128:
709:
gone, and the tribes saw no reason to support him. The townspeople and the tribes had a large divide between them, and their alliance for
Mahabad was crumbling. The tribes and their leaders had only supported Qazi Muhammad for his economic and military aid from the Soviet Union. Once that was gone, many did not see any reason to support him. Other tribes resented the Barzanis, since they did not like sharing their already dwindling resources with them. Some Kurds deserted Mahabad, including one of Mahabad's own marshals, Amir Khan. Mahabad was economically bankrupt, and it would have been nearly impossible for Mahabad to have been economically sound without harmony with Iran.
1717:
1704:
84:
1691:
742:
70:
1730:
366:
341:
572:. There, in late September, 1945, the Prime Minister of the Azerbaijan SSR told them that neither their own nationalist party, the Komala-ye Žīān-e Kordestān, nor the Tūda Party was looked on favorably, that they should seek their goals within Azerbaijani autonomy, and that they should call themselves the Democratic Party of Kurdistan. The Soviet Union's coercion tactics did not start the Azerbaijan movement entirely. Among other things, the Kurds opposed the government's
1678:
507:. From these factors resulted a Kurdish manifesto that above all sought autonomy and self-government for the Kurdish people in Iran within the limits of the Iranian state. In the town of Mahabad, inhabited mostly by Kurds, a committee of middle-class people supported by tribal chiefs took over the local administration. A political party called the Society for the Revival of Kurdistan (
704:
On 26 March 1946, due to pressure from
Western powers including the United States, the Soviets promised the Iranian government that they would pull out of northwestern Iran. In June, Iran reasserted its control over Iranian Azerbaijan. This move isolated the Republic of Mahabad, eventually leading to
619:
Education was aimed to be provided for free and to be in
Kurdish language. But at the beginning of the republic, the teachers had to translate from the textbooks in Persian language to the Kurdish language. Only at the end of the existence of the republic, textbooks in the Kurdish language were to be
687:
near
Mahabad and also did not have any civil agent of sufficient standing to exercise any great influence. They encouraged Qazi's administration by practical benevolent operations such as providing motor transport, keeping out the Iranian army, and buying the whole of the tobacco crop. On the other
719:
On 5 December 1946, the war council told Qazi
Muhammad that they would fight and resist the Iranian army if they tried to enter the region. The lack of Kurdish tribal support however made Qazi Muhammad only see a massacre upon the Kurdish civilians performed by the Iranian army rather than Kurdish
732:
urged the Shah not to execute Qazi or his brother, only to be reassured: "Are you afraid I'm going to have them shot? If so, you can rest your mind. I am not." Roosevelt later recounted that the order to have the Qazis killed was likely issued "as soon as our ambassador had closed the door behind
708:
Qazi
Muhammad's internal support eventually declined, especially among the Kurdish tribes who had supported him initially. Their crops and supplies were dwindling, and their way of life was becoming hard as a result of the isolation. Economic aid and military assistance from the Soviet Union was
723:
Ten days later, on 15 December 1946, Iranian forces entered and secured
Mahabad. Once there, they closed down the Kurdish printing press, banned the teaching of Kurdish language, and burned all Kurdish books that they could find. Finally, on 31 March 1947, Qazi Muhammad was hanged in Mahabad on
547:
640:
did they have a chance. However, the
Republic's close relationship with the USSR alienated it from most Western powers, causing them to side with Iran's central government. Qazi Muhammad did not deny that the Soviets funded and supplied his republic, but denied that the
585:. Qazi Muhammad decided to do likewise, and on December 15, the Kurdish People's Government was founded in Mahabad. On January 22, 1946, Qazi Muhammad announced the formation of the Republic of Mahabad. Some of the aims mentioned in the manifesto include:
576:
efforts. So it made sense to both Kurds and Azeris in the years following the Soviet occupation in 1941 to be concerned with maintaining their sense of identity within their respective communal groups. On
December 10, the Democratic Party took control of
760:
and are today honored along with Qazi as heroes martyred for
Kurdistan. Several hundred of the soldiers chose to stay with Barzani. They defeated all efforts of the Iranian army to intercept them in a five-week march and made their way to
756:, had formed the backbone of the Republic's forces. After the fall of the republic, most of the soldiers and four officers from the Iraqi army decided to return to Iraq. The officers were condemned to death upon returning to
115:
924:
In December the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, announced the establishment of an autonomous state of Azerbaijan, and at the same time the Russians set up another puppet state, the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, also in
519:, was elected as chairman of the party. Although the republic was not declared until December 1945, Qazi's committee administered the area for more than five years until the fall of the republic.
1651:
938:
819:
114:
2342:
645:(KDPI) was a communist party. He portrayed this notion as a lie fabricated by the Iranian military authorities, and added that his ideals differed greatly from those of the Soviets.
116:
636:, wrote in 1947 in "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad" that a major problem of the People's Republic of Mahabad was that the Kurds needed the assistance of the USSR; only with the
893:
As a result, the People's Republic of Azerbaijan and the Kurdish People's Republic (the Republic of Mahabad), two short-lived Soviet puppet states, were set up late in 1945...
1051:"Women of a Non-State Nation: The Kurds, Shahrzad Mojab, ed., Kurdish Studies Series, No. 3, Costa Mesa and California: Mazda Publishers, 2001, ISBN: 1-56859-093-8, 263 pp"
1644:
1974:
430:
141:
3384:
1979:
499:
in late August 1941, with the Soviets controlling the north. In the absence of a central government, the Soviets attempted to attach northwestern Iran to the
1637:
3379:
127:
2848:
2332:
2595:
2525:
2440:
2788:
2168:
692:, and discouraged the formation of an independent Kurdish state. Following the fall of Mahabad, they however allowed for the safe passage of
3349:
2217:
1781:
535:
531:
527:
2430:
2110:
2799:
2690:
2362:
2097:
3354:
3208:
2500:
2465:
2414:
2199:
971:"The unravelling of the post-First World War state system? The Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the transformation of the Middle East"
3306:
2832:
1847:
3374:
3339:
3334:
2793:
2488:
2122:
2015:
1852:
1660:
3196:
3130:
2666:
2460:
1515:
1476:
1369:
1275:
1144:
1105:
917:
886:
859:
642:
207:
3110:
2881:
2711:
2337:
2312:
1859:
762:
569:
1452:
83:
3369:
3344:
3243:
3172:
3017:
2853:
2588:
2117:
3190:
3023:
3011:
2933:
2505:
2194:
2132:
3359:
3232:
3028:
2672:
2656:
2480:
2307:
2287:
2212:
2127:
2092:
2050:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1556:
1548:
1494:
1430:
1413:
1302:
794:
789:
784:
689:
669:
582:
446:
3389:
3220:
3184:
2367:
2178:
1774:
629:
1589:Муртаза Зарбахт. От Иракского Курдистана до другого берега реки Аракс. Пер. с курдск. А. Ш. Хаурами. М.-СПб, 2003.
2372:
725:
680:. This notion was also widespread amongst Kurdish tribal leaders, many of whom disagreed with Qazi's leadership.
1571:М. С. Лазарев. Курдистан и курдский вопрос (1923–1945). М., Издательская фирма «Восточная литература» РАН, 2005.
2967:
2810:
2581:
2394:
2292:
2244:
2077:
2005:
2087:
3364:
2876:
2762:
2750:
2604:
2404:
2302:
2082:
688:
hand, the Soviets initially did not like the Kurdish administration's refusal to be absorbed into the larger
492:
2767:
1406:
Geschichte der kurdischen Aufstandsbewegungen von der arabisch-islamischen Invasion bis zur Mahabad-Republik
456:
in northwestern Iran. The state encompassed a small territory, including Mahabad and the adjacent cities of
3329:
3118:
3099:
2972:
2893:
2837:
2448:
2147:
2137:
1906:
728:, who argued that Qazi had been forced to work with the Soviets out of expediency, U.S. ambassador to Iran
683:
The Soviets were however generally ambivalent towards the Kurdish administration. They did not maintain a
69:
3202:
3166:
3154:
3058:
2978:
2887:
2493:
2399:
2173:
1767:
1565:Масуд Барзани. Мустафа Барзани и курдское освободительное движение. Пер. А. Ш. Хаурами, СПб, Наука, 2005.
2545:
620:
distributed to the schools. On the same day, the formation of high school for girls was also announced.
3178:
3160:
3069:
2842:
2827:
2821:
2259:
2142:
1941:
1606:
1100:. Cambridge Middle East studies, 22. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 227.
3226:
3006:
2684:
2627:
2510:
2382:
799:
3142:
3136:
3124:
3000:
2453:
2377:
2010:
1911:
578:
557:
3214:
3081:
2899:
2865:
2859:
2815:
2756:
2678:
2317:
1822:
673:
653:
648:
Contemporaries – both friends and foes – tended to exaggerate the Soviet role in the
1540:
1404:
Moradi Golmorad: "Ein Jahr autonome Regierung in Kurdistan, die Mahabad-Republik 1946–1947" in:
1136:
1130:
665:
3093:
2772:
2535:
2530:
2470:
1921:
1864:
1810:
1805:
1629:
1361:
1355:
496:
1460:
741:
3075:
2045:
1916:
1501:
3276:
2716:
2564:
2297:
2207:
2030:
1958:
1926:
1876:
1871:
947:
828:
2540:
8:
3271:
2805:
2035:
1886:
1839:
1827:
595:
The election of a provincial council for Kurdistan to supervise state and social matters.
504:
1357:
America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East
538:, urging and eventually facilitating the removal of Soviet forces still occupying Iran.
3286:
3281:
2322:
1901:
1891:
1078:
661:
633:
179:
3064:
2229:
1995:
1896:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1511:
1490:
1472:
1426:
1409:
1365:
1298:
1271:
1239:
1150:
1140:
1111:
1101:
1082:
1070:
1031:
990:
913:
882:
855:
169:
75:
2475:
3296:
3148:
2020:
1748:
1577:Жигалина О. И. Национальное движение курдов в Иране (1918–1947). М., «Наука», 1988.
1062:
1021:
982:
881:, Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series, Routledge, p. 136,
418:
401:
236:
50:
36:
2984:
2062:
1466:
1444:
1292:
753:
749:
729:
693:
573:
2871:
2435:
2000:
1050:
657:
426:
1066:
3323:
2938:
2695:
2661:
2515:
2269:
2025:
1936:
1815:
1074:
1035:
994:
970:
779:
713:
550:
512:
203:
1154:
1132:
Ideology and Power in the Middle East: Studies in Honor of George Lenczowski
1115:
986:
2520:
2409:
2389:
1931:
1619:
677:
604:
The establishment of a single law for both peasants and notables. [
500:
442:
438:
359:
346:
312:
149:
145:
1026:
1009:
2249:
2234:
1881:
1533:
Vision or Reality: The Kurds in the Policy of the Great Powers, 1941–1947
733:
him," adding with regard to the Shah: "I never was one of his admirers."
2573:
1098:
The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity
103:
1759:
1613:
1442:
William Linn Westermann, "Kurdish Independence and Russian Expansion",
465:
3261:
2745:
1790:
1682:
1600:
1507:
1503:
The Kurdish Liberation Movement in Iraq: From Insurgency to Statehood
461:
3237:
1951:
774:
684:
637:
561:
469:
251:
1583:История Курдистана. Под ред. М. С. Лазарева, Ш. Х. Мгои. М., 1999.
1524:
Yassin, Burhaneddin A., "A History of the Republic of Kurdistan",
1202:
International Law in the Middle East: Closer to Power than Justice
516:
437:, from 22 January to 15 December 1946. The Republic of Mahabad, a
2918:
2612:
2264:
849:
592:
The use of Kurdish as the medium of education and administration.
453:
159:
1659:
546:
3301:
3043:
2904:
2040:
1832:
1398:, William Eagleton, Jr. (London: Oxford University Press, 1963)
903:
901:
481:
1168:
1166:
1164:
3266:
3087:
2952:
2254:
2224:
473:
457:
898:
449:, a similarly short-lived unrecognized Soviet puppet state.
2730:
2641:
2239:
2163:
2105:
1664:
1335:
1187:
Kurds and the State in Iran: The Making of Kurdish Identity
1161:
757:
565:
523:
477:
434:
384:
1435:
Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad",
1268:
The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development
1010:"پێگههێ سیاسى یێ ئیرانێ پشتى رێكهفتنا پێنج كو ئێك (5+1)"
854:, Exeter Studies in Ethno Politics, Routledge, p. 5,
1451:
Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, Encyclopedia of the Orient.
910:
Iran, Past and Present: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic
872:
870:
606:
589:
Autonomy for the Iranian Kurds within the Iranian state.
564:
summoned the Kurdish chieftains and transported them to
1323:
867:
720:
rebellion. This forced him to avoid war at all cost.
412:
1311:
1223:, Journal of Contemporary History, pp. 87–107 , 1971
907:
660:
stressed Soviet friendship and support, others like
628:
The Republic of Mahabad depended on Soviet support.
472:. The republic moreover claimed the three cities of
745:Qazi Muhammed establishing the Republic of Mahabad
716:, as they had to share their resources with them.
1129:Chelkowski, Peter J.; Pranger, Robert J. (1988).
1128:
601:Unity and fraternity with the Azerbaijani people.
3321:
2926:
1388:"The Republic of Kurdistan: Fifty Years Later",
1624:Proclamation of the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
852:Unrecognized States in the International System
2849:Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front
2789:Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan
876:
623:
3385:States and territories disestablished in 1946
2589:
1775:
1645:
1618:(6th ed.). The Houghton Mifflin Company/
42:
28:
1535:, Lund University Press, Lund/Sweden, 1995.
1526:The International Journal of Kurdish Studies
581:from Iranian government forces, forming the
484:held by the Azerbaijan People's Government.
1439:, no. 1 (July 1947), pp. 247–269.
1392:, 11, no. 1 & 2, (1997).
1233:
1231:
1229:
912:. Princeton University Press. p. 136.
690:Democratic Republic of (Persian) Azerbaijan
452:The capital of the Republic of Mahabad was
3380:States and territories established in 1946
2800:Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan
2691:Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle
2596:
2582:
1782:
1768:
1652:
1638:
1270:. Syracuse University Press. p. 253.
1215:
1213:
1211:
1048:
968:
850:Nina Caspersen, Gareth Stansfield (2012),
598:All state officials to be of local origin.
126:
2603:
1240:"Azerbaijan v. History from 1941 to 1947"
1204:. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. pp. 27–28.
1135:. Durham: Duke University Press. p.
1025:
1014:Humanities Journal of University of Zakho
696:and his followers into the Soviet Union.
132:The boundaries of the Republic of Mahabad
1789:
1464:
1390:International Journal of Kurdish Studies
1341:
1329:
1290:
1226:
1172:
740:
632:, grandson of the former U.S. President
545:
3307:List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
1456:"The Kurds: People without a country",
1353:
1265:
1208:
16:1946 unrecognised Kurdish state in Iran
3322:
3088:Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement
2794:Democratic National Union of Kurdistan
1499:
1448:, Vol. 24, 1945–1946, pp. 675–686
1317:
1199:
1095:
936:
817:
3209:Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party
2577:
1763:
1633:
1261:
1259:
1007:
712:Those who stayed began to resent the
643:Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan
2882:Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party
2712:Iranian Call and Reform Organization
1601:The Republic of Kurdistan in Mehabad
1423:Une république éphémère au Kurdistan
1237:
1193:
1189:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 43.
1184:
724:counts of treason. At the behest of
652:. While Kurdish nationalist leaders
3350:History of West Azerbaijan province
3244:Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan
3018:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria
2854:Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party
2833:Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq
1611:
937:Nerwiy, Hawar Khalil Taher (2012).
818:Nerwiy, Hawar Khalil Taher (2012).
422:
405:
43:
29:
13:
3024:Kurdish Democratic Political Union
3012:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria
2667:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran
1487:Kurdistan In the Shadow of History
1294:Kurdistan In the Shadow of History
1256:
14:
3401:
3233:Society for the Rise of Kurdistan
3029:Movement for a Democratic Society
1709:Autonomous Government of Khorasan
1594:
1049:Ahmadzadeh, Hashim (March 2006).
969:STANSFIELD, GARETH (March 2013).
795:Autonomous Government of Khorasan
790:Persian Socialist Soviet Republic
3221:Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan
3185:Kurdistan Democratic Party/North
1728:
1715:
1702:
1689:
1676:
630:Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt, Jr.
515:, head of a family of religious
364:
339:
112:
82:
68:
1528:, 11, nos. 1–2 (1997): 115–240.
1347:
1284:
1178:
1122:
1008:Taher, Hawar Kh. (2017-03-30).
940:The Republic of Kurdistan, 1946
821:The Republic of Kurdistan, 1946
2968:Descendants of Saladin Brigade
2811:Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq
2288:Azerbaijan People's Government
1722:Azerbaijan People's Government
1471:(3rd ed.). I. B. Tauris.
1089:
1042:
1001:
962:
930:
879:The Caucasus – An Introduction
843:
811:
785:Azerbaijan People's Government
676:branded the republic a Soviet
583:Azerbaijan People's Government
447:Azerbaijan People's Government
1:
3375:Former unrecognized countries
3340:Former countries in West Asia
3335:Former Kurdish states in Iran
2877:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
1615:Encyclopedia of World History
1603:, Encyclopaedia Kurdistanica.
1381:
1297:. Random House. p. 182.
908:Donald Newton Wilber (2014).
541:
487:
3119:Communist Party of Kurdistan
3100:Civil Protection Units-Women
2894:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
2838:Kurdistan Conservative Party
1396:The Kurdish Republic of 1946
736:
614:
7:
3355:Iran–Soviet Union relations
3167:Kurdistan Communities Union
3155:Freedom and Democracy Party
2628:Yezidi National Union (ULE)
2328:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
1468:Modern History of the Kurds
1465:McDowall, David A. (2004).
768:
624:Relationship to the Soviets
556:In the Iranian province of
509:Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan
413:
10:
3406:
3370:Kurdish separatism in Iran
3345:Former socialist republics
3179:Islamic Party of Kurdistan
3173:Kurdistan Islamic Movement
3161:Freedom and Equality Party
2843:Kurdistan Democratic Party
2828:Kurdish Tribal Association
2822:Kurdistan Islamic Movement
2673:Kurdistan Democratic Party
1551:Lund University Press. ou
560:, the Soviet commander at
396:, also referred to as the
285:Iran reestablishes control
3257:
3227:Rights and Freedoms Party
3197:Peoples' Democratic Party
3191:Peace and Democracy Party
3131:Democratic People's Party
3109:
3051:
3042:
3007:Kurdish Supreme Committee
2993:
2973:People's Protection Units
2960:
2951:
2917:
2781:
2738:
2729:
2704:
2685:Kurdistan Free Life Party
2649:
2640:
2620:
2611:
2562:
2423:
2355:
2280:
2187:
2156:
2070:
2059:
1988:
1967:
1798:
1744:
1671:
1612:Stearns, Peter N. (ed.).
1067:10.1017/s0021086200022763
752:, with his soldiers from
380:
318:
308:
304:
294:
281:
273:• Soviet withdrawal
271:
263:• Autonomy declared
261:
257:
247:
243:
230:
226:
218:
214:
197:
193:
185:
175:
165:
155:
137:
125:
96:
64:
59:
23:
3360:Cold War history of Iran
3203:People's Democracy Party
3143:Democratic Regions Party
3137:Democratic Society Party
3059:Kurdistan Workers' Party
3001:Kurdish National Council
2979:Women's Protection Units
2934:Kurdish Democratic Party
2888:Kurdistan Toilers' Party
2751:Êzîdxan Protection Force
1696:Soviet Republic of Gilan
1531:Yassin, Burhaneddin A.,
1291:Meiselas, Susan (1997).
805:
579:East Azerbaijan Province
296:• Leaders executed
3390:Soviet satellite states
3082:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks
3070:People's Defence Forces
2900:Service and Reform List
2866:New Generation Movement
2860:Kurdistan Islamic Union
2816:Kurdistan Islamic Group
2757:Sinjar Resistance Units
2679:Kurdistan Freedom Party
2338:North Korea (1947–1948)
2333:North Korea (1946–1947)
1458:Encyclopædia Britannica
1360:. Basic Books. p.
1266:Jwaideh, Wadie (2006).
987:10.1111/1468-2346.12017
877:Frederik Coene (2009),
674:William Linn Westermann
654:Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou
3094:Civil Protection Units
3052:Militant organizations
2961:Militant organizations
2739:Militant organizations
2650:Militant organizations
2060:Current and historical
1607:Kurds at the crossroad
1500:Voller, Yaniv (2014).
1489:, Random House, 1997.
1354:Wilford, Hugh (2013).
1096:Romano, David (2006).
746:
699:
553:
445:, arose alongside the
2763:Êzîdxan Women's Units
2605:Kurdish organisations
1200:Allain, Jean (2004).
1027:10.26436/2017.5.1.153
975:International Affairs
800:Iran–Russia relations
744:
726:Archie Roosevelt, Jr.
549:
425:), was a short-lived
398:Republic of Kurdistan
166:Common languages
3365:20th century in Iran
3277:Kingdom of Kurdistan
3215:People's Labor Party
2717:Kurdish United Front
2565:History of socialism
1663:in the territory of
1559:Chartwell-Bratt Ltd.
1244:Encyclopædia Iranica
1185:Vali, Abbas (2014).
948:University of Leiden
829:University of Leiden
3330:Republic of Mahabad
3292:Republic of Mahabad
3272:Kurdish nationalism
2501:Estonia (1918–1919)
2395:Hungary (1949–1989)
1735:Republic of Mahabad
1661:Unrecognized states
1437:Middle East Journal
1425:, Paris u.a. 2002,
1344:, pp. 243–246.
1221:Kurdish Nationalism
1175:, pp. 244–245.
650:Republic of Mahabad
526:passed resolutions
511:or JK) was formed.
505:Kurdish nationalism
394:Republic of Mahabad
25:Republic of Mahabad
3287:Republic of Ararat
3282:Kurdistansky Uyezd
3076:Free Women's Units
2773:Fayli Kurd Brigade
2466:Byelorussia (1919)
1510:. pp. 45–47.
1421:M. Khoubrouy-Pak:
747:
662:Robert Rossow, Jr.
634:Theodore Roosevelt
554:
431:unrecognized state
180:Socialist republic
3315:
3314:
3253:
3252:
3111:Political parties
3065:Kurdish Hizbollah
3038:
3037:
2994:Political parties
2947:
2946:
2927:Political parties
2913:
2912:
2782:Political parties
2725:
2724:
2705:Political parties
2636:
2635:
2621:Political parties
2571:
2570:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2351:
2350:
2093:Congo-Brazzaville
1989:Regional variants
1757:
1756:
1517:978-0-415-70724-4
1478:978-1-85043-416-0
1371:978-0-465-01965-6
1277:978-0-8156-3093-7
1146:978-0-8223-0781-5
1107:978-0-521-85041-4
919:978-1-4008-5747-0
888:978-1-135-20302-3
861:978-1-136-84999-2
763:Soviet Azerbaijan
705:its destruction.
666:chargé d'affaires
414:Komara Kurdistanê
411:
390:
389:
376:
375:
372:
371:
352:
351:
117:
3397:
3297:Kurdistan Region
3149:Free Cause Party
3049:
3048:
2958:
2957:
2924:
2923:
2768:Asayîşa Êzîdxanê
2736:
2735:
2647:
2646:
2618:
2617:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2421:
2420:
2278:
2277:
2068:
2067:
2063:socialist states
1942:African-American
1784:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1749:Politics of Iran
1733:
1732:
1731:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1521:
1485:Meiselas, Susan
1482:
1420:
1403:
1376:
1375:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1235:
1224:
1217:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1005:
999:
998:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
945:
934:
928:
927:
905:
896:
895:
874:
865:
864:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
826:
815:
672:, and historian
493:Iran was invaded
424:
416:
410:romanized:
409:
407:
368:
367:
356:
355:
343:
342:
336:
335:
320:
319:
290:15 December 1946
286:
237:Haji Baba Sheikh
130:
119:
118:
86:
72:
54:
46:
45:
40:
32:
31:
21:
20:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3249:
3125:Democracy Party
3105:
3034:
2989:
2943:
2909:
2777:
2721:
2700:
2632:
2607:
2602:
2572:
2567:
2550:
2531:Slovakia (1919)
2431:Alsace-Lorraine
2419:
2347:
2276:
2183:
2152:
2061:
2055:
1984:
1963:
1794:
1788:
1758:
1753:
1740:
1729:
1727:
1716:
1714:
1703:
1701:
1690:
1688:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1658:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1518:
1479:
1445:Foreign Affairs
1418:
1408:, Bremen 1992,
1401:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1236:
1227:
1219:C. J. Edmonds,
1218:
1209:
1198:
1194:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1162:
1147:
1127:
1123:
1108:
1094:
1090:
1055:Iranian Studies
1047:
1043:
1006:
1002:
967:
963:
953:
951:
943:
935:
931:
920:
906:
899:
889:
875:
868:
862:
848:
844:
834:
832:
824:
816:
812:
808:
771:
754:Iraqi Kurdistan
750:Mustafa Barzani
739:
730:George V. Allen
702:
694:Mustafa Barzani
668:in neighboring
664:, the American
626:
617:
574:detribalization
558:West Azerbaijan
544:
503:, and promoted
490:
433:in present-day
429:self-governing
406:کۆماری کوردستان
365:
340:
297:
287:
284:
274:
267:22 January 1946
264:
233:
200:
144:
133:
121:
120:
113:
109:
107:
101:
100: ئەی ڕەقیب
92:
91:
90:
87:
79:
78:
73:
55:
48:
41:
34:
30:کۆماری کوردستان
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2874:
2872:Kurdistan List
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
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2775:
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2727:
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2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Hungary (1919)
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2378:Czech Republic
2373:Czechoslovakia
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2313:Inner Mongolia
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:East Turkestan
2290:
2284:
2282:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1975:United Kingdom
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1932:United Kingdom
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
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1842:
1837:
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1796:
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1779:
1772:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1725:
1712:
1699:
1686:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1595:External links
1593:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1497:
1483:
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1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1346:
1334:
1332:, p. 242.
1322:
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1192:
1177:
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1145:
1121:
1106:
1088:
1061:(1): 118–121.
1041:
1000:
981:(2): 259–282.
961:
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658:Jalal Talabani
625:
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570:Azerbaijan SSR
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248:Historical era
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219:Prime Minister
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3047:
3045:
3041:
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3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2985:Kurdish Front
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2939:Razkari Party
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
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2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2696:Sipay Rizgari
2694:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Komalah (CPI)
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2645:
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2639:
2629:
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2507:
2504:
2502:
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2484:
2482:
2481:Crimea (1919)
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2343:South Vietnam
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2270:North Vietnam
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2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1980:United States
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:United States
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
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1816:New Australia
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44:جمهوری مهاباد
38:
22:
19:
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2441:Baranya–Baja
2410:Soviet Union
2390:East Germany
2327:
2088:Burkina Faso
1734:
1623:
1620:Bartleby.com
1614:
1587:(in Russian)
1581:(in Russian)
1575:(in Russian)
1569:(in Russian)
1563:(in Russian)
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950:. p. 13
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833:. Retrieved
831:. p. 13
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678:puppet state
649:
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501:Soviet Union
491:
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443:Soviet Union
439:puppet state
397:
393:
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360:Pahlavi Iran
347:Pahlavi Iran
329:Succeeded by
328:
323:
313:Soviet ruble
232:• 1946
199:• 1946
150:Soviet Union
146:puppet state
142:Unrecognized
108:"Oh, enemy!"
102:
97:
89:Coat of arms
18:
3187:(KDP/Bakur)
2424:Short-lived
2281:Short-lived
2250:South Yemen
2235:North Korea
2195:Afghanistan
1912:New Zealand
1907:Netherlands
1419:(in French)
1402:(in German)
1318:Voller 2014
954:25 December
925:Azerbaijan.
835:25 December
324:Preceded by
3324:Categories
3151:(HÜDA PAR)
3078:(YJA-STAR)
3003:(KNC-ENKS)
2536:Tarnobrzeg
2461:Bessarabia
2415:Yugoslavia
2138:Seychelles
2133:Mozambique
2128:Madagascar
2051:Vietnamese
2046:Venezuelan
2036:Nicaraguan
2031:Melanesian
1948:Venezuela
1860:Kuomintang
1853:since 1978
1823:Bangladesh
1799:By country
1793:by country
1382:References
1249:2017-12-10
946:(Thesis).
827:(Thesis).
670:Azerbaijan
542:Foundation
488:Background
466:Piranshahr
176:Government
3262:Kurdistan
3229:(HAK-PAR)
3102:(YPS-Jin)
3031:(TEV-DEM)
2746:Peshmerga
2494:1939–1940
2449:1918–1919
2218:1982–1992
2213:1979–1992
2208:1975–1979
2204:Cambodia
2179:Nicaragua
2111:1987–1991
2106:1974–1987
2102:Ethiopia
2041:Tanzanian
1922:Sri Lanka
1865:Hong Kong
1848:Communist
1811:Australia
1806:Argentina
1791:Socialism
1724:(1945–46)
1698:(1920–21)
1683:Azadistan
1541:0519-9700
1508:Routledge
1083:245663931
1075:0021-0862
1036:2410-7557
1020:(1): 35.
995:0020-5850
737:Aftermath
615:Education
462:Oshnavieh
277:June 1946
186:President
2546:Würzburg
2521:Naissaar
2485:Finland
2445:Bavaria
2383:Slovakia
2368:Bulgaria
2298:Far East
2245:Mongolia
2157:Americas
2021:European
1952:Chavismo
1917:Pakistan
1155:16923212
1116:61425259
775:Mukriyan
769:See also
685:garrison
638:Red Army
562:Mīāndoāb
522:In 1946
470:Naghadeh
309:Currency
252:Cold War
104:Ey Reqîb
3205:(HADEP)
3157:(ÖZDEP)
3133:(DEHAP)
3090:(YDG-H)
3020:(KDP-S)
2919:Lebanon
2669:(KDP-I)
2613:Armenia
2516:Ireland
2506:Galicia
2405:Romania
2363:Albania
2318:Jiangxi
2265:Vietnam
2169:Grenada
2143:Somalia
2026:Israeli
2016:Chinese
2011:Burmese
2006:British
1996:African
1968:History
1959:Vietnam
1927:Tunisia
1877:Finland
1872:Estonia
517:jurists
495:by the
454:Mahabad
441:of the
427:Kurdish
419:Persian
402:Kurdish
283:•
170:Kurdish
160:Mahabad
156:Capital
148:of the
98:Anthem:
51:Persian
37:Kurdish
3302:Rojava
3246:(PPKK)
3238:Xoybûn
3163:(ÖZEP)
3044:Turkey
3014:(HNKS)
2905:Shursh
2884:(KSDP)
2856:(PÇDK)
2806:Gorran
2802:(DPAK)
2796:(YNDK)
2687:(PJAK)
2657:Komala
2526:Saxony
2471:Bremen
2400:Poland
2356:Europe
2323:Kuwait
2303:Fujian
2118:Guinea
2078:Angola
2071:Africa
1887:Greece
1882:France
1844:China
1840:Canada
1833:Lulism
1828:Brazil
1737:(1946)
1711:(1921)
1685:(1920)
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858:
497:Allies
482:Salmas
239:(KDPI)
222:
189:
138:Status
47:
33:
3267:Kurds
3240:(CSK)
3223:(PŞK)
3217:(HEP)
3211:(DEM)
3199:(HDP)
3193:(BDP)
3181:(PİK)
3175:(HİK)
3169:(KCK)
3145:(DBP)
3139:(DTP)
3127:(DEP)
3121:(KKP)
3096:(YPS)
3084:(TAK)
3072:(HPG)
3061:(PKK)
2981:(YPJ)
2975:(YPG)
2953:Syria
2896:(PUK)
2890:(KZP)
2862:(KIU)
2845:(KDP)
2824:(IMK)
2818:(IGK)
2759:(YBŞ)
2753:(HPŞ)
2681:(PAK)
2675:(KDP)
2541:Užice
2476:Bihać
2436:Banat
2308:Gilan
2255:Syria
2225:China
2200:Burma
2174:Chile
2148:Sudan
2123:Libya
2098:Egypt
2083:Benin
1902:Italy
1892:India
1079:S2CID
944:(PDF)
825:(PDF)
806:Notes
610:]
474:Urmia
458:Bukan
2868:(NG)
2731:Iraq
2642:Iran
2489:1918
2454:1919
2260:Tuva
2240:Laos
2230:Iraq
2188:Asia
2164:Cuba
2001:Arab
1897:Iran
1665:Iran
1553:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1537:ISSN
1512:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1151:OCLC
1141:ISBN
1112:OCLC
1102:ISBN
1071:ISSN
1032:ISSN
991:ISSN
956:2020
914:ISBN
883:ISBN
856:ISBN
837:2020
758:Iraq
656:and
566:Baku
534:and
524:UNSC
480:and
478:Khoy
468:and
435:Iran
392:The
385:Iran
208:KDPI
76:Flag
60:1946
1137:399
1063:doi
1022:doi
983:doi
700:End
607:sic
568:in
3326::
1622:.
1543:,
1506:.
1364:.
1362:53
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
