Republic of China (1912–1949)

5169:. During the Second Revolution in 1913, as the president of the republic, Yuan Shikai used the Beiyang Army to defeat provincial forces opposed to him and to extend his control over north China and other provinces as far south as the Yangtze River. This also led to the expansion of the size of the Beiyang Army, and an effort was made by Yuan to reduce provincial armies in areas he controlled, though they were not completely disbanded. Yuan ended the Qing practice of frequently rotating officers among command positions in the Beiyang divisions, which led to the subordinates developing personal loyalty to their commanders, whose units became their power base. He maintained control over the Beiyang Army by providing the division commanders with the patronage of the presidency, and had them keep each other in check. Yuan was unable to completely reorganize the fragmented command structure of China's military to be more of a bureaucratic institution under the direct control of the central government. After Yuan's death in 1916, the Beiyang Army split among different factions led by his generals that rivaled each other. Though they continued to control the central government in Beijing, they were unable to take over the south. The southern warlords had their own armies but they were also divided by conflicts among themselves. Despite the breakdown of centralized leadership, some military schools established during the Qing dynasty continued to function during the warlord era, including the 3203: 413: 3460: 3448: 5127:

and do liaison work. Able-bodied men from 20 to 25 were required to serve in the military for 3 years before becoming reservists which they would remain as until they were 45. Those being exempt from serving in the military were: only sons, high school graduates and above, students who were in high school or above, could not meet physical standards, "suffered from incurable diseases" and had special governmental appointments. One could also get a deferment if they were civil servants, "could not recover from any disease within months", teachers, "those who were not clear of suspicion for criminal offenses" or where half the sons in a given family were active duty soldiers. Those barred from military service were people who were serving a life sentence or "deprived of political rights".

2409: 404: 2668:(except by old-line Communists)." He also stated that, "Lloyd Eastman has called the Blue Shirts, whose members admired European fascism and were influenced by it, a Chinese fascist organization. This is probably an exaggeration. The Blue Shirts certainly exhibited some of the characteristics of fascism, as did many nationalist organizations around the world, but it is not clear that the group possessed the full qualities of an intrinsic fascist movement....The Blue Shirts probably had some affinity with and for fascism, a common feature of nationalisms in crisis during the 1930s, but it is doubtful that they represented any clear-cut Asian variant of fascism." 1205: 5384: 1318: 2822: 5150: 144: 2738:. Campaigns were mounted and laws passed to promote the rights of women. In the 1931 Civil Code, women were given equal inheritance rights, banned forced marriage and gave women the right to control their own money and initiate divorce. No nationally unified women's movement could organize until China was unified under the Kuomintang Government in Nanjing in 1928; women's suffrage was finally included in the new Constitution of 1936, although the constitution was not implemented until 1947. Addressing social problems, especially in remote villages, was aided by improved communications. The 5596: 1274: 190: 5199: 185: 1223: 1187: 3429: 1256: 5610: 5278: 1630: 1288: 151: 2723:

which officially disbanded by 1938, something Payne also mentions as "possibly because of competition with the KMT itself." Some have also noted that in contrast to older historians from decades ago, Chiang's efforts have been increasingly seen by newer Western and Chinese historians alike as an arguably necessary if austere part of the complicated nation-building process in China during his time, especially given the wide range of both domestic and foreign challenges it faced on many different concurrent fronts.

2448:". Sun Yat-sen had been actively promoting revolution from his bases in exile. He then returned and on 29 December, Sun Yat-sen was elected president by the Nanjing assembly, which consisted of representatives from seventeen provinces. On 1 January 1912, he was officially inaugurated and pledged "to overthrow the despotic government led by the Manchu, consolidate the Republic of China and plan for the welfare of the people". Sun's new government lacked military strength. As a compromise, he negotiated with 5565:

filmmaking.Upscale movie theaters in China had and contracts which required them to exclusively show Hollywood films, and thus as of the later 1920s, Hollywood films accounted for 90% of screen time in Chinese theaters. After the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, a large number filmmakers left to join the War of Resistance, with many going to the Nationalist-controlled hinterlands to join the Nationalist film studios Central Motion Picture Studio or China Motion Picture Studio. A smaller number went to

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promoted. When the war with Japan broke out, the majority of the Chinese fleet was used during the Battle of Shanghai to slow down the Japanese advance along the Yangtze River. Many ships were sunk by Japanese aircraft or were sunk deliberately by the Chinese to use as blockships in the Yangtze. By 1939 most of the Chinese navy had been destroyed, with one estimate claiming that over 100 of the navy's 120 ships in 1937 had been sunk. Some Chinese warships (notably the cruisers

2619: 5186:. After the success of the Northern Expedition the National Revolutionary Army was seen as China's national army, despite warlords still controlling parts of the country. During the next decade the army was increased in size from 250,000 to around two million, organized into 200 divisions. In the 1930s a small number of these divisions received training from German instructors, as well as modern uniforms and weapons, as part of the process of creating a professional army. The 3095:. The Communists were well established in the north and northeast. Although the Kuomintang had an advantage in numbers of men and weapons, controlled a much larger territory and population than their adversaries, and enjoyed considerable international support, they were exhausted by the long war with Japan and in-fighting among various generals. They were also losing the propaganda war to the Communists, with a population weary of Kuomintang corruption and yearning for peace. 3235:

This Constitution was promulgated on 25 December 1946 and came into effect on 25 December 1947. Under it, the Central Government was divided into the presidency and the five yuans, each responsible for a part of the government. None was responsible to the other except for certain obligations such as the president appointing the head of the Executive Yuan. Ultimately, the president and the yuans reported to the National Assembly, which represented the will of the citizens.

5507:. In one anti-guerilla sweep in 1942, the Japanese killed up to 200,000 civilians in a month. The war was estimated to have killed between 20 and 25 million Chinese, and destroyed all that Chiang had built up in the preceding decade. Development of industries was severely hampered after the war by devastating civil conflict as well as the inflow of cheap American goods. By 1946, Chinese industries operated at 20% capacity and had 25% of the output of pre-war China. 3067: 2904: 12550: 366: 12562: 2925:. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants and, the spread of their organizational network, while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence. Meanwhile, northern China was infiltrated politically by Japanese politicians in Manchukuo using facilities such as the 12574: 3015:

Japanese-occupied areas and of reconstructing the nation from the ravages of a protracted war were staggering. The economy deteriorated, sapped by the military demands of foreign war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by Nationalist profiteering, speculation, and hoarding. Starvation came in the wake of the war, and millions were rendered homeless by floods and unsettled conditions in many parts of the country.

5447: 12623: 282: 5986:諸君知中華民國之意義乎？何以不曰「中華共和國」，而必曰「中華民國」？此「民」字之意義，為僕研究十餘年之結果而得之者。歐美之共和國，創建遠在吾國之前。二十世紀之國，當含有創制之精神，不當自謂能效法於十八九世紀成法，而引為自足。共和政體為代表政體，世界各國，隸於此旗幟之下者，如希臘，則有貴族奴隸之堦級，直可稱之曰「專制共和」。如美國則已有十四省，樹直接民權之規模，而瑞士則全乎直接民權制度也。雖吾人今既易專制而成代議政體，然何可故步自封，落於人後。故今後國民當奮振全神於世界，發現一光芒萬丈之奇采，俾更進而底於直接民權之域。代議政體旗幟之下，吾民所享者，祇一種代議權。若底於直接民權，則有創制權、廢止權、退官權。但此種民權，不宜以廣漠之省境施行之，故當以縣為單位。地方財政完全由地方處理之，而分任中央之政費。其餘各種實業，則懲美國托拉斯之弊，而歸諸中央。如是數年，必有一莊嚴燦爛之中華民國發現於東大陸，駕諸世界共和國之上矣。 9316: 5483:

peaked at 28.8 billion, before falling to 21.3 billion by 1934 and recovering to 23.7 billion by 1935. By 1930, foreign investment in China totaled 3.5 billion, with Japan leading (1.4 billion) followed by the United Kingdom (1 billion). By 1948, however, the capital investment had halted and dropped to only 3 billion, with the US and Britain being the leading investors.

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by the fall of dynastic rule. The Republic of China maintained the increase of western cultural influence in the country. Chinese intellectuals of the time were not unified in their opinions on the cultural changes occurring in the newly-founded state. Some took progressive stances and advocated for Art Reform, while more conservative intellectuals believed China should maintain older Chinese traditions.

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were under-strength and the troops were poorly trained. Many of these divisions were still more loyal to warlords than to Chiang Kai-shek. The U.S. also provided military assistance to China, planning to equip 30 divisions, but the prioritization of the European theater and the logistical difficulties of getting the supplies to China prevented these plans from being fully carried out.

369: 3175:, and short-lived. The number of acts passed by the government was few and included the formal abdication of the Qing dynasty and some economic initiatives. The parliament's authority soon became nominal: violations of the Constitution by Yuan were met with half-hearted motions of censure. Kuomintang members of parliament who gave up their membership in the KMT were offered 1,000 5293:

significant efforts were made during this period to grow the navy because of China being in a state of general disarray. Sometimes warlords did use maritime forces but mainly as a way of supporting land combat. When Sun Yat-sen established his constitutional protection government in Guangzhou in 1917, some of his early support came from the Chinese navy, represented by admirals

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Nanjing decade the length of the highway network grew from 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 109,000 kilometres (68,000 mi) while growth was also seen in navigable waterways. In the early 1930s, a Sichuan warlord named Liu Xiang was strongly committed toward creating an entirely Chinese navigation company and eliminating foreign-owned companies in the Yangtze River basin.

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through its National Congress and Central Executive Committee, would exercise sovereign power during the period of "political tutelage", that the KMT's Political Council would guide and superintend the Nationalist Government in the execution of important national affairs, and that the Political Council has the power to interpret or amend the Organic Law.

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to hold parts of the Chinese coast, especially that closest to Taiwan failed and rather than returning and reconquering – by the late 1950s the only presence the ROC had in mainland China was in the remote areas of western China's wilderness were a small number of KMT loyalists held out fighting a guerilla campaign that was gradually worn down.

307: 286: 285: 246: 308: 287: 289: 7300:, p. 5) "Nationalist disunity, political instability, civil strife, the communist challenge, the autocracy of Chiang Kai-shek, the ascendancy of the military, the escalating Japanese threat, and the "crisis of democracy" in Italy, Germany, Poland, and Spain, all contributed to a freezing of democracy by the Nationalist leadership." 249: 1810:" with the Chinese Communist Party. CCP members joined the KMT and the two parties cooperated to build a revolutionary base in Canton. Sun planned to use this base to launch a military campaign northwards and reunify the rest of China. Sun's death in 1925 precipitated a power struggle that eventually resulted in the rise of General 3408:(UNSC). Though multiple objections were raised that the seat belonged to the lawful government of China, which had to many become the PRC even arguably prior to the official conclusion of the Chinese Civil War, the ROC retained the permanent seat reserved for China on the UNSC until 1971 when it was supplanted by the PRC. 248: 5523:

communists' promise to redistribute land gained them support among the large rural population. In 1949, the communists captured Beijing and later Nanjing. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949. The Republic of China relocated to Taiwan where Japan had laid an educational groundwork.

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The relocation to Taiwan was initially intended to be a regrouping as the KMT had not actually been wholly defeated in the rest of China in 1949 and was initially able to hold onto pockets of Chinese territory on the mainland. After losing Hainan in 1950, most KMT holdouts were soon overrun, attempts

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Chinese industries grew considerably from 1928 to 1931. While the economy was hit by the Japanese occupation of Manchuria in 1931 and the Great Depression from 1931 to 1935, industrial output recovered to their earlier peak by 1936. This is reflected by the trends in Chinese GDP. In 1932, China's GDP

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The Republic of China Air Force during the Second-Sino Japanese War was outmatched by the Japanese aviation forces. Foreign advisors from Germany, France, Italy and the United Kingdom came to China in the 1930s; while foreign aircraft were also imported from a variety of countries. With the beginning

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The ROC Marine Corps was created from the former Naval Guard Corps, and consisted of two marine brigades, which were used during the war against Japan in several provinces before the corps was disbanded in 1946. In 1947, a reorganized Republic of China Marine Corps was created by the commander of the

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with the goal of reunifying China under the Kuomintang, with Soviet advisors and equipment. To avoid the problems of warlord armies, the NRA was under the political and ideological control of a party, the KMT, and included party representatives in its ranks. After Sun's death in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek

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Under the new constitution the first elections for the National Assembly occurred in January 1948, and the assembly was summoned to meet in March 1948. It elected the president of the republic on 21 March 1948, formally bringing an end to the KMT party rule started in 1928, although the president was

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Shortly after the Second Sino-Japanese War, a long-delayed constitutional convention was summoned to meet in Nanjing in May 1946. Amidst heated debate, this convention adopted many constitutional amendments demanded by several parties, including the KMT and the Communist Party, into the Constitution.

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that preceded the republic had experienced instability throughout the 19th century and suffered from both internal rebellion and foreign imperialism. A program of institutional reform proved too little and too late. Only the lack of an alternative regime prolonged the monarchy's existence until 1912.

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Basic literacy came to most of the school-aged populace by the end of the Japanese tenure on Taiwan. School attendance for Taiwanese children rose steadily throughout the Japanese era, from 3.8 percent in 1904 to 13.1 percent in 1917; 25.1 percent in 1920; 41.5 percent in 1935; 57.6 percent in 1940;

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Prior to the fall of the Qing dynasty, interaction and trade with western countries was more common in China than it had been in previous times. This led to greater cultural influence from the west in China. The culture of China and daily life within the country was disrupted from its previous state

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in Beijing experienced constant changes in leadership, and this political instability led to stagnation in economic development until Chinese reunification in 1928 under the Kuomintang. After this reunification, China entered a period of relative stability—despite ongoing isolated military conflicts

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Military conscription was practiced in the Republic of China starting in March 1936 after a 1933 law was passed. All males between 18 and 45 were required to register for as citizen-soldiers where they would learn how to use weapons, build fortifications, execute basic orders, conduct reconnaissance

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as well as the Control Yuan. The Chairman of the National Government was to be the head-of-state and commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army. Chiang Kai-shek was appointed as the first chairman, a position he would retain until 1931. The Organic Law also stipulated that the Kuomintang,

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During the Chinese Civil War both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants killed by both sides. Benjamin Valentino has estimated atrocities in the civil war resulted in the death of between 1.8 million and 3.5 million people between 1927

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in imitation of them, in an effort to counter the growth of Mao's communism as well as resist both Western and Japanese imperialism. According to Stanley Payne, however, Chiang's KMT was "normally classified as a multi-class populist or 'nation-building' party but not a fitting candidate for fascism

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Radio had been previously experimented with during the Qing Dynasty and work continued into the Republican era. Radio stations began appearing in the 1920s being mainly concentrated in Shanghai. The Kuomintang would create a national radio program, the Central China Broadcasting Station (CCBS). The

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One effect of the war with Japan was a massive increase in government control of industries. In 1936, government-owned industries were only 15% of GDP. However, the ROC government took control of many industries to fight the war. In 1938, the ROC established a commission for industries and mines to

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In September 1932, the Central Aviation School was founded with the help of an American mission led by John Jouett, and its graduates included the majority of Chinese pilot officers by 1937. On his recommendation, the ROCAF was restructured, with a Ministry of Aviation equal to that of the Military

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planes, arriving in early 1930. The Chinese Air Force expanded from the first 12 Corsair planes in 1930 to a size of eight squadrons, with seven of bomber-observation planes and one of pursuit planes, in 1931, with a total of 40 to 50 aircraft. Several American pilots became advisors to China's air

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In 1945, Chiang revived plans to create a modern Chinese Navy and asked the United States for assistance. The Nationalists received over 100 ships from the U.S. and its allied countries, as well as some captured Axis ships. Before the end of 1945 a navy training center was established in Qingdao by

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The Republic of China's Navy during between 1911 and 1949 was primarily composed of ships from the Qing Dynasty or ships obtained from foreign countries. As most threats to the Republic were on land from the warlords and the Communists there was no interest in developing any maritime strategies. No

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In January 1949, Beiping was taken by the Communists without a fight, and its name changed back to Beijing. Following the capture of Nanjing on 23 April, major cities passed from Kuomintang to Communist control with minimal resistance, through November. In most cases the surrounding countryside and

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In January 1946, through the mediation of the United States, a military truce between the Kuomintang and the Communists was arranged, but battles soon resumed. Public opinion of the administrative incompetence of the Nationalist government was incited by the Communists during the nationwide student

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of the 1880s, and subsequent laws, enacted by the United States Congress to restrict Chinese immigration into the United States were repealed. The wartime policy of the United States was meant to help China become a strong ally and a stabilizing force in postwar East Asia. During the war, China was

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Still other historians have noted that Chiang and the KMT's exact ideology itself was very complex and oscillated over time, with different factions of his government cooperating with both the Soviets and Germans as they saw fit, and that Chiang eventually became disillusioned with the Blue Shirts,

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CBBS held programs that related to the news, education and entertainment along with putting the news in difference dialects of Chinese. However, those who actually listened to the radio in China were predominantly in the urban areas .Most radios were foreign made and little were made domestically.

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The Republic of China had a national postal system which began under the Qing Dynasty and carried over into the Republican period. The postal service did pull of Manchuria when the Japanese did invade it in 1931 and in Mongolia in 1924. The postal service continued to operate in other areas of the

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China's infrastructure would grow dramatically during this period. The railroad network length grew from 9,600 kilometres (6,000 mi) in 1912 to 25,000 kilometres (16,000 mi) by 1945. The Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan was known for his strong commitment toward developing railroads. During the

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in 1938, the Chinese Army tried to avoid direct large scale fighting with the Japanese. Chiang also wanted to preserve his army instead of engaging in ground operations, despite pressure from the American leadership to go on the offensive. It was not until early 1944 when Chiang agreed to launch a

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in May 1949, whilst a few hundred thousand Nationalist troops and two million refugees, predominantly from the government and business community, fled from mainland China to Taiwan. There remained in China itself only isolated pockets of resistance. On 7 December 1949, Chiang proclaimed Taipei the

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Reformers and critics pushed for democracy and human rights, but the task seemed difficult if not impossible. The nation was at war and divided between Communists and Nationalists. Corruption and lack of direction hindered reforms. Chiang told the State Council: "Our organization becomes worse and

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and the following retreat. Half of the officers that graduated from the Central Military Academy were killed in the first few months of fighting. By 1941, the Chinese Nationalist Army had 3.8 million troops in 246 front-line divisions and 70 reserve divisions, though the majority of the divisions

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with China from the past. Within a few months a new agreement was signed between the United States and the Republic of China for the stationing of American troops in China as part of the common war effort against Japan. The United States sought unsuccessfully to reconcile the rival Kuomintang and

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compared with 12 million in 1928. Other imports saw even more increases. In 1932, 15 million bushels of grain were imported compared with 900,000 in 1928. This increased competition lead to a massive decline in Chinese agricultural prices and thus the income of rural farmers. In 1932,

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Belatedly, the Republic of China government sought to enlist popular support through internal reforms. However, the effort was in vain, because of rampant government corruption and the accompanying political and economic chaos. By late 1948 the Kuomintang position was bleak. The demoralized and

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was placed under the control of the ROC. In the meantime, the KMT renewed its struggle with the communists. However, the corruption and hyperinflation as a result of trying to fight the civil war, resulted in mass unrest throughout the Republic and sympathy for the communists. In addition, the

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Beginning in 1929, the Nationalist government started expanding its air power to improve its position over warlords and the Communists. The ROC Air Force was formally established in April 1929, and that month the aviation department of the Ministry of War was separated as the National Aviation

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in February 1945—dismantled and removed more than half the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese. Although the Chinese had not been present at Yalta, they had been consulted and had agreed to have the Soviets enter the war, in the belief that the Soviet Union would deal only with the

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In February 1928, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 2nd Kuomintang National Congress, held in Nanjing, passed the Reorganization of the Nationalist Government Act. This act stipulated that the Nationalist Government was to be directed and regulated under the Central Executive Committee of the

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Chiang Kai-shek announced in 1928 that it was his intention to build a large navy for China, but this goal was undermined by financial problems and other difficulties. Many senior officers did not have modern naval training, and newer officers that were educated in Western countries were not

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Kuomintang, with the Committee of the Nationalist Government being elected by the KMT Central Committee. Under the Nationalist Government were seven ministries—Interior, Foreign Affairs, Finance, Transport, Justice, Agriculture and Mines, and Commerce, in addition to institutions such as the

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like Shanghai and Hong Kong. Chinese-made short melodrama and comedy films began emerging in 1913. Chinese film production developed significantly in the 1920s.Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, filmmaking in China was largely done by film studios and there was comparatively little small scale

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into northern China and the coastal provinces. Chinese fury against Japan was predictable, but anger was also directed against Chiang and the Nanjing government, which at the time was more preoccupied with anti-Communist extermination campaigns than with resisting the Japanese invaders. The

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under Chiang Kai-shek, the ROC continued to be destabilized by the Chinese Civil War, revolts by the KMT's warlord allies, and steady territorial encroachments by Japan. Although heavily damaged by the purge, the CCP gradually rebuilt its strength by focusing on organizing peasants in the

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In 1945, after the end of the war, the Nationalist Government moved back to Nanjing. The Republic of China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but actually a nation economically prostrate and on the verge of all-out civil war. The problems of rehabilitating the formerly

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During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the armed forces of the CCP were nominally incorporated into the National Revolutionary Army, while remaining under separate command, but broke away to form the People's Liberation Army shortly after the end of the war. With the promulgation of the

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on behalf of Puyi, ending several millennia of monarchical rule. In 1913, elections were held for provincial assemblies, which would then chose delegates for a new National Assembly. The Kuomintang emerged as the formal political party that replaced the revolutionary organization

3333:. The Republic of China was able to maintain most of these diplomatic ties, at least initially following the retreat to Taiwan. Chiang Kai-shek had vowed to quickly return and "liberate" the mainland, an assurance that became a cornerstone of the ROC's post 1949 foreign policy. 1893:

began to gain upper hand in 1948 over a larger and better-armed National Revolutionary Army due to better military tactics and internal corruption of the ROC leadership. In 1949, the ROC repeatedly moved its capital to avoid the Communist advance—first to Guangzhou, followed by

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of the 1930s, in which an overproduction of agricultural goods lead to falling prices for China as well as an increase in foreign imports (as agricultural goods produced in western countries were "dumped" in China). In 1931, Chinese imports of rice amounted to 21 million

3350:. It was hoped by the government that participating in the Olympic Games this could give more legitimacy to the country in the eyes of the international community and "sports could also cultivate modern citizens and a strong nation". The Republic of China sent athletes to the 6155: 3387:

for the League of Nations being a non-permanent member of the League Council from: 1921–1923, 1926–1928, 1931–1932, 1934, and 1936. Although the ROC lobbied to be a permanent member of the League Council it never became one. At the League of Nations, China wanted to see the

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The Republic of China was a member of the League of Nations and participated until it was dissolved. Those in the country's foreign relations were among the most stable of those working in the government in terms of composition. The ROC was a non-permanent member of the

2652:; and finally a constitutional democracy. In 1930, after seizing power and reunifying China by force, the "tutelage" phase started with the promulgation of a provisional constitution. In an attempt to distant themselves from the Soviets, the Chinese government sought 305: 3063:. Thereafter, the Chinese Civil War became more widespread; battles raged not only for territories but also for the allegiance of sections of the population. The United States aided the Nationalists with massive economic loans and weapons but no combat support. 412: 7309: 3170:

Sun Yat-sen was the provisional president. Delegates from the provinces sent to confirm the government's authority formed the first parliament in 1913. The power of this government was limited, with generals controlling both the central and northern

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had been established by Sun Yat-sen with Soviet assistance to provide officers for the KMT army, and in 1928 it was moved to Nanjing to become the Central Military Academy, where its size and training program was expanded by the Germans. But these

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Yuan was elected president of the ROC in 1913. He ruled by military power and ignored the republican institutions established by his predecessor, threatening to execute Senate members who disagreed with his decisions. He soon dissolved the ruling

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and the flagship defected to the Communists. This was followed in April by a mutiny of the entire fleet along the Yangtze, which was led by its commander to the other side. Because of this, 23 April 1949 is considered the founding date of the

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of 1930 by bombing cities, directing artillery, and observing warlord army defensive positions, and is credited with helping bring about a faster victory for Chiang Kai-shek's government. It had less success against the Japanese during the

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at the end of World War II in 1945, which led to Taiwan being placed under Chinese administration. In the aftermath of World War II, civil war resumed between the areas liberated by the KMT and those liberated by the CCP. The CCP's

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states. Increasingly unpopular and deserted by his supporters, Yuan abdicated in 1916 and died of natural causes shortly thereafter. China then declined into a period of warlordism. Sun, having been forced into exile, returned to

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Sun Yat-sen created a new government in 1917 as an alternative to the Beiyang, but he did not have the military power to control the southern warlords. Therefore, the National Revolutionary Army was established by Sun in 1924 in

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Meanwhile, the Beiyang government struggled to hold onto power, and an open and wide-ranging debate evolved regarding how China should confront the West. In 1919, a student protest against the government's weak response to the

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When Yuan died, the parliament of 1913 was reconvened to give legitimacy to a new government. However, the real power passed to military leaders, leading to the warlord period. The impotent government still had its use; when

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in early 1947 and during another national protest against monetary reforms later that year. The United States—realizing that no American efforts short of large-scale armed intervention could stop the coming war—withdrew Gen.

364: 5235:. The Japanese advanced rapidly in central and southeast China, as the Chinese Army still suffered from a lack of supplies, and by the start of 1945 they captured several U.S. air bases and created a direct connection to 323: 2642: 281: 2536:

in Beijing, having re-established the KMT in October 1919. Sun's dream was to unify China by launching an expedition against the north. However, he lacked the military support and funding to turn it into a reality.

8998: 3459: 247: 5313:, who became the commander of the ROC Navy in 1932 and remained in that position until after the war with Japan. During the 1930s he organized the Chinese navy into the Central, Northeast, and Guangdong Fleets. 7320: 5259:, which retreated to Taiwan in 1949 after their defeat in the Chinese Civil War. Units which surrendered and remained in mainland China were either disbanded or incorporated into the People's Liberation Army. 244: 2486:

in 1915. The new ruler of China tried to increase centralization by abolishing the provincial system; however, this move angered the gentry along with the provincial governors, who were usually military men.

7748:"China's Representation in the United Nations", by Khurshid Hyder – Pakistan Horizon; Vol. 24, No. 4, The Great Powers and Asia (Fourth Quarter, 1971), pp. 75–79, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs 1738:

The Republic of China was officially proclaimed on 1 January 1912 by the revolutionaries and Sun Yat-sen, the first provisional president of the new republic, following the success of the Xinhai revolution.

324: 3447: 2896:, with its capital in Nanjing, which proclaimed itself the legitimate "Republic of China" in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek's government, although its claims were significantly hampered due to its being a 2473:

led the Kuomintang Party to electoral victories by fashioning his party's program to appeal to the gentry, landowners, and merchants. Song was assassinated on 20 March 1913, at the behest of Yuan Shikai.

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during World War II, the United States became increasingly involved in Chinese affairs. As an ally, it embarked in late 1941 on a program of massive military and financial aid to the hard-pressed

1906:. In October 1949, the CCP established the PRC. Remnants of the ROC government would hang on in mainland China until late 1951. The KMT dominated ROC politics for 72 years and ruled the island of 266: 2073:'), and which he thought would allow more checks and balances by the people. Later on 20 October 1923, at a national conference for youths in Guangzhou, to explain the core idea behind 2917:

The United Front between the Kuomintang and the CCP had salutary effects for the beleaguered CCP, despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions and the rich

6946:

After the 1930 mutiny ended, Chiang accepted the suggestion of Wang Ching-wei, Yen Hsi-shan, and Feng Yü-hsiang that a provisional constitution for the political tutelage period be drafted.

5503:

began with a Japanese invasion of China, and the resulting warfare laid waste to China. Most of the prosperous east coast was occupied by the Japanese, who committed atrocities such as the

10342: 6594: 5192: 5541:

country even when they were taken by the Japanese and eventually began offering their services once again in Manchuria. In rural areas the postal service even offered free deliveries.

10979: 3417: 11665: 7757:

National Institute for Compilation and Translation of the Republic of China (Taiwan): Geography Textbook for Junior High School Volume 1 (1993 version): Lesson 10: pp. 47–49.

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of the war they began to rely most heavily on the United States and Soviet Union for advisors. The low amount of planes being domestically produced would prove to be a hindrance.

3239:

a member of the KMT. These elections, though praised by at least one US observer, were poorly received by the Communist Party, which would soon start an open, armed insurrection.

1535: 264: 6255: 2572:

and the CCP. However, he soon dismissed his Soviet advisers, being convinced that they wanted to get rid of the KMT and take control. Chiang decided to purge the Communists,

5428:

When the war with Japan broke out in July 1937, much of the ROC Air Force was destroyed during the fighting in central China by December of that year. From 1938 to 1940 the

2970:

Kuomintang government. However, the Soviet presence in northeast China enabled the Communists to arm themselves with equipment surrendered by the withdrawing Japanese army.

8598:"Communication Technology and Mass Propaganda in Republican China: The Nationalist Party's Radio Broadcasting Policy and Organisation during the Nanjing Decade (1927-1937)" 6040: 5773: 2056:) with the limiting and authoritarianism-prone Euro-American models of representative republicanism. What he strived for was a more grass-roots model, which he termed 1480: 1049: 5466:

In the early years of the Republic of China, the economy remained unstable as the country was marked by constant warfare between different regional warlord factions. The

11127: 6856: 3428: 2576:. At the same time, other violent conflicts were taking place in China: in the South, where the CCP had superior numbers, Nationalist supporters were being massacred. 1658: 5239:. In early 1945, Chinese and Allied troops in Burma succeeded in opening a land route to India, allowing more equipment to be sent to the Chinese, which they used to 5425:. Additional planes were purchased, and factories were also opened in China. As of 1936, the Chinese Air Force had 645 aircraft, and multiple factories and schools. 3038:

against a possible Soviet incursion, and logistic support was given to Kuomintang forces in north and northeast China. To further this end, on 30 September 1945 the

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during which Japan suffered extensive casualties in both its army and navy. Nanjing fell in December 1937, which was followed by mass murders and rapes known as the

265: 12654: 5162: 3405: 3154: 2623: 10235: 5356:, becoming the flagship of the ROCN. In February 1949, as Chinese Communist forces advanced to the Yangtze River from the north, a mutiny of sailors occurred on 5860: 62: 13294: 11731: 6086: 3257:

Before the Nationalist government was ousted from the mainland, the Republic of China had diplomatic relations with 59 countries, including Australia, Canada,

3138: 2742:

was one of many that took advantage of the new freedom to raise social consciousness. The Nationalist government published a draft constitution on 5 May 1936.

1383: 911: 605: 5206:

When the war between Japan and China broke out in 1937, Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best divisions to central China, where they took heavy losses during the

2026:), and distribute land equally among the people." On 15 July 1916, in his welcoming speech to the Cantonese delegates in Shanghai, Sun explained why the term 12823: 10579: 10274: 2321:

in China. From its founding until 1949, the republic was based on mainland China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to warlordism (1915–1928), a

2482:(KMT) party, banned "secret organizations" (which implicitly included the KMT), and ignored the provisional constitution. Ultimately, Yuan declared himself 11268: 6378: 5973: 5633: 2461: 1744: 6065: 5157:

The Republic of China's military initially consisted of the decentralized forces of the former Qing dynasty, with the most modern and organized being the

2630:

Chiang Kai-shek pushed the CCP into the interior and established a government, with Nanjing as its capital, in 1927. By 1928, Chiang's army overthrew the

13289: 13035: 10382: 6208: 6186: 3374:

but no athletes won any medals. For 1928 a single athlete was sent. Although athletes were sent to the 1924 games they did not participate in the games.

5309:

to defect to the National Revolutionary Army and became the head of the revolutionary navy on the Yangtze River. One of Admiral Yang's subordinates was

3210:

With the promulgation of the Organic Law of the Nationalist Government in October 1928, the government was reorganized into five different branches, or

10307: 10193: 9320: 8619: 6649: 5333:. The building of a Chinese navy was no longer a priority during the rest of the war, and in 1940 Chiang Kai-shek disbanded the Ministry of the Navy. 10198: 6102:

Lee, Junghwan (June 2013). "The History of Konghwa 共和 in Early Modern East Asia and Its Implications in the Constitution of the Republic of Korea".

5584:

and more successfully established a censorship apparatus directed against unwelcome cultural products, especially left-wing artists and their works.

2983: 2456:, promising Yuan the presidency of the republic if he were to remove the Qing emperor by force. Yuan agreed to the deal. On 12 February 1912, regent 1724: 1036: 10257: 7773: 5400: 5302: 1953: 760: 7524: 2549:, whose demonstrations were against the danger of spreading Western influence replacing Chinese culture. It was in this intellectual climate that 417:

Land controlled by the Republic of China (late 1945) shown in dark green; land claimed (until early 1946) but not controlled shown in light green.

2205: 1937: 1775:

forced him to back down. When Yuan died in 1916, the country fragmented between the various local commanders of the Beiyang Army. This began the

6586: 6125: 6002: 11936: 8748: 2280:), because from the Chinese government's perspective the ROC ceased to exist in 1949. In Taiwan, these years are called the "Mainland period" ( 1651: 7600: 7583: 1965: 10803: 7520:

Qin Xin. Taiwan army published new book uncovering secrets of Chiang Kai-shek: Plan to retake the mainland. 28 June 2006. China News Agency.

7505: 5077: 2829:

Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese desires on China. Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated

2735: 355: 17: 9199: 8783:

Chung, Chien (2003). "A review of the ROC's military reform: A case study of the Taiwanese Navy". In Martin Edmonds; Michal M. Tsai (eds.).

5432:

did much of the fighting against the Japanese, along with the remnants of the ROCAF. The Soviets sent 885 planes to China over those years.

3202: 2769:, provincial military leaders, or warlord coalitions. Nationalist rule was strongest in the eastern regions around the capital Nanjing. The 2060: 1317: 12361: 10461: 9698: 9422: 6069: 2961:

In August 1945, with American help, Nationalist troops moved to take the Japanese surrender in North China. The Soviet Union—encouraged to

2841:

in 1932. The loss of Manchuria, and its potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Kuomintang economy. The

1576: 2469:, and at the 1913 elections, it won the largest share of seats in both houses of the National Assembly and in some provincial assemblies. 11465: 9708: 9308: 8719: 7710: 7644: 6296: 5912:[Yearbook of the 94th Year of the Republic of China: Chapter 1 General Introduction, Chapter 2 Land Section, 2 Mainland Region]. 5220: 3179:. Yuan maintained power locally by sending generals to be provincial governors or by obtaining the allegiance of those already in power. 2647: 697: 7367: 7256: 6893: 6817: 6788: 6749: 6488: 6392: 5883: 13269: 13049: 11790: 11445: 10038: 2926: 1759:. Yuan quickly became authoritarian and used his military power to control the administration, which consequently became known as the " 5909: 12813: 9417: 6239: 5628: 5496:

agricultural prices were at 41 percent of 1921 levels. By 1934, rural incomes had fallen to 57 percent of 1931 levels in some areas.

2892:, then removed in an epic retreat to Chongqing, the seat of government until 1945. In 1940, the Japanese set up the collaborationist 2135:" (from 1928 to 1949) used the name "Republic of China" as their official name. In Chinese, the official name was often shortened to 1644: 802: 2781:

in 1934 led to more power for the central government, but there continued to be foot-dragging and even outright defiance, as in the

13279: 12113: 12093: 10377: 10362: 10262: 10119: 10077: 2357: 1969: 316: 5638: 143: 12118: 11736: 11570: 11346: 5511:

supervise and control firms, as well as instilling price controls. By 1942, 70% of Chinese industry was owned by the government.

5441: 5243:

in southeast China by May. They were planning an offensive to retake control of a port in southern China when Japan surrendered.

1884:

devastated China, leading to enormous loss of life and material destruction. The war between China and Japan continued until the

397: 274: 8297: 6032: 5697:

The Republic of China was proclaimed in Nanjing on 1 January, and its capital was moved to Beijing on March 10 of the same year.

13003: 12763: 11393: 11132: 10283: 9611: 9348: 6459: 5073: 3192: 1862:

countryside. Warlords who resented Chiang's attempts to take away their autonomy and incorporate their military units into the

6564: 5182:

led the Nationalist Army in its first campaign against less organized warlord forces from 1926 to 1928, becoming known as the

2641:

Sun Yat-sen envisioned three phases for the KMT rebuilding of China – military rule and violent reunification;

2004:; 'Chinese People's State') as the country's official Chinese name. The name was derived from the language of the 13274: 12679: 12612: 12531: 12043: 11861: 11660: 10984: 10372: 9434: 9412: 9035: 9016: 8987: 8919: 8811: 8792: 8773: 8121: 7448: 7423: 7266: 7239: 7091: 7064: 7037: 6782: 5893: 5248: 3160: 2922: 2731: 2303: 1428: 1023: 847: 9176: 8959: 8847: 6850: 1818:. Thanks to strategic alliances with warlords and help from Soviet military advisors, Chiang was able to lead a successful " 12153: 11871: 11795: 11440: 10619: 10352: 9849: 4507: 4251: 3595: 3120: 1911: 1495: 1451: 5173:, which graduated the majority of officers that served in warlord armies and many that later became Nationalist officers. 12881: 11948: 11748: 11743: 11624: 11602: 11535: 10347: 9718: 9467: 7027: 5581: 5058: 3621: 3132: 3039: 2987: 2789:

worse... many staff members just sit at their desks and gaze into space, others read newspapers and still others sleep."

1435: 623: 598: 12733: 11768: 11721: 10247: 10082: 9462: 7848: 7003: 4411: 3187:

began, several Western powers and Japan wanted China to declare war on Germany, to liquidate German holdings in China.

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River valley in central China. After 1940, conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the

2369: 1795: 237: 7116:"Redefining the Moral and Legal Roles of the State in Everyday Life - The New Life Movement in China in the Mid-1930s" 6122:"Exploring Chinese History :: Database Catalog :: Biographical Database :: Republican Era- (1912–1949)" 11953: 11689: 11531: 11400: 10092: 10069: 10033: 9889: 9884: 9286: 9170: 9149: 9126: 9084: 8900: 8742: 8692: 8652: 8518: 8180: 7806: 7736: 7704: 7398: 7361: 7164: 6939: 6743: 6537: 6436: 6369: 6335: 6290: 6249: 5957: 5854: 5736: 3337: 3167:, which state that " shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be governed by the people and for the people." 3099:

small towns had come under Communist influence long before the cities. Finally, on 1 October 1949, Communists led by

1350: 13021: 12743: 11998: 11851: 11726: 11643: 11359: 11060: 11055: 10830: 10367: 10023: 9429: 7677: 7502:

Chiang Kai-shek's chief bodyguard published a book revealing the 62-year history of "counterattacking the mainland"

5668:

between 1919 and 1921. After World War II, the Nationalist government officially recognized the sovereignty of the

5623: 5362: 2309:

A republic was formally established on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, which itself began with the

2297: 1307: 9266: 5231:

to China, though it was unsuccessful. It took place around the same time as Japan's largest offensive since 1941,

2872:

Chinese resistance stiffened after 7 July 1937, when a clash occurred between Chinese and Japanese troops outside

2384:. Meanwhile, the CCP took over all of mainland China and founded the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing. 12699: 12590: 11050: 10798: 10542: 10471: 10028: 9756: 9723: 9596: 9404: 2955: 1945: 1933: 1768: 1210: 7838: 5981: 2687: 13284: 12381: 11704: 11575: 11107: 10747: 9107: 9058: 8876: 8841: 5802: 5669: 5577: 5272: 5252: 3258: 3164: 3070:

The Nationalists' retreat to Taipei: after the Nationalists lost Nanjing they next moved to Guangzhou, then to

2830: 2774: 2694: 2568:

with the intention of defeating the Beiyang warlords and unifying the country. Chiang received the help of the

2273: 1871: 1413: 1147: 686: 670: 638: 199: 7081: 6993: 6216: 6178: 2659:

According to Lloyd Eastman, Chiang Kai-shek was influenced by European fascist movements, and he launched the

2184:; 'people's country'; "republic") in 1912, as well as its similar semantic formation to 12876: 12103: 11988: 11921: 11773: 11526: 11383: 10230: 10220: 10018: 10013: 3401: 3104: 2782: 2739: 2483: 2265: 1010: 170: 8318: 7731:

Cook, Chris Cook. Stevenson, John. (2005). The Routledge Companion to World History Since 1914. Routledge.

13166: 12843: 12148: 12018: 11886: 11230: 11225: 10637: 9950: 9896: 9864: 9691: 7154: 6641: 2962: 2653: 2318: 1985: 1918: 1155: 297: 257: 8540:"Warlords at Work: Four Crucial Realms and Four Dynamics of State Building in Republican China, 1916–1937" 7619: 5408:

force and fought in battles against the Japanese or warlords. The Nationalist Air Force had a role in the

2368:

of mainland China in 1949, after the Chinese Civil War, left the ruling Kuomintang with control over only

2194:; 'emperor's country'; "empire"), may have influenced the choice of the Korean term 1779:

defined by decentralized conflicts between rival cliques. The most powerful of these cliques, notably the

13098: 13058: 12921: 12833: 11943: 11846: 11580: 11555: 11339: 11137: 11015: 11000: 10607: 10564: 10500: 10483: 10357: 9879: 9626: 9389: 8766:

Charting America's Cold War Waters in East Asia: Sovereignty, Local Interests, and International Security

7234:. Critical issues in world and international history. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132. 5422: 5378: 5140: 3252: 3092: 3088: 2880:. This skirmish led to open, although undeclared, warfare between China and Japan. Shanghai fell after a 2862: 2853:

importance of "internal unity before external danger" was forcefully brought home in December 1936, when

2754: 2532:

in the south in 1917 and 1922, with the help of warlords, and set up successive rival governments to the

2114: 1949: 1890: 1863: 1751:, the ROC's founder and provisional president, served only briefly before handing over the presidency to 1500: 403: 110: 7840:

The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China: The Art of Governing Soldiers

7767: 1956:. Covering 11.4 million square kilometres (4.4 million square miles) of claimed territory, it 13160: 13025: 12947: 12439: 12391: 12023: 11973: 11960: 11866: 11709: 11435: 10652: 10532: 10288: 10242: 10225: 10208: 9955: 9919: 9766: 9341: 7521: 6590: 4840: 4586: 3248: 3005: 2991: 2804: 2597: 1827: 1815: 1732: 1616: 1540: 1525: 1520: 1490: 1228: 1141: 160: 6559: 6377:

Cite error: The named reference ":Laikwan" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

6121: 3392:

revised. The ROC thought that by being in the League they could improve their international standing.

3342:

The ROC did try to participate in a variety of entities for the international community including the

3159:

The first Republic of China national government was established on 1 January 1912, in Nanjing, with a

1822:" from 1926 to 1928. By 1927, Chiang felt secure enough to end the alliance with the Soviet Union and 13299: 12803: 12605: 12371: 12344: 12339: 11699: 11545: 11506: 11255: 10847: 10671: 10552: 10505: 10449: 9914: 9859: 9586: 9472: 9399: 8684: 8644: 7310:

Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China

6361: 6006: 5103: 2573: 2510: 2365: 2017: 1843: 1611: 1114: 208: 8732: 12973: 12963: 12107: 12033: 11856: 11783: 11565: 11560: 11511: 11213: 10842: 10788: 10713: 10389: 10324: 10166: 10149: 10127: 9960: 9935: 9874: 9776: 9529: 9444: 9011:(in Chinese). Taipei: History and Politics Compilation Office of the Ministry of National Defense. 7181: 5753: 5500: 5365:. At the end of the war the rest of the ROCN moved Nationalist troops from the mainland to Taiwan. 5325: 5319: 5282: 5251:

in 1947 and the formal end of the KMT party-state, the National Revolutionary Army was renamed the

5187: 5170: 4724: 4614: 3438: 2907: 2812: 2798: 2424:

In 1912, after over two thousand years of dynastic rule, a republic was established to replace the

2403: 2322: 1875: 1838:-based government led by Chiang Kai-shek, who after the Northern Expedition ruled the country as a 1418: 1245: 994: 9546: 7501: 7054: 5149: 1802:. Sun was finally able to take Guangzhou with the help of weapons, funding, and advisors from the 13231: 12703: 12479: 12304: 12038: 11931: 11655: 11550: 11521: 11516: 11263: 11045: 10761: 10647: 10642: 10547: 10522: 10466: 10300: 10252: 10087: 10008: 10003: 9945: 9869: 9854: 9713: 9494: 9196: 8892: 6428: 5004: 4670: 2911: 2520: 1772: 1716: 1550: 1062: 9668: 8173:

Heretics in Revolutionary China: The Ideas and Identities of Two Cantonese Socialists, 1917–1928

7696:

Resolutions and Statements of the United Nations Security Council: (1946–1989); a Thematic Guide

7486: 5949: 5940: 5040:

Taiwan was only under ROC control after the surrender of Japan. Government suspended since 2018.

2965:

to hasten the end of the war and allowed a Soviet sphere of influence there as agreed to at the

1874:. They continued a series of smaller territorial encroachments until 1937, when they launched a 12907: 12903: 12783: 12366: 12329: 12135: 11914: 11816: 11811: 11677: 11425: 11332: 11218: 11025: 10859: 10815: 10793: 10490: 9940: 9844: 9651: 9394: 5665: 5643: 5573: 5429: 5330: 5268: 5256: 5144: 5070: 5066: 3150: 2995: 2940:. In January 1943, both the United States and the United Kingdom led the way in revising their 2937: 2605: 2591: 2457: 2440:

against the Qing government, on 10 October 1911, which is now celebrated annually as the ROC's

2361: 2132: 2083:; 'people's country'), he pithily compared the phrase "Empire of China" ( 1941: 1847: 1831: 1545: 1505: 964: 617: 8723:. (New York: Columbia University Press, 4 vols, 1967–1971). 600 articles. Available online at 8510: 8204: 8113: 7694: 7602:

To Play or Not to Play: A Historic Overview of the Olympic Movement in China From 1894 to 1984

7585:

To Play or Not to Play: A Historic Overview of the Olympic Movement in China From 1894 to 1984

7464: 6929: 6529: 6523: 6280: 5118:, who continued possessing their titles in the Republic of China from the previous dynasties. 13128: 13084: 12753: 12524: 12489: 12003: 11909: 11904: 11881: 11682: 11540: 11460: 11455: 11208: 11203: 11158: 11094: 11005: 10708: 10657: 10595: 10317: 10154: 10142: 10132: 9901: 9534: 9334: 7351: 6885: 6811: 6772: 6733: 6484: 5383: 4511: 3270: 3031: 2946: 2845:, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of Japanese defiance. 2104: 1915: 1475: 683: 657: 8502: 8141: 5198: 12598: 12484: 12459: 12356: 11650: 11388: 10934: 10882: 10742: 10537: 10512: 10439: 10434: 10269: 10161: 10137: 9995: 9477: 8323: 8302: 5917: 5240: 5115: 4784: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3351: 2542: 1598: 1470: 1104: 189: 5560:

were introduced to China in 1896. They were introduced through foreign film exhibitors in

2821: 2121: 184: 8: 13017: 12942: 12793: 12772: 12414: 12376: 12351: 12215: 12187: 11826: 11821: 11672: 11489: 11430: 11420: 11235: 11080: 10974: 10969: 10939: 10897: 10820: 10783: 10703: 10688: 10517: 10478: 10185: 9799: 9703: 9454: 5677: 5298: 5183: 5111: 3805: 3482: 2945:

Communists, to make for a more effective anti-Japanese war effort. In December 1943, the

2893: 2849: 2808: 2660: 2565: 2546: 2506: 2381: 1819: 1715:

from 1927 until its relocation to Taiwan on 7 December 1949, following its defeat by the

1515: 1398: 1345: 1338: 951: 647: 35: 2745:

Continual wars plagued the government. Those in the western border regions included the

13208: 13203: 13069: 12854: 12723: 12689: 12669: 12494: 12449: 12282: 12195: 12013: 11983: 11629: 11607: 11122: 11117: 11102: 10954: 10922: 10917: 10810: 10732: 10720: 10629: 10295: 10215: 10203: 10171: 9826: 9821: 9739: 9439: 9238: 9229:

Xu, Guangqiu (1997). "Americans and Chinese Nationalist Military Aviation, 1929–1949".

9223: 9213: 9096: 9047: 8940: 7564: 7212: 7204: 7135: 6967: 5673: 5515: 5467: 5409: 5404: 5341:. The new navy was mainly used to transport troops and patrol the coastline during the 5207: 4307: 3206:

Nationalist government of Nanjing, which nominally ruled over all of China during 1930s

3142: 3043: 3019: 2881: 2770: 2631: 2601: 2533: 2502: 2399: 2342: 2128: 1961: 1885: 1867: 1807: 1760: 1603: 1530: 1388: 924: 676: 611: 540: 522: 517: 3465:

Map of the first-level administrative divisions of the Republic of China in law (1948)

3453:

Map of the first-level administrative divisions of the Republic of China in law (1945)

12983: 12952: 12917: 12578: 12561: 12499: 12429: 12406: 12309: 12287: 12277: 12250: 12245: 12074: 12028: 11965: 11926: 11896: 11759: 11612: 11405: 11372: 11181: 11173: 10887: 10754: 10725: 10683: 10612: 10569: 10527: 10394: 10334: 10106: 10043: 9905: 9686: 9656: 9482: 9282: 9166: 9145: 9138: 9122: 9103: 9080: 9054: 9031: 9012: 8983: 8915: 8896: 8872: 8865: 8837: 8807: 8788: 8769: 8738: 8688: 8648: 8514: 8503: 8176: 8117: 8106: 7844: 7802: 7732: 7700: 7444: 7419: 7394: 7357: 7262: 7235: 7216: 7160: 7115: 7087: 7060: 7033: 6999: 6935: 6928:

Chen, Lifu; Myers, Ramon Hawley (1994). Chang, Hsu-hsin; Myers, Ramon Hawley (eds.).

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Several major government institutions were founded during this period, including the

2664: 2613: 2514: 2326: 2241: 2231: 1925: 1823: 1720: 1593: 1586: 1408: 1403: 1333: 1328: 1126: 1120: 981: 938: 575: 8785:

Defending Taiwan: The Future Vision of Taiwan's Defence Policy and Military Strategy

7139: 6455: 2254:('people's country') as an equivalent to "republic" in other languages. 13080: 12993: 12865: 12767: 12504: 12424: 12220: 12143: 12098: 12085: 11993: 11978: 11716: 11299: 11292: 11191: 11186: 11112: 11040: 10959: 10874: 10864: 10835: 10771: 10766: 10600: 10574: 10559: 10444: 10422: 10406: 10312: 9761: 9751: 9591: 9384: 9369: 9361: 8724: 8551: 7556: 7196: 7127: 6554: 6327: 5566: 5504: 5487: 5277: 5236: 5093: 4752: 4696: 4560: 3701: 3286: 3227: 3219: 3060: 3009: 2966: 2941: 2885: 2750: 2437: 2425: 2393: 2310: 2264:

In China today, the period from 1912 to 1949 is often called the "Republican Era" (

2258: 2070: 1936:

seat) where it maintained until 1971, when the PRC took over its membership in the

1571: 1465: 1422: 877: 560: 555: 550: 502: 487: 97: 57: 12620: 8823:

The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850–2008

2364:; and Taiwan was placed under the Republic of China's administrative control. The 13188: 13156: 13108: 13094: 12554: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12444: 12396: 12334: 12292: 12255: 12240: 12230: 12225: 12205: 12170: 12165: 11841: 11778: 11415: 10907: 10902: 10825: 10776: 10737: 10401: 9983: 9789: 9676: 9270: 9203: 9160: 8972: 8963: 8956: 8831: 8641:

Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China

8347: 7796: 7681: 7545:"In Pursuit of Equality and Respect: China's Diplomacy and the League of Nations" 7528: 7509: 5722:

as its temporary capital on 7 December 1949. Chengdu was captured on 27 December.

5685: 5557: 5519: 5346: 5215: 4868: 4812: 4765: 4642: 4359: 3567: 3515: 3318: 3290: 3055: 3023: 2854: 2746: 2727: 2609: 2557: 2353: 2334: 2009: 1839: 1811: 1784: 1704: 1684: 1378: 898: 732: 673: 545: 532: 512: 507: 9077:

The Rise and Fall of an Officer Corps: The Republic of China Military, 1942–1955

8833:

In Search of Chinese Democracy: Civil Opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949

6458:(Report). Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education. 2004. 2553:

thought began to spread. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in 1921.

150: 13218: 13213: 13198: 13053: 13045: 13013: 12630: 12514: 12454: 12433: 12386: 12235: 12210: 12008: 11831: 11638: 11308: 11240: 11163: 11010: 10964: 10949: 10944: 10927: 10912: 10698: 10053: 10048: 9978: 9564: 9098:

China in Disintegration : The Republican Era in Chinese History, 1912–1949

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Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China

5661: 5580:." It sought (mostly unsuccessfully) to attract cultural workers to create new 5403:

as its head. He started a program of buying American aircraft, with the first,

5224: 5098:

The Republic of China retained hereditary nobility like the Han Chinese nobles

5062: 4994:

The province was abolished in 1950 and incorporated into Heilongjiang province.

4983: 4971: 4907: 4478: 3767: 3389: 3322: 3262: 3215: 3027: 2951: 2858: 2816: 2635: 2585: 2445: 2330: 1981: 1929: 1858: 1696: 1680: 9162:

China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China, 1937–1952

8577: 7200: 5195:

represented a small part of the total KMT army, numbering about 40 divisions.

666:

provisional government under a military dictatorship (1925–1928, Nationalist)

13263: 13193: 13173: 12566: 12519: 12419: 12297: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12200: 12160: 11694: 11450: 11410: 11273: 11020: 10854: 10693: 10495: 9816: 9804: 9646: 9507: 7560: 7443:. Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. Cornell University Press. p. 88. 7255:

Edwards, Louise; Milwertz, Cecilia Nathansen (2006). Hershatter, Gail (ed.).

5615: 5387: 5310: 5306: 5294: 5099: 4926: 3834: 3347: 3326: 3223: 3176: 2333:(1927–1937), when most of China came under the control of the authoritarian, 2210: 2093:; 'Chinese Emperor's Country') to "Republic of China" ( 2013: 1634: 663: 8996: 8349:

Icarus in China : Western Aviation and the Chinese Air Force, 1931–1941

8210: 5458: 13151: 13146: 13141: 12885: 12634: 11313: 11198: 11070: 11035: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9621: 9616: 9606: 9524: 9519: 6320: 5601: 5561: 5451: 5158: 5136: 5029: 4951: 4939: 3675: 3434: 3314: 3274: 3196: 2897: 2762: 2758: 2618: 2569: 2470: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2408: 2349: 2314: 1881: 1803: 1780: 1756: 1692: 1192: 862: 9304: 8711:

For works on specific people and events, please see the relevant articles.

8555: 7669:

Stephen Schlesinger, "FDR's five policemen: creating the United Nations."

7131: 13118: 12931: 12713: 12626: 12175: 10892: 9809: 9794: 9601: 9559: 9554: 9502: 8804:

The Making of the Modern Chinese Navy: Special Historical Characteristics

8624: 5166: 4494: 4266: 3582: 3363: 3184: 3146: 3108: 2933: 2903: 2524: 2496: 2466: 2449: 2005: 1991: 1776: 1752: 1748: 1728: 1393: 871: 856: 821: 779: 720: 341: 9242: 8597: 7674: 7568: 7544: 7208: 6443:

the city of Taipei became the temporary capital of the Republic of China

3066: 13223: 11876: 11065: 9973: 9784: 9512: 9263: 6931:

The storm clouds clear over China: the memoir of Chʻen Li-fu, 1900–1993

5228: 4321: 4057: 3953: 3100: 2778: 2766: 2561: 2479: 2338: 2036:; 'people's country') was chosen over the Japanese-derived 1700: 1510: 1485: 833: 791: 744: 644: 8539: 6971: 6959: 13183: 13178: 11075: 11030: 9968: 9909: 8681:

Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China

6731: 5711: 5707: 5476: 5338: 5178: 4797: 4737: 3979: 3965: 3901: 3820: 3689: 3298: 3278: 3071: 2838: 2529: 2008:'s 1905 party manifesto, which proclaimed that the four goals of the 1895: 1799: 459: 9140:

The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the Struggle for Modern China

3091:

proved to be no match for the Communists' motivated and disciplined

12509: 11836: 11150: 11143: 10456: 7441:

Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century

7029:

The Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China

5472: 5050: 4895: 4825: 4627: 4239: 4213: 4173: 4109: 4083: 4069: 3927: 3793: 3609: 3330: 3310: 3282: 3116:

and 1949, including deaths from forced conscription and massacres.

2861:

and forced to ally with the Communists against the Japanese in the

1708: 477: 11324: 7760: 7056:

A Place In The Sun: Marxism And Fascism In China's Long Revolution

5576:, the ROC launched a cultural campaign promoting the "Arts of the 5446: 2761:

remained under the semi-autonomous rule of local warlords such as

653:

Federal presidential republic under a chief executive (1924–1926)

9579: 9574: 9569: 9326: 8912:

The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928

8395: 5777: 5715: 5008: 4853: 4709: 4545: 4425: 4385: 4347: 4333: 4279: 4199: 4161: 4135: 4095: 4043: 4031: 4017: 3991: 3913: 3887: 3875: 3849: 3741: 3715: 3662: 3529: 3266: 3079: 3075: 3035: 2918: 2873: 2634:

and unified the entire nation, at least nominally, beginning the

2550: 2372:. With the loss of the mainland, the ROC government retreated to 1899: 1835: 1788: 1727:(PRC) on 1 October 1949, while the ROC retains control over the " 1712: 1688: 968: 583: 435: 429: 9258:

Yu, George T. "The 1911 Revolution: Past, Present, and Future",

8980:

The Power of the Gun: The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism

5914:

Government Information Office, Executive Yuan, Republic of China

3030:

were handed over from Japan to China. After the end of the war,

2954:, which was a precursor to China having a permanent seat on the 2261:

known at the time as "the Republic of China" or simply "China".

1794:

Meanwhile, the nationalist KMT under Sun's leadership attempted

12622: 11355: 11245: 9315: 9222:(Columbia University Press, 1976), a major scholarly biography 7798:

The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924–1945

7742: 5810: 5781: 5719: 5681: 5492: 5065:

before 1946, and for a short time under the Beiyang government

4922: 4655: 4599: 4458: 4444: 4399: 4373: 4294: 4225: 4147: 4005: 3635: 3489: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3001: 2377: 2373: 2208:(founded in 1919 within the Republic of China), which replaced 2167: 1907: 1903: 1743:, who had reigned as the Xuantong Emperor of the Qing dynasty, 1281: 122: 31: 8579:

THE POST OFFICE AND STATE FORMATION IN MODERN CHINA, 1896-1949

8027: 8025: 7997: 7995: 7958: 7956: 7820: 7818: 7156:

Chiang Kai Shek - China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost

1834:

in Nanjing. China was then nominally reunified in 1928 by the

9357: 9005:

The Development History of the Republic of China Marine Corps

5772:

The state did not cease to exist in 1949. The government was

4967: 4955: 4929:

retained by the ROC. Provincial government suspended in 2019.

4911: 4891: 4769: 4526: 4187: 3939: 3861: 3779: 3753: 3727: 3647: 3555: 3541: 3418:

Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (1912–1949)

3355: 3047: 2973: 2889: 1866:

repeatedly led devastating uprisings, most significantly the

1263: 449: 9144:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 8947:

Political Leaders of Modern China: A Biographical Dictionary

8255: 8253: 8223: 8221: 8219: 7465:"The Republic of China Yearbook 2008 / Chapter 4 Government" 5816:

Qūchú dálǔ, huīfù Zhōnghuá, chuànglì mínguó, píngjūn dì quán

2341:

party (KMT). Neither the Nanjing government nor the earlier

9049:

A Bitter Revolution: China's Struggle with the Modern World

8085: 8022: 7992: 7980: 7968: 7953: 7929: 7815: 6732:

Meyer, Kathryn; James H Wittebols; Terry Parssinen (2002).

5107: 5054: 2834: 2103:; 'Chinese People's Country') in the form of a 1740: 1108: 7905: 7893: 7869: 7857: 3474:

Provinces and Equivalents of the Republic of China (1945)

1826:

from the KMT. In 1928, the last major independent warlord

8277: 8250: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8216: 8194: 8192: 8012: 8010: 7801:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 54, 57–59, 122. 6285:. City University Of Hong Kong Press. 2007. p. 116. 2702: 2545:, considered unfair by Chinese intellectuals, led to the 2329:(1927–1949), with central authority strongest during the 12061: 8073: 8061: 8049: 6587:"Sun Yat Sen elected president of new Republic of China" 3155:

Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China

3042:, charged with maintaining security in the areas of the 2698: 2288:), since it was when the ROC was based on the mainland. 1806:. As a condition of Soviet support, the KMT formed the " 8937:

Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary China, 1839–1976

8451: 8449: 6884:

Kucha, Glenn; Llewellyn, Jennifer (12 September 2019).

6664: 6326:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 6282:

China, Fiver thousand years of History and Civilization

34:. For the Japanese puppet state from 1940 to 1945, see 8383: 8371: 8359: 8265: 8233: 8189: 8142:"The History of the Twenty-First-Century Chinese Navy" 8007: 7941: 7917: 7881: 7182:"The New Life Movement in Jiangxi Province, 1934–1938" 6479: 6477: 6241:

Languages of the World: Cataloging Issues and Problems

3139:

Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)

2833:

in September 1931, and established the former emperor

2792: 2519:

Yuan's changes to government caused many provinces to

2370:

Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands

2345:

succeeded in consolidating governance in rural China.

30:

For the Republic of China after its 1949 retreat, see

8997:

Ministry of Defense of the Republic of China (2010).

8871:. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press. 8585:(Thesis). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 8108:

Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950

7120:

Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review

3119:

For the history of Republic of China after 1949, see

2107:: an emperor's country is ruled by only one emperor ( 116: 104: 55:

A request that this article title be changed to

8505:

A short history of Taiwan: the case for independence

8446: 8037: 5885:

China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History

5859:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 5739:

after 1949, until publication was suspended in 1998.

5706:

From 23 April 1949, the government was evacuated to

5591: 3346:

along with its successor the United Nations and the

1767:). Yuan even attempted to replace the Republic with 8836:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 8500: 8160:– via U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. 6809: 6474: 6456:

Introduction to Sovereignty: A Case Study of Taiwan

6385: 5329:) were later refloated and put into service by the 5288:

was the Chinese navy's flagship in the early 1930s.

27:

Republic of China prior to its relocation to Taiwan

9137: 9095: 9046: 8864: 8407: 8105: 7391:A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985 6813:A History of the Chinese Communist Party 1921–1949 6777:. Research & Education Assoc. pp. 59–61. 6319: 6013: 5479:, in 1931—a period known as the "Nanjing Decade". 2313:on 10 October 1911, successfully overthrowing the 9025: 8730: 8401: 8211:Ministry of Defense of the Republic of China 2010 6415: 5948:. Vol. 1. Chinese University Press. p. 2950:one of the Big Four Allies, and later one of the 1846:as the representative legitimate from China. The 1683:. It was established on 1 January 1912 after the 13261: 9121:. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History. 7830: 5634:History of China–United States relations to 1948 5421:and Navy Ministries being established under the 1842:under the Kuomintang, and subsequently received 1791:to assert claims to govern the entire Republic. 9210:Restless Empire: China and the World since 1750 8734:A short history of Nationalist China, 1919–1949 7349: 7254: 6764: 6521: 5486:However, the rural economy was hit hard by the 2206:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1938:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 1857:While there was relative prosperity during the 1063:ROC loses the last major holding outside Taiwan 7488:The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923–1928 7086:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 337. 6998:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 337. 6960:"Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts" 6883: 6843: 6642:"The abdication decree of Emperor Puyi (1912)" 5856:The Evolution of a Taiwanese National Identity 2984:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 1085:11,364,389 km (4,387,815 sq mi) 1037:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 13295:States and territories disestablished in 1949 12606: 11598: 11340: 10993: 9342: 9053:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 7467:. Government Information Office, Taiwan. 2008 6879: 6877: 6358:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty 5932: 5074:officially recognized Mongolia's independence 2697:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 2235: 2118: 2108: 1652: 1093:9,665,354 km (3,731,814 sq mi) 390: 356:National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China 348: 89: 8982:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 6855:(in Chinese). Taiwan Ministry of Education. 6770: 6738:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 54–56. 5057:. As the successor of the Qing dynasty, the 3437:map of the Republic of China in 1914, after 3112:temporary capital of the Republic of China. 2825:China had been at war with Japan since 1931. 2734:. In 1932, China sent its first team to the 2579: 2420:) with flags representing the early republic 2245: 2225: 2215: 2199: 1798:to establish a rival national government in 70:this article until the discussion is closed. 8720:Biographical Dictionary of Republican China 8327:. Washington, DC: Headquarters Marine Corps 7836: 7491:. Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 190. 6351: 6349: 6347: 5768: 5766: 5369:Navy using select personnel from the Army. 3411: 13290:States and territories established in 1912 13050:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong 12613: 12599: 11347: 11333: 9349: 9335: 9028:Wing to Wing: Air Combat in China, 1943–45 8930:China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894–1949 7229: 6874: 6393:"Taiwan Timeline – Retreat to Taiwan" 6097: 6095: 5471:and in the face of Japanese aggression in 5255:, with the bulk of its forces forming the 3404:, the Republic of China was entitled to a 2974:1945–1949: Defeat in the Chinese Civil War 2900:controlling limited amounts of territory. 1659: 1645: 411: 9074: 9026:Molesworth, Carl; Moseley, Steve (1990). 8674: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8295: 8091: 8031: 8001: 7986: 7974: 7962: 7935: 7824: 7438: 7339:. New York Review of Books, 16 July 1998. 7032:. Harvard University Press. p. 108. 6927: 6682:Jonathan Fenby, "The silencing of Song." 3406:permanent seat on the UN Security Council 2490: 2337:military dictatorship of the nationalist 1990:The Republic of China's first president, 1725:proclaimed the People's Republic of China 9079:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 8914:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 8316: 8289: 7608:(Report). University of Texas at Austin. 7543:Kaufman, Alison Adcock (November 2014). 7179: 6966:(49). Cambridge University Press: 1–31. 6816:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 22–23. 6344: 5763: 5457: 5445: 5390:bomber with Chinese Nationalist insignia 5382: 5276: 5197: 5148: 4537: 4469: 4436: 3507: 3201: 3065: 2902: 2848:The Japanese began to push south of the 2820: 2617: 2407: 1952:of 541 million in 1949, it was the 1910:for around 54 years until they lost the 317:National Anthem of the Republic of China 8883:. In the series "Inventing the Nation." 8801: 8283: 8227: 7692: 7542: 7457: 6957: 6355: 6275: 6273: 6237: 6092: 3054:protest against the mishandling of the 2250:) are unique in the choice of the term 275:China Heroically Stands in the Universe 14: 13262: 13036:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong 10284:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 9276: 9116: 8977: 8909: 8661: 8602:European Journal of East Asian Studies 8595: 8575: 8537: 8355:(Thesis). Western Carolina University. 8198: 8103: 8079: 8067: 8055: 8043: 8016: 7947: 7923: 7911: 7899: 7887: 7875: 7863: 7413: 7388: 7382: 7353:Post-Conflict Development in East Asia 7052: 7025: 6670: 6546: 6019: 5996: 5994: 5938: 5852: 5345:. In 1948, the former British cruiser 5080:due to pressure from the Soviet Union. 2888:. The national capital was briefly at 2387: 2356:surrendered control of Taiwan and its 2317:and ending over two thousand years of 2155:; 'People's Country'), or 2113:), a people's country is ruled by all 656:Federal presidential republic under a 12594: 12060: 11862:Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity 11597: 11484: 11370: 11328: 9330: 8820: 8782: 8345: 8259: 8112:. Stanford University Press. p. 7538: 7536: 7152: 7079: 6991: 6838: 6719: 6707: 6695: 6509: 6128:from the original on 8 September 2020 5639:Vice Premier of the Republic of China 5629:Economic history of China (1912–1949) 5249:Constitution of the Republic of China 5078:1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship 2688:too many or overly lengthy quotations 2436:The Chinese Republic grew out of the 2304:Timeline of Republic of China history 1972:, 14 leagues, and 4 special banners. 1924:The ROC was a founding member of the 1429:Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War 11872:Special non-state-to-state relations 8954:A History of the Modern Chinese Army 8829: 8763: 8678: 8632: 8271: 8244: 8170: 8139: 7651:from the original on 12 January 2017 7645:"1945: The San Francisco Conference" 7588:. The University of Texas at Austin. 7331: 7297: 6915: 6774:Essentials of Modern Chinese History 6597:from the original on 1 December 2022 6491:from the original on 19 October 2016 6270: 6058: 5902: 5881: 5863:from the original on 14 January 2018 5853:Dreyer, June Teufel (17 July 2003). 5352:was gifted to China and was renamed 3377: 3242: 2670: 40: 11354: 10980:Major Historical and Cultural Sites 8886: 8317:Braitsch, Fred G. (February 1953). 7620:"Republic of China at the Olympics" 7258:Women and Gender in Chinese Studies 7113: 6628: 6617:The Penguin History of Modern China 6376: 6317: 6101: 5991: 5910:"中華民國九十四年年鑑：第一篇總論第二章土地第二節大陸地區" 5450:Boat traffic and development along 5442:Economic history of China (1912–49) 5059:Government of the Republic of China 3133:Government of the Republic of China 2988:Republic of China retreat to Taiwan 2793:1937–1945: Second Sino-Japanese War 599:Government of the Republic of China 24: 12734:Constitutional Protection Movement 10118: 9356: 9309:Chinese Revolutionary Destinations 9262:, 31#10 (1991), pp. 895–904, 9228: 8850:from the original on 10 April 2023 8751:from the original on 10 April 2023 8638: 8413: 8389: 8377: 8365: 8175:. Germany: Brill. pp. 71–74. 7794: 7713:from the original on 10 April 2023 7598: 7581: 7533: 7370:from the original on 10 April 2023 7261:. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 5. 6896:from the original on 10 April 2023 6820:from the original on 10 April 2023 6791:from the original on 10 April 2023 6752:from the original on 10 April 2023 6652:from the original on 10 April 2023 6567:from the original on 21 March 2022 6462:from the original on 29 April 2011 6299:from the original on 10 April 2023 6258:from the original on 10 April 2023 6079: 6025: 3503:Modern equivalent (if applicable) 3061:George Marshall's American mission 3018:On 25 October 1945, following the 904:10 October 1911 – 12 February 1912 641:(1912–1914, 1916–1923, 1926–1927) 495:Recognised national languages 238:Song of Five Races Under One Union 25: 13311: 10275:Political Consultative Conference 9297: 9179:from the original on 2 April 2023 9165:. London: Profile Books Limited. 7776:from the original on 4 March 2016 7699:. Dordrecht: Brill. p. 251. 6869:民國十六年，國民政府宣言定為首都，今以臺北市為我國中央政府所在地。 6403:from the original on 24 June 2009 6189:from the original on 14 June 2021 6158:from the original on 14 June 2021 5735:capital on maps published by the 5718:in the Mainland before declaring 5535: 5526: 5462:A 10 Custom Gold Units bill, 1930 3395: 3338:Republic of China at the Olympics 2556:After Sun's death in March 1925, 2145:; 'Middle Country'), 1787:, at times used their control of 1148:Kunlun to Changbai Standard Times 13022:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum 12882:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising 12633: 12621: 12572: 12560: 12549: 12548: 11791:List of administrative divisions 11061:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty 11056:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty 9314: 9303: 9069:The Republic of China, 1912–1949 8612: 8589: 8569: 8531: 8494: 8485: 8476: 8467: 8458: 8437: 8428: 8419: 8339: 8310: 8298:"Republic of China Marine Corps" 8164: 8133: 8097: 7788: 7281: 6859:from the original on 17 May 2021 6552: 6485:"The Chinese Revolution of 1911" 5731:Nanjing was still marked as the 5608: 5594: 5153:Beiyang Army troops in the 1920s 3458: 3446: 3427: 3121:History of Taiwan (1945–present) 2923:areas not under Japanese control 2675: 2574:massacring thousands in Shanghai 2298:History of the Republic of China 2131:" (from 1912 to 1928), and the " 1628: 1316: 1286: 1282:Republic of China (1949–present) 1272: 1254: 1221: 1203: 1185: 650:republic (1914–1916, 1923-1924) 402: 362: 321: 302: 279: 262: 242: 188: 183: 149: 142: 45: 13280:1949 disestablishments in China 12953:Nationalist-Communist Civil War 12573: 11051:Four Paragons of the Early Tang 10248:Political parties and movements 9612:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 9597:Northern and Southern dynasties 9220:Sun Yat-sen, frustrated patriot 9193:China and Japan: Facing History 8608:(2): 305–329 – via JSTOR. 8538:Paulès, Xavier (January 2022). 8296:Hao-Chang, Yu (November 1966). 7751: 7725: 7693:Wellens, Karel C., ed. (1990). 7686: 7663: 7637: 7612: 7592: 7575: 7514: 7494: 7479: 7439:Valentino, Benjamin A. (2005). 7432: 7407: 7343: 7325: 7314: 7303: 7290: 7275: 7248: 7223: 7173: 7146: 7107: 7073: 7046: 7019: 6985: 6951: 6921: 6908: 6832: 6803: 6725: 6713: 6701: 6689: 6676: 6634: 6622: 6609: 6579: 6515: 6503: 6448: 6311: 6231: 6201: 6176: 6170: 6140: 6114: 6053:抑吾人更有进者，民国与世界各国政府人民之交际，此后必益求辑睦。 6043:from the original on 6 May 2021 5966: 5821: 5796: 5043: 5034: 5022: 5013: 4997: 4988: 4976: 4960: 4944: 4932: 4916: 4900: 4884: 3477: 2956:United Nations Security Council 2837:as head of the puppet state of 2302:For a chronological guide, see 2046:). He associated the label 2022:), establish a people's state ( 1946:International Olympic Committee 1011:Admission to the United Nations 8932:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013). 8768:. Cambridge University Press. 8717:Boorman, Howard, et al., eds., 8509:. Praeger Publishers. p. 8346:Lance, John Alexander (2014). 7843:. Lexington Books. p. 2. 7083:A History of Fascism 1914–1945 6995:A History of Fascism 1914–1945 6771:Pak, Edwin; Wah Leung (2005). 6000: 5875: 5846: 5815: 5806: 5787: 5742: 5725: 5700: 5691: 5655: 5578:Three Principles of the People 5273:Republic of China Marine Corps 5253:Republic of China Armed Forces 3165:Three Principles of the People 3034:were used to hold Beijing and 2775:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 2285: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2251: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2066: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2001: 1996: 1940:. It was also a member of the 639:Federal parliamentary republic 442:, 1912, 1927–1937, 1946–1949; 391: 349: 90: 13: 1: 13270:Republic of China (1912–1949) 13251:Republic of China (1912–1949) 12700:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai) 11485: 11384:Timeline of Taiwanese history 9321:Republic of China (1912–1949) 8970:China at War: An Encyclopedia 8402:Molesworth & Moseley 1990 7837:Schillinger, Nicolas (2016). 7393:. New York: Greenwood Press. 7232:Women and China's Revolutions 6424:China: U.S. policy since 1945 5882:Wang, Dong (1 October 2005). 5834: 5399:Administration, with General 5363:People's Liberation Army Navy 4438:Special Administrative Region 3402:Charter of the United Nations 3126: 2740:Rural Reconstruction Movement 1966:special administrative region 1954:world's most populous country 1912:presidential election in 2000 398:Seal of the Republic of China 18:Republic of China (1911-1949) 13275:1912 establishments in China 12784:Occupation of Outer Mongolia 12149:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 11887:Taiwan independence movement 10353:Ministry of National Defense 9692:Chinese Communist Revolution 9311:travel guide from Wikivoyage 8863:Harrison, Henrietta (2001). 8620:"Modern China, 1912–Present" 8576:Harris, Lane Jeremy (2012). 8501:Gary Marvin Davison (2003). 7769:1945年「外モンゴル独立公民投票」をめぐる中モ外交交渉 6810:Guillermaz, Jacques (1972). 5978:Sun Yat-Sen Studies Database 5839: 5624:China–Soviet Union relations 5372: 5053:and the Russian republic of 2865:, an event now known as the 2777:in 1931, and the Red Army's 1986:China and the United Nations 1919:Democratic Progressive Party 1850:can also be referred as the 1233:Japanese Taiwan & Penghu 1050:Government retreat to Taipei 1024:Adoption of the Constitution 912:Proclamation of the Republic 298:Song to the Auspicious Cloud 258:Song to the Auspicious Cloud 7: 13099:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 12834:Washington Naval Conference 12044:Water supply and sanitation 11371: 11016:Flowers of the Four Seasons 11001:Four Treasures of the Study 10620:Water supply and sanitation 10348:Central Military Commission 10343:Outline of military history 10093:Province-level subdivisions 9281:. Oxford University Press. 9094:Sheridan, James E. (1975). 8887:Hsü, Immanuel C.Y. (1970). 8830:Fung, Edmund S. K. (2000). 8306:. Marine Corps Association. 7418:. Transactions Publishers. 7414:Rummel, Rudolph J. (1994). 7180:Ferlanti, Federica (2010). 7159:. Oxford University Press. 6322:Taiwan: A Political History 6238:Joachim, Martin D. (1993). 5793:Left hand drive until 1946. 5670:Mongolian People's Republic 5587: 5423:Military Affairs Commission 5379:Republic of China Air Force 5223:against Japanese forces in 5141:National Revolutionary Army 5121: 5087: 3253:Foreign relations of Taiwan 3199:, and the General Academy. 3107:. Chiang Kai-shek declared 3089:National Revolutionary Army 2755:Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang 2626:during the "Nanjing Decade" 2115:four hundred million people 1864:National Revolutionary Army 1501:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1055:7 December 1949 (relocated) 117: 105: 10: 13316: 13161:National Pacification Army 13026:Northeast Flag Replacement 12932:Zhongshan Warship Incident 12629:and warlordism during the 12362:Inventions and discoveries 11867:Political status of Taiwan 11436:Taiwan under Japanese rule 10289:Primary stage of socialism 10231:National People's Congress 9699:People's Republic of China 8978:McCord, Edward A. (1993). 8910:Jordan, Donald A. (1976). 8806:. New York: Anthem Press. 8802:Elleman, Bruce A. (2019). 8731:Botjer, George F. (1979). 8705: 8128:last major GMD stronghold. 6591:United Press International 6522:Fairbank; Goldman (1972). 6487:. US Department of State. 6183:National Taiwan University 6148:"民國時期（1911–1949）的目錄與學者數據庫" 5548: 5439: 5435: 5376: 5266: 5134: 5091: 5019:Now part of Inner Mongolia 3415: 3335: 3249:Foreign relations of China 3246: 3136: 3130: 3118: 3105:People's Republic of China 3082:before arriving in Taipei. 3006:Political status of Taiwan 2999: 2992:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 2977: 2805:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 2802: 2796: 2624:Chinese warlord coalitions 2598:Northeast Flag Replacement 2595: 2589: 2583: 2564:. In 1926, Chiang led the 2500: 2494: 2397: 2391: 2301: 2295: 2291: 1979: 1733:political status of Taiwan 1711:") while headquartered in 1541:Sunflower Student Movement 1526:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 1521:Wild Lily student movement 1491:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 1268:People's Republic of China 29: 13248: 13124: 13114: 13104: 13090: 13076: 13064: 13041: 13031: 13009: 12999: 12989: 12979: 12969: 12959: 12937: 12927: 12913: 12899: 12877:Second Zhili–Fengtian War 12871: 12861: 12849: 12839: 12829: 12824:1st National CPC Congress 12819: 12814:Spirit Soldier rebellions 12809: 12799: 12789: 12779: 12759: 12749: 12739: 12729: 12719: 12709: 12695: 12685: 12675: 12665: 12642: 12544: 12405: 12322: 12186: 12134: 12127: 12084: 12056: 11895: 11804: 11757: 11622: 11593: 11499: 11480: 11379: 11366: 11286: 11254: 11172: 11093: 10873: 10679: 10670: 10628: 10588: 10430: 10421: 10333: 10184: 10114: 10105: 10068: 10039:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 9994: 9928: 9837: 9775: 9747: 9738: 9667: 9545: 9493: 9453: 9377: 9368: 9218:Wilbur, Clarence Martin. 9159:van de Ven, Hans (2017). 8685:Columbia University Press 8645:Columbia University Press 8596:Giorgi, Laura De (2014). 8565:– via Project MUSE. 8526:and 71.3 percent in 1943. 8140:Cole, Bernard D. (2014). 7811:– via Google Books. 7485:Wilbur, Clarence Martin. 7356:. Routledge. p. 71. 7230:Hershatter, Gail (2019). 7201:10.1017/S0026749X0999028X 7142:– via ResearchGate. 7053:Gregor, A. James (2019). 6686:(March 2013) 63#3 pp 5–7. 6362:Stanford University Press 5898:– via Google Books. 5784:, where it remains today. 5305:led some elements of the 5049:Now part of the State of 3441:declared its independence 2932:After its entry into the 2927:Manchukuo Imperial Palace 2580:1927–1937: Nanjing decade 2560:became the leader of the 2511:Shanghai massacre of 1927 2246: 2236: 2226: 2216: 2200: 2119: 2109: 1844:international recognition 1436:Constitutional government 1164: 1154: 1136: 1097: 1089: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1059: 1046: 1033: 1020: 1007: 991: 978: 961: 948: 935: 921: 908: 895: 891: 883: 868: 853: 843: 839: 827: 815: 811: 801: 797: 785: 775:• 1912–1916 (first) 773: 769: 759: 755: 738: 726: 710: 706: 696: 624:Constitutional government 592: 582: 569: 531: 493: 483: 473: 422: 410: 385: 223: 138: 133: 81: 13004:Muslim conflict in Gansu 12974:Shanghai Commune of 1927 12964:Nanking incident of 1927 12844:First Zhili–Fengtian War 11857:One Country on Each Side 11769:Administrative divisions 11214:Catholic Church in China 10358:People's Liberation Army 10325:One country, two systems 9231:Journal of Asian History 9117:Sherry, Mark D. (1996). 9102:. New York: Free Press. 9075:Setzekorn, Eric (2018). 8889:The Rise of Modern China 8821:Fenby, Jonathan (2009). 8146:Naval War College Review 7768: 7561:10.1177/0097700413502616 7389:Jessup, John E. (1989). 7350:Brendan M. Howe (2016). 7283: 7153:Fenby, Jonathan (2008). 7059:. Taylor & Francis. 6868: 6851: 6209:"民国时期期刊全文数据库(1911～1949)" 5944: 5754:Second Sino-Japanese War 5737:Ministry of the Interior 5684:was taken over from the 5649: 5501:Second Sino-Japanese War 5188:Whampoa Military Academy 5171:Baoding Military Academy 3412:Administrative divisions 3093:People's Liberation Army 3022:, the administration of 2908:Chinese Nationalist Army 2831:the seizure of Manchuria 2813:New Fourth Army incident 2799:Second Sino-Japanese War 2695:summarize the quotations 2404:China during World War I 1891:People's Liberation Army 1870:. In 1931, the Japanese 1852:Second Republic of China 1769:his own imperial dynasty 1679:) began as a country in 1419:Second Sino-Japanese War 995:Second Sino-Japanese War 787:• 1948–1954 (last) 740:• 1949–1950 (last) 12922:Canton–Hong Kong strike 12704:National Protection War 12039:Uniform Invoice lottery 11954:State-owned enterprises 11727:Office of the President 11046:Four Pillars of Destiny 10831:Regional discrimination 10253:Chinese Communist Party 9269:2 February 2021 at the 8928:Jowett, Philip. (2013) 8893:Oxford University Press 8764:Chen, Kuan-Jen (2024). 8737:. Putnam. p. 180. 8544:Twentieth-Century China 8482:Sun Jian, pp. 1237–1240 8434:Sun Jian, pp. 1059–1071 8319:"Marines of Free China" 7680:4 November 2021 at the 7508:21 October 2008 at the 7337:Looking for the Sheriff 7080:Payne, Stanley (2021). 6992:Payne, Stanley (2021). 6958:Eastman, Lloyd (2021). 6934:. Hoover. p. 102. 6560:Encyclopædia Britannica 6429:Congressional Quarterly 6005:. 黄花岗杂志. Archived from 5262: 5161:, before it split into 5130: 4683:Beijing (while capital) 2912:1938 Yellow River flood 2654:assistance from Germany 2348:In 1945, at the end of 2174:The choice of the term 1975: 1765:First Republic of China 1717:Chinese Communist Party 1551:2017 Summer Universiade 1117:(1930–1948 in mainland) 937:• Admitted to the 484:Official languages 300:" (Modified; 1921–1928) 12908:May Thirtieth Movement 12764:Paris Peace Conference 11999:Semiconductor industry 11817:Cross-Strait relations 11774:Special municipalities 11426:Taiwan under Qing rule 10799:Science and technology 10472:Special economic zones 9724:persecution of Uyghurs 9652:Century of humiliation 8945:Leung, Edwin Pak-wah. 8935:Leung, Edwin Pak-wah. 8425:Sun Jian, pp. 613–614 6356:Laikwan, Pang (2024). 5807:驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權 5672:in January 1946. With 5644:Project National Glory 5463: 5455: 5430:Soviet Volunteer Group 5391: 5331:Imperial Japanese Navy 5289: 5269:Republic of China Navy 5257:Republic of China Army 5241:stop Japanese advances 5203: 5154: 5145:Republic of China Army 5071:Nationalist government 4539:Special Municipalities 3207: 3151:Nationalist government 3083: 2996:Cross-Strait Relations 2947:Chinese Exclusion Acts 2938:Nationalist Government 2914: 2826: 2627: 2606:Encirclement Campaigns 2592:Nationalist government 2491:1916–1927: Warlord Era 2458:Empress Dowager Longyu 2421: 2133:Nationalist government 2071:direct people's rights 2016:rulers, revive China ( 1970:special municipalities 1942:Universal Postal Union 1848:Nationalist government 1832:Nationalist government 1699:. It was ruled by the 1687:, which overthrew the 1506:Project National Glory 1466:Retrocession of Taiwan 1414:Nationalist Government 965:Nationalist government 687:parliamentary republic 618:Nationalist government 606:Provisional government 13285:20th century in China 12804:Guangdong–Guangxi War 12754:Siberian intervention 11882:Taiwanese nationalism 11401:Early Chinese contact 11006:Four Great Inventions 10390:People's Armed Police 9214:Online free to borrow 9071:(Polity Press, 2023). 9045:Mitter, Rana (2004). 8968:Li, Xiaobing. (2012) 8962:10 April 2023 at the 8952:Li, Xiaobing. (2007) 8941:online free to borrow 8787:. London: Routledge. 8556:10.1353/tcc.2022.0008 8491:Sun Jian, pp. 617–618 8464:Sun Jian, pp. 615–616 7286:(in Chinese). 联经出版公司. 7282:Jing, Zhiren (荆知仁). 7132:10.1353/ach.2013.0022 5984:on 9 September 2024. 5461: 5449: 5386: 5280: 5201: 5193:German-trained forces 5152: 3205: 3069: 3032:United States Marines 2978:Further information: 2906: 2824: 2732:Central Bank of China 2621: 2590:Further information: 2452:the commander of the 2411: 2398:Further information: 2376:and the KMT declared 1916:Taiwanese nationalist 1824:purged the Communists 1747:on 12 February 1912. 1123:(1948–1949; mainland) 679:republic (1928–1947) 660:(1927–1928, Beiyang) 658:military dictatorship 13059:Sino-Soviet conflict 12714:Death of Yuan Shikai 11394:archaeological sites 10985:World Heritage Sites 10513:Foreign aid received 10221:Environmental policy 10019:Environmental policy 10014:Environmental issues 9323:at Wikimedia Commons 9277:Wright, Tim (2018). 9202:9 March 2021 at the 9136:Taylor, Jay (2009). 8324:Leatherneck Magazine 8303:Marine Corps Gazette 8171:Zhao, Xuduo (2023). 8104:Westad, Odd (2003). 7673:11.3 (1994): 88-93. 7671:World Policy Journal 7189:Modern Asian Studies 7114:Liu, Wennan (2013). 7026:Taylor, Jay (2009). 6886:"The Nanjing Decade" 6593:. 29 December 1911. 6244:. Psychology Press. 5942:Zhongguo jin dai shi 5229:overland supply line 5116:Chiefdom of Yongning 3372:1948 Summer Olympics 3368:1936 Summer Olympics 3360:1932 Summer Olympics 3352:1924 Summer Olympics 3056:Shen Chong rape case 3050:, arrived in China. 2910:soldiers during the 2543:Treaty of Versailles 2521:declare independence 2327:full-scale civil war 1755:, the leader of the 1735:remains in dispute. 1471:February 28 Incident 987:1927–1936, 1945–1949 817:• 1912 (first) 712:• 1912 (first, 13018:Huanggutun incident 12948:Nanjing–Wuhan Split 12943:Northern Expedition 12773:May Fourth Movement 12532:Tourist attractions 11989:Maritime industries 11922:Automotive industry 11827:Chinese nationalism 11822:Chinese unification 11666:Additional Articles 11431:Republic of Formosa 11421:Kingdom of Tungning 11231:History of religion 11226:Freedom of religion 11081:Four Pests campaign 11026:Four Classic Novels 10638:Automotive industry 10518:Foreign aid program 10209:Pro-democratisation 9704:Cultural Revolution 8679:Qian, Ying (2024). 8455:Sun Jian, page 1089 8392:, pp. 163–165. 8380:, pp. 160–161. 8368:, pp. 156–159. 8262:, pp. 114–115. 7914:, pp. 247–250. 7902:, pp. 207–208. 7878:, pp. 173–174. 7866:, pp. 177–178. 7527:14 May 2008 at the 7416:Death by Government 6964:The China Quarterly 6528:. Crowell. p. 6318:Roy, Denny (2004). 6009:on 23 October 2016. 5888:. Lexington Books. 5750:provisional capital 5301:. In 1926, Admiral 5184:Northern Expedition 5167:attacked each other 5112:Chiefdom of Mangshi 5110:chiefdoms like the 4982:Now mostly part of 3475: 3040:1st Marine Division 2894:Wang Jingwei regime 2863:Second United Front 2809:Second United Front 2566:Northern Expedition 2547:May Fourth movement 2507:Northern Expedition 2416:) and Sun Yat-sen ( 2388:1912–1916: Founding 2382:provisional capital 2325:(1937–1945), and a 2274:traditional Chinese 2257:The country was in 2012:were "to expel the 1876:full-scale invasion 1859:following ten years 1820:Northern Expedition 1399:Northern Expedition 1129:(1946–1949; Taiwan) 952:Northern Expedition 829:• 1949 (last) 36:Wang Jingwei regime 13070:Central Plains War 12904:Yunnan–Guangxi War 12855:First United Front 12724:Manchu Restoration 12690:Twenty-One Demands 12670:Bai Lang Rebellion 12196:Formosan languages 12019:Telecommunications 11852:North–South divide 11796:Metropolitan areas 11138:Population history 11118:Internal migration 10733:Harmonious Society 10608:Telecommunications 10565:Standard of living 10484:Online advertising 10236:Standing Committee 9208:Westad, Odd Arne. 8825:. London: Penguin. 7647:. United Nations. 7504:13 November 2006. 6722:, pp. 136–138 6698:, pp. 123–125 6631:, pp. 472–474 6152:Harvard University 5664:was brought under 5574:Nanjing government 5516:surrender of Japan 5468:Beiyang government 5464: 5456: 5410:Central Plains War 5392: 5290: 5208:Battle of Shanghai 5204: 5202:NRA troops in 1944 5155: 3473: 3370:in Berlin and the 3208: 3173:provinces of China 3143:Beiyang government 3084: 3044:Shandong Peninsula 3020:surrender of Japan 2915: 2882:three-month battle 2827: 2771:Central Plains War 2643:political tutelage 2632:Beiyang government 2628: 2602:Central Plains War 2534:Beiyang government 2503:First United Front 2422: 2400:Beiyang government 2366:communist takeover 2343:Beiyang government 2266:simplified Chinese 2129:Beiyang government 2010:Chinese revolution 1886:surrender of Japan 1868:Central Plains War 1828:pledged allegiance 1808:First United Front 1761:Beiyang government 1695:and ended China's 1546:2015 Ma–Xi meeting 1531:Anti-Secession Law 1389:Beiyang Government 925:Beiyang government 612:Beiyang government 541:Chinese characters 13257: 13256: 13243: 13242: 13134: 13133: 13085:Qinghai–Tibet War 12984:Shanghai massacre 12918:Anti-Fengtian War 12891: 12890: 12680:Second Revolution 12588: 12587: 12540: 12539: 12318: 12317: 12288:Taiwanese Hokkien 12052: 12051: 11847:Foreign relations 11760:Regions of Taiwan 11744:Political parties 11732:Secretary-General 11589: 11588: 11536:Protected species 11476: 11475: 11446:Retreat to Taiwan 11441:Republic of China 11406:Kingdom of Middag 11322: 11321: 11282: 11281: 11089: 11088: 10666: 10665: 10653:Shipping industry 10417: 10416: 10383:Strategic Support 10258:General Secretary 10243:National security 10226:Foreign relations 10180: 10179: 10101: 10100: 10064: 10063: 9767:Natural disasters 9734: 9733: 9687:Chinese Civil War 9682:Republic of China 9657:Taiping Rebellion 9530:Spring and Autumn 9435:Foreign relations 9319:Media related to 9037:978-0-517-57568-0 9018:978-986-02-0593-0 8989:978-0-520-08128-4 8921:978-0-8248-8086-6 8891:(1995 ed.). 8813:978-1-78527-102-1 8794:978-1-136-87541-0 8775:978-1-009-41875-1 8473:Sun Jian, p. 1319 8443:Sun Jian, p. 1353 8286:, pp. 47–50. 8274:, pp. 47–49. 8247:, pp. 39–40. 8230:, pp. 43–46. 8213:, pp. 29–33. 8123:978-0-8047-4484-3 8094:, pp. 84–85. 8082:, pp. 22–24. 8070:, pp. 15–21. 8058:, pp. 10–12. 8034:, pp. 46–49. 8004:, pp. 39–42. 7989:, pp. 35–36. 7977:, pp. 31–33. 7965:, pp. 29–30. 7938:, pp. 27–28. 7827:, pp. 18–21. 7599:An, Kang (2020). 7582:An, Kang (2020). 7450:978-0-8014-7273-2 7425:978-1-56000-145-4 7268:978-3-825-89304-0 7241:978-1-442-21568-9 7093:978-0-299-14874-4 7066:978-0-429-98319-1 7039:978-0-674-03338-2 6784:978-0-87891-458-6 6673:, pp. 92–93. 5939:計秋楓; 朱慶葆 (2001). 5895:978-0-7391-5297-3 5674:Japan's surrender 5518:in World War II, 5415:Shanghai Incident 5343:Chinese Civil War 5233:Operation Ichi-Go 5104:Celestial Masters 4880: 4879: 4785:Jiang'an District 3378:League of Nations 3344:League of Nations 3243:Foreign relations 2980:Chinese Civil War 2878:Marco Polo Bridge 2857:was kidnapped by 2843:League of Nations 2757:. Large areas of 2720: 2719: 2665:New Life Movement 2515:Nanchang Uprising 2462:abdication decree 2444:, also known as " 2323:Japanese invasion 2242:Republic of Korea 2232:Republic of China 1926:League of Nations 1872:invaded Manchuria 1721:Chinese Civil War 1673:Republic of China 1669: 1668: 1635:Taiwan portal 1536:100th anniversary 1409:Chinese Civil War 1404:Shanghai massacre 1384:Provisional Gov't 1310:Republic of China 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1238: 1237: 1127:Old Taiwan dollar 1115:Customs gold unit 982:Chinese Civil War 939:League of Nations 899:Xinhai Revolution 848:National Assembly 728:• 1948-1949 576:Religion in China 377: 332: 309: 290: 267: 250: 83:Republic of China 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 13307: 13300:Former republics 13235: 13232:Communist Party 13227: 13081:Sino-Tibetan War 12994:July 15 Incident 12897: 12896: 12866:Lincheng Outrage 12768:Shandong Problem 12744:Golok rebellions 12663: 12662: 12645: 12644: 12637: 12625: 12615: 12608: 12601: 12592: 12591: 12576: 12575: 12564: 12552: 12551: 12440:Cultural history 12392:Waste management 12144:Taiwanese people 12132: 12131: 12086:National symbols 12065:National Symbols 12058: 12057: 11974:Economic history 11969: 11961:Defense industry 11805:Political issues 11710:Military history 11595: 11594: 11482: 11481: 11368: 11367: 11349: 11342: 11335: 11326: 11325: 11302: 11295: 11192:Tibetan Buddhism 11187:Chinese Buddhism 11041:Four Holy Beasts 10991: 10990: 10843:Social relations 10772:Standard Chinese 10767:Chinese language 10677: 10676: 10462:Economic history 10428: 10427: 10407:Maritime Militia 10116: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10083:Border crossings 10078:Baseline islands 9773: 9772: 9745: 9744: 9709:Tiananmen Square 9592:Sixteen Kingdoms 9400:Military history 9375: 9374: 9351: 9344: 9337: 9328: 9327: 9318: 9307: 9292: 9246: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9155: 9143: 9132: 9113: 9101: 9090: 9067:Paulès, Xavier, 9064: 9052: 9041: 9022: 9010: 8993: 8925: 8906: 8882: 8870: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8826: 8817: 8798: 8779: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8725:Internet Archive 8699: 8698: 8683:. New York, NY: 8676: 8659: 8658: 8639:Li, Jie (2023). 8636: 8630: 8629: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8573: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8508: 8498: 8492: 8489: 8483: 8480: 8474: 8471: 8465: 8462: 8456: 8453: 8444: 8441: 8435: 8432: 8426: 8423: 8417: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8393: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8293: 8287: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8263: 8257: 8248: 8242: 8231: 8225: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8187: 8186: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8111: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8083: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8020: 8014: 8005: 7999: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7813: 7812: 7795:Xu, Yan (2019). 7792: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7764: 7758: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7740: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7690: 7684: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7540: 7531: 7518: 7512: 7498: 7492: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7329: 7323: 7318: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7186: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6925: 6919: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6881: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6864: 6847: 6841: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6646:alphahistory.com 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6615:Jonathan Fenby, 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6519: 6513: 6512:, pp. 89–94 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6481: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6375: 6360:. Stanford, CA: 6353: 6342: 6341: 6325: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6215:. Archived from 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6099: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6075: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6048: 6033:"中华民国临时大总统对外宣言书" 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6010: 5998: 5989: 5988: 5980:. Archived from 5970: 5964: 5963: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5920:on 29 March 2012 5916:. Archived from 5906: 5900: 5899: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5850: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5808: 5800: 5794: 5791: 5785: 5770: 5761: 5746: 5740: 5729: 5723: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5689: 5688:in October 1945. 5659: 5618: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5582:propaganda works 5505:Nanjing massacre 5488:Great Depression 5454:, Shanghai, 1920 5237:French Indochina 5094:Chinese nobility 5081: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5011: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4970:, Liaoning, and 4964: 4958: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4920: 4914: 4904: 4898: 4888: 4841:Weiyang District 4753:Yuzhong District 4697:Xicheng District 4615:Nangang District 4587:Huangpu District 4561:Qinhuai District 3476: 3472: 3462: 3450: 3431: 3390:unequal treaties 3228:Examination Yuan 3220:Legislative Yuan 3046:and the eastern 3010:One-China policy 2967:Yalta Conference 2963:invade Manchuria 2942:unequal treaties 2886:Nanjing Massacre 2783:Fujian Rebellion 2751:Sino-Tibetan War 2715: 2712: 2706: 2679: 2678: 2671: 2651: 2484:Emperor of China 2438:Wuchang Uprising 2394:Wuchang Uprising 2311:Wuchang uprising 2287: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2203: 2202: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2126: 2125: 2112: 2111: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2068: 2063: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2003: 1998: 1968:, 2 regions, 12 1960:consisted of 35 1934:Security Council 1902:, and lastly to 1816:KMT chairmanship 1785:Fengtian cliques 1697:imperial history 1661: 1654: 1647: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1617:the Taiwan issue 1481:Exodus to Taiwan 1454: 1423:Nanjing Massacre 1367: 1320: 1304: 1303: 1290: 1289: 1276: 1275: 1258: 1257: 1242: 1241: 1225: 1224: 1207: 1206: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1166: 1165: 1145: 1029:25 December 1947 1003: 1002:2 September 1945 878:Legislative Yuan 561:Uyghur alphabets 556:Tibetan alphabet 551:Mongolian script 496: 488:Standard Chinese 415: 406: 394: 393: 379: 378: 352: 351: 334: 333: 311: 310: 292: 291: 269: 268: 252: 251: 213: 204: 192: 187: 175: 166: 153: 146: 120: 108: 101: 93: 92: 79: 78: 63:under discussion 58:Republican China 49: 48: 41: 21: 13315: 13314: 13310: 13309: 13308: 13306: 13305: 13304: 13260: 13259: 13258: 13253: 13244: 13239: 13233: 13225: 13135: 13095:Kumul Rebellion 13057: 13048: 13024: 13020: 13016: 12950: 12946: 12920: 12906: 12892: 12884: 12880: 12794:Zhili–Anhui War 12770: 12766: 12702: 12638: 12619: 12589: 12584: 12536: 12401: 12372:Public holidays 12345:Sex trafficking 12340:Organized crime 12314: 12182: 12123: 12080: 12079: 12048: 11967: 11891: 11842:De-Sinicization 11800: 11762: 11753: 11700:Law enforcement 11632: 11627: 11618: 11617: 11585: 11532:Endemic species 11495: 11494: 11472: 11466:Mandarin policy 11416:Spanish Formosa 11375: 11362: 11353: 11323: 11318: 11305: 11298: 11291: 11278: 11250: 11168: 11128:Life expectancy 11085: 10989: 10869: 10789:Public holidays 10777:Written Chinese 10762:Intellectualism 10714:Sex trafficking 10662: 10624: 10584: 10413: 10329: 10176: 10167:Nationality law 10150:Law enforcement 10128:Judicial system 10097: 10060: 10034:Nature reserves 10024:Protected areas 9990: 9961:Water resources 9924: 9833: 9771: 9730: 9714:Economic reform 9677:1911 Revolution 9663: 9627:Jin (1115–1234) 9541: 9489: 9449: 9364: 9355: 9300: 9295: 9289: 9279:Chinese Studies 9271:Wayback Machine 9249: 9204:Wayback Machine 9191:Vogel, Ezra F. 9182: 9180: 9173: 9158: 9152: 9135: 9129: 9119:China Defensive 9110: 9093: 9087: 9061: 9044: 9038: 9030:. Orion Books. 9019: 9008: 8990: 8964:Wayback Machine 8922: 8903: 8879: 8862: 8853: 8851: 8844: 8814: 8795: 8776: 8754: 8752: 8745: 8708: 8703: 8702: 8695: 8677: 8662: 8655: 8637: 8633: 8618: 8617: 8613: 8594: 8590: 8582: 8574: 8570: 8560: 8558: 8536: 8532: 8521: 8499: 8495: 8490: 8486: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8463: 8459: 8454: 8447: 8442: 8438: 8433: 8429: 8424: 8420: 8412: 8408: 8404:, pp. 3–6. 8400: 8396: 8388: 8384: 8376: 8372: 8364: 8360: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8330: 8328: 8315: 8311: 8294: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8270: 8266: 8258: 8251: 8243: 8234: 8226: 8217: 8209: 8205: 8197: 8190: 8183: 8169: 8165: 8155: 8153: 8138: 8134: 8124: 8102: 8098: 8090: 8086: 8078: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8054: 8050: 8042: 8038: 8030: 8023: 8019:, pp. 3–4. 8015: 8008: 8000: 7993: 7985: 7981: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7922: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7898: 7894: 7886: 7882: 7874: 7870: 7862: 7858: 7851: 7835: 7831: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7793: 7789: 7779: 7777: 7772:(in Japanese). 7770: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7730: 7726: 7716: 7714: 7707: 7691: 7687: 7682:Wayback Machine 7668: 7664: 7654: 7652: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7605: 7597: 7593: 7580: 7576: 7541: 7534: 7529:Wayback Machine 7519: 7515: 7510:Wayback Machine 7499: 7495: 7484: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7412: 7408: 7401: 7387: 7383: 7373: 7371: 7364: 7348: 7344: 7333:Urquhart, Brian 7330: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7308: 7304: 7295: 7291: 7285: 7280: 7276: 7269: 7253: 7249: 7242: 7228: 7224: 7184: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7151: 7147: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7078: 7074: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7024: 7020: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6990: 6986: 6976: 6974: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6926: 6922: 6913: 6909: 6899: 6897: 6882: 6875: 6870: 6862: 6860: 6853: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6837: 6833: 6823: 6821: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6785: 6769: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6746: 6730: 6726: 6718: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6655: 6653: 6648:. 4 June 2013. 6640: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6520: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6483: 6482: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6372: 6354: 6345: 6338: 6316: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6293: 6279: 6278: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6252: 6236: 6232: 6222: 6220: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6190: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6100: 6093: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6066:被西方誉成为的“民国黄金十年” 6063: 6059: 6046: 6044: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6014: 5999: 5992: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5946: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5771: 5764: 5758:fall of Nanjing 5747: 5743: 5730: 5726: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5686:Japanese Empire 5660: 5656: 5652: 5614: 5609: 5607: 5600: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5558:Motion pictures 5551: 5538: 5529: 5520:Japanese Taiwan 5444: 5438: 5381: 5375: 5275: 5267:Main articles: 5265: 5221:major offensive 5216:Battle of Wuhan 5147: 5135:Main articles: 5133: 5124: 5096: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4965: 4961: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4921: 4917: 4905: 4901: 4889: 4885: 4869:Shinan District 4813:Yuexiu District 4725:Heping District 4671:Xigang District 4643:Shenhe District 4477:Mongolia Area ( 3484: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3454: 3451: 3442: 3432: 3420: 3414: 3398: 3380: 3340: 3255: 3245: 3157: 3135: 3129: 3124: 3012: 2998: 2976: 2855:Chiang Kai-shek 2819: 2801: 2795: 2747:Kumul Rebellion 2728:Academia Sinica 2716: 2710: 2707: 2701:or excerpts to 2692: 2680: 2676: 2645: 2616: 2610:Mukden Incident 2594: 2588: 2582: 2558:Chiang Kai-shek 2517: 2499: 2493: 2406: 2396: 2390: 2354:Empire of Japan 2307: 2300: 2294: 2100:Zhōnghuá Mínguó 1997:Zhōnghuá Mínguó 1988: 1978: 1932:(including its 1840:one-party state 1812:Chiang Kai-shek 1705:one-party state 1685:1911 Revolution 1665: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1608: 1589: 1583: 1579: 1567: 1566: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1379:1911 Revolution 1373: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1355: 1309: 1287: 1273: 1267: 1255: 1249: 1232: 1222: 1215:Empire of China 1214: 1204: 1196: 1186: 1140: 1132: 1065: 1052: 1039: 1026: 1016:24 October 1945 1013: 1001: 997: 984: 971: 954: 944:10 January 1920 941: 928: 914: 901: 874: 859: 830: 818: 788: 776: 741: 733:Chiang Kai-shek 729: 717: 692: 635: 634: 629: 565: 546:Manchu alphabet 533:Official script 527: 494: 469: 418: 401: 395: 389: 381: 380: 363: 359: 353: 347: 338: 335: 322: 312: 303: 293: 280: 270: 263: 253: 243: 233: 232: 219: 218: 217: 216: 211: 202: 200:National Emblem 193: 180: 179: 178: 173: 164: 163: 154: 147: 129: 128: 118:Zhōnghuá Mínguó 106:Chunghwa Minkuo 95: 84: 71: 50: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13313: 13303: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13255: 13254: 13249: 13246: 13245: 13241: 13240: 13238: 13237: 13229: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13170: 13169: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13138: 13136: 13132: 13131: 13129:War in Ningxia 13126: 13122: 13121: 13116: 13112: 13111: 13106: 13102: 13101: 13092: 13088: 13087: 13078: 13074: 13073: 13066: 13062: 13061: 13054:Beijing Revolt 13046:Chiang-Gui War 13043: 13039: 13038: 13033: 13029: 13028: 13014:Jinan incident 13011: 13007: 13006: 13001: 12997: 12996: 12991: 12987: 12986: 12981: 12977: 12976: 12971: 12967: 12966: 12961: 12957: 12956: 12939: 12935: 12934: 12929: 12925: 12924: 12915: 12911: 12910: 12901: 12895: 12893: 12889: 12888: 12873: 12869: 12868: 12863: 12859: 12858: 12851: 12847: 12846: 12841: 12837: 12836: 12831: 12827: 12826: 12821: 12817: 12816: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12801: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12787: 12786: 12781: 12777: 12776: 12761: 12757: 12756: 12751: 12747: 12746: 12741: 12737: 12736: 12731: 12727: 12726: 12721: 12717: 12716: 12711: 12707: 12706: 12697: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12683: 12682: 12677: 12673: 12672: 12667: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12652: 12649: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12631:Nanjing decade 12618: 12617: 12610: 12603: 12595: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12582: 12570: 12558: 12545: 12542: 12541: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12534: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12517: 12515:Taiwanese wave 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12455:Glove puppetry 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12411: 12409: 12403: 12402: 12400: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12387:Taiwan studies 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12348: 12347: 12342: 12332: 12326: 12324: 12320: 12319: 12316: 12315: 12313: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12301: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12275: 12274: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12192: 12190: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12180: 12179: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12158: 12157: 12156: 12146: 12140: 12138: 12129: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12101: 12096: 12090: 12088: 12082: 12081: 12078: 12077: 12072: 12069: 12066: 12062: 12054: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12034:Transportation 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12009:Taiwan Miracle 12006: 12004:Stock exchange 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11963: 11958: 11957: 11956: 11951: 11941: 11940: 11939: 11934: 11924: 11919: 11918: 11917: 11912: 11901: 11899: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11832:Chinese Taipei 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11808: 11806: 11802: 11801: 11799: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11787: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11765: 11763: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11740: 11739: 11737:Vice President 11734: 11729: 11719: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11686: 11685: 11675: 11670: 11669: 11668: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11647: 11646: 11635: 11633: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11616: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11599: 11591: 11590: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11561:National parks 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11503: 11501: 11497: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11486: 11478: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11469: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11397: 11396: 11386: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11364: 11363: 11352: 11351: 11344: 11337: 11329: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11311: 11304: 11303: 11296: 11288: 11287: 11284: 11283: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11260: 11258: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11222: 11221: 11216: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11189: 11178: 11176: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11155: 11154: 11147: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11099: 11097: 11091: 11090: 11087: 11086: 11084: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11011:Four Gentlemen 11008: 11003: 10997: 10995: 10994:Fours of China 10988: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10931: 10930: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10879: 10877: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10851: 10850: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10813: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10774: 10764: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10735: 10730: 10729: 10728: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10680: 10674: 10668: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10643:Civil aviation 10640: 10634: 10632: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10622: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10605: 10604: 10603: 10592: 10590: 10589:Infrastructure 10586: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10543:Semiconductors 10540: 10535: 10525: 10523:Historical GDP 10520: 10515: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10476: 10475: 10474: 10469: 10459: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10442: 10437: 10431: 10425: 10419: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10387: 10386: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10339: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10305: 10304: 10303: 10301:Vice President 10293: 10292: 10291: 10281: 10280: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10260: 10245: 10240: 10239: 10238: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10212: 10211: 10201: 10196: 10190: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10158: 10157: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10140: 10130: 10124: 10122: 10109: 10103: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10074: 10072: 10066: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10051: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10029:National parks 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10009:Climate policy 10006: 10004:Climate change 10000: 9998: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9932: 9930: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9910:Central Plains 9899: 9894: 9893: 9892: 9887: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9841: 9839: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9829: 9824: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9781: 9779: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9757:Extreme points 9754: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9735: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9679: 9673: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9565:Three Kingdoms 9562: 9557: 9551: 9549: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9535:Warring States 9532: 9527: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9505: 9499: 9497: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9465: 9459: 9457: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9426: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9395:Historiography 9392: 9387: 9381: 9379: 9372: 9366: 9365: 9354: 9353: 9346: 9339: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9312: 9299: 9298:External links 9296: 9294: 9293: 9287: 9274: 9273:historiography 9255: 9254: 9253: 9252:Historiography 9248: 9247: 9237:(2): 155–180. 9226: 9216: 9206: 9189: 9171: 9156: 9150: 9133: 9127: 9114: 9108: 9091: 9085: 9072: 9065: 9059: 9042: 9036: 9023: 9017: 8994: 8988: 8975: 8966: 8950: 8943: 8933: 8926: 8920: 8907: 8901: 8884: 8877: 8860: 8842: 8827: 8818: 8812: 8799: 8793: 8780: 8774: 8761: 8743: 8728: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8693: 8660: 8653: 8631: 8611: 8588: 8568: 8530: 8519: 8493: 8484: 8475: 8466: 8457: 8445: 8436: 8427: 8418: 8416:, p. 170. 8406: 8394: 8382: 8370: 8358: 8338: 8309: 8288: 8276: 8264: 8249: 8232: 8215: 8203: 8201:, p. 162. 8188: 8181: 8163: 8132: 8122: 8096: 8092:Setzekorn 2018 8084: 8072: 8060: 8048: 8036: 8032:Setzekorn 2018 8021: 8006: 8002:Setzekorn 2018 7991: 7987:Setzekorn 2018 7979: 7975:Setzekorn 2018 7967: 7963:Setzekorn 2018 7952: 7950:, p. 245. 7940: 7936:Setzekorn 2018 7928: 7926:, p. 288. 7916: 7904: 7892: 7890:, p. 186. 7880: 7868: 7856: 7850:978-1498531689 7849: 7829: 7825:Setzekorn 2018 7814: 7807: 7787: 7759: 7750: 7741: 7724: 7705: 7685: 7662: 7636: 7611: 7591: 7574: 7555:(6): 605–638. 7532: 7513: 7493: 7478: 7456: 7449: 7431: 7424: 7406: 7399: 7381: 7362: 7342: 7324: 7313: 7302: 7289: 7274: 7267: 7247: 7240: 7222: 7172: 7165: 7145: 7106: 7092: 7072: 7065: 7045: 7038: 7018: 7005:978-0299148744 7004: 6984: 6950: 6940: 6920: 6907: 6873: 6842: 6831: 6802: 6783: 6763: 6744: 6724: 6712: 6700: 6688: 6675: 6663: 6633: 6621: 6619:(2013) p. 123. 6608: 6578: 6553:Wang, Yi Chu. 6545: 6538: 6514: 6502: 6473: 6447: 6437: 6414: 6384: 6370: 6343: 6336: 6310: 6291: 6269: 6250: 6230: 6200: 6179:"民国时期的启蒙与批判启蒙" 6169: 6139: 6113: 6091: 6078: 6057: 6024: 6012: 6003:"中華民國國號的來由和意義" 5990: 5965: 5958: 5931: 5901: 5894: 5874: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5820: 5795: 5786: 5762: 5741: 5724: 5699: 5690: 5662:Outer Mongolia 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5605: 5589: 5586: 5569:or Hong Kong. 5550: 5547: 5537: 5536:Communications 5534: 5528: 5527:Transportation 5525: 5514:Following the 5440:Main article: 5437: 5434: 5405:Vought Corsair 5401:Chang We-chang 5377:Main article: 5374: 5371: 5303:Yang Shuzhuang 5264: 5261: 5227:to reopen the 5132: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5092:Main article: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5063:Outer Mongolia 5042: 5033: 5021: 5012: 4996: 4987: 4984:Inner Mongolia 4975: 4972:Inner Mongolia 4959: 4943: 4931: 4915: 4908:Inner Mongolia 4899: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479:Outer Mongolia 4474: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3445: 3443: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3416:Main article: 3413: 3410: 3397: 3396:United Nations 3394: 3385:League Council 3379: 3376: 3323:United Kingdom 3263:Czechoslovakia 3244: 3241: 3216:Executive Yuan 3131:Main article: 3128: 3125: 3087:undisciplined 3028:Penghu Islands 2975: 2972: 2952:Four Policemen 2867:Xi'an Incident 2859:Zhang Xueliang 2817:Burma Campaign 2797:Main article: 2794: 2791: 2785:of 1933–1934. 2718: 2717: 2683: 2681: 2674: 2636:Nanjing decade 2614:Xi'an Incident 2586:Nanjing decade 2584:Main article: 2581: 2578: 2495:Main article: 2492: 2489: 2446:Double Ten Day 2392:Main article: 2389: 2386: 2331:Nanjing Decade 2296:Main article: 2293: 2290: 2230:). Today, the 2165:; 'Middle 2090:Zhōnghuá Dìguó 1982:Names of China 1977: 1974: 1930:United Nations 1928:and later the 1796:multiple times 1773:popular unrest 1681:mainland China 1667: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1649: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1612:the Kuomintang 1607: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1590:(geographical) 1582: 1581: 1580:(1949–present) 1574: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1516:Lieyu massacre 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1313: 1312: 1308:History of the 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1226: 1218: 1217: 1208: 1200: 1199: 1190: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1144:+5:30 to +8:30 1138: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042:1 October 1949 1040: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1005: 1004: 998: 992: 989: 988: 985: 979: 976: 975: 972: 962: 959: 958: 955: 949: 946: 945: 942: 936: 933: 932: 929: 922: 919: 918: 917:1 January 1912 915: 909: 906: 905: 902: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 885: 881: 880: 875: 869: 866: 865: 860: 854: 851: 850: 845: 841: 840: 837: 836: 831: 828: 825: 824: 819: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 805: 799: 798: 795: 794: 789: 786: 783: 782: 777: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 763: 761:Vice President 757: 756: 753: 752: 742: 739: 736: 735: 730: 727: 724: 723: 718: 711: 708: 707: 704: 703: 700: 694: 693: 691: 690: 684:dominant-party 680: 667: 661: 654: 651: 642: 632: 631: 630: 628: 627: 621: 615: 609: 602: 594: 590: 589: 586: 580: 579: 571: 567: 566: 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 537: 535: 529: 528: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 499: 497: 491: 490: 485: 481: 480: 475: 471: 470: 468: 467: 457: 447: 433: 426: 424: 420: 419: 416: 408: 407: 387:National seal: 383: 382: 361: 339: 337: 336: 320: 313: 301: 294: 278: 271: 261: 254: 241: 230: 229: 228: 221: 220: 215: 214: 205: 195: 194: 182: 181: 177: 176: 167: 156: 155: 148: 141: 140: 139: 136: 135: 131: 130: 127: 126: 114: 102: 86: 85: 82: 73: 72: 69: 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13312: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13267: 13265: 13252: 13247: 13236: 13230: 13228: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13168: 13165: 13164: 13162: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13139: 13137: 13130: 13127: 13123: 13120: 13117: 13113: 13110: 13107: 13103: 13100: 13096: 13093: 13089: 13086: 13082: 13079: 13075: 13072: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13060: 13055: 13051: 13047: 13044: 13040: 13037: 13034: 13030: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13012: 13008: 13005: 13002: 12998: 12995: 12992: 12988: 12985: 12982: 12978: 12975: 12972: 12968: 12965: 12962: 12958: 12955: 12954: 12949: 12945: 12944: 12940: 12936: 12933: 12930: 12926: 12923: 12919: 12916: 12912: 12909: 12905: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12878: 12874: 12870: 12867: 12864: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12852: 12848: 12845: 12842: 12838: 12835: 12832: 12828: 12825: 12822: 12818: 12815: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12802: 12798: 12795: 12792: 12788: 12785: 12782: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12769: 12765: 12762: 12758: 12755: 12752: 12748: 12745: 12742: 12738: 12735: 12732: 12728: 12725: 12722: 12718: 12715: 12712: 12708: 12705: 12701: 12698: 12694: 12691: 12688: 12684: 12681: 12678: 12674: 12671: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12659: 12656: 12653: 12650: 12647: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12632: 12628: 12624: 12616: 12611: 12609: 12604: 12602: 12597: 12596: 12593: 12581: 12580: 12571: 12569: 12568: 12563: 12559: 12557: 12556: 12547: 12546: 12543: 12533: 12530: 12526: 12523: 12522: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12480:Night markets 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12435: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12404: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12337: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12321: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12305:Sign Language 12303: 12299: 12298:Matsu dialect 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12280: 12279: 12276: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12198: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12185: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12159: 12155: 12154:Ethnic groups 12152: 12151: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12137: 12133: 12130: 12126: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12109: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12083: 12076: 12073: 12070: 12067: 12064: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11942: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11932:List of banks 11930: 11929: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11906: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11898: 11894: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11803: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11771: 11770: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11756: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11711: 11708: 11707: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11667: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11656:Civil defense 11654: 11652: 11649: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11522:Deforestation 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11498: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11451:Guanbi policy 11449: 11447: 11444: 11443: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11411:Dutch Formosa 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11378: 11374: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11350: 11345: 11343: 11338: 11336: 11331: 11330: 11327: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11297: 11294: 11290: 11289: 11285: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11257: 11253: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11220: 11219:Protestantism 11217: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11204:Folk religion 11202: 11200: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11171: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11152: 11148: 11145: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11108:Ethnic groups 11106: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11092: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11021:Four Beauties 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10992: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10929: 10926: 10925: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10872: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10860:Urban society 10858: 10856: 10853: 10849: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10841: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10818: 10817: 10816:Social issues 10814: 10812: 10809: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10794:Rural society 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10756: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10719: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10694:Chinese Dream 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10669: 10659: 10658:Space program 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10627: 10621: 10618: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10606: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10489: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10477: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10420: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10403: 10400: 10396: 10393: 10392: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10309: 10308:State Council 10306: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10294: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10282: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10268: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10237: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10194:Civil service 10192: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10183: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10067: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9993: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9836: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9818: 9815: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9800:South Central 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9774: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9587:Jin (266–420) 9585: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9492: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9452: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9430:Ethnic groups 9428: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9352: 9347: 9345: 9340: 9338: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9322: 9317: 9313: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9301: 9290: 9288:9780199920082 9284: 9280: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9256: 9251: 9250: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9178: 9174: 9172:9781781251942 9168: 9164: 9163: 9157: 9153: 9151:9780674033382 9147: 9142: 9141: 9134: 9130: 9128:9780160613227 9124: 9120: 9115: 9111: 9105: 9100: 9099: 9092: 9088: 9086:9780806162966 9082: 9078: 9073: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9056: 9051: 9050: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9029: 9024: 9020: 9014: 9006: 9002: 9001: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8981: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8917: 8913: 8908: 8904: 8902:9780195087208 8898: 8894: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8874: 8869: 8868: 8861: 8849: 8845: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8828: 8824: 8819: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8800: 8796: 8790: 8786: 8781: 8777: 8771: 8767: 8762: 8750: 8746: 8744:9780399123825 8740: 8736: 8735: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8709: 8696: 8694:9780231204477 8690: 8686: 8682: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8656: 8654:9780231206273 8650: 8646: 8642: 8635: 8627: 8626: 8621: 8615: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8592: 8581: 8580: 8572: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8522: 8520:0-275-98131-2 8516: 8512: 8507: 8506: 8497: 8488: 8479: 8470: 8461: 8452: 8450: 8440: 8431: 8422: 8415: 8410: 8403: 8398: 8391: 8386: 8379: 8374: 8367: 8362: 8351: 8350: 8342: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8313: 8305: 8304: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8280: 8273: 8268: 8261: 8256: 8254: 8246: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8229: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8212: 8207: 8200: 8195: 8193: 8184: 8182:9789004547148 8178: 8174: 8167: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8100: 8093: 8088: 8081: 8076: 8069: 8064: 8057: 8052: 8045: 8040: 8033: 8028: 8026: 8018: 8013: 8011: 8003: 7998: 7996: 7988: 7983: 7976: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7957: 7949: 7944: 7937: 7932: 7925: 7920: 7913: 7908: 7901: 7896: 7889: 7884: 7877: 7872: 7865: 7860: 7852: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7833: 7826: 7821: 7819: 7810: 7808:9780813176765 7804: 7800: 7799: 7791: 7775: 7771: 7763: 7754: 7745: 7738: 7737:0-415-34584-7 7734: 7728: 7712: 7708: 7706:0-7923-0796-8 7702: 7698: 7697: 7689: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7604: 7603: 7595: 7587: 7586: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7539: 7537: 7530: 7526: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7490: 7489: 7482: 7466: 7460: 7452: 7446: 7442: 7435: 7427: 7421: 7417: 7410: 7402: 7400:0-313-24308-5 7396: 7392: 7385: 7369: 7365: 7363:9781317077404 7359: 7355: 7354: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7306: 7299: 7293: 7278: 7270: 7264: 7260: 7259: 7251: 7243: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7176: 7168: 7166:9780786739844 7162: 7158: 7157: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7095: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7076: 7068: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7049: 7041: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7022: 7007: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6988: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6947: 6943: 6941:0-8179-9272-3 6937: 6933: 6932: 6924: 6918:, p. 30) 6917: 6911: 6895: 6891: 6890:Alpha History 6887: 6880: 6878: 6858: 6854: 6846: 6840: 6835: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6806: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6767: 6751: 6747: 6745:0-7425-2003-X 6741: 6737: 6736: 6735:Webs of Smoke 6728: 6721: 6716: 6710:, p. 131 6709: 6704: 6697: 6692: 6685: 6684:History Today 6679: 6672: 6667: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6612: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6555:"Sun Yat-sen" 6549: 6541: 6539:0-690-07612-6 6535: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6478: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6444: 6440: 6438:0-87187-188-2 6434: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6418: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6380: 6373: 6371:9781503638815 6367: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6339: 6337:0-8014-8805-2 6333: 6329: 6324: 6323: 6314: 6298: 6294: 6292:9789629371401 6288: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6274: 6257: 6253: 6251:9781560245209 6247: 6243: 6242: 6234: 6219:on 7 May 2021 6218: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6096: 6088: 6082: 6072:. 2013-10-17 6071: 6067: 6061: 6054: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6021: 6020:Wright (2018) 6016: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5961: 5959:9789622019874 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5878: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5849: 5845: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5804: 5799: 5790: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5694: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5676:, Islands of 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5616:Taiwan portal 5606: 5603: 5592: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5546: 5542: 5533: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5499:In 1937, the 5497: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5460: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5418: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5389: 5388:B-25 Mitchell 5385: 5380: 5370: 5366: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5312: 5311:Chen Shaokuan 5308: 5307:Beiyang Fleet 5304: 5300: 5296: 5295:Cheng Biguang 5287: 5286: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5209: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5100:Duke Yansheng 5095: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5016: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4928: 4927:Matsu Islands 4924: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3386: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3348:Olympic Games 3345: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3327:United States 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3224:Judicial Yuan 3221: 3217: 3214:, namely the 3213: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3193:Supreme Court 3188: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3081: 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2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2358:island groups 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:imperial rule 2316: 2312: 2305: 2299: 2289: 2275: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2243: 2233: 2223: 2222:Daehan Minguk 2213: 2212: 2207: 2197: 2189: 2179: 2172: 2170: 2169: 2160: 2150: 2140: 2134: 2130: 2127:). Both the " 2123: 2116: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2078: 2072: 2064: 2062: 2051: 2041: 2031: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830:to the KMT's 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719:(CCP) in the 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1626: 1625: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1561: 1560: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1446: 1445: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1369:Mainland rule 1359: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1105:Silver Dragon 1103: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1006: 999: 996: 990: 986: 983: 977: 973: 970: 966: 960: 956: 953: 947: 943: 940: 934: 930: 926: 920: 916: 913: 907: 903: 900: 894: 890: 886: 882: 879: 876: 873: 867: 864: 861: 858: 852: 849: 846: 842: 838: 835: 832: 826: 823: 820: 814: 810: 806: 804: 800: 796: 793: 790: 784: 781: 778: 772: 768: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 743: 737: 734: 731: 725: 722: 719: 715: 709: 705: 701: 699: 695: 688: 685: 681: 678: 675: 672: 668: 665: 662: 659: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 636: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 603: 601: 600: 595: 591: 587: 585: 581: 578: 577: 572: 568: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 538: 536: 534: 530: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 498: 492: 489: 486: 482: 479: 476: 472: 465: 461: 458: 455: 451: 448: 445: 441: 437: 434: 431: 428: 427: 425: 421: 414: 409: 405: 400:" (1929–1949) 399: 388: 384: 357: 345: 343: 318: 314: 299: 295: 277:" (1915–1921) 276: 272: 260:" (1913–1915) 259: 255: 240:" (1912–1913) 239: 235: 234: 226: 222: 210: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 186: 172: 168: 162: 158: 157: 152: 145: 137: 132: 124: 119: 115: 112: 107: 103: 99: 88: 87: 80: 77: 67: 65: 64: 60: 59: 52: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 13250: 13068: 12951: 12941: 12886:Beijing Coup 12875: 12853: 12771: 12577: 12565: 12553: 12382:Superlatives 12367:Prostitution 12330:Architecture 12136:Demographics 11937:Central bank 11915:Floriculture 11812:Conscription 11690:Intelligence 11678:Human rights 11661:Constitution 11576:Superlatives 11571:Scenic areas 11456:White Terror 11209:Christianity 11199:Confucianism 11159:Urbanization 11095:Demographics 11071:Gang of Four 11036:Four Symbols 10935:Martial arts 10709:Prostitution 10596:Architecture 10450:Central bank 10318:Vice Premier 10270:United front 10199:Constitution 10155:Penal system 10133:Human rights 10070:Subdivisions 9908: / 9904: / 9827:Southwestern 9822:Northwestern 9681: 9525:Western Zhou 9473:Yellow River 9423:1949–present 9278: 9260:Asian Survey 9259: 9234: 9230: 9219: 9209: 9192: 9181:. 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Retrieved 5855: 5848: 5823: 5814: 5798: 5789: 5744: 5732: 5727: 5702: 5693: 5666:Beiyang rule 5657: 5602:China portal 5571: 5562:treaty ports 5556: 5552: 5543: 5539: 5530: 5513: 5509: 5498: 5485: 5481: 5465: 5452:Suzhou Creek 5427: 5419: 5397: 5393: 5367: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5335: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5291: 5284: 5245: 5213: 5205: 5175: 5159:Beiyang Army 5156: 5137:Beiyang Army 5125: 5097: 5045: 5036: 5030:Heilongjiang 5028:Now part of 5024: 5015: 5003:Now part of 4999: 4990: 4978: 4966:Now part of 4962: 4952:Heilongjiang 4950:Now part of 4946: 4940:Heilongjiang 4938:Now part of 4934: 4918: 4906:Now part of 4902: 4890:Now part of 4886: 4538: 4470: 4437: 3683:Hēilóngjiāng 3676:Heilongjiang 3508: 3494:Abbreviation 3435:Rand McNally 3399: 3381: 3341: 3315:Soviet Union 3256: 3237: 3233: 3211: 3209: 3197:Control Yuan 3189: 3181: 3169: 3161:constitution 3158: 3114: 3103:founded the 3097: 3085: 3052: 3017: 3013: 2960: 2931: 2916: 2898:puppet state 2871: 2847: 2828: 2787: 2763:Feng Yuxiang 2759:China proper 2744: 2725: 2721: 2708: 2693:Please help 2685: 2658: 2640: 2629: 2570:Soviet Union 2555: 2539: 2518: 2476: 2471:Song Jiaoren 2454:Beiyang Army 2442:national day 2435: 2430:Qing dynasty 2423: 2417: 2413: 2350:World War II 2347: 2315:Qing dynasty 2308: 2263: 2256: 2221: 2211:Daehan Jeguk 2209: 2195: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2171:'). 2166: 2156: 2146: 2136: 2098: 2088: 2074: 2057: 2047: 2037: 2027: 2023: 2018: 1995: 1989: 1957: 1923: 1882:World War II 1880: 1856: 1851: 1804:Soviet Union 1793: 1764: 1757:Beiyang Army 1737: 1693:Qing dynasty 1676: 1672: 1670: 1476:White Terror 1453:1945–present 1364: 1264: 1250:Bogd Khanate 1246: 1229: 1211: 1197:Qing dynasty 1193: 1175:Succeeded by 1174: 1169: 1000:7 July 1937– 863:Control Yuan 748: 713: 648:presidential 596: 573: 474:Largest city 466:, 1938–1946) 463: 456:, 1937–1938) 453: 446:, 1927–1949) 443: 439: 386: 340: 224: 76: 56: 54: 13224:Kuomintang 13209:New Guangxi 13204:Old Guangxi 13119:Two-Liu war 13109:Han–Liu War 12627:Warlord Era 12525:tea culture 12490:Photography 12176:Waishengren 11910:Aquaculture 11905:Agriculture 11683:LGBT rights 11541:Hot springs 11527:Earthquakes 11461:Martial law 10975:Variety art 10970:Tea culture 10898:Calligraphy 10883:Archaeology 10743:Food safety 10538:Gold mining 10440:Aquaculture 10435:Agriculture 10395:Coast Guard 10162:Naming laws 9996:Environment 9984:South China 9463:Paleolithic 9455:Prehistoric 9413:before 1912 8625:Smithsonian 8561:30 November 8199:Jordan 1976 8080:Sherry 1996 8068:Sherry 1996 8056:Sherry 1996 8044:Sherry 1996 8017:Sherry 1996 7948:McCord 1993 7924:McCord 1993 7912:McCord 1993 7900:McCord 1993 7888:McCord 1993 7876:McCord 1993 7864:McCord 1993 7195:(5): 8–12. 7126:(5): 8–12. 6900:7 September 6863:22 December 6671:McCord 1993 6601:7 September 6571:7 September 6303:9 September 6132:23 November 5752:during the 5748:As wartime 5572:During the 5067:occupied it 4495:Ulaanbaatar 4493:Kulun (now 3583:Zhangjiakou 3581:Zhangyuan ( 3483:Traditional 3364:Los Angeles 3185:World War I 3147:Warlord era 3109:martial law 2934:Pacific War 2661:Blue shirts 2646: [ 2523:and become 2497:Warlord Era 2467:Tongmenghui 2460:signed the 2450:Yuan Shikai 2105:parallelism 2006:Tongmenghui 1992:Sun Yat-sen 1777:Warlord Era 1753:Yuan Shikai 1749:Sun Yat-sen 1729:Taiwan Area 1703:(KMT) as a 1496:Vietnam War 1394:Warlord Era 1170:Preceded by 927:in Beijing 872:Lower house 857:Upper house 844:Legislature 822:Tang Shaoyi 780:Li Yuanhong 721:Sun Yat-sen 714:provisional 689:(1947–1949) 677:directorial 626:(1948–1949) 620:(1925–1948) 614:(1912–1928) 432:(1912–1928) 360:(1937–1949) 342:Flag anthem 212:(1928–1949) 203:(1913–1928) 174:(1928–1949) 165:(1912–1928) 68:do not move 13264:Categories 13167:Zhili Army 12485:Philosophy 12460:Literature 12357:Healthcare 12216:Kanakanavu 11968:(currency) 11877:Two Chinas 11749:Propaganda 11717:Parliament 11651:Censorship 11625:Government 11603:Government 11389:Prehistory 11236:Irreligion 11133:Statistics 11103:Emigration 11066:Four Wangs 10955:Philosophy 10940:Mass media 10923:Literature 10821:Patriarchy 10784:Propaganda 10704:Corruption 10689:Censorship 10479:E-commerce 10186:Government 9979:East China 9951:Waterfalls 9897:Peninsulas 9865:Grasslands 9183:10 October 9109:0029286107 9060:0192803417 8878:0340741333 8854:5 February 8843:0521771242 8260:Chung 2003 8156:1 February 7717:4 November 7522:China News 7374:6 December 7099:2 February 7011:2 February 6977:2 February 6839:Fenby 2009 6824:28 October 6795:28 October 6756:28 October 6720:Fenby 2009 6708:Fenby 2009 6696:Fenby 2009 6510:Fenby 2009 6495:27 October 5924:5 December 5867:13 January 5835:References 5756:after the 5214:After the 5076:after the 4508:Tibet Area 4322:Mudanjiang 3661:Qingyuan ( 3400:Under the 3336:See also: 3329:, and the 3247:See also: 3137:See also: 3127:Government 3101:Mao Zedong 3000:See also: 2850:Great Wall 2803:See also: 2779:Long March 2767:Yan Xishan 2753:, and the 2711:March 2024 2703:Wikisource 2596:See also: 2562:Kuomintang 2501:See also: 2480:Kuomintang 2339:Kuomintang 2110:帝國是以皇帝一人為主 1980:See also: 1950:population 1878:of China. 1763:" (or the 1731:" and the 1723:. The CCP 1701:Kuomintang 1565:History of 1511:Three Noes 1486:Korean War 1068:1 May 1950 834:He Yingqin 792:Li Zongren 745:Li Zongren 593:Government 584:Demonym(s) 13214:Guangdong 13179:Guominjun 13091:1931–1935 13077:1930–1932 13032:1928–1929 13000:1927–1930 12938:1926–1928 12914:1925–1926 12850:1923–1927 12830:1921–1922 12810:1920–1926 12800:1920–1921 12780:1919–1921 12750:1918–1920 12740:1917–1929 12730:1917–1922 12696:1915–1916 12666:1911–1914 12651:1925–1934 12648:1915–1924 12415:Animation 12377:Squatting 12352:Education 12188:Languages 11944:Companies 11722:President 11673:Elections 11581:Volcanoes 11556:Mountains 11500:Overviews 11490:Geography 11123:Languages 11076:Four Olds 11031:Four arts 10918:Libraries 10848:Structure 10811:Sexuality 10748:incidents 10721:Education 10630:Transport 10506:Renewable 10501:Petroleum 10296:President 10263:Politburo 10216:Elections 10204:Democracy 10172:Terrorism 9920:Volcanoes 9902:Northeast 9880:Mountains 9790:Northeast 9740:Geography 9647:High Qing 9468:Neolithic 9440:Dynasties 9418:1912–1949 9409:Economic 9378:Overviews 8755:2 January 8272:Chen 2024 8245:Chen 2024 7739:. p. 376. 7500:Li Shui. 7298:Fung 2000 7217:146456085 6916:Fung 2000 6852:重編國語辭典修訂本 6379:help page 6262:4 January 6085:中华民国纪年也称“ 5974:"中華民國之意義" 5840:Citations 5774:relocated 5712:Chongqing 5708:Guangzhou 5477:Manchuria 5417:in 1932. 5373:Air Force 5358:Chongqing 5354:Chongqing 5339:U.S. Navy 5299:Lin Baoyi 5179:Guangdong 4805:Guǎngzhōu 4798:Guangzhou 4745:Chóngqìng 4738:Chongqing 4315:Sōngjiāng 4308:Songjiang 3980:Guangzhou 3973:Guǎngdōng 3966:Guangdong 3902:Zhenjiang 3826:海拉爾(呼倫貝爾) 3821:Hulunbuir 3509:Provinces 3299:Lithuania 3279:Guatemala 3072:Chongqing 2876:near the 2839:Manchukuo 2699:Wikiquote 2686:contains 2530:Guangdong 2335:one-party 2227:대한민국/大韓民國 2217:대한제국/大韓帝國 2204:) by the 2039:gònghéguó 1962:provinces 1948:. 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