1827:
1820:
1781:
1777:
1738:
1731:
1700:
1696:
1657:
1646:
1614:
1610:
1595:
1591:
1552:
1548:
1524:
1520:
1496:
1492:
1459:
1455:
1440:
1436:
1421:
1417:
1402:
1398:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1352:
1348:
1334:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1297:
1293:
1274:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1236:
1232:
1217:
1210:
1175:
1166:
1151:
1144:
1129:
1122:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1084:Boag S (2012).
1082:
1078:
1069:Hinz P (1920).
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1040:
1036:
1021:
1010:
999:
997:
993:
948:
933:
896:
883:
838:
834:
799:Cogn Behav Ther
795:
791:
762:Mayo Clin. Proc
754:
750:
727:
723:
713:
711:
703:
702:
698:
691:
673:
664:
659:
654:
615:
588:
564:
558:
492:
414:
385:
372:
359:
347:
338:
284:
208:
203:
165:Roseanne Barr's
157:People magazine
132:Lawrence Pazder
76:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4900:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4846:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4800:Paul R. McHugh
4797:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4658:Ivan Izquierdo
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4256:Hindsight bias
4253:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4203:Memory erasure
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4161:post-traumatic
4158:
4153:
4148:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4099:Personal-event
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4029:Working memory
4026:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3999:Motor learning
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3915:Basic concepts
3912:
3911:
3904:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3858:
3857:External links
3855:
3852:
3851:
3824:
3807:"Brain Stains"
3797:
3786:(4): 887–895.
3763:
3703:
3696:
3675:
3640:
3626:
3604:
3595:
3573:
3561:
3540:
3528:
3493:
3466:
3443:
3400:
3389:(4): 579–598.
3373:
3338:
3319:(2): 284–309.
3303:
3274:(6): 636–675.
3254:
3205:
3159:
3130:(7): 1010–20.
3110:
3103:
3074:
3060:
3011:
2992:
2981:(2): 261–274.
2965:
2936:(3): 271–279.
2920:
2909:(2): 274–292.
2893:
2884:
2833:
2788:
2753:
2696:
2661:
2647:
2620:
2548:
2522:
2495:(4): 274–310.
2476:
2469:
2446:
2421:
2394:(4): 296–307.
2378:
2343:
2304:
2261:
2211:
2162:
2119:
2085:(6): 1167–76.
2062:
2013:
1983:10.1.1.24.8545
1960:
1908:
1883:J Psychiat Law
1873:
1862:(2): 141–160.
1846:
1839:
1818:
1775:
1729:
1710:(6): 1167–76.
1694:
1644:
1625:(3): 254–207.
1608:
1589:
1546:
1518:
1490:
1453:
1434:
1415:
1396:
1377:
1346:
1328:
1310:
1291:
1268:
1249:
1230:
1208:
1189:(5): 518–537.
1164:
1142:
1120:
1101:
1094:
1076:
1061:
1034:
1008:
1002:Taus v. Loftus
991:
931:
910:(9): 1083–90.
881:
852:(13): 817–22.
832:
789:
768:(9): 1083–90.
748:
721:
696:
689:
661:
660:
658:
655:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
587:
584:
576:false memories
560:Main article:
557:
554:
491:
488:
459:
458:
447:
441:
434:
413:
410:
384:
381:
371:
368:
358:
355:
346:
343:
337:
334:
329:confabulations
283:
280:
207:
204:
202:
199:
141:Geraldo Rivera
114:The Memory War
75:
72:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4899:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4779:Clive Wearing
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4743:Endel Tulving
4741:
4739:
4738:Anne Treisman
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:Brenda Milner
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:James McGaugh
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4648:Sigmund Freud
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4592:retrospective
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4571:Muscle memory
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4418:Art of memory
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Memory biases
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:Confabulation
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4238:Memory errors
4235:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:post-hypnotic
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Rote learning
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4084:Hyperthymesia
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:Active recall
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Consolidation
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3630:
3614:
3608:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3416:(2): 112–20.
3415:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3225:(5): 761–79.
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2677:(5): 423–36.
2676:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2636:(2): 141–60.
2635:
2631:
2624:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2576:(4): 505–25.
2575:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2451:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:(9): 957–74.
2358:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2277:(5): 517–37.
2276:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2182:(13): 823–8.
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:(5): 518–37.
2134:
2130:
2123:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:Harrison Pope
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:(2): 143–88.
1888:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:(2): 301–21.
1790:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:(5): 749–55.
1747:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:(2): 126–34.
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:(2): 225–33.
1561:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:(2): 91–112.
1470:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1244:National Post
1241:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1095:9781855757387
1091:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1065:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1003:
995:
987:
983:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
927:
923:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
785:
781:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
710:
706:
700:
692:
686:
681:
680:
671:
669:
667:
662:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
593:
591:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:psychotherapy
563:
553:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
533:Ross E. Cheit
529:
527:
524:
520:
515:
511:
507:
506:revocations.
504:
499:
497:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
472:limbic system
467:
463:
456:
452:
448:
445:
442:
439:
435:
431:
430:
429:
427:
424:Psychiatrist
422:
420:
409:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
380:
377:
367:
364:
354:
351:
342:
333:
330:
326:
321:
317:
314:
308:
305:
300:
297:
293:
289:
279:
276:
275:Harrison Pope
273:
272:
266:
261:
258:
254:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:Harrison Pope
224:
221:
217:
216:Jane Doe case
213:
210:Psychiatrist
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:in 1992. The
175:
171:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
122:Satanic panic
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:Sigmund Freud
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
56:Sigmund Freud
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
30:
26:
22:
4810:Ben Pridmore
4728:Larry Squire
4638:Susan Clancy
4597:
4481:Memory sport
4406:Other topics
4296:False memory
4251:Cryptomnesia
4228:Weapon focus
4217:
4188:Decay theory
3949:Neuroanatomy
3908:Human memory
3837:
3833:
3827:
3815:. Retrieved
3811:the original
3800:
3783:
3779:
3766:
3754:. Retrieved
3747:the original
3726:
3722:
3706:
3687:
3684:Underwager R
3678:
3668:December 27,
3666:. Retrieved
3662:the original
3657:
3653:
3643:
3629:
3619:November 10,
3617:. Retrieved
3615:. Bailii.org
3607:
3598:
3590:the original
3585:
3576:
3564:
3553:
3543:
3531:
3509:(1): 23–42.
3506:
3502:
3496:
3484:. Retrieved
3480:the original
3469:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3178:(1): 33–40.
3175:
3171:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3088:
3077:
3063:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3005:
2995:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2887:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2611:. Retrieved
2604:the original
2573:
2569:
2542:
2539:Dissociation
2538:
2525:
2492:
2488:
2459:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2424:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2324:(1): 39–50.
2321:
2317:
2307:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2234:(3): 71–75.
2231:
2227:
2214:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2103:the original
2082:
2078:
2065:
2030:
2026:
2016:
1976:(5): 391–5.
1973:
1969:
1963:
1928:
1924:
1911:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1830:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1745:
1741:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1664:
1660:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1602:
1592:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1493:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1447:
1437:
1428:
1418:
1409:
1399:
1390:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1364:the original
1359:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1325:. June 2012.
1322:
1313:
1304:
1294:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1263:The Revealer
1262:
1252:
1243:
1233:
1224:
1186:
1182:
1158:
1136:
1114:
1104:
1085:
1079:
1070:
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1047:
1037:
1028:
1000:
994:
959:
955:
907:
903:
849:
845:
835:
802:
798:
792:
765:
761:
751:
737:(1): 29–33.
734:
730:
724:
712:. Retrieved
708:
705:"repression"
699:
678:
589:
565:
550:
545:
537:
530:
525:
522:
518:
516:
512:
508:
500:
493:
490:Legal status
484:
468:
464:
460:
451:sensorimotor
423:
415:
386:
373:
360:
348:
339:
322:
318:
312:
309:
301:
291:
287:
285:
282:Authenticity
269:
265:Alan Sheflin
263:A review by
262:
249:
225:
212:David Corwin
209:
206:Case studies
125:
113:
109:
105:
95:
91:Josef Breuer
77:
68:
64:
35:
34:
32:
4668:Eric Kandel
4616:Researchers
4588:Prospective
4539:Free recall
4493:Shas Pollak
4146:anterograde
4062:Declarative
3817:January 25,
2671:Social Work
2033:(1): 7–18.
714:December 7,
630:Gaslighting
480:hippocampus
118:pop culture
110:Memory Wars
4871:Categories
4703:Lynn Nadel
4581:intertrial
4566:Metamemory
4554:flashbacks
4474:In society
4171:retrograde
4133:Forgetting
4104:Procedural
4014:Short-term
3984:Eyewitness
690:0312114540
657:References
336:Mechanisms
233:Ross Cheit
186:depression
48:repression
19:See also:
4455:Nutrition
4363:In groups
4176:selective
4151:childhood
4079:Flashbulb
4039:Long-term
3939:Attention
3756:April 12,
3712:Loftus EF
3368:0888-4080
3083:McHugh PR
3031:: 92–98.
3006:Psych Web
2938:CiteSeerX
2806:CiteSeerX
2578:CiteSeerX
2439:March 23,
1978:CiteSeerX
1903:149648250
1639:144668245
1527:Loftus EF
1499:Loftus EF
1485:143444117
1370:April 24,
1360:ET Canada
1054:March 23,
540:Nora Wall
374:The term
286:Memories
159:featured
4757:Patients
4428:mnemonic
4423:chunking
4089:Implicit
4072:Semantic
4067:Episodic
4057:Explicit
3922:Encoding
3743:59286093
3523:11346990
3486:June 21,
3430:10332158
3298:28368148
3249:17723029
3192:15660849
3154:20459653
3146:12507366
3085:(2008).
3055:28558266
2871:11268212
2613:June 21,
2545:: 253–8.
2509:17065548
2416:41360156
2338:11657487
2299:19385416
2291:10487147
2222:(1997).
2220:Loftus E
2206:27653977
2198:16483115
2112:June 21,
2057:22577300
2000:12374423
1813:38808998
1770:24262943
1762:10327909
1689:16462600
1681:26158939
1584:27520532
1576:17156503
986:31584864
926:17803876
868:16483114
827:22884436
819:15279316
784:17803876
613:See also
547:thereof.
476:amygdala
325:hypnosis
4576:Priming
4502:Related
4445:Emotion
4141:Amnesia
3979:Eidetic
3966:Sensory
3927:Storage
3333:1454896
3289:5436944
3240:2265099
3200:8750819
3046:5654544
2960:8446979
2879:4403569
2851:Bibcode
2828:7931095
2783:3974082
2748:9415925
2739:1692104
2718:Bibcode
2691:9739631
2600:8564271
2517:9964936
2408:9722329
2373:8819364
2256:9274041
2236:Bibcode
2157:2015626
2149:8507050
2099:7860814
2048:3341652
2008:6625293
1955:9501699
1946:2665644
1805:9565917
1724:7860814
1203:8507050
977:6826861
876:9069287
586:Summary
457:(PTSD).
436:Global
388:Amnesia
383:Amnesia
190:bulimia
182:Anaheim
87:Anna O.
74:History
4609:People
4594:memory
4525:memory
4465:Trauma
4004:Visual
3994:Iconic
3989:Haptic
3974:Echoic
3932:Recall
3867:Curlie
3741:
3694:
3521:
3438:156854
3436:
3428:
3366:
3331:
3296:
3286:
3247:
3237:
3198:
3190:
3152:
3144:
3101:
3053:
3043:
2958:
2940:
2877:
2869:
2843:Nature
2826:
2808:
2781:
2746:
2736:
2689:
2598:
2580:
2515:
2507:
2467:
2414:
2406:
2371:
2336:
2297:
2289:
2254:
2204:
2196:
2155:
2147:
2097:
2055:
2045:
2006:
1998:
1980:
1953:
1943:
1901:
1837:
1811:
1803:
1768:
1760:
1722:
1687:
1679:
1637:
1582:
1574:
1483:
1201:
1092:
984:
974:
924:
874:
866:
825:
817:
782:
687:
292:always
201:Issues
147:, and
102:incest
46:where
27:, and
4788:Other
4460:Sleep
4413:Aging
3958:Types
3776:(PDF)
3750:(PDF)
3739:S2CID
3719:(PDF)
3434:S2CID
3196:S2CID
3150:S2CID
2956:S2CID
2875:S2CID
2607:(PDF)
2566:(PDF)
2535:(PDF)
2513:S2CID
2412:S2CID
2295:S2CID
2202:S2CID
2153:S2CID
2106:(PDF)
2075:(PDF)
2004:S2CID
1899:S2CID
1809:S2CID
1766:S2CID
1685:S2CID
1635:S2CID
1580:S2CID
1481:S2CID
1137:Salon
872:S2CID
823:S2CID
572:DSM-V
526:et al
405:DSM-5
149:20/20
137:Oprah
4590:and
4521:and
3819:2008
3758:2009
3692:ISBN
3670:2007
3621:2012
3519:PMID
3488:2012
3426:PMID
3364:ISSN
3329:PMID
3294:PMID
3245:PMID
3188:PMID
3142:PMID
3099:ISBN
3097:–6.
3051:PMID
2867:PMID
2824:PMID
2779:PMID
2763:JAMA
2744:PMID
2687:PMID
2615:2012
2596:PMID
2505:PMID
2465:ISBN
2441:2021
2404:PMID
2369:PMID
2334:PMID
2287:PMID
2252:PMID
2194:PMID
2145:PMID
2114:2012
2095:PMID
2053:PMID
1996:PMID
1951:PMID
1835:ISBN
1801:PMID
1758:PMID
1720:PMID
1677:PMID
1572:PMID
1543:(4).
1515:(3).
1372:2023
1199:PMID
1090:ISBN
1056:2021
982:PMID
922:PMID
864:PMID
815:PMID
780:PMID
716:2022
685:ISBN
521:and
478:and
361:The
241:Nina
188:and
163:and
108:and
100:and
3865:at
3842:doi
3788:doi
3731:doi
3658:XVI
3511:doi
3418:doi
3391:doi
3356:doi
3321:doi
3317:112
3284:PMC
3276:doi
3272:143
3235:PMC
3227:doi
3223:133
3180:doi
3132:doi
3041:PMC
3033:doi
2983:doi
2948:doi
2911:doi
2907:116
2859:doi
2847:410
2816:doi
2771:doi
2767:253
2734:PMC
2726:doi
2714:352
2679:doi
2638:doi
2588:doi
2497:doi
2396:doi
2392:172
2361:doi
2326:doi
2279:doi
2244:doi
2232:227
2184:doi
2137:doi
2087:doi
2043:PMC
2035:doi
1988:doi
1941:PMC
1933:doi
1929:316
1925:BMJ
1891:doi
1864:doi
1793:doi
1750:doi
1746:156
1712:doi
1669:doi
1627:doi
1564:doi
1473:doi
1191:doi
972:PMC
964:doi
912:doi
854:doi
807:doi
770:doi
739:doi
288:can
112:or
4873::
4774:NA
4769:KC
4764:HM
3836:.
3784:70
3782:.
3778:.
3737:.
3727:25
3725:.
3721:.
3656:.
3652:.
3584:.
3552:.
3517:.
3507:24
3505:.
3461:10
3459:.
3455:.
3432:.
3424:.
3414:39
3412:.
3387:23
3385:.
3362:.
3352:18
3350:.
3327:.
3315:.
3292:.
3282:.
3270:.
3266:.
3243:.
3233:.
3221:.
3217:.
3194:.
3186:.
3176:16
3174:.
3162:^
3148:.
3140:.
3128:30
3126:.
3122:.
3095:45
3049:.
3039:.
3029:45
3027:.
3023:.
3004:.
2979:23
2977:.
2954:.
2946:.
2932:.
2905:.
2873:.
2865:.
2857:.
2845:.
2822:.
2814:.
2802:20
2800:.
2777:.
2765:.
2742:.
2732:.
2724:.
2712:.
2708:.
2685:.
2675:43
2673:.
2632:.
2594:.
2586:.
2572:.
2568:.
2551:^
2541:.
2537:.
2511:.
2503:.
2491:.
2479:^
2449:^
2432:.
2410:.
2402:.
2390:.
2367:.
2357:51
2355:.
2332:.
2320:.
2316:.
2293:.
2285:.
2275:23
2273:.
2250:.
2242:.
2230:.
2226:.
2200:.
2192:.
2180:50
2178:.
2174:.
2151:.
2143:.
2133:48
2131:.
2093:.
2083:62
2081:.
2077:.
2051:.
2041:.
2031:14
2029:.
2025:.
2002:.
1994:.
1986:.
1972:.
1949:.
1939:.
1927:.
1923:.
1897:.
1887:24
1885:.
1858:.
1821:^
1807:.
1799:.
1789:11
1787:.
1764:.
1756:.
1744:.
1732:^
1718:.
1708:62
1706:.
1683:.
1675:.
1663:.
1647:^
1633:.
1623:10
1621:.
1601:.
1578:.
1570:.
1560:37
1558:.
1541:26
1539:.
1533:.
1513:26
1511:.
1505:.
1479:.
1467:.
1446:.
1427:.
1408:.
1389:.
1358:.
1321:.
1303:.
1286:37
1284:.
1280:.
1261:.
1242:.
1223:.
1211:^
1197:.
1187:48
1185:.
1181:.
1167:^
1157:.
1145:^
1135:.
1123:^
1113:.
1046:.
1027:.
1011:^
980:.
970:.
960:14
958:.
954:.
934:^
920:.
908:82
906:.
902:.
884:^
870:.
862:.
850:50
848:.
844:.
821:.
813:.
803:33
801:.
778:.
766:82
764:.
760:.
735:11
733:.
707:.
665:^
143:,
139:,
23:,
4025:"
4021:"
3900:e
3893:t
3886:v
3848:.
3844::
3838:4
3821:.
3794:.
3790::
3760:.
3733::
3700:.
3672:.
3637:.
3623:.
3558:.
3525:.
3513::
3490:.
3463:.
3440:.
3420::
3397:.
3393::
3370:.
3358::
3335:.
3323::
3300:.
3278::
3251:.
3229::
3202:.
3182::
3156:.
3134::
3107:.
3057:.
3035::
3008:.
2989:.
2985::
2962:.
2950::
2934:1
2917:.
2913::
2881:.
2861::
2853::
2830:.
2818::
2785:.
2773::
2750:.
2728::
2720::
2693:.
2681::
2644:.
2640::
2634:8
2617:.
2590::
2574:8
2543:8
2519:.
2499::
2493:7
2473:.
2443:.
2418:.
2398::
2375:.
2363::
2340:.
2328::
2322:9
2301:.
2281::
2258:.
2246::
2238::
2208:.
2186::
2159:.
2139::
2116:.
2089::
2059:.
2037::
2010:.
1990::
1974:8
1957:.
1935::
1905:.
1893::
1870:.
1866::
1860:8
1843:.
1815:.
1795::
1772:.
1752::
1726:.
1714::
1691:.
1671::
1665:4
1641:.
1629::
1605:.
1586:.
1566::
1487:.
1475::
1469:2
1450:.
1431:.
1412:.
1393:.
1374:.
1343:.
1307:.
1265:.
1246:.
1227:.
1205:.
1193::
1161:.
1139:.
1117:.
1098:.
1058:.
1031:.
988:.
966::
928:.
914::
878:.
856::
829:.
809::
786:.
772::
745:.
741::
718:.
693:.
417:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.