Myanmar - Knowledge

2437: 7991: 2209: 4827:, Barack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights, wrote on the White House blog that "Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children." Members of the United Nations and major international human rights organisations have issued repeated and consistent reports of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Myanmar. The United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly called on the Burmese military junta to respect human rights and in November 2009 the General Assembly adopted a resolution "strongly condemning the ongoing systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms" and calling on the Burmese military regime "to take urgent measures to put an end to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law." 3437: 4980: 2995: 6483: 4336: 5788: 5096: 3203: 20504: 6566: 5215:, historically imposed investment and trade sanctions on Myanmar. The United States and European Union eased most of their sanctions in 2012. From May 2012 to February 2013, the United States began to lift its economic sanctions on Myanmar "in response to the historic reforms that have been taking place in that country." Foreign investment comes primarily from China, Singapore, the Philippines, South Korea, India, and Thailand. The military has stakes in some major industrial corporations of the country (from oil production and consumer goods to transportation and tourism). 6173: 164: 6707: 7108: 5437: 174: 20204: 5798: 2422: 20825: 7420: 2831: 2194: 4812: 4051: 3984: 4475: 4662: 97: 5761: 5224: 5203:

in East and Southeast Asia is now consolidated into the lower Mekong region. Countries in East and Southeast Asia have collectively witnessed sustained increases in seizures of methamphetamine over the last decade, totalling over 171 tons and a record of over 1 billion methamphetamine tablets in 2021 according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, more than any other part of the world. In April and May 2020, Myanmar authorities reported Asia's largest ever drug operation in

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before publication. Following the announcement, newspapers and other outlets no longer required approved by state censors; however, journalists in the country can still face consequences for what they write and say. In April 2013, international media reports were published to relay the enactment of the media liberalisation reforms that we announced in August 2012. For the first time in numerous decades, the publication of privately owned newspapers commenced in the country.

2803: 20859: 20786: 6744: 6672: 859: 1858: 7122: 992: 20377: 19735: 2289:. The restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features continued well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated 83: 20901: 20669: 20608: 20595: 20556: 20543: 5519:. Nevertheless, much of the country is off-limits to tourists, and interactions between foreigners and the people of Myanmar, particularly in the border regions, are subject to police scrutiny. They are not to discuss politics with foreigners, under penalty of imprisonment and, in 2001, the Myanmar Tourism Promotion Board issued an order for local officials to protect tourists and limit "unnecessary contact" between foreigners and ordinary Burmese people. 18948: 4867: 20799: 6952: 5588: 20389: 19759: 20695: 20632: 20734: 20569: 7094: 4772: 2186: 20747: 20682: 20656: 20491: 20888: 1740: 6593:. The education system is based on the United Kingdom's system after nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar. Nearly all schools are government-operated, but there has been an increase in privately funded English language schools in the early 21st century. Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school, approximately 9 years old, while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level. 20927: 20812: 20721: 2301: 20953: 20773: 20760: 20708: 5751: 20940: 20914: 20530: 2025: 2105: 20582: 18963: 20517: 889: 836: 817: 784: 765: 19747: 5528:, getting into Myanmar is problematic: "No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country, nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border – you must walk across." They further state that "It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river." There are a few border crossings that allow the passage of private vehicles, such as the border between 13232: 4345: 3077: 5355:, 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997, helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996. By 1988, modern varieties were planted on half of the country's ricelands, including 98 percent of the irrigated areas. In 2008 rice production was estimated at 50 million tons. 5198:(UNODC) has also warned that opium production in Myanmar may rise again if the economic crunch brought on by COVID-19 and the country's February 1 military coup persists, with significant public health and security consequences for much of Asia. At the same time, the Golden Triangle, and specifically Shan State of Myanmar, is believed to be the largest 2773:(SLORC). In 1989, SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests. The military government finalised plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989. SLORC changed the country's official English name from the "Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma" to the "Union of Myanmar" on 18 June 1989 by enacting the adaptation of the expression law. 13236: 4585:, have historically been strained, the situation has markedly improved since the reforms following the 2010 elections. After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions, the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012 The 4605:

Despite Western isolation, Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments, particularly in natural resource extraction. The country has close relations with neighbouring India and China with several Indian and Chinese companies operating in the country. Under India's

5014:. The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma, while the Rohingya people have been described as "among the world's least wanted" and "one of the world's most persecuted minorities." 3183:

irregularities. However, despite the election commission validating the NLD's overwhelming victory, the USDP and Myanmar's military persistently alleged fraud. In January, 2021, just before the new parliament was to be sworn in, The NLD announced that Suu Kyi would retain her State Counsellor role in the upcoming government.

5190:, producing some 25% of the world's opium, forming part of the Golden Triangle. While opium poppy cultivation in Myanmar had declined year-on-year since 2015, cultivation area increased by 33% totalling 40,100 hectares alongside an 88% increase in yield potential to 790 tonnes in 2022 according to latest data from the 2150:-speaking Hanthawaddy entered its golden age, and Arakan went on to become a power in its own right for the next 350 years. In contrast, constant warfare left Ava greatly weakened, and it slowly disintegrated from 1481 onward. In 1527, the Confederation of Shan States conquered Ava and ruled Upper Myanmar until 1555. 8638: 4035:

and Myanmar would enter a full partnership framework aimed to better access to electricity and other basic services for about six million people and expected to benefit three million pregnant woman and children through improved health services. Acquired funding and proper planning has allowed Myanmar

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By the second day of the coup, thousands of protesters were marching in the streets of Yangon, and other protests erupted nationwide, largely halting commerce and transportation. Despite the military's arrests and killings of protesters, the first weeks of the coup found growing public participation,

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Internet use is estimated to be relatively low compared to other countries. Myanmar's internet used to be subject to censorship, and authorities viewed e-mails and posts on Internet blogs until 2012 when the government removed media censorship. During the strict censorship days, activity at internet

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British colonial rule introduced Western elements of culture to Myanmar. Myanmar's education system is modelled after that of the United Kingdom. Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities such as Yangon. Many ethnic minorities, particularly the Karen in the southeast and the

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producing area in the world. The growing signs of an intensification of methamphetamine manufacturing activity within and around the Golden Triangle, and a corresponding decrease in the number of production facilities dismantled in other parts of the region, suggests that methamphetamine manufacture

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annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus. But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights. In January 2007, Russia and China

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explains, the English spellings of both Myanmar and Burma assume a non-rhotic variety of English, in which the letter r before a consonant or finally serves merely to indicate a long vowel: . So the pronunciation of the last syllable of Myanmar as or of Burma as by some speakers in the UK and most

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There are 101 universities, 12 institutes, 9 degree colleges and 24 colleges in Myanmar, a total of 146 higher education institutions. There are 10 technical training schools, 23 nursing training schools, 1 sport academy and 20 midwifery schools. There are four international schools acknowledged by

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is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Myanmar is 240. This is compared with 219.3 in 2008 and 662

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The relatively rapid decline in fertility is attributed to several factors, including extreme delays in marriage (almost unparalleled among developing countries in the region), the prevalence of illegal abortions, and the high proportion of single, unmarried women of reproductive age, with 25.9% of

5256:, mainly to European markets, while other colonies like India suffered mass starvation. Being a follower of free market principles, the British opened up the country to large-scale immigration with Rangoon exceeding New York City as the greatest immigration port in the world in the 1920s. Historian 2564:

in July 1945. The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma with 1,700 prisoners taken. Although many Burmese fought initially for the Japanese as part of the Burma Independence Army, many Burmese, mostly from the ethnic

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In the era that followed the political events of 1988, the film industry has been increasingly controlled by the government. Film stars who had been involved in the political activities were banned from appearing in films. The government issues strict rules on censorship and largely determines who

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is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmar's national dish. Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities, while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay. Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein

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Many religions are practised in Myanmar. Religious edifices and orders have been in existence for many years. The Christian and Muslim populations do, however, face religious persecution and it is hard, if not impossible, for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs, the main route to

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These patterns stem from economic dynamics, including high income inequality, which results in residents of reproductive age opting for delay of marriage and family-building in favour of attempting to find employment and establish some form of wealth; the average age of marriage in Myanmar is 27.5

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has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta, as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run. The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures

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reveals that half of Myanmar's 54 million population lives below poverty line. This drives many of them to the extreme measures such as online organ trade. This illegal action of selling their personal organs can earn them a payment equal to a two-year salary. Many advertise the organ they wish to

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in the world for its number of active troops in service. The military is very influential in Myanmar, with all top cabinet and ministry posts usually held by military officials. Official figures for military spending are not available. Estimates vary widely because of uncertain exchange rates, but

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praised the former general for political and economic reforms and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States. Political activists objected to the visit because of concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar, but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive U.S. support.

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region is approximately 2,500 mm (98.4 in), while average annual rainfall in the dry zone in central Myanmar is less than 1,000 mm (39.4 in). The northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F). Coastal and delta regions have an

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in 1993, but the process appeared to stall several times, until 2008 when the Government published a new draft national constitution, and organised a (flawed) national referendum which adopted it. The new constitution provided for election of a national assembly with powers to appoint a president,

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monopoly. British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853. European firms produced 75% of the world's teak. The wealth was, however, mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans. In the 1930s, agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined and did not recover for

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The informal economy's share in Myanmar is one of the biggest in the world and is closely linked to corruption, smuggling and illegal trade activities. In addition, decades of civil war and unrest have contributed to Myanmar's current levels of poverty and lack of economic progress. Myanmar lacks

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found that, while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions, international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials, especially at the local level. At the same time, international NGOs are

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Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement, have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most U.S. and many European companies.

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Because of Myanmar's political climate, there are not many media companies in relation to the country's population. Some are privately owned. All programming must meet with the approval of the censorship board. The Burmese government announced on 20 August 2012 that it would stop censoring media

6687:. Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries, manifested in its language, cuisine, music, dance and theatre. The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism. Considered the national epic of Myanmar, the 5071:

that consists of 15 members from various backgrounds. Several activists in exile, including Thee Lay Thee Anyeint members, have returned to Myanmar after President Thein Sein's invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development. In an address to the United Nations Security

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are common in Myanmar. Human trafficking happens mostly to women who are unemployed and have low incomes. They are deceived by brokers that better opportunities and wages exist for them abroad. In 2017, the government reported 185 trafficking cases. The government of Burma makes little effort to

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in 2006, it chaired the forum and hosted the summit in 2014. In November 2008, Myanmar's political situation with neighbouring Bangladesh became tense as they began searching for natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal. Controversy surrounding the Rohingya population also remains an

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and declared a state of emergency for one year and began closing the borders, restricting travel and electronic communications nationwide. The military announced it would replace the existing election commission with a new one, and a military media outlet indicated new elections would be held in

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Coupey, A. S. (2008). Infant and child burials in the Samon valley, Myanmar. In Archaeology in Southeast Asia, from Homo Erectus to the living traditions: choice of papers from the 11th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, 25–29 September 2006,

6643:. The opium industry was a monopoly during colonial times and has since been illegally operated by corrupt officials in the Burmese military and rebel fighters, primarily as the basis for heroin manufacture. Myanmar is the largest producer of methamphetamines in the world, with the majority of 6451:

Buddhism is the most widespread. There are some 500,000 Buddhist monks and 75,000 nuns in this country of 54 million. Other religions are practised largely without obstruction, with the notable exception of some religious minorities such as the Rohingya people, who have continued to have their

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have been a constant feature of Myanmar's socio-political landscape since the attainment of independence in 1948. These wars are predominantly struggles for ethnic and sub-national autonomy, with the areas surrounding the ethnically Bamar central districts of the country serving as the primary

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totalling what was believed to be 193 million methamphetamine tablets, hundreds of kilogrammes of crystal methamphetamine as well as some heroin, and over 162,000 litres and 35.5 tons of drug precursors as well as sophisticated production equipment and several staging and storage facilities.

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Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo's administrative reforms and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion. For the first time in history, the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley. The evolution and growth of Burmese

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in the world with a nominal GDP of US$ 76.09 billion in 2019 and an estimated purchasing power adjusted GDP of US$ 327.629 billion in 2017 according to the World Bank. Foreigners are able to legally lease but not own property. In December 2014, Myanmar set up its first stock exchange, the

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When the non-Burman ethnic groups pushed for autonomy or federalism, alongside having a weak civilian government at the centre, the military leadership staged a coup d'état in 1962. Though incorporated in the 1947 Constitution, successive military governments construed the use of the term

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are principally located along the Thai-Myanmar border. There are nine permanent refugee camps along the Thai-Myanmar border, most of which were established in the mid-1980s. The refugee camps are under the care of the Thai-Burma Border Consortium (TBBC). Since 2006, over 55,000 Burmese

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As the election results began emerging, the USDP rejected them, urging a new election with the military as observers. More than 90 other smaller parties contested the vote, including more than 15 who complained of irregularities. However, election observers declared there were no major

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report also notes improvement, giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions. In 2013, Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of 5 in civil liberties and 6 in political freedoms.

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resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party. Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections. One criticism of the election was that only government-sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular

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literature and theatre continued, aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era (half of all males and 5% of females). Nonetheless, the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism.

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have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a

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events for a boy, during which he enters the monastery for a short time. All male children in Buddhist families are encouraged to be a novice (beginner for Buddhism) before the age of twenty and to be a monk after the age of twenty. Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies

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Burmese traditional art concepts are popular and respected by the Burmese people and people from abroad. Burmese contemporary art has developed quite rapidly on its own terms. Artists born after the 1980s have had greater chances of art practice outside the country.

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of similar economic standing. There has been a significant decline in fertility in the 2000s, from a rate of 4.7 children per woman in 1983, down to 2.4 in 2001, despite the absence of any national population policy. The fertility rate is much lower in urban areas.

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Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state in 2014. A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar's

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Rohingya are not allowed to travel without official permission, are banned from owning land, and are required to sign a commitment to have no more than two children. As of July 2012, the Myanmar government does not include the Rohingya minority group—classified as

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to better prepare for the impacts of climate change by enacting programs which teach its people new farming methods, rebuild its infrastructure with materials resilient to natural disasters, and transition various sectors towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

2872:. It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing, damages totalled to 10 billion US dollars, and as many as 1 million were left homeless. In the critical days following this disaster, Myanmar's 144: 6524:

in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 73 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 47. According to Doctors without Borders, 25,000 Burmese AIDS patients died in 2007, deaths that could largely have been prevented by

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success in the country. Such persecution and targeting of civilians is particularly notable in eastern Myanmar, where over 3,000 villages have been destroyed in the past ten years. More than 200,000 Muslims have fled to Bangladesh by 2007 to escape persecution.

3487:), formerly called divisions. Regions are predominantly Bamar (that is, mainly inhabited by Myanmar's dominant ethnic group). States, in essence, are regions that are home to particular ethnic minorities. The administrative divisions are further subdivided into 142: 6270:. Once forming a large and influential community, the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards, principally to Australia and the United Kingdom. It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar. As of 2009, 110,000 Burmese 148: 145: 2750:(BSPP). During this period, Myanmar became one of the world's most impoverished countries. There were sporadic protests against military rule during the Ne Win years, and these were almost always violently suppressed. On 7 July 1962, the government broke up 6399:, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism, and English. More than a hundred languages are spoken in total. Since many of them are known only within small tribes around the country, they may have been lost (many if not all) after a few generations. 5299:

After independence, the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed. With the loss of India, Burma lost relevance and obtained independence from the British. After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948, Prime Minister

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embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all of the land in Burma. The government tried to implement an eight-year plan partly financed by injecting money into the economy, but this caused inflation to rise. The

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Yangon, Burma (AP) – Officially at least, America still calls this Southeast Asian nation Burma, the favoured appellation of dissidents and pro-democracy activists who opposed the former military junta's move to summarily change its name 23 years

1933:. Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BCE and 200 CE. Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as 6623:

Myanmar had a murder rate of 15.2 per 100,000 population with a total of 8,044 murders in 2012. Factors influencing Myanmar's high murder rate include communal violence and armed conflict. Myanmar is one of the world's most corrupt nations. The 2012

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indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held in Burmese prisons. Evidence gathered by a British researcher was published in 2005 regarding the extermination or "Burmisation" of certain ethnic minorities, such as the

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By the 9th century, several city-states had sprouted across the land: the Pyu in the central dry zone, Mon along the southern coastline and Arakanese along the western littoral. The balance was upset when the Pyu came under repeated attacks from

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and southern Arakan. However, the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung's death in 1581, completely collapsing by 1599. Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na, and Portuguese mercenaries established

14541: 1968:. The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India, importing Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts, which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation. 2784:(i.e., 80% of the seats). However, the military junta refused to cede power and continued to rule the nation, first as SLORC and, from 1997, as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) until its dissolution in March 2011. General 14653: 2967:

in February 2015. The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter on the Chinese side of the border. During the incident, the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the

6479:. Jehovah's Witnesses have been present since 1914 and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages. A tiny Jewish community in Yangon had a synagogue but no resident rabbi. 4913:

reported in June 2012 that "Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $ 40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol." In September 2012, the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers, and the

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groups prefer the term "ethnic nationality" over "ethnic minority" as the term "minority" furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as "Burmanisation"—the proliferation and domination of the dominant

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at the top, Indians, Chinese, and Christianized minorities in the middle, and Buddhist Burmese at the bottom. Forcefully integrated into the world economy, Burma's economy grew by involving itself with extractive industries and

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when people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so. Human remains and artefacts from this era were discovered in

7682: 9601: 7017:, India with the title Ngwe Pay Lo Ma Ya (Money Can't Buy It). After World War II, Burmese cinema continued to address political themes. Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element. 5383:

are the biggest earner; 90% of the world's rubies come from the country, whose red stones are prized for their purity and hue. Thailand buys the majority of the country's gems. Myanmar's "Valley of Rubies", the mountainous

18526: 15029: 3041:, the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners, new labour laws that permitted labour unions and strikes, a relaxation of press censorship, and the regulation of currency practices. In response, 5107:, the Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013, in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community. In a speech at 3036:

A series of liberalising political and economic actions – or reforms – then took place. By the end of 2011 these included the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest, the establishment of the

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has identified at least 39 locations capable of geothermal power production and some of these hydrothermal reservoirs lie quite close to Yangon which is a significant underutilised resource for electrical production.

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emerged in central Myanmar. The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu people, the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant, from present-day

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Heavy logging since the new 1995 forestry law went into effect has seriously reduced forest area and wildlife habitat. The lands along the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits and once had large areas of

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Murray, Nicholas J.; Keith, David A.; Duncan, Adam; Tizard, Robert; Ferrer-Paris, Jose R.; Worthington, Thomas A.; Armstrong, Kate; Nyan Hlaing; Win Thuya Htut; Aung Htat Oo; Kyaw Zay Ya; Grantham, Hedley (2020).

9401: 6551:, and early indicators of any progress against the HIV epidemic are inconsistent. However, the National AIDS Programme Myanmar found that 32% of sex workers and 43% of intravenous drug users in Myanmar have HIV. 4539:

in May 2008. The results, 92.4% of the 22 million voters with an official turnout of 99%, are considered suspect by many international observers and by the National League of Democracy with reports of widespread

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With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770 and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging

6982:(NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. With 139 countries reported on, Myanmar ranked number 133 overall in the 2016 NRI ranking. 15326: 6317:

and the wholesale nationalisation of private enterprise that took place in 1964. The Anglo-Burmese at this time either fled the country or changed their names and blended in with the broader Burmese society.

1317: 15430: 2487:. Burmese resentment was strong, and was vented in violent riots that periodically paralysed Rangoon until the 1930s. Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions. 13707: 12564: 9096: 12586: 7421: 5573:

magazine, "In the past, there were only 15 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have begun launching direct flights from Japan, Qatar, Taiwan, South Korea, Germany and Singapore."

16278: 11049: 6421:, the sacred language of Theravada Buddhism, as well as several ethnic minority languages, including Shan, several Karen dialects, and Kayah (Karenni), with the addition of specialised characters and 4150:. Despite several issues, Myanmar also ranks 64 and scores very good (i.e. a high percentage of 93.73%) in environmental effects of the agricultural industry because of an excellent management of the 4020:

Myanmar has displayed interest in expanding its use of renewable energy and lowering its level of carbon emissions. Groups involved in helping Myanmar with the transition and move forward include the

9345: 7937: 15059: 14531: 12295: 5182:. Goods travel primarily across the Thai border (where most illegal drugs are exported) and along the Irrawaddy River. Notably, opium production in Myanmar is the world's second-largest source of 2569:

and the Arakan National Army fought with the Japanese from 1942 to 1944 but switched allegiance to the Allied side in 1945. Overall, 170,000 to 250,000 Burmese civilians died during World War II.

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including tropical and subtropical vegetation, seasonally inundated wetlands, shoreline and tidal systems, and alpine ecosystems. Myanmar houses some of the largest intact natural ecosystems in

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on 8 November in a landslide. The USDP, regarded as a proxy for the military, suffered a "humiliating" defeat – even worse than in 2015 – capturing only 33 of the 476 elected seats.

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and are used in a variety of ways, fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed. Burmese cuisine also includes a variety of salads (

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A cyber-scam industry in Myanmar's borderlands has involved human trafficking, forced labour and other abuses. Many of the scam centres are in territories controlled by junta allies like the

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was requested, but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine, food, and other supplies.

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On 23 June 1997, Myanmar was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. On 27 March 2006, the military junta, which had moved the national capital from Yangon to a site near

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over the last 2–3 centuries, and nearly half of its ecosystems are threatened. Despite large gaps in information for some ecosystems, there is a large potential to develop a comprehensive

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states, "This was out of a total population of only 13 million; it was equivalent to the United Kingdom today taking 2 million people a year." By then, in most of Burma's largest cities,

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came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers,

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Both China and India have attempted to strengthen ties with the government for economic benefit in the early 2010s. Many Western nations, including the United States and Canada, and the

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The government receives a significant percentage of the income of private-sector tourism services. The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as

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and foreigners have been victims of sex trafficking in Myanmar. They are forced into prostitution, marriages or pregnancies. Sex trafficking in Myanmar has been fuelled by factors like

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and a handful of other artists, they were the pioneers of western painting style. Later on most young children learned the concepts from them. Some well known contemporary artists are

5022:

Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982—on the government's list of more than 130 ethnic races and, therefore, the government states that they have no claim to Myanmar citizenship.

13158: 5276:, the Indian immigrants formed a majority of the population. The Burmese under British rule felt helpless, and reacted with a "racism that combined feelings of superiority and fear". 4701: 4016:

predict serious consequences to development for all economic, productive, social, and environmental sectors in Myanmar. In order to combat the hardships ahead and do its part to help

2502:

became the first Prime Minister and Premier of Burma. Ba Maw was an outspoken advocate for Burmese self-rule, and he opposed the participation of Britain, and by extension Burma, in

13771: 13483: 12500: 1424:. Since 2021, more than 600,000 people were displaced across Myanmar due to the surge in violence post-coup, with more than 3 million people in dire need of humanitarian assistance. 15722: 7675: 4556:

was declared illegal. However, immediately following the elections, the government ended the house arrest of the democracy advocate and leader of the National League for Democracy,

3062:, the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats. The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar. 11131: 137: 18522: 15454: 15021: 12202: 9594: 7009:) in 1920 which proved a major success, despite its poor quality. During the 1920s and 1930s, many Burmese-owned film companies made and produced several films. The first Burmese 5414:

are also a significant export, as Myanmar supplies around 10% of the world's rare earths. Conflict in Kachin State has threatened the operations of its mines as of February 2021.

4676:

Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China in the past. Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997. Though it gave up its turn to hold the ASEAN chair and host the

3048:

visited Myanmar in December 2011 – the first visit by a US Secretary of State in more than fifty years – meeting both President Thein Sein and opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi.

18974: 12906: 5059:, since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011, the country's human rights record has been improving. Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7, the 2012 19014: 12088:"Myanmar coup: Week(s) of Feb.1 to Feb. 21, EU action in focus as foreign ministers set to meet; Candlelight vigil held in Yangon; Facebook removes military's 'True News' page," 11824: 5317:. While the economy continued to grow at a slower rate, the country eschewed a Western-oriented development model, and by the 1980s, was left behind capitalist powerhouses like 4968: 3261:

International development and aid partners – business, non-governmental, and governmental – hinted at suspension of partnerships with Myanmar. Banks were closed and

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and other ethnic leaders in 1947. In 1947, Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar, a transitional government. But in July 1947, political rivals

1941:, as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials. This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places, possibly through trade. 17824: 17541: 17484: 16590: 16255: 15248: 12235: 7711: 5418: 17348:"Ethnic and Religious Diversity: Myanmar's Unfolding Nemesis", Matthews, Bruce, Institute of South East Asian Studies, Visiting Researcher Series, Volume 2001, No. 3. 2001. 17115: 16572: 12265: 11793: 11764: 10205: 4644:, Switzerland, the summit was held on 5–7 June and attended by 1,200 participants, including 10 heads of state, 12 ministers and 40 senior directors from around the world. 3026:

declared victory, stating that it had been favoured by 80 per cent of the votes; fraud, however, was alleged. A nominally civilian government was then formed, with retired

2456:

Company, which was expanding its interests eastwards over the same territory. Over the next 60 years, diplomacy, raids, treaties and compromises, known collectively as the

2360:

turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with

17946: 15340: 12087: 6996:

Myanmar's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein—a leading politician of the 1910s, who campaigned for Burmese independence in London. The first Burmese

18362: 14365: 13380: 11717: 8884:. ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series No. 33. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. pp. 43–54. 4613:, oil and gas exploration, information technology, hydropower and construction of ports and buildings. Myanmar also has close political relations with Vietnam and Japan. 3199:. By 15 March 2021 the military leadership continued to extend martial law into more parts of Yangon, while security forces killed 38 people in a single day of violence. 2761:

In 1988, unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the

1438:

The name of the country has been a matter of dispute and disagreement, particularly in the early 21st century, focusing mainly on the political legitimacy of those using

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about one year – though the military avoided making an official commitment to that. The military expelled NLD party Members of Parliament from the capital city,

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which directed in producing the final draft of the Myanmar national climate change policy that was presented to various sectors of the Myanmar government for review.

3218:, and leaders of democratic nations. The U.S. threatened sanctions on the military and its leaders, including a "freeze" of US$ 1 billion of their assets in the U.S. 2452:

In the 19th century, Burmese rulers sought to maintain their traditional influence in the western areas of Assam, Manipur and Arakan. Pressing them, however, was the

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in Myanmar is poor. The government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world. Although

5351:, which covers about 60% of the country's total cultivated land area. Rice accounts for 97% of total food grain production by weight. Through collaboration with the 15510: 15427: 14623: 14458: 13121: 11169: 10076: 8722: 16641: 16612: 13344: 9100: 7966: 732: 15389: 10992: 10783: 2845:

led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government. The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007, with reports of barricades at the

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found in Thailand produced in Myanmar, particularly in the Golden Triangle and northeastern Shan State, which borders Thailand, Laos and China. Burmese-produced

15779: 12560: 12001: 11085: 11015: 8964: 8381: 20974: 20480: 18490: 17075: 11652: 7873: 1894:

age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE has been discovered in the form of

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geographical setting of conflict. Foreign journalists and visitors require a special travel permit to visit the areas in which Myanmar's civil wars continue.

2681:, which combined Burma Proper, which consisted of Lower Burma and Upper Burma, and the Frontier Areas, which had been administered separately by the British. 12351: 11041: 10673: 3498:

Below are the number of districts, townships, cities/towns, wards, village groups and villages in each division and state of Myanmar as of 31 December 2001:

18396: 14194: 9341: 4485:

The constitution of Myanmar, its third since independence, was drafted by its military rulers and published in September 2008. The country is governed as a

19801: 14720: 13413: 11217: 9139: 7927: 6721:

In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life. Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people. A novitiation ceremony called

5403:

jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines.

4729: 3456: 17589: 15696: 15051: 12377: 9466: 2849:

and monks killed. There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces, but none was confirmed. The military crackdown against unarmed

21109: 12287: 9165: 1710:, and no single one is standard. Pronunciations with two syllables are found most often in major British and American dictionaries. Dictionaries—such as 1530:). Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form "Union of Burma" instead. In English, the country is popularly known as either 21026: 16380: 11949: 11108: 9273: 8661: 8400: 6766:, the Burman population is 68% and the ethnic groups constitute 32%. In contrast, the exiled leaders and organisations claim the country is 40% ethnic. 5656:

who were not counted. People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures. There are over 600,000 registered

5111:, he revealed that "We are reviewing all cases. I guarantee to you that by the end of this year, there will be no prisoners of conscience in Myanmar." 4823:

There is consensus that the former military regime in Myanmar (1962–2010) was one of the world's most repressive and abusive regimes. In November 2012,

18340: 17226: 15661: 15270: 13443: 10700: 8303: 5664:, and millions more work illegally. Burmese citizens account for 80% of all migrant workers in Thailand. At the beginning of the 20th century, Burma's 4733: 2115:

Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier,

18653: 17910: 15910: 15801: 13737: 6802:), centred on one major ingredient, ranging from starches like rice, wheat and rice noodles, glass noodles and vermicelli, to potato, ginger, tomato, 18796: 16033: 10726: 4728:, Myanmar was suspected of using North Korean construction teams to build a fortified surface-to-air missile facility. As of 2019, the United States 4377: 4012:

average maximum temperature of 32 °C (89.6 °F). Previously and currently analysed data, as well as future projections on changes caused by

3255: 2854: 507: 16546: 15366: 14242: 14006: 10186:(Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.) 9187: 8747: 7905: 7838: 5668:

was approximately 10 million. The national population density is 76 per square kilometre (200/sq mi), among the lowest in Southeast Asia.

5079:

The government has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive. In September 2011, several banned websites, including YouTube,

3108:. These were the first openly contested elections held in Myanmar since the 1990 general election (which was annulled). The results gave the NLD an 15752: 15111: 14768: 14396: 14321: 12113: 11899: 11874: 6589:

as of 2000 was 90%. Historically, Myanmar has had high literacy rates. The educational system of Myanmar is operated by the government agency, the

3281:(PDF) to protect its supporters from military junta attacks and as a first step towards a Federal Union Army. The civil war is ongoing as of 2024. 718: 17: 14868: 14075: 13318: 8525: 5047:

donate on social media, this is a endless cycle as families time and again find themselves online to trade their organs as money runs out.

3211:

including groups of civil servants, teachers, students, workers, monks and religious leaders – even normally disaffected ethnic minorities.

20420: 18423: 16796: 14555: 13180: 12812: 12023: 10593: 10517: 7770: 6736:) at the same time. Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year, the most important being the 16349: 15186: 11973: 11924: 11252: 9740: 4846:

notes, "The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights; and committed human rights abuses with impunity." In July 2013, the

4748:

calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition. South Africa also voted against the resolution.

4724:(IAEA) since 1957. The military junta had informed the IAEA in September 2000 of its intention to construct the reactor. In 2010 as part of the 3058:

party participated in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred it. In the April 2012

18206: 16315: 16138: 13977: 11849: 10757: 10461: 4847: 18835: 18630: 15479: 15305: 14510: 13288: 10961: 18050: 17515: 17165: 16907: 15133: 13149: 12871: 10439: 9247: 6314: 840: 17841: 13465: 12928: 21094: 14999: 14129: 13760: 13621: 13487: 12508: 9367: 8785: 8122: 4461: 4442: 4364: 900: 488: 18986: 17871: 15718: 9528: 8685: 8318: 2101:

temples in the Pagan capital zone alone. Repeated Mongol invasions in the late 13th century toppled the four-century-old kingdom in 1287.

1205:

refused to cede power, and has continued to rule the country through to the present. The country remains riven by ethnic strife among its

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Wrapping up a historic three-day visit to Myanmar , the first by a secretary of state to the Southeast Asian nation in more than 50 years

11381: 11139: 10886: 9073: 7737: 6455:

According to 2014 census, 6.2% of the population identifies as Christian; 4.3% as Muslim; 0.8% as followers of tribal religions; 0.5% as

5697: 2715:, and the government had been under direct or indirect control by the military since then. Between 1962 and 1974, Myanmar was ruled by a 2361: 2269:

The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing

2234: 19011: 18971: 18099: 15451: 12199: 9701: 9009: 5252:

agriculture. However, much of the wealth was concentrated in the hands of Europeans. The country became the world's largest exporter of

20413: 18549: 18125: 17463: 13670: 13206: 12898: 7065: 687: 18931: 18903: 17707: 17641: 17615: 12325: 11821: 8561:

Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of Strategic and International Studies (MISIS) Report. p. 8.

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took over the Chairmanship – effectively the position of Myanmar's top ruler – from General Saw Maung in 1992 and held it until 2011.

2642:

as its first prime minister. Unlike most other former British colonies and overseas territories, Burma did not become a member of the

18883: 15603: 15160: 9504: 8218: 5088: 4560:, and her ability to move freely around the country is considered an important test of the military's movement toward more openness. 2956: 2525:. Within months after they entered the war, Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon, and the British administration had collapsed. A 788: 14678: 14159: 10934: 10409: 2471:

Throughout the colonial era, many Indians arrived as soldiers, civil servants, construction workers and traders and, along with the

19194: 19045: 18915: 18165: 17295: 16998: 16714: 16251: 15869: 15828: 15240: 14536: 14045: 13024: 12538: 11438: 9221: 7079: 5504: 5195: 5191: 5068: 4885:

Based on the evidence gathered by Amnesty photographs and video of the ongoing armed conflict between the Myanmar military and the

3038: 2739: 17537: 16739: 16594: 14098: 12745:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material" 12225: 11411: 7707: 4497:

accountable to the legislature), with 25% of the legislators appointed by the military and the rest elected in general elections.

3461: 2169:"grew more confident, popular, and stylistically diverse", and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest 20336: 20213: 19214: 18288: 17411: 16576: 16517: 15213: 15082: 14812: 13644: 13591: 13569: 13266: 12257: 11761: 11582: 10912: 10577: 10551: 10197: 5417:

Other industries include agricultural goods, textiles, wood products, construction materials, gems, metals, oil and natural gas.

2981: 2689: 2617: 2333: 2057:, the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Pagan Empire and the 191: 17950: 17729: 17261: 16960: 16439: 12990: 11285: 11195: 10168:

Micheal Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002

10102: 9547: 9326: 2899:. During 8–12 August, the first days of the conflict, as many as 10,000 Burmese civilians fled to Yunnan in neighbouring China. 1293:. The military also arrested Aung San Suu Kyi in order to remove her from public life, and charged her with crimes ranging from 19674: 19401: 18465: 18366: 17663: 16993: 16152: 14355: 13370: 13095: 11714: 9779: 9043: 8345: 4960:, political instability, land confiscation, poor border management, and government restrictions on providing travel documents. 4536: 4529: 4435: 3172: 3023: 2972:

rebels. Clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups have continued, fuelling tensions between China and Myanmar.

18012: 17796: 17386: 16170: 16018: 10494: 10294: 6860:

in December representing the third occasion that the event has been staged in Myanmar. Myanmar previously hosted the games in

2688:, the Union of Burma's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former secretary to the prime minister, was elected 21114: 18769: 18746: 18723: 17764: 16931: 16114: 15956: 15567: 14850: 14585: 13522: 12855: 11555: 11318: 10652: 10620: 10381: 10236: 10183: 10138: 10049: 10004: 9844: 9826: 9633: 9577: 8919: 8889: 8249: 6865: 6861: 5352: 3452: 16225: 16079: 8442: 8144: 2131:, emerged. In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the 19420: 19229: 18583: 18076: 17045: 15532: 14957: 13539: 12733:. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS). 12144: 11532: 11497: 10636: 8718: 8151: 5560:, Thailand. At least one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013. 4725: 4021: 3274: 3190:, Myanmar's military, detained Suu Kyi and other members of the ruling party. The military handed power to military chief 3152: 2663: 2465: 1290: 870: 17199: 16199: 14220: 12183: 12054: 11740: 11609: 10067: 8471: 5644:

showed that the total population was 51,419,420. This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern

4158:; this poses a number of social, political, economic and foreign policy challenges to the country. The country had a 2019 21124: 21079: 19339: 19224: 19204: 15390:"State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" 14615: 14450: 11630: 11161: 10321: 10252: 9651:"pIRIR and IR-RF dating of archaeological deposits at Badahlin and Gu Myaung Caves – First luminescence ages for Myanmar" 9649:

Schaarschmidt, Maria; Fu, Xiao; Li, Bo; Marwick, Ben; Khaing, Kyaw; Douka, Katerina; Roberts, Richard G. (January 2018).

9431: 8711: 6325:

Muslims have fled Myanmar. Many refugees headed to neighbouring Bangladesh, including 200,000 in 1978 as a result of the

4816: 4705:

Myanmar's military forces' expenses are high. Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia, Ukraine, China and India.

3431: 3278: 3158: 2770: 1668: 1580: 1222: 1202: 1009: 1005: 15593:. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). Report commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 14711:"#trending: Chinese netizens afraid of Southeast Asia travel after hit movie No More Bets shows human trafficking scams" 13340: 7959: 21104: 21084: 20851: 19442: 19293: 18787: 17137: 16457: 15402: 14299: 12470: 12454: 12426: 11000: 10779: 9481: 4721: 4509: 4066: 3459: 3370:, at an elevation of 5,881 metres (19,295 ft), is the highest point in Myanmar. Many mountain ranges, such as the 821: 15775: 15635: 14742: 8978: 8370: 4103:, but the remaining ecosystems are under threat from land use intensification and over-exploitation. According to the 3450: 3254:

resolution called for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and the other detained leaders – a position shared by the

1804: 20436: 19000:

Online Burma/Myanmar Library: Classified and annotated links to more than 17,000 full-text documents on Burma/Myanmar

15989: 14427: 12674: 11998: 11075: 10173: 9133: 9013: 8859: 4945: 4915: 3448: 1852: 1823: 1588: 1483: 1329: 18818: 18497: 17989: 17082: 14904: 11656: 11019: 10231:. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 8811: 7863: 7806: 7653: 6978:

In regards to communications infrastructure, Myanmar is the last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forum's

2332:, who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy. By 1770, Alaungpaya's heirs had subdued much of Laos and fought and won the 1776: 1498:. The renaming remains a contested issue. Many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use 19551: 14926: 11342: 10838: 9678: 8608: 8554:

Vakulchuk, Roman; Kyaw Kyaw Hlaing; Edward Ziwa Naing; Indra Overland; Beni Suryadi and Sanjayan Velautham (2017).

8494: 7036:

were made, although at least 800 VCDs were produced. Myanmar is the primary subject of a 2007 graphic novel titled

6640: 6631:

ranked the country at number 171, out of 176 countries in total. Myanmar is the world's second largest producer of

6281:. Conservative estimates state that there are over 295,800 minority refugees from Myanmar, with the majority being 6185: 5979: 5148: 4953: 4373: 4159: 3440: 3215: 3042: 2758:

at the funeral of U Thant. Student protests in 1975, 1976, and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force.

2751: 2341: 1984:. It was one of several competing city-states until the late 10th century, when it grew in authority and grandeur. 1254: 1206: 511: 371: 211: 18447:"Internet Governance Capacity Building in Post-Authoritarian Contexts. Telecom Reform and Human Rights in Myanmar" 16635:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 15274: 12347: 10677: 9295: 4516:. The lower house consists of 330 members who are directly elected and 110 who are appointed by the armed forces. 2887:

in Shan State in northern Myanmar. For several weeks, junta troops fought against ethnic minorities including the

21099: 21089: 19917: 19546: 18388: 14190: 13939: 13915: 13891: 13867: 13843: 13819: 13795: 13050: 12707: 6636: 6590: 6326: 5187: 5156: 4894: 4745: 4740: 4143: 4119: 3465: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3251: 2747: 1190: 17359: 17107: 16495: 14710: 13403: 13125: 11227: 10813: 9123: 5787: 3402:

rivers. The Irrawaddy River, Myanmar's longest river at nearly 2,170 kilometres (1,348 mi), flows into the

20316: 19308: 19189: 17581: 16774: 15805: 15688: 13069: 12373: 9454: 8998: 6845: 6653:

is typically trafficked to Thailand via Laos, before being transported through the northeastern Thai region of

6193: 4996: 4003:

region of Asia, with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually. Annual

2994: 1783: 1761: 1282: 1131: 769: 19219: 17974:

Chronicle of National Development Comparison Between Period Preceding 1988 and after (up to 31 December 2006).

15502: 13761:"Adherence to and Compliance with Arms Control, Non-Proliferation, and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments" 9161: 6699:, has been influenced greatly by Thai, Mon, and Indian versions of the play. Buddhism is practised along with 6605:, Yangon International School, and International School of Myanmar in Yangon. Myanmar was ranked 127th in the 5306: 5133:

have treated 113 Rohingya refugee females for sexual assault with all but one describing military assailants.

4165:

Myanmar's slow economic growth has contributed to the preservation of much of its environment and ecosystems.

3446: 3148: 2712: 2464:

proclaimed control over most of Burma. With the fall of Mandalay, all of Burma came under British rule, being

2356:(to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King 2324:

defeating the Restored Hanthawaddy, and by 1759 he had reunited all of Myanmar and Manipur and driven out the

1274: 1182: 659: 620: 19485: 19430: 19273: 18151: 17828: 16372: 15895: 15854: 9269: 8669: 8396: 5130: 4553: 4548: 4525: 3436: 3176: 3164: 3105: 3055: 3019: 3015: 2781: 2777: 2671: 2667: 1266: 1262: 1242: 1226: 975: 18332: 14532:"Nowhere else to go: An examination of sexual trafficking and related human rights abuses in Southern Burma" 11104: 10708: 9543: 8415: 8299: 6459:; 0.2% as followers of other religions; and 0.1% follow no religion. According to the 2010 estimates of the 3444: 20320: 19561: 19505: 19413: 19374: 19359: 19313: 19288: 19184: 19159: 19038: 17921: 16663:

Spoorenberg, Thomas (2015). "Provisional results of the 2014 census of Myanmar: The surprise that wasn't".

15918: 13729: 12288:"India has a history of involvement in its neighbours' affairs. Why has it not condemned the Myanmar coup?" 7200:

Soe Win is the only vice chairman of the SAC, but he is one of five deputy prime ministers. The others are

6819: 6628: 6602: 6532: 6482: 4957: 4898: 4792: 4761: 4576: 4564: 4411: 3466: 3442: 3441: 3295:

Myanmar has a total area of 678,500 square kilometres (262,000 sq mi). It lies between latitudes

2908: 2526: 2317: 2294: 2161:

polities. Despite the wars, cultural synchronisation continued. This period is considered a golden age for

1405: 1298: 1246: 1210: 1167: 956: 951: 941: 531: 19002: 16844:

Spoorenberg, Thomas (2013). "Demographic changes in Myanmar since 1983: An examination of official data".

4979: 4322:. Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful and are very important food sources. 2776:

In May 1990, the government held free multiparty elections for the first time in almost 30 years, and the

2293:

raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the

1301:

protocols; all of the charges against her are "politically motivated" according to independent observers.

1181:

Myanmar's post-independence history has been checkered by continuing unrest and conflict to this day. The

19694: 19619: 19519: 19480: 19278: 19253: 18897: 18843: 16550: 14837:

Islam, Syed; Islam, Serajul (2007). "Chapter 16, State Terrorism in Arakan". In Tan, Andrew T. H. (ed.).

14715: 14017: 9195: 7895: 6849: 6598: 4104: 4004: 3132: 2716: 2651: 2627: 1790: 1539: 1175: 15744: 14480: 8096: 8061: 8026: 3453: 3447: 21119: 19910: 19699: 19586: 18715: 18712:

Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland

18046: 17811: 16819: 14071: 9908: 8284: 6853: 6625: 5348: 5092:

mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it.

4931: 4886: 4211:

although much of the protective mangroves have disappeared. In much of central Myanmar (the dry zone),

3525: 3492: 2623: 2561: 2522: 1711: 1171: 927: 603: 20369:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.

18940: 18600: 18419: 13184: 12808: 10601: 7759: 6844:

are traditional sports in Myanmar. Football is played all over the country, even in villages, and its

6683:

A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar, with majority culture primarily Buddhist and

5563:

Flights are available from most countries, though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other

5296:), tin, lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese. Myanmar was bombed extensively by the Allies. 2189:

Portuguese ruler mounting an Elephant and his soldiers. Philips, Jan Caspar (draughtsman and engraver)

633: 96: 19437: 19298: 19283: 19258: 18827: 18761: 17569:. Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population. July 2016. pp. 12–15. 16341: 15948: 15329:. Soubhik Ronnie Saha The Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations Harvard University September 2011 15190: 11249: 11222: 10749: 9744: 8557:

Myanmar's Attractiveness for Investment in the Energy Sector. A Comparative International Perspective

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Although Hinduism is practised by 0.5% of the population, it was a major religion in Myanmar's past.

6443:

A large majority of the population practices Buddhism; estimates range from 80% to 89%. According to

5835: 5732: 5672: 5322: 5166: 5080: 4446: 4360: 4017: 4013: 3451: 3136: 3059: 2507: 2218: 1409: 1139: 492: 18859: 18210: 16304: 13970: 10645:

Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present

6188:. There are at least 108 different ethnolinguistic groups in Myanmar, consisting mainly of distinct 5292:

policy. They destroyed major government buildings, oil wells and mines that developed for tungsten (

4736:

but that the Myanmar government had a history of non-transparency on its nuclear programs and aims.

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began around 500 BCE with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day

1772: 21129: 20984: 19751: 19396: 19268: 18966: 18832: 17003: 16700:"Myanmar's first census in more than 30 years: A radical revision of the official population count" 15471: 14514: 13292: 8748:"Issue Brief: Dire Consequences: Addressing the Humanitarian Fallout from Myanmar's Coup - Myanmar" 7275: 7237: 6452:

citizenship status denied and treated as illegal immigrants instead, and Christians in Chin State.

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are the major Austroasiatic languages spoken in Myanmar. The two major Indo-European languages are

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List of Districts, Townships, Cities/Towns, Wards, Village Groups and Villages in Union of Myanmar

11575:""Myanmar's Chairmanship of ASEAN: Challenges and Opportunities", Myanmar's Growing Regional Role" 10431: 9243: 3460: 3455: 3127:

was elected as the first non-military president since the military coup of 1962. On 6 April 2016,

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Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy

9780:"A Pyu Homeland in the Samon Valley: a new theory of the origins of Myanmar's early urban system" 8851:

Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy

8180: 7805:. Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR. Archived from 6606: 6356: 6352: 6348: 5582: 5244: 5011: 4757: 4653: 4208: 3332: 2811: 2735: 2643: 2605: 2566: 2515: 2396: 2372: 2309: 1750: 1417: 1413: 1389: 1385: 1321: 1278: 1218: 1080: 1037: 878: 746: 705: 646: 399: 18871: 14989: 14137: 13629: 10525: 9371: 8777: 8322: 8110: 4512:. The upper house consists 168 members who are directly elected and 56 who are appointed by the 4335: 19470: 19369: 18983: 18627:"Burma VJ Nominated for the 2010 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, Rev. Danny Fisher" 17882: 12959: 11373: 10878: 10640: 9563: 9520: 8938: 8689: 6525: 6344: 5342: 5288:

several decades. During the Japanese invasion of Burma in World War II, the British followed a

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with a rank of 130th out of 180 countries worldwide, with 1st being least corrupt, as of 2019.

4505: 3467: 3449: 2755: 2550: 2542: 2135:

unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437. The kingdom was a protectorate of the

1723: 796: 740: 31: 17324: 16189:, Facts About Cooperation, International Rice Research Institute. Retrieved 25 September 2007. 9065: 9017: 8849: 7733: 4971:

noted that at least 120,000 people in Myanmar were trapped in such centres by criminal gangs.

3347:

to the southeast. Myanmar has 1,930 km (1,200 mi) of contiguous coastline along the

3202: 20310: 19634: 19614: 19349: 19179: 19092: 18994: 14133: 13408: 12847: 12840: 10701:"Aid arrives in Myanmar as death toll passes 22,000, but worst-hit area still cut off –" 10128: 9705: 8879: 7140: 6494: 6277:

Refugee camps exist along Indian, Bangladeshi and Thai borders while several thousand are in

5171: 4890: 4835: 4717: 4501: 4478: 3464: 3445: 2964: 2412: 2094: 1848: 1487: 1377: 1294: 1186: 1163: 933: 590: 102: 19793: 18928: 18561: 14322:"Myanmar: Villages burned, civilians injured and killed as Rakhine State conflict escalates" 13674: 13210: 5760: 5522:

The most common way for travellers to enter the country is by air. According to the website

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have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar. The

1890:

is dated to about 25,000 BP with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar. Evidence of

20989: 20830: 20178: 19704: 19566: 19541: 19500: 19425: 19386: 19354: 19241: 19152: 17637: 17611: 15164: 14930: 12756: 12628: 12317: 11804: 11165: 10848: 9912: 9461:. An occasional guide to the words and names in the news from Martha Figueroa-Clark of the 7074: 6955: 6881: 6560: 6476: 6338: 5797: 5737: 5152: 5095: 4637: 4633: 4494: 4486: 4450: 4431: 4404: 4386: 4271: 4131: 3488: 3290: 3171:, competed with various other smaller parties – particularly the military-affiliated 2987: 2884: 2506:. He resigned from the Legislative Assembly and was arrested for sedition. In 1940, before 2472: 2197: 2066: 1672: 1309: 1286: 674: 468: 451: 20405: 18880: 17703: 17412:"The Encounter of Missionary Christianity and Resurgent Buddhism in Post-colonial Myanmar" 15610: 15083:"Myanmar's poorest are so desperate they're turning to social media to sell their kidneys" 9500: 8210: 6760:

Kachin and Chin who populate the north and northeast, practice Christianity. According to

4122:(EPI) with an overall ranking of 153 out of 180 countries in 2016, among the worst in the 1465:

ethnic group, of uncertain etymology. The terms are also popularly thought to derive from

82: 8: 20255: 19714: 19571: 19327: 19303: 19137: 18912: 17495: 14556:"Give Us a Baby and We'll Let You Go: Trafficking of Kachin Brides from Myanmar to China" 13366: 13020: 12490:

published by Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of Union of Myanmar on 31 December 2001

11925:"Myanmar Military Refuses to Rule Out Coup as It Presses Claim of Fraud in Nov Election," 11434: 10938: 10401: 9217: 8969: 7280: 7242: 7213: 7069: 6946: 6544: 6460: 6444: 6434: 5641: 5411: 4964: 4870: 4788: 4427: 4382: 4250:, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the 4108: 4045: 3507: 3312: 3308: 3300: 2858: 2597: 2557: 2286: 2143: 2128: 2011: 1480: 1393: 1123: 445: 411: 388: 18169: 17287: 14049: 13903: 13879: 13855: 13831: 13807: 12760: 12724:

Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier

12632: 12561:"Millions to Benefit from Myanmar's New Partnership Framework With the World Bank Group" 9482:"Definition of MYANMAR by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com (British & World English)" 6706: 4126:

region. The environmental areas where Myanmar performs worst (i.e. highest ranking) are

2719:

headed by the general. Almost all aspects of society (business, media, production) were

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AP News. (12 December 2017). "Army's rape of Rohingya women sweeping, methodical: AP".

14106: 14102: 13951: 13927: 12785: 12744: 12656: 12226:"On Bloodiest Day for Myanmar Civilians, India Attends Military Parade by Coup Leaders" 11403: 10843: 10099:"China-Burma-India: Merrill's Marauders. Veterans History Project, Library of Congress" 9670: 8600: 8376: 7135: 6762: 6666: 6565: 6172: 5431: 5404: 5142: 4831: 4468: 4227: 4107:

categories and criteria more than a third of Myanmar's land area has been converted to

3978: 3683: 3359: 3304: 3296: 2842: 2678: 2659: 2581: 2457: 2453: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2132: 2015: 1837: 1397: 1250: 1238: 1198: 1159: 1155: 1116: 538: 18317: 18284: 17733: 17459: 17418: 16521: 15217: 14808: 13648: 13599: 13577: 13258: 11574: 10908: 10573: 10547: 10098: 8075: 8040: 8005: 6313:

in 1962 led to the expulsion or emigration of 300,000 people. They migrated to escape

4909:

Child soldiers were reported in 2012 to have played a major part in the Burmese Army.

2421: 2241:

went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states,

1502:

because they do not recognise the legitimacy or authority of the military government.

20388: 20013: 19902: 19758: 19664: 19639: 19556: 19112: 18783: 18765: 18742: 18719: 17760: 17257: 16952: 16903: 16857: 16815: 16770: 16684: 16443: 16156: 16120: 16110: 16045: 15995: 15985: 15962: 15952: 15719:"Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia: Latest Developments and Challenges 2022" 15583: 15563: 14846: 14216: 13518: 13051:"Aung San Suu Kyi has to tread softly – but governments must tell it like it is" 12998: 12851: 12835: 12790: 12772: 12723: 12660: 12450: 12422: 11324: 11314: 11277: 11191: 10648: 10377: 10232: 10179: 10169: 10134: 10045: 10039: 10000: 9840: 9822: 9674: 9629: 9573: 9569: 9368:"'Birmanie ou Myanmar ? Le vrai faux débat francophone' – La France en Birmanie" 9318: 9129: 8915: 8885: 8855: 8592: 8555: 8245: 8083: 8048: 8013: 6991: 6510: 6468: 6406: 5665: 5243:

administration, the people of Burma were at the bottom of the social hierarchy, with

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The military forces took over Myanmar in 2021. A yearlong investigation conducted by

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A clickable map of Burma/Myanmar exhibiting its first-level administrative divisions.

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minority groups, and the government in the eastern half of the country. In addition,

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tried to modernise the kingdom and in 1875 narrowly avoided annexation by ceding the

2353: 2337: 2259: 2250: 1880:

lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 750,000 years ago, with no more

1797: 1692: 1261:, continued to be a source of international tension and consternation. Following the 1258: 517: 18446: 17667: 17007: 16053: 13099: 12501:"Impact of Climate Change and the Case of Myanmar | Myanmar Climate Change Alliance" 9790: 9741:"Skeletal Remains of Nyaunggan, Budalin Township, Monywa District, Sagaing Division" 9039: 5103:

Following Thein Sein's first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister

3186:

In the early morning of 1 February 2021, the day parliament was set to convene, the

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with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state.

2177:

monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country.

163: 21074: 21004: 20999: 20994: 20273: 19739: 19689: 19684: 19659: 19644: 19624: 19576: 19531: 19381: 19164: 18457: 18020: 17396: 16891: 16853: 16811: 16672: 16177: 14776: 14772: 14683: 14646:"Trafficked to China to marry, a Myanmar woman hopes to save others from same fate" 12780: 12764: 12646: 12636: 12230: 11974:"Myanmar Military Chief Warns Constitution Should Be Revoked If Laws Not Followed," 11960: 11772: 11471: 11466: 10486: 10306: 9901: 9662: 8974: 8584: 7601: 7569: 7534: 7502: 7470: 7430: 7386: 7354: 7319: 7289: 7263: 7251: 7225: 7145: 7127: 7050: 7024:

Over the years, the movie industry has also shifted to producing many lower-budget

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Since the late 1950s, Myanmar's military has had major roles in Myanmar's politics.

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for a Sino-Myanmar border total of 2,185 km (1,358 mi). It is bounded by

3168: 3128: 3117: 3051: 3007: 2877: 2846: 2830: 2823: 2819: 2392: 2305: 2213: 2136: 2065:

and culture gradually became dominant in the upper Irrawaddy valley, eclipsing the

2062: 2001: 1688: 1684: 1572: 1555: 1526: 1506: 1447: 1433: 1361: 1333: 1305: 1234: 1143: 1112: 1013: 999: 848: 577: 405: 296: 256: 58: 16404:"Geothermal Energy in Myanmar Securing Electricity for Eastern Border Development" 16373:"China rare earths extend surge on worries over Myanmar supply, inspection threat" 14743:"Trapped inside Myanmar's refugee camps, the Rohingya people call for recognition" 12617:"Myanmar's terrestrial ecosystems: Status, threats and conservation opportunities" 11845: 11843: 10370: 9565:

Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society

6740:. Many villages have a guardian nat, and superstition and taboos are commonplace. 4811: 4050: 1647:. Most English-speaking international news media refer to the country by the name 20470: 20465: 20460: 20455: 20450: 20229: 19945: 19669: 19649: 19147: 19122: 19097: 19018: 19006: 18990: 18978: 18935: 18919: 18887: 18875: 18863: 18839: 18822: 18072: 17491: 16938: 16676: 16279:"Burmese Gem Emporium Rakes in $ 1.5 Billion Despite Human Rights Abuse Concerns" 16229: 16083: 15590: 15458: 15434: 14769:"US Holocaust Museum highlights plight of Myanmar's downtrodden Rohingya Muslims" 12730: 12711: 12651: 12641: 12616: 12206: 12187: 12094: 12058: 12030: 12005: 11980: 11956: 11931: 11906: 11881: 11856: 11828: 11800: 11768: 11744: 11721: 11613: 11528: 11260: 11256: 10616: 10468: 9666: 9623: 8909: 8438: 8397:"The 8 Stages of Genocide Against Burma's Rohingya | UN DispatchUN Dispatch" 7900: 7107: 7055: 7025: 7005: 6857: 6780: 6775: 6737: 6703:, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats. 6405:, the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar, is related to 6322: 6306: 6302: 6282: 6263: 6251: 6239: 6216: 6096: 6066: 5817: 5199: 5034:

communities, with violence spreading to towns that are located closer to Yangon.

5006: 4984: 4819:

and regions affected by fighting during and after 1995 are highlighted in yellow.

4709: 4626: 4541: 4474: 4438: 4356: 4231: 3767: 3411: 3391: 3191: 3045: 3027: 3003: 2929: 2921: 2743: 2720: 2441: 2297:. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty. 2226: 1997: 1950: 1918: 1899: 1861: 1676: 1353: 1230: 1135: 1104: 1084: 564: 498: 474: 276: 173: 88: 18797:"Burma's Western Border as Reported by the Diplomatic Correspondence(1947–1975)" 14451:"Exclusive: Women most at risk from traffickers in India, Libya, Myanmar - poll" 5321:

which were integrated with Western economies. Myanmar asked for admittance to a

3983: 3355:

to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter.

2746:, with the general and other military officers resigning and ruling through the 20869: 19825: 19763: 19629: 19604: 19174: 19127: 19102: 18952: 17947:"Adult (15+) Literacy Rates and Illiterate Population by Region and Gender for" 17759:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 31–34. 16203: 15428:

Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi accused of 'legitimising genocide of Rohingya Muslims'

14360: 13758: 12768: 12180: 12051: 11840: 11737: 11626: 11606: 11273: 11080: 8999:"Burma v Myanmar – what's in a name? Obama plays it safe during historic visit" 8467: 7099: 7033: 6972: 6877: 6748: 6574: 6290: 6259: 6220: 6212: 6141: 6051: 5907: 5750: 5676: 5657: 5592: 5488: 5400: 5385: 5289: 5240: 5212: 5179: 4856: 4824: 4669: 4661: 4610: 4586: 4315: 4283: 4155: 4151: 4100: 3655: 3407: 3399: 3116:, enough to ensure that its candidate would become president, while NLD leader 2969: 2888: 2865: 2834: 2635: 2498:

On 1 April 1937, Burma became a separately administered colony of Britain, and

2461: 2416: 2388: 2376: 2329: 2225:

Political unification returned in the mid-16th century, through the efforts of

2193: 2124: 2007: 1922: 1696: 1596: 1421: 1325: 1214: 1033: 607: 455: 429: 392: 365: 335: 286: 281: 17323:. International Organization for Standardization. 2 April 2006. Archived from 16895: 14616:"NGO Report: Malaysia Now a Destination for Sex-Trafficking of Rohingya Girls" 14074:(Press release). International Federation for Human Rights. 20 November 2009. 11967: 10256: 9595:"Prehistory to Protohistory of Myanmar: A Perspective of Historical Geography" 9423: 6413:

consisting of circular and semi-circular letters, which were adapted from the

5076:

confirmed the government's intention to release prisoners in the near future.

21068: 21042: 21028: 20381: 20239: 19654: 19199: 19132: 19117: 19107: 18956: 18654:"TIFF List 2011: A Complete Guide To The Toronto International Film Festival" 18235: 17391: 16124: 16049: 14270:"Myanmar's 'slow genocide' is revealed through the eyes of its child victims" 13233:"Burma, India to sign accord on use of India's remote sensing satellite data" 12776: 12211: 12035: 11985: 11936: 11911: 11886: 11875:"Myanmar Military Condemns Speaker's Refusal to Probe Election Fraud Claims," 11861: 11833: 11328: 10747: 10035: 9544:"Myanmar – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" 9394:"Birmanie: 87.000 Rohingyas réfugiés au Bangladesh en dix jours, selon l'ONU" 8596: 7932: 7928:"Myanmar Junta Leader Reshuffles Cabinet Days After Extending Emergency Rule" 7868: 6911: 6903: 6837: 6726: 6586: 6380: 6368: 6267: 6243: 6189: 6111: 5961: 5956: 5778: 5645: 5569: 5524: 5448: 5396: 5257: 5223: 5108: 5104: 5019: 4936: 4843: 4582: 4457: 4401: 4251: 4196: 4182: 4127: 3851: 3823: 3739: 3395: 3348: 3109: 3089: 2933: 2896: 2762: 2546: 2290: 2274: 2270: 2174: 2154: 2054: 2046: 2040: 1993: 1895: 1718: 1194: 1170:, Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies. On 4 January 1948, Myanmar declared 1127: 1108: 1096: 1088: 1065: 968: 551: 359: 301: 271: 226: 213: 18311: 17318:"Proposal for encoding characters for Myanmar minority languages in the UCS" 16465: 15999: 15982:

Late Victorian holocausts: El Niño famines and the making of the third world

15966: 14295: 12474: 11757: 11755: 11753: 9485: 8468:"Myanmar military takes control of country after detaining Aung San Suu Kyi" 7796:"The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census- The Union Report: Religion" 5718: 1134:, and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the 20864: 20791: 20294: 20173: 20138: 19609: 19490: 18738: 17203: 16487: 14962: 13956: 13484:"Pheonix Voyages appointed travel manager for Myanmar's first major summit" 12794: 12193: 12024:"Myanmar's Daw Aung San Suu Kyi to Keep State Counselor Position NLD Says," 12010: 11868: 11710: 11708: 11706: 10124: 10123: 7205: 6919: 6700: 6684: 6498: 6414: 6384: 6364: 6286: 6255: 6235: 6225: 6204: 6036: 6006: 5925: 5649: 5549: 5492: 5444: 5333: 5056: 4874: 4852: 4713: 4693: 4689: 4677: 4621: 4590: 4490: 4135: 4072: 3543: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3262: 3085: 2999: 2945: 2873: 2868:

caused extensive damage in the densely populated rice-farming delta of the

2647: 2585: 2573: 2534: 2503: 2345: 2230: 2146:

but could never quite reassemble the lost empire. Having held off Ava, the

2070: 2058: 2049:

gradually grew to absorb its surrounding states until the 1050s–1060s when

1977: 1954: 1886: 1876: 1462: 1100: 1092: 911: 478: 329: 323: 311: 291: 129: 18043:"Myanmar still near bottom of corruption rankings in 2012 despite reforms" 17985: 14419: 13993:

Burma continues to be ruled by one of the world's most repressive regimes.

12682: 12200:"Tens of Thousands Take to Streets in Myanmar to Protest Military Regime," 12106: 11918: 11893: 11308: 10805: 8526:"Myanmar's junta condemned over guilty verdicts in Aung San Suu Kyi trial" 6463:, 7% of the population is Christian; 4% is Muslim; 1% follows traditional 6448: 4974: 4203:

of the north, oak, pine and various rhododendrons cover much of the land.

3390:. The mountain chains divide Myanmar's three river systems, which are the 2802: 2097:

remained heavily entrenched. Pagan's rulers and wealthy built over 10,000

1396:

in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the

20979: 20393: 20123: 20063: 20058: 19953: 19876: 19169: 18815: 18461: 17363: 14900: 13375: 12099: 12017: 11750: 10178:

Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007

8807: 7649: 7113: 7045: 7041: 7029: 6997: 6803: 6743: 6689: 6671: 6520: 6516: 6372: 6247: 6234:, who form 2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the 6208: 6126: 6021: 5871: 5853: 5848: 5802: 5653: 5541: 5533: 5472: 5314: 5280: 4860: 4617: 4147: 4055: 4008: 3711: 3599: 3571: 3352: 3243: 3093: 2941: 2937: 2589: 2521:

As a major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II by the

2278: 2120: 2116: 2019: 1640: 1381: 1373: 1365: 1349: 1061: 353: 341: 17692:. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. 2013. p. 85. 17664:"Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs – Background Note: Burma" 13436:"Japan should not follow the Western policy on Myanmar - Diplomat op-ed" 12846:(10th ed.). Footscray, Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet. p. 11850:"Myanmar Election Body Rejects Military Allegations of Electoral Fraud," 11789: 11787: 11785: 11783: 11781: 11703: 8604: 8572: 6971:

was sentenced to prison for publishing a video of destruction caused by

4616:

In May 2013, Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the

4353:

Head of Government, Deputy Head of Government, and acting Head of State

1505:

The country's official full name is "Republic of the Union of Myanmar" (

20906: 20674: 20613: 20600: 20561: 20548: 20183: 20158: 20073: 20053: 20003: 19973: 19963: 19851: 18601:"Burma VJ – Academy Award Nominee – Best Documentary Feature" 17793:"PPI: Almost Half of All World Health Spending is in the United States" 10780:"Burma: imperialists exploit natural disaster to promote regime change" 9650: 9303: 8118: 7201: 7010: 6907: 6895: 6784: 6536: 6231: 6081: 5938: 5889: 5595:. Much of Yangon's urban population resides in densely populated flats. 5284: 5204: 4952:

were complicit in sex and labour trafficking. Women and girls from all

4866: 4732:

assessed that Myanmar is not in violation of its obligations under the

4223: 4212: 4123: 4096: 4032: 3879: 3627: 3419: 3379: 3316: 3227: 3113: 3081: 3030: 2697: 2430: 2384: 2321: 2238: 2201: 2147: 2119:

who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. Several competing

1960: 1906: 1764: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1628: 1146:

ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled

1045: 347: 16034:"The Burma Development Disaster in Comparative Historical Perspective" 15022:"Exodus grows as Muslim Rohingya flee persecution in Myanmar homeland" 12704: 12145:"Chinese factories set on fire in Myanmar in deadliest day since coup" 12083: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12067: 11715:"Myanmar Election Delivers Another Decisive Win for Aung San Suu Kyi," 11462:"Budding Friendship on Display as Clinton, Burma's Suu Kyi Meet Again" 6951: 5587: 4162:

mean score of 7.18/10, ranking it 49th globally out of 172 countries.

3123:

The new parliament convened on 1 February 2016, and on 15 March 2016,

1857: 1217:

and several other organisations have reported consistent and systemic

20804: 20347: 20148: 20143: 20023: 19881: 19856: 15662:"Myanmar's Economic Meltdown Likely to Push Opium Output Up, Says UN" 15636:"Myanmar Opium Survey 2021: Cultivation, Production and Implications" 14994: 13882: page 19. The President 23 December 2005 at 10:00. 13810: page 30. The President 17 December 1999 at 10:00. 12052:"Myanmar coup: Aung San Suu Kyi detained as military seizes control," 11992: 11950:"Military Thrests: Coup Fears Overshadow Myanmar Parliament Opening," 11943: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11778: 11680:"Myanmar Lawmakers Name Htin Kyaw President, Affirming Civilian Rule" 11602: 11600: 11132:"Karen fighters and Burma Army soldiers killed over ceasefire breach" 10748:

Stevenson, Rachel; Borger, Julian & MacKinnon, Ian (9 May 2008).

10617:"100,000 Protestors Flood Streets of Rangoon in "Saffron Revolution"" 9787:

Myanmar Historical Commission Golden Jubilee International Conference

8941:. National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma. Archived from 8495:"Fatalities Reported After Military Truck Rams Protesters in Myanmar" 7209: 7121: 6959: 6422: 6392: 5943: 5920: 5830: 5792: 5684:

women aged 30–34 and 33.1% of men and women aged 25–34 being single.

5480: 5464: 5318: 5249: 4303: 4287: 4235: 4112: 4092: 3795: 3387: 3375: 3196: 3124: 2913: 2892: 2876:

government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts.

2796: 2785: 2766: 2484: 2429:, which resulted in the abdication of the last Burmese monarch, King 2357: 2185: 2082: 2050: 1891: 1706:

There are at least nine different pronunciations of the English name

1608: 1345: 1120: 1069: 205: 15398:

International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association

13834: page 22. The President 4 December 2000 at 15:00. 11619: 11556:"Aung San Suu Kyi hails 'new era' for Burma after landslide victory" 10454: 10041:

The World of Buddhism-Buddhist Monks and Nuns in Society and Culture

8588: 6751:(Rakhine) girl pours water at revellers during the Burmese New Year 4889:(AA), attacks escalated on civilians in Rakhine State. Ming Yu Hah, 4173:

in lower Myanmar, cover over 49% of the country, including areas of

2626:, the nation became an independent republic, under the terms of the 1739: 1714:—and other sources also report pronunciations with three syllables. 1388:. In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$ 56.7 billion and its GDP ( 20739: 20700: 20637: 20574: 20366:

Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.

20224: 20163: 20118: 20098: 20093: 20088: 19988: 19886: 19866: 19846: 19780: 19391: 19023: 18923: 18207:"The Worshipping of Nats – The Special Festival of Mount Popa" 18193:

The Thirty-seven Nats-A Phase of Spirit-Worship prevailing in Burma

16305:"U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2021" 12064: 11822:"Military-Backed USDP Leaders Defeated by NLD in Myanmar Election," 11731: 7896:"Myanmar reshuffle of generals suggests 'instability,' experts say" 7060: 6968: 6899: 6841: 6752: 6715: 6695: 6570: 6472: 6456: 6278: 6207:

form an estimated 68% of the population. 10% of the population are

5884: 5812: 5765: 5661: 5553: 5537: 5484: 5460: 5389: 5368: 5273: 5232: 5027: 4949: 4716:

with help from Russia. It is one of the signatories of the nuclear

4685: 4513: 4465: 4423: 4419: 4407: 4299: 4263: 4247: 4243: 4200: 3344: 3324: 3266: 3239: 3223: 3187: 2960: 2949: 2792: 2677:

The geographical area Burma encompasses today can be traced to the

2601: 2577: 2538: 2511: 2492: 2300: 2263: 2254: 2246: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2078: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1466: 1458: 1401: 1341: 1270: 1057: 963: 915: 11810: 11627:"Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy Wins Majority in Myanmar" 11597: 9042:. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government. 6309:

and other ethnic groups after the military coup headed by General

5392:, is noted for its rare pigeon's blood rubies and blue sapphires. 2754:, killing 15 students. In 1974, the military violently suppressed 2495:, an activist monk, died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike. 2479:

became the capital of British Burma and an important port between

2212:

Myanmar (缅甸国) delegates in Peking in 1761, at the time of Emperor

1976:

between the 750s and the 830s. In the mid-to-late 9th century the

20893: 20687: 20661: 20496: 20188: 20083: 19968: 19958: 19891: 18704:

Until the World Shatters: Truth, Lies, and the Looting of Myanmar

16608: 13540:"Caution by Junta's Asian Neighbors Reflects Their Self-Interest" 12114:"Myanmar Military Takes Power for One Year, Suu Kyi in Detention" 11794:"Explainer: Crisis in Myanmar after army alleges election fraud," 11698:

Until the World Shatters: Truth, Lies, and the Looting of Myanmar

11653:"Suu Kyi's novice MPs learn ropes in outgoing Myanmar parliament" 10462:"Burmese Vote Rejects Army Rule With Big Victory for Opposition," 9270:"Myanmar blast hits anti-Muslim monk's event – Asia-Pacific" 6891: 6833: 6825: 6798: 6792: 6722: 6711: 6676: 6639:, producing some 25% of the world's opium, and forms part of the 6464: 6376: 6295: 6271: 5557: 5508: 5500: 5468: 5269: 5261: 5227:

The trains are relatively slow in Myanmar. The railway trip from

5162: 5031: 4454: 4279: 4192: 4139: 4088: 4000: 3996: 3320: 3270: 3235: 2850: 2765:. Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators, and General 2685: 2488: 2480: 2368: 2109: 2104: 1973: 1664: 1616: 1357: 1147: 421: 19012:

Historical Photographs of Burma | Southeast Asia Digital Library

18782:(illustrated with text by Tom Vater ed.). Visionary World. 17567:

The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Report Volume 2-C

17357: 17227:"Why deadly race riots could rattle Myanmar's fledgling reforms" 17154:. London, New Jersey: Zed Books. pp. 43–44, 98, 56–57, 176. 15804:. U.S. Department of the Treasury. 18 March 2013. Archived from 15367:"LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries, research finds" 14679:"Myanmar's cyber-scam industry limps on amid regional crackdown" 14353: 13124:. United States Library of Congress. 4 June 2003. Archived from 12181:"Myanmar coup: Teachers join growing protests against military," 12176: 12174: 12172: 12170: 11042:"About 75,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar camps: Refugee International" 7048:. The graphic novel was translated into English under the title 6418: 6396: 4901:. The military is notorious for rampant use of sexual violence. 3163:

In Myanmar's 2020 parliamentary election, the ostensibly ruling

2545:

groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar

2425:

The landing of British forces in Mandalay after the last of the

2229:, a former vassal state of Ava. Taungoo's young, ambitious King 1726:

based on a misunderstanding of non-rhotic spelling conventions.

20932: 20817: 20726: 20587: 20244: 20168: 20133: 20068: 20048: 20038: 19998: 19983: 19978: 19841: 18999: 17485:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Burma

12258:"China Responds to Bloodshed in Myanmar With Deafening Silence" 12047: 12045: 7014: 6807: 6582: 6548: 6310: 5902: 5866: 5773: 5755: 5516: 5476: 5456: 5293: 4319: 4259: 4255: 4178: 4174: 4166: 4080: 4076: 3386:

exist within Myanmar, all of which run north-to-south from the

3336: 3231: 2920:

In October 2012, the ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the

2807: 2709: 2530: 2499: 2476: 2445: 2325: 2282: 2242: 2032: 2028: 2024: 1965: 1644: 1632: 1612: 1473: 1369: 1073: 246: 15689:"Parts of Asia are slipping into the hands of organized crime" 14130:"Amnesty International 2009 Report on Human Rights in Myanmar" 13315:"India to develop two hydel power projects in Myanmar – 56908" 13289:"Myanmar, India to build IT centres in Myanmar_English_Xinhua" 11762:"Myanmar election commission rejects military's fraud claims," 11738:"Myanmar: Aung San Suu Kyi's party wins majority in election," 9821:(3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. pp. 8–10. 7479: 6359:. Sino-Tibetan languages are most widely spoken. They include 5671:

Myanmar's fertility rate in 2011 was 2.23, slightly above the

5313:, a plan to nationalise all industries, with the exception of 20958: 20846: 20778: 20765: 20713: 20522: 20509: 20352: 20193: 20153: 20128: 20108: 20043: 20018: 20008: 19993: 19823: 16252:"Burma: Gem Trade Bolsters Military Regime, Fuels Atrocities" 16080:"Political and Economic History of Myanmar (Burma) Economics" 15745:"Huge fentanyl haul seized in Asia's biggest-ever drugs bust" 15582:

Stokke, Kristian; Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2018)

14488: 14356:"MTV and Burmese pop stars campaign to end human trafficking" 13511:

The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia

13146: 12167: 11343:"A Changing Ethnic Landscape: Analysis of Burma's 2010 Polls" 7581: 7442: 7398: 6915: 6829: 6788: 6645: 6632: 5564: 5545: 5529: 5496: 5372: 5265: 5228: 5183: 4878: 4641: 4504:, is bicameral and made up of two houses: The 224-seat upper 4426:

declared a one-year state emergency and First Vice President

4311: 4307: 4295: 4219: 3247: 3219: 3070: 3066: 3065:

Myanmar's improved international reputation was indicated by

2700:' as being anti-national, anti-unity and pro-disintegration. 2036: 1981: 1934: 1636: 1624: 1620: 1604: 1313: 1151: 1049: 1041: 187: 18333:"SPORTS IN MYANMAR: SOCCER, OLYMPICS AND TRADITIONAL SPORTS" 17949:. UNESCO Institute of Statistics. April 2006. Archived from 17732:. U.S. Department of State. 17 November 2010. Archived from 13645:"World Military Spending Topped US$ 1 trillion in 2004" 12042: 11900:"Myanmar Military Demands Proof November Election Was Fair," 11459: 10723:"Official: UN plane lands in Myanmar with aid after cyclone" 8280: 7622: 7590: 7558: 7523: 7491: 7451: 7410: 7375: 7343: 6266:

and other ethnic minorities. Included in this group are the

4154:. Myanmar is one of the most highly vulnerable countries to 4026:

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation

3331:

states of India. Its north and northeast border is with the

2841:

In August 2007, an increase in the price of fuel led to the

2742:

was adopted in 1974. Until 1988, the country was ruled as a

1158:

seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three

1040:

and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by

20945: 20919: 20535: 20435: 20203: 20113: 20078: 20033: 20028: 19937: 19861: 18604: 18313:

The Silken East – A Record of Life and Travel in Burma

18272:. New York: Norton Library 1963. pp. 211–216, 317–319. 14832: 14830: 14586:"Thousands of Myanmar women forced into marriages in China" 12929:"Reuters, Cyclone-hit Myanmar says 92 percent back charter" 11498:"Clinton Says U.S. Will Relax Some Restrictions on Myanmar" 11097: 7610: 7575: 7546: 7543: 7508: 7482: 7032:. In 2008, only 12 films worthy of being considered for an 6783:

is characterised by extensive use of fish products such as

6654: 5380: 5376: 5364: 5301: 5253: 4609:, fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include 4291: 4275: 4267: 4239: 4170: 4084: 3340: 3076: 2639: 2074: 1337: 1053: 17825:

A preventable fate: The failure of ART scale-up in Myanmar

17638:"International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – Burma" 16591:"International airlines to open direct flights to Myanmar" 15189:. Australia Network News. 7 September 2011. Archived from 14072:"UN General Assembly Resolution: Time for Concrete Action" 14007:"Are EU Trade Sanctions on Burma Compatible With WTO Law?" 13371:"PM calls for stronger Vietnam-Myanmar parliamentary ties" 12097:(reverse chronology) 1 February through 21 February 2021, 10993:"Displaced by fighting, villagers take shelter in Hpakant" 10962:"Ethnic Rifts Strain Myanmar as It Moves Toward Democracy" 10879:"Refugees Flee to China as Fighting Breaks Out in Myanmar" 6219:

form approximately 3% of the population. Myanmar's ethnic

4918:

met with representatives of the government as well as the

4581:

Though the country's foreign relations, particularly with

4344: 1068:

to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is

18972:

Interactive timeline of turning points in Burmese history

18856: 16797:"Delayed Marriage and Very Low Fertility in Pacific Asia" 15273:. Agence France-Presse. 20 September 2011. Archived from 14839:

A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in South East Asia

14836: 13592:"24th ASEAN Summit, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, 10–11 May 2014" 13570:"24th ASEAN Summit, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, 10–11 May 2014" 11679: 11218:"Tens of thousands flee war, airstrikes in Kokang region" 10198:"Author Discusses Martyrs' Day Assassination of Aung San" 9997:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

9462: 9342:"Aung San Suu Kyi arrives in Thailand for official visit" 8346:"Obama administration eases Burma sanctions before visit" 7613: 7514: 7439: 7395: 7366: 7363: 7331: 7328: 5072:

Council on 22 September 2011, Myanmar's Foreign Minister

5043: 4222:, occur sparsely in Myanmar. In upper Myanmar, there are 2857:

and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the

2553:, followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943. 2475:

community, dominated commercial and civil life in Burma.

1656: 1652: 980: 16642:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

16613:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

15503:"Exclusive: Myanmar drafts new foreign investment rules" 15327:

Working Through Ambiguity: International NGOs in Myanmar

14955: 14901:"Bangladesh accused of 'crackdown' on Rohingya refugees" 14827: 14014:

Are EU Trade Sanctions on Burma Compatible with WTO Law?

12742: 11192:"Concern in India as Al Qaeda announces new India front" 10566: 10133:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 48. 9648: 8942: 8239: 2932:

Muslims and the government and non-government groups in

16767:

The population of Burma: An analysis of the 1973 Census

14869:"Burma's monks call for Muslim community to be shunned" 14389:"Two Burmese children a week conscripted into military" 12834:

Reid, Robert; Bindloss, Joseph; Butler, Stuart (2009).

12613: 5194:(UNODC) Myanmar Opium Survey 2022. With that said, the 4975:

Genocide allegations and crimes against Rohingya people

4414:. But in February 2021, the civilian government led by 2991:

while practically ensuring army control at all levels.

19932: 18574:

Kyi Soe Tun quoted in the Bangkok Post, 11 August 2006

17872:"A scaled-up response to AIDS in Asia and the Pacific" 13699:"Nuclear Watchdog asks Burma to Open Up Suspect Sites" 13404:"Japan's Defense of Myanmar and the Rohingya Genocide" 13259:"India looks to Burma to slake growing thirst for gas" 12899:"The last thing the Myanmar people need is false hope" 11747:

11 November 2020, BBC News, retrieved 18 December 2020

11529:"US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to visit Burma" 11129: 9704:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University. Archived from 9319:"Carr apprehensive about Rohingyas' future in Myanmar" 4751: 4632:

In June 2013, Myanmar held its first ever summit, the

4535:

Myanmar's army-drafted constitution was approved in a

4142:(142). Myanmar performs best (i.e. lowest ranking) in 2975: 2952:

signalled an intention to become involved in Myanmar.

2081:

slowly began to spread to the village level, although

1486:

the English translations of many names dating back to

18868: 18816:

Republic of the Union of Myanmar – President's Office

18363:"Myanmar prepares for the 2013 Southeast Asian Games" 18168:. Goldenland Pages. 13 September 2003. Archived from 17757:

The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma

17292:

Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition

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Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity

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Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition

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Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance.

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5 February 2021, BBC News, retrieved 28 February 2021

11313:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 142–147. 9452: 8321:. Human Rights Watch. 22 January 2012. Archived from 7616: 7584: 7549: 7537: 7517: 7485: 7445: 7401: 7389: 7369: 7334: 7322: 4969:

Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights

2061:

were two main powers in mainland Southeast Asia. The

1561: 1544: 1515: 1289:

by the military, as well as a larger outbreak of the

122: 65: 17360:"Internal Displacement in Eastern Burma 2006 Survey" 16742:. Amnesty International. 8 June 2006. Archived from 13468:. NPR. Associated Press. 20 May 2013. Archived from 12991:"2010 Burmese Election may be Illegitimate: Clinton" 12061:

1 February 2021, BBC News, retrieved 1 February 2021

11250:

Myanmar Kokang Rebels Deny Receiving Chinese Weapons

11162:"Myanmar: Karen groups cautious on peace initiative" 9125:

Burma Or Myanmar? The Struggle for National Identity

8416:"EU welcomes "measured" Myanmar response to rioting" 7089: 7021:

produces films, as well as who gets academy awards.

6531:

HIV/AIDS, recognised as a disease of concern by the

4897:

must urgently refer the situation in Myanmar to the

4893:'s Deputy Regional Director for Campaigns said, the 4688:, which numbers 488,000. The Tatmadaw comprises the 4636:

on East Asia 2013. A regional spinoff of the annual

3410:. The majority of Myanmar's population lives in the 3018:- the first for twenty years - was boycotted by the 1884:

finds after 75,000 years ago. The first evidence of

1380:, poor infrastructure, as well as a long history of 17730:"Burma—International Religious Freedom Report 2010" 17612:"Burma-International Religious Freedom Report 2007" 15609:. International IDEA. November 2001. Archived from 15533:"Yangon Stock Exchange Formally Opens for Business" 14927:"Myanmar, Bangladesh leaders 'to discuss Rohingya'" 14217:"Myanmar: Final push on political prisoners needed" 13647:. Common Dreams NewsCenter. Reuters. Archived from 13365: 13291:. Xinhua News Agency. 4 August 2008. Archived from 13147:Myers, Steven Lee; Mydans, Seth (13 January 2012). 12736: 12421:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 10282:. London and New Jersey: Zed Books. pp. 42–43. 9617:

Homo erectus had lived in Myanmar 750,000 years ago

8217:. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 8 August 2023. 8076:

https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR

8041:

https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR

8006:

https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR

7619: 7607: 7604: 7587: 7578: 7572: 7555: 7552: 7540: 7520: 7511: 7505: 7488: 7476: 7473: 7448: 7436: 7433: 7407: 7404: 7392: 7372: 7360: 7357: 7340: 7337: 7325: 7078:had its world premiere on 12 September 2011 at the 6447:, 87.9% of the population identifies as Buddhists. 5235:

takes about 7.5 hours (179 km or 111 mi).

4830:International human rights organisations including 4629:and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013. 2795:in November 2005, officially named the new capital 2491:became the vanguards of the independence movement. 1372:Subregion. However, Myanmar has long suffered from 1368:potential compared to other countries of the Great 19070: 18629:. Dannyfisher.org. 2 February 2010. Archived from 18309: 18257:. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. pp. 36–37. 17108:"From tropical Burma to Syracuse, refugees adjust" 15365: 15298:"Burmese junta relaxes access to foreign websites" 14958:"The Rohingya: Unwanted at Home, Unwelcome Abroad" 14956:Bento, Lucas & Yusuf, Guled (9 October 2012). 14867: 14354:Rodion Ebbighausen, Shamil Shams (19 March 2012). 14296:"2013 UNHCR country operations profile – Thailand" 14046:"List of UN General Assembly Resolutions on Burma" 13906: page 14. 22 December 2006 at 10:00. 13697: 13148: 12839: 12833: 12419:Myanmar in ASEAN: Regional Co-operation Experience 11496: 11460:Hepler, Lauren; Voorhees, Josh (1 December 2011). 10369: 10156:The Battle For Naw Seng's Kingdom: General Stilwel 10066: 9900: 9625:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture 8369: 7837:. Multicultural Health Policy Unit. Archived from 7182:Official demonym for English transliterated words 6467:beliefs; and 2% follow other religions, including 4597:, and suspension of all aid with the exception of 4254:. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from 3406:. Fertile plains exist in the valleys between the 2727:, which combined Soviet-style nationalisation and 2565:minorities, served in the British Burma Army. The 1490:or earlier, including that of the country itself: 17409: 16740:"Thailand: The Plight of Burmese Migrant Workers" 16104: 15241:"Burma flags mass release of political prisoners" 15110:. Crisis Group. 22 September 2011. Archived from 13858: page 7. 24 December 2001 at 11:00. 13401: 11616:3 December 2015, BBC News, retrieved 1 March 2021 11572: 11494: 10363: 10361: 8388: 8205: 8203: 8201: 7960:"The 2014 Myanmar Populations and Housing Census" 6343:Myanmar is home to four major language families: 5591:A block of apartments in downtown Yangon, facing 4378:Vice Chairman of the State Administration Council 4118:Myanmar continues to perform badly in the global 3256:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 3069:'s approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of 2986:The military-backed Government had promulgated a 2855:international reactions to the Saffron Revolution 2556:Beginning in late 1944, allied troops launched a 1283:continuous ongoing widespread protests in Myanmar 21066: 17140:". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 16640:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 15876:. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 15776:"Myanmar: Tales from the last business frontier" 15338: 15295: 15238: 14865: 14004: 13466:"Obama Vows US Support As Myanmar Leader Visits" 13150:"U.S. to Renew Myanmar Ties in Light of Reforms" 13044: 13042: 12318:"Myanmar coup: ASEAN split over the way forward" 11310:Burma/Myanmar : what everyone needs to know 10984: 9586: 9097:"Burma or Myanmar: Will the US make the switch?" 8965:"Burma or Myanmar? Obama calls it both on visit" 8394: 8371:"European Union Suspends Most Myanmar Sanctions" 7028:films. Most of the movies produced nowadays are 6975:in 2008; Zarganar was released in October 2011. 6547:was 1.3% (200,000–570,000 people), according to 5279:Crude oil production, an indigenous industry of 4925: 3250:refrained from criticizing the military coup. A 3120:is constitutionally barred from the presidency. 2533:was established by the Japanese in August 1942. 1416:, it ranks 147 out of 189 countries in terms of 1032:(the official name until 1989), is a country in 17905: 17903: 17818: 17614:. U.S. Department of State. 14 September 2007. 15945:The river of lost footsteps: histories of Burma 15835:. Archived from the original on 6 November 2004 14638: 14578: 14448: 14420:"ILO in Talks with Kachins over Child Soldiers" 13976:. Geneva: Freedom House. 2003. pp. vii–7. 13235:. NewsLibrary.com. 9 March 2006. Archived from 12449:. Singapore: Inst. of Southeast Asian Studies. 11435:"Obstacles lie ahead in Burma's bid for reform" 11105:"Myanmar Shan refugees struggle at Thai border" 11073: 10872: 10870: 10833: 10831: 10634: 10280:Burma -Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity 10153: 8573:"Why Has Myanmar not Developed Like East Asia?" 8368:Fuller, Thomas; Geitner, Paul (23 April 2012). 5337:Rice is Myanmar's largest agricultural product. 4169:, including dense tropical growth and valuable 3491:, which are further subdivided into townships, 3439: 3206:Protesters against the military coup in Myanmar 2391:. The British, alarmed by the consolidation of 1538:. In Burmese, the pronunciation depends on the 1138:, the country became the largest empire in the 1107:valley, and following the establishment of the 686:676,579 km (261,229 sq mi) ( 18758:The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma 18234: 18073:"UN report: Opium cultivation rising in Burma" 16464:. p. Tourist Destinations. Archived from 16437: 16226:"Gems of Burma and their Environmental Impact" 15214:"Anyeint group returns from exile in Thailand" 15058:. Australian Associated Press. 27 March 2013. 14990:"Rohingyas are not citizens: Myanmar minister" 14806: 14386: 13622:"For Rohingya in Bangladesh, No Place is Home" 13317:. Steelguru.com. 1 August 2008. Archived from 11607:"Myanmar's 2015 landmark elections explained," 11069: 11067: 10990: 10959: 10839:"More fighting feared as thousands flee Burma" 10806:"Fighting forces up to 30,000 to flee Myanmar" 10487:"1990 Multi-party Democracy General Elections" 10484: 10358: 10349: 10347: 8873: 8871: 8198: 7054:in 2008. In 2009, a documentary about Burmese 6856:took place in Naypyidaw, Yangon, Mandalay and 6211:. The Kayin make up 7% of the population. The 5309:was followed by an economic scheme called the 5283:, was taken over by the British and put under 4922:to secure the release of more child soldiers. 4848:Assistance Association for Political Prisoners 4589:has placed sanctions on Myanmar, including an 3311:. Myanmar is bordered in the northwest by the 2723:or brought under government control under the 2395:, annexed the remainder of the country in the 2233:defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the 1959:Around the second century BCE the first-known 1277:. The coup, which was widely condemned by the 1162:in the 19th century, and the country became a 20421: 19918: 19809: 19039: 18690:, May 2020, vol. 70, issue 4, pp. 90–93. 17506: 17504: 17149: 16988: 16986: 16984: 16982: 16980: 16978: 15500: 15158: 14898: 13576:(Press release). 4 April 2014. Archived from 13067: 13039: 12960:"U.N. Doubts Fairness of Election in Myanmar" 12440: 12438: 11374:"U.N. Doubts Fairness of Election in Myanmar" 10195: 10064: 9592: 9162:"Representations and travel advice – Myanmar" 8367: 7267: 7229: 7191:Official demonym for English translated words 6731: 4785:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 3482: 3476: 3173:Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) 2988:"Roadmap to Discipline-flourishing Democracy" 2708:On 2 March 1962, the military led by General 2371:, Assam and Tenasserim to the British in the 1079:Early civilisations in the area included the 116: 49: 18491:"Internet Access and Openness: Myanmar 2012" 18240:Flowers and Festivals Round the Burmese Year 18209:. Myanmar Travel Information. Archived from 18132:. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 17900: 17812:"Myanmar junta faulted for rampant diseases" 16627: 16276: 15052:"'Brutal efficiency' in Myanmar attacks: UN" 14802: 14800: 14798: 14191:"Burma Govt Releases 73 Political Prisoners" 13537: 13209:. BBC News. 18 December 2009. Archived from 12988: 12403:. Random House Australia. pp. 738, 741. 12398: 11999:"UN, embassies fret over Myanmar coup talk," 11347:Transnational Institute – Burma Project 11018:. Al Jazeera. 4 October 2012. Archived from 10867: 10828: 10647:. Oxford University Press. pp. 354–70. 9894: 9892: 9600:. Myanmar Environment Institute. p. 1. 9192:Government of Canada – Global Affairs Canada 9040:"Countries, economies and regions – Myanmar" 8903: 8901: 8659: 7992:"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" 7300: 7281:Pranyhtaungcu. Sa.ma.ta. Mranma Nuingngamtau 6585:Institute of Statistics, Myanmar's official 5125:was accused of failing to protect Myanmar's 5118:and can be punishable by life imprisonment. 4462:Chairman of the State Administration Council 4443:Chairman of the State Administration Council 4365:Chairman of the State Administration Council 4270:is notable with over 800 species, including 4115:that protects its terrestrial biodiversity. 3987:Myanmar map of Köppen climate classification 3142: 3080:Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including 2928:and the government; a civil war between the 2703: 2406: 30:"Burma" redirects here. For other uses, see 16843: 16697: 16662: 16107:General Ne Win : a political biography 16082:. San Jose State University. Archived from 16031: 14182: 14099:"Statement to the EU Development Committee" 14096: 13789: 12957: 12412: 12410: 12374:"The civil war in Myanmar: No end in sight" 11490: 11488: 11432: 11371: 11064: 11016:"Blood and Gold: Inside Burma's Hidden War" 10344: 10127:; Kosuge, Margaret; Kibata, Yōichi (2000). 9999:. Cambridge University Press. p. 287. 9810: 9518: 9453:Martha Figueroa-Clark (26 September 2007). 8996: 8914:. Georgetown University Press. p. xi. 8868: 8688:. Democratic Voice of Burma. Archived from 7467:examples of three-syllable pronunciations: 6967:cafes was regulated, and one blogger named 6925: 5698:List of cities and largest towns in Myanmar 4544:, ballot stuffing, and voter intimidation. 4024:, Myanmar Climate Change Alliance, and the 3425: 2713:took control of Burma through a coup d'état 2611: 2596:were among the negotiators of the historic 2142:In the 14th and 15th centuries, Ava fought 1679:. Myanmar is known by a name deriving from 1197:then resulted in a nominal transition to a 1142:for a short period. The early 19th-century 1126:slowly became dominant in the country. The 21110:States and territories established in 1948 20428: 20414: 19925: 19911: 19816: 19802: 19046: 19032: 18438: 18420:"Myanmar shows new signs of press freedom" 18267: 17754: 17501: 17029:Than, Mya (1997). Suryadinata, Leo (ed.). 16975: 16137:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 15773: 14417: 14160:"Myanmar set to release some 70 prisoners" 13971:"The World's Most Repressive Regimes 2013" 12531:"National climate change policy finalised" 12435: 11803:31 January 2021, updated 1 February 2021, 10399: 9702:"The Art and Culture of Burma (Chapter 1)" 9628:. Columbia University Press. p. 476. 7290:[pjìdàʊɴzṵθàɴməda̰mjəmànàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀] 7064:was released. This film was nominated for 6890:One of the first to study western art was 6298:have been resettled in the United States. 6274:were living in refugee camps in Thailand. 6192:peoples, but with sizeable populations of 5544:(Thailand)—the most direct border between 4795:this issue before removing this message. 4325: 3214:The coup was immediately condemned by the 2780:(NLD), the party of Aung San Suu Kyi, won 2077:norms by the late 12th century. Theravada 1527:[pjìdàʊɴzṵθàɴməda̰mjəmànàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀] 1253:, although the country's treatment of its 172: 162: 18547: 18444: 17358:Thailand Burma Border Consortium (2007). 17281: 17279: 17028: 16880:"The Economic Position of Women in Burma" 16877: 15861: 15826: 15271:"Free press is the key to Myanmar reform" 14795: 14152: 13181:"The EU's relations with Burma / Myanmar" 13122:"Burma Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003" 13021:"Western states dismiss Burma's election" 12784: 12650: 12640: 11678:Moe, Wae; Ramzy, Austin (15 March 2016). 11553: 11306: 10594:"Military junta threatens monks in Burma" 10372:Living Silence: Burma under Military Rule 10295:"Can Another Asian Fill U Thant's Shoes?" 10292: 10068:"Chindits remember their fallen comrades" 9898: 9889: 9164:. Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. 8973:. Bristol, England: Hybrid News Limited. 8907: 8898: 8881:Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics 8653: 8523: 7864:"Myanmar Junta Reshuffles Governing Body" 7316:examples of two-syllable pronunciations: 6200:, and Austroasiatic (Mon–Khmer) peoples. 5388:area, 200 km (120 mi) north of 5363:Myanmar produces precious stones such as 5089:Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations 4563:Myanmar rates as a corrupt nation on the 4031:In April 2015, it was announced that the 3099: 3010:and her staff at her home in Yangon, 2012 1824:Learn how and when to remove this message 1699:. French-language media consistently use 1269:won a clear majority in both houses, the 858: 18735:Under the Dragon-A Journey through Burma 18270:The Myanmarn – His Life and Notions 18246: 18123: 18097: 18010: 17842:"At a glance: Myanmar – statistics" 17460:"Burmese exiles in desperate conditions" 17384: 17197: 16999:Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs 16254:. 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A 2011 report by the 4877:, Thailand, one of the largest of nine 2771:State Law and Order Restoration Council 2690:Secretary-General of the United Nations 2650:parliament was formed, consisting of a 2180: 1722:speakers in North America is in fact a 1517:Pyihtaungsu Thamada Myanma Naingngantaw 1328:. Myanmar is a Dialogue Partner of the 1036:. It is the largest country by area in 1010:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 21067: 18282: 18190: 17977: 17285: 17276: 17255: 16950: 16691: 16401: 15938: 15936: 15902: 15341:"No more political prisoners: Myanmar" 15296:Buncombe, Andrew (17 September 2011). 15251:from the original on 30 September 2011 15239:Murdoch, Lindsay (29 September 2011). 15080: 14937:from the original on 15 September 2014 14673: 14671: 14526: 14524: 14349: 14347: 14033:repressive and abusive military regime 13642: 12567:from the original on 23 September 2018 11573:Cabellero-Anthony, Mely (March 2014). 11194:. 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International Monetary Fund. 8635:World Economic Outlook Database 8611:from the original on 8 May 2023 8564: 8548: 8517: 8486: 8258: 8233: 8173: 8103: 8068: 8033: 7998: 7984: 7952: 7920: 7888: 7856: 7824: 7461: 7310: 7257: 7219: 7194: 7185: 6599:The International School Yangon 6327:King Dragon operation in Arakan 5640:The provisional results of the 5576: 5157:Oil and gas industry in Myanmar 5067:The government has assembled a 4746:United Nations Security Council 4741:United Nations General Assembly 4708:Myanmar is building a research 4120:Environmental Performance Index 4039: 3252:United Nations Security Council 3159:Myanmar protests (2021–present) 2816:non-violence: national movement 2799:, meaning "city of the kings". 2748:Burma Socialist Programme Party 1749:needs additional citations for 1412:; as of 2020, according to the 1360:, as well as also endowed with 1324:despite once being part of the 1285:and has been marked by violent 1191:Burma Socialist Programme Party 20317:British Indian Ocean Territory 18709: 17810:Anwar, Yasmin (28 June 2007). 17779: 17172:. 17 July 1964. Archived from 15187:"Burma gets rights commission" 13598:. 4 April 2014. Archived from 13049:Tisdall, Simon (4 July 2011). 12874:. Myanmars.net. Archived from 12132:– via www.bloomberg.com. 11629:. BBC News. 13 November 2015. 11107:. Al Jazeera. 2 October 2012. 10699:Fountain, Henry (6 May 2008). 10516:Horn, Robert (11 April 2011). 9982: 9958: 9934: 9925:Maung Maung Tin, Vol. 2, p. 25 9883: 9871: 9593:Win Naing Tun (24 July 2015). 9188:"Canada and Myanmar relations" 8264: 8154:. 13 March 2024. p. 289. 7788: 7752: 7726: 7700: 7668: 7642: 7176: 7167: 7158: 6545:HIV prevalence rate in Myanmar 5408:with private owners of mines. 5328: 4997:2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots 4075:country with more than 16,000 2508:Japan formally entered the war 1980:founded a small settlement at 1332:. The country is very rich in 1245:was held, leading to improved 1203:post-uprising military council 13: 1: 18710:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). 18698:. Cambridge University Press. 18418:Sukri, Azhar (1 April 2013). 18283:Martin, Steven (March 2004). 18166:"Ramayana in Myanmar's heart" 18100:"Myanmar's rising drug trade" 18075:. BBC News. 31 October 2012. 18013:"ASEAN: As safe as we think?" 17881:. 1 July 2005. Archived from 17704:"Office and Tour Information" 17231:The Christian Science Monitor 17202:. Ipsnews.net. Archived from 17006:. August 2005. Archived from 16277:Ferro, Shane (19 July 2011). 15461:. Retrieved 12 December 2017. 15401:. 17 May 2016. Archived from 13643:Starck, Peter (7 June 2005). 13442:. 26 May 2021. Archived from 13263:The Christian Science Monitor 13207:"Overview of Burma sanctions" 12935:. 15 May 2008. Archived from 12836:"Environment: National Parks" 12401:Geographica's World Reference 10643:; Timothy Garton Ash (eds.). 10491:National League for Democracy 10432:"Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law" 10196:Moe, Kyaw Zwa (August 1977). 10154:Fellowes-Gordon, Ian (1971). 10101:. Loc.gov. 14 November 2012. 8662:"Income Gap 'world's widest'" 8470:. BBC News. 1 February 2021. 8302:. Amnesty International USA. 8240:O'Reilly, Dougald JW (2007). 7636: 6329:. 250,000 more left in 1991. 4926:Slavery and human trafficking 4554:National League for Democracy 4526:National League for Democracy 3177:2020 Myanmar general election 2936:; and a conflict between the 2902: 2837:in southern Myanmar, May 2008 2778:National League for Democracy 2608:and several cabinet members. 2304:A British 1825 lithograph of 2157:and the Shan states were all 1910: 1865: 1842: 1263:2020 Myanmar general election 1243:2015 Myanmar general election 264:Recognised regional languages 21115:1948 establishments in Burma 19414:State Administration Council 19160:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 18755: 18732: 18694:Charney, Michael W. (1999). 18389:"Burma Abolishes Censorship" 17225:Ford, Peter (12 June 2012). 16698:Spoorenberg, Thomas (2015). 16677:10.1080/17441730.2014.972084 15763:– via www.reuters.com. 15560:A Colonial Economy in Crisis 13343:. BBC News. 2 January 2008. 12989:Jha, Lalit K (21 May 2009). 12722:Overland, I. et al. (2017). 12642:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108834 12215:, retrieved 28 February 2021 11837:, retrieved 28 February 2021 11807:, retrieved 28 February 2021 11775:, retrieved 28 February 2021 11728:, retrieved 18 December 2020 11404:"Myanmar profile - Timeline" 11307:Steinberg, David I. (2010). 10911:. BBC News. 26 August 2009. 10705:International Herald Tribune 10576:. BBC News. 15 August 2007. 10438:. iBiblio.org. 31 May 1989. 10353: 10293:Zaw, Aung (September 2006). 9970: 9946: 9859: 9835:Moore, Elizabeth H. (2007). 9765: 9726: 9667:10.1016/j.quageo.2018.01.001 9272:. Al Jazeera. 22 July 2013. 8908:Steinberg, David I. (2002). 8686:"Income inequality in Burma" 6820:Traditional games of Myanmar 6629:Corruption Perceptions Index 6603:Myanmar International School 6554: 6528:drugs and proper treatment. 6332: 6184:. The government recognises 5129:minority. Since August 2017 4899:International Criminal Court 4762:Internal conflict in Myanmar 4577:Foreign relations of Myanmar 4565:Corruption Perceptions Index 4500:The legislature, called the 4434:and handed the power to the 4095:species, and 64 terrestrial 3362:form the border with China. 3284: 3106:were held on 8 November 2015 2924:, between the Pro-Christian 2909:Internal conflict in Myanmar 2367:In 1826, Burma lost Arakan, 2295:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 2153:Like the Pagan Empire, Ava, 1581:United States foreign policy 1427: 1392:) at US$ 221.5 billion. The 532:State Administration Council 7: 19824:Countries and territory in 19215:2011–2015 political reforms 18951:Geographic data related to 18898:Central Intelligence Agency 18869:Burma Myanmar search Engine 18844:Central Intelligence Agency 18584:Through the Director's Lens 17666:. State.gov. Archived from 16932:WorldMarriage Patterns 2000 16371:Daly, Tom (26 March 2021). 16032:Booth, Anne (Spring 2003). 14716:Today (Singapore newspaper) 14189:Weng, Lawi (24 July 2013). 12039:, retrieved 6 February 2021 12014:, retrieved 30 January 2021 11989:, retrieved 7 February 2021 11940:, retrieved 7 February 2021 11915:, retrieved 7 February 2021 11890:, retrieved 7 February 2021 11865:, retrieved 6 February 2021 10935:"Restricted Areas in Burma" 10550:. BBC News. 27 March 2006. 10255:. DVB. 1947. Archived from 9837:Early Landscapes of Myanmar 9700:Cooler, Richard M. (2002). 8911:Burma: The State of Myanmar 7164:Formerly known as "Rangoon" 7085: 6940: 6906:, Myint Swe, Min Wai Aung, 6850:Myanmar Football Federation 6693:, an adaptation of India's 6428: 5419:Myanmar Engineering Society 4647: 4432:Acting President of Myanmar 4105:IUCN Red List of Ecosystems 4054:The limestone landscape of 2638:as its first president and 2628:Burma Independence Act 1947 2316:After the fall of Ava, the 2139:at different time periods. 1562: 1545: 1516: 1304:Myanmar is a member of the 1271:Burmese military (Tatmadaw) 1209:and has one of the world's 1176:Burma Independence Act 1947 123: 66: 10: 21146: 21125:Protected areas of Myanmar 21080:Former socialist republics 20321:British Overseas Territory 19934:Countries and dependencies 18967:Wikimedia Atlas of Myanmar 18716:Cambridge University Press 18523:"NRI Overall Ranking 2016" 18047:Thomson Reuters Foundation 17445:The Rough Guide to Myanmar 17410:Ling, Samuel Ngun (2003). 16707:Population & Societies 16547:"Getting there & away" 15947:(1st ed.). New York: 15216:. MM Times. Archived from 12769:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 11278:"A Chinese war in Myanmar" 9909:Cambridge University Press 9778:Hudson, Bob (March 2005). 9525:Collins English Dictionary 9220:. BBC News. 16 July 2013. 8319:"World Report 2012: Burma" 6989: 6944: 6929: 6875: 6854:2013 Southeast Asian Games 6817: 6773: 6769: 6664: 6660: 6626:Transparency International 6616: 6558: 6535:, is most prevalent among 6533:Myanmar Ministry of Health 6508: 6486:Praying Buddhist monks in 6432: 6336: 6242:are 2%. The remainder are 6186:135 distinct ethnic groups 5977: 5785: 5748: 5705: 5695: 5580: 5429: 5425: 5340: 5146: 5140: 5136: 4990: 4932:Sex trafficking in Myanmar 4929: 4755: 4651: 4574: 4060: 4043: 3976: 3972: 3429: 3288: 3156: 3146: 2979: 2906: 2615: 2410: 2005: 1991: 1948: 1846: 1835: 1729: 1431: 1099:. In the 9th century, the 1072:, and its largest city is 29: 21105:Southeast Asian countries 21085:Least developed countries 20967: 20878: 20839: 20646: 20622: 20479: 20443: 20361: 20334: 20303: 20287: 20266: 20253: 20211: 20200: 19944: 19832: 19791: 19729: 19595: 19527: 19518: 19466: 19457: 19335: 19326: 19249: 19240: 19083: 19071:Myanmar is also known as 19069: 19065: 18762:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 18150:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 16896:10.1080/10357820008713272 16228:. Uvm.edu. Archived from 15949:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 15894:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15853:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15245:The Sydney Morning Herald 13486:. TTGmice. Archived from 11531:. BBC. 18 November 2011. 11349:. TNI. 14 December 2010. 11223:Democratic Voice of Burma 10997:Democratic Voice of Burma 10227:Houtman, Gustaaf (1999). 10130:Japanese prisoners of war 9899:Htin Aung, Maung (1967). 9465:Pronunciation Unit. BBC. 8878:Houtman, Gustaaf (1999). 8848:Houtman, Gustaaf (1999). 8837:(3 ed.). p. 13. 8571:Wong, John (March 1997). 8185:worldpopulationreview.com 7268: 7230: 6980:Networked Readiness Index 6755:Water Festival in Yangon. 6732: 6504: 6163: 6155: 6150: 6140: 6135: 6125: 6120: 6110: 6105: 6095: 6090: 6080: 6075: 6065: 6060: 6050: 6045: 6035: 6030: 6020: 6015: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5688:for men, 26.4 for women. 5677:Southeast Asian countries 5601: 5552:, and the border between 5495:; ancient cities such as 5167:fastest growing economies 5081:Democratic Voice of Burma 4840:Freedom in the World 2011 4130:(174), health impacts of 3483: 3477: 3143:Coup d'état and civil war 2814:with a banner that reads 2704:Military rule (1962–2011) 2407:British Burma (1885–1948) 1510: 1410:least developed countries 1140:history of Southeast Asia 974: 962: 950: 940: 922: 907: 877: 847: 828: 809: 795: 776: 757: 739: 725: 711: 704: 694: 680: 673: 669: 656: 643: 630: 617: 600: 587: 574: 561: 548: 544: 537: 527: 523: 504: 485: 465: 461: 444: 420: 380: 310: 262: 252: 242: 201: 159: 130:Till the End of the World 117: 111: 77: 50: 41: 27:Country in Southeast Asia 20985:SCO Interbank Consortium 19340:Administrative divisions 18550:"Celluloid Disillusions" 18548:Zaw, Aung (March 2004). 18525:. World Economic Forum. 17829:Médecins Sans Frontières 17538:"Children of the Mekong" 17004:U.S. Department of State 16994:"Background Note: Burma" 16937:25 December 2003 at the 16795:Jones, Gavin W. (2007). 16665:Asian Population Studies 16015:"Oil and Gas in Myanmar" 15457:12 December 2017 at the 15304:. London. Archived from 14395:. London. Archived from 14016:: 166 ff. Archived from 13023:. BBC. 8 November 2010. 12292:South China Morning Post 12205:27 December 2021 at the 12186:22 February 2021 at the 12103:, retrieved 1 March 2021 12004:24 February 2021 at the 11799:28 February 2021 at the 10635:Fink, Christina (2009). 10600:. London. Archived from 10475:, retrieved 1 March 2021 10467:15 February 2021 at the 10402:"The Burma road to ruin" 10376:. Bangkok: White Lotus. 10368:Fink, Christina (2001). 10020:Collis, Maurice (1945). 9655:Quaternary Geochronology 9122:Dittmer, Lowell (2010). 7708:"ISP Myanmar talk shows" 7151: 7066:Best Documentary Feature 7013:was produced in 1932 in 6958:women in a village near 6926:Media and communications 6813: 6612: 6228:over minority cultures. 5503:; as well as beaches in 5311:Burmese Way to Socialism 5121:In 2016, Myanmar leader 4920:Kachin Independence Army 4734:Non-Proliferation Treaty 4726:leaked diplomatic cables 4510:House of Representatives 4441:and he assumed the role 4146:(21) but with declining 4109:anthropogenic ecosystems 4063:Deforestation in Myanmar 4022:UN Environment Programme 3426:Administrative divisions 3175:. Suu Kyi's NLD won the 3149:2021 Myanmar coup d'état 3016:general election in 2010 2926:Kachin Independence Army 2756:anti-government protests 2725:Burmese Way to Socialism 2656:Chamber of Nationalities 2612:Independence (1948–1962) 2440:British troops firing a 2381:Second Anglo-Burmese War 2318:Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War 1408:. Myanmar is one of the 1267:Aung San Suu Kyi’s party 1193:. On 8 August 1988, the 20279:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 19710:Twelve Auspicious Rites 19491:Myanmar kyat (currency) 18989:11 October 2012 at the 18941:Encyclopædia Britannica 18886:1 December 2021 at the 18862:16 October 2015 at the 18828:Myanmar National Portal 18756:Myint-U, Thant (2006). 18696:History of Modern Burma 18310:Scott O'Connor (1904). 17490:10 October 2017 at the 17198:Macan-Markar, Marwaan. 17187:(subscription required) 16488:"Myanmar Travel Agency" 15943:Myint-U, Thant (2006). 15108:"Major Reform Underway" 14843:Edward Elgar Publishing 13515:Oxford University Press 12621:Biological Conservation 12057:31 January 2021 at the 11955:30 January 2021 at the 11767:3 February 2021 at the 9546:. Merriam-webster.com. 9521:"Definition of Myanmar" 8577:ASEAN Economic Bulletin 6985: 6607:Global Innovation Index 6597:WASC and College Board— 5583:Demographics of Myanmar 5567:airlines. According to 5323:least developed country 5131:Doctors Without Borders 4758:Human rights in Myanmar 4654:Armed forces of Myanmar 4620:in 47 years. President 4508:and the 440-seat lower 4326:Government and politics 4215:is sparse and stunted. 3333:Tibet Autonomous Region 3002:and Secretary of State 2955:Armed conflict between 2822:. In the background is 2812:2007 Saffron Revolution 2662:elections were held in 2516:Burma Independence Army 2397:Third Anglo-Burmese War 2373:First Anglo-Burmese War 2310:First Anglo-Burmese War 2235:Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War 1488:Burma's colonial period 1414:Human Development Index 1322:Commonwealth of Nations 1279:international community 1174:under the terms of the 1038:Mainland Southeast Asia 768:$ 283.572 billion ( 21100:Military dictatorships 21090:Member states of ASEAN 20337:Special administrative 20313:(Sovereign Base Areas) 18977:25 August 2014 at the 18838:1 January 2016 at the 18733:Maclean, Rory (2008). 17443:Zatko, Martin (2015). 17258:"Languages of Myanmar" 17150:Smith, Martin (1991). 16953:"Languages of Myanmar" 16340:Subramanian, Sribala. 15472:"world bank indicator" 15433:27 August 2017 at the 15159:Freedom House (2013). 13930: 12 January 2007. 13768:2019 Compliance Report 12872:""Flora and Fauna" at" 10278:Smith, Martin (1991). 9562:Ammon, Ulrich (2004). 8854:. ILCAA. p. 352. 8300:"Myanmar Human Rights" 8283:. Human Rights Watch. 6963: 6871: 6810:(pickled tea leaves). 6756: 6725:is the most important 6718: 6680: 6578: 6526:antiretroviral therapy 6490: 6375:, and Chinese (mainly 6177: 5596: 5452: 5441: 5343:Agriculture in Myanmar 5338: 5236: 5100: 4988: 4882: 4820: 4730:Bureau of Arms Control 4673: 4506:House of Nationalities 4482: 4113:protected area network 4058: 3988: 3472: 3279:People's Defence Force 3207: 3100:2015 general elections 3096: 3022:. The military-backed 3011: 2883:In early August 2009, 2838: 2827: 2543:long-range penetration 2449: 2433: 2313: 2222: 2205: 2190: 2112: 2043: 1871: 1724:spelling pronunciation 1384:with little regard to 1376:, factional violence, 1241:were released and the 998:This article contains 820:$ 68.006 billion ( 32:Burma (disambiguation) 20311:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 18995:International Futures 18934:28 April 2015 at the 18908:UCB Libraries GovPubs 18191:Temple, R.C. (1906). 17294:. SIL International. 17260:. SIL International. 16959:. SIL International. 16644:, Population Division 16615:, Population Division 14326:Amnesty International 14219:. 27 September 2012. 14134:Amnesty International 13894: Session 61 13870: Session 60 13846: Session 56 13822: Session 55 13798: Session 54 13409:Middle East Institute 12749:Nature Communications 12710:24 April 2017 at the 12652:1959.4/unsworks_73305 12594:myanmarccalliance.org 12505:myanmarccalliance.org 11905:10 March 2021 at the 11880:10 March 2021 at the 11743:29 March 2023 at the 11612:21 March 2021 at the 9907:. New York / London: 9817:Hall, D.G.E. (1960). 9246:. CNN. 30 July 2013. 8810:. 26 September 2007. 7904:. 26 September 2023. 7767:constituteproject.org 7141:Censorship in Myanmar 7044:author and animator, 6954: 6746: 6709: 6674: 6617:Further information: 6591:Ministry of Education 6568: 6515:The general state of 6497:is practised by many 6495:Burmese folk religion 6485: 6315:racial discrimination 6175: 5696:Further information: 5590: 5536:, the border between 5463:; religious sites in 5447: 5439: 5359:Extractive industries 5341:Further information: 5336: 5226: 5172:Yangon Stock Exchange 5147:Further information: 5098: 4982: 4946:U.S. State Department 4930:Further information: 4891:Amnesty International 4869: 4836:Amnesty International 4814: 4664: 4502:Assembly of the Union 4491:bicameral legislature 4479:Assembly of the Union 4477: 4418:, was deposed by the 4374:Deputy Prime Minister 4061:Further information: 4053: 4018:combat climate change 3986: 3481:) and seven regions ( 3470: 3205: 3079: 2997: 2957:ethnic Chinese rebels 2833: 2805: 2717:revolutionary council 2606:assassinated Aung San 2439: 2424: 2413:British rule in Burma 2303: 2211: 2196: 2188: 2107: 2039:, the capital of the 2027: 1860: 1849:Prehistory of Myanmar 1382:colonial exploitation 1364:, having the highest 1227:2010 general election 1187:military dictatorship 1154:as well. The British 696:• Water (%) 512:Deputy Prime Minister 20990:Eurasian Land Bridge 20831:United Arab Emirates 20179:United Arab Emirates 19547:Environmental issues 19506:Units of measurement 19153:First Toungoo Empire 19005:16 July 2006 at the 18918:26 June 2014 at the 18874:22 June 2013 at the 18564:on 13 February 2005. 18462:10.2139/ssrn.2686095 16884:Asian Studies Review 16597:on 10 November 2013. 16183:on 7 September 2005. 15980:Davis, Mike (2001). 15921:on 29 September 2012 15911:"Boom Days in Burma" 15589:28 July 2020 at the 15220:on 30 September 2011 15193:on 26 September 2011 15028:. 18 November 2014. 14931:Agence France-Presse 14622:. 20 December 2019. 14140:on 12 September 2009 13736:. 10 December 2010. 13632:on 20 February 2010. 13369:(17 December 2019). 12878:on 23 September 2006 12811:. BurmaLibrary.org. 12729:28 July 2020 at the 12445:Thein, Myat (2005). 12294:. 24 February 2021. 12093:2 March 2021 at the 12029:1 March 2021 at the 11979:1 March 2021 at the 11930:1 March 2021 at the 11855:1 March 2021 at the 11827:1 March 2021 at the 11805:Reuters News Service 11720:1 March 2021 at the 11410:. 3 September 2018. 10849:Agence France-Presse 9995:Baten, Jörg (2016). 9796:on 26 November 2013. 9455:"How to say Myanmar" 9400:. 4 September 2017. 9244:"Myanmar Fast Facts" 9072:. 1 September 2007. 8721:. 8 September 2022. 8692:on 15 September 2014 8672:on 15 September 2014 7710:. 15 December 2020. 6882:Myanmar architecture 6561:Education in Myanmar 6501:alongside Buddhism. 6477:East Asian religions 6339:Languages of Myanmar 5675:and low compared to 5153:Transport in Myanmar 5114:Homosexual acts are 5061:Freedom in the World 5012:1982 citizenship law 4638:World Economic Forum 4634:World Economic Forum 4514:Burmese Armed Forces 4487:parliamentary system 4481:(Pyidaungsu Hluttaw) 4451:President of Myanmar 4422:. In February 2021, 4405:assembly-independent 4387:President of Myanmar 4132:environmental issues 3291:Geography of Myanmar 3275:full-scale civil war 2961:Myanmar Armed Forces 2885:a conflict broke out 2562:end of Japanese rule 2558:series of offensives 2181:Taungoo and Konbaung 2171:pan-Burma chronicles 1758:improve this article 1310:Non-Aligned Movement 1287:political repression 1207:myriad ethnic groups 1076:(formerly Rangoon). 713:• 2022 estimate 647:Current constitution 452:assembly-independent 21038: / 20214:States with limited 19185:Japanese occupation 19138:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 19017:1 July 2022 at the 18851:General information 18821:3 June 2021 at the 18779:Kemp, Hans (2013). 18560:(3). Archived from 18268:Yoe, Shway (1882). 17888:on 23 February 2007 17852:on 1 September 2010 17814:. UC Berkeley News. 17736:on 21 November 2010 17496:Pew Research Center 17399:on 19 January 2012. 16579:on 29 January 2015. 16462:southernmyanmar.com 16159:on 26 October 2013. 15558:Brown, Ian (2005). 15441:. 25 November 2016. 15408:on 2 September 2017 15140:on 11 November 2013 14779:. 6 November 2013. 14719:. 10 October 2023. 14328:. 12 October 2020. 13544:The Washington Post 13490:on 10 November 2013 13367:Vietnam News Agency 13001:on 10 November 2013 12761:2020NatCo..11.5978G 12633:2020BCons.25208834M 12541:on 15 December 2018 12477:on 4 November 2013. 12120:. 31 January 2021. 11255:11 May 2019 at the 11003:on 27 November 2012 10844:Mail & Guardian 10729:on 6 September 2015 10711:on 11 October 2008. 10680:on 28 February 2008 10528:on 1 September 2011 10305:(9). Archived from 9789:: 1. Archived from 9747:on 28 December 2008 9708:on 26 December 2016 9306:on 27 October 2012. 9198:on 20 November 2018 8981:on 21 November 2012 8970:Asian Correspondent 8945:on 9 September 2015 8754:. 21 October 2021. 7872:. 2 February 2023. 7070:2010 Academy Awards 7038:Chroniques Birmanes 6947:Internet in Myanmar 6461:Pew Research Center 6445:2014 Myanmar Census 6435:Religion in Myanmar 6425:for each language. 6301:The persecution of 5642:2014 Myanmar Census 5479:; nature trails in 5440:Tourists in Myanmar 5412:Rare-earth elements 4895:UN Security Council 4493:(with an executive 4266:. The abundance of 4046:Wildlife of Myanmar 3313:Chittagong Division 3135:, a role akin to a 3114:national parliament 2652:Chamber of Deputies 2598:Panglong Conference 2567:Burma National Army 2551:Merrill's Marauders 2468:on 1 January 1886. 2334:Burmese–Siamese War 2144:wars of unification 2129:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 2012:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1542:used and is either 1481:military government 1273:again seized power 1239:political prisoners 1231:civilian government 1183:coup d'état in 1962 1168:Japanese occupation 223: / 19770:Outline of Myanmar 19486:Telecommunications 19402:commander-in-chief 19195:Socialist Republic 19143:Kingdom of Mrauk U 18893:The World Factbook 17927:on 16 January 2007 17670:on 22 January 2017 17176:on 8 December 2008 17166:"Asians v. Asians" 17010:on 22 January 2017 16878:Mon, Myat (2000). 16458:"Southern Myanmar" 16285:on 5 February 2016 16171:"Myanmar and IRRI" 15537:The New York Times 15452:Al Jazeera website 15308:on 20 October 2011 15167:on 2 December 2013 15114:on 2 December 2012 14749:. 20 December 2012 14687:. 5 October 2023. 14652:. 23 August 2017. 14560:Human Rights Watch 14399:on 26 October 2014 14103:Human Rights Watch 14052:on 4 November 2016 13509:Han, Enze (2024). 13321:on 16 January 2009 13295:on 11 January 2009 13155:The New York Times 13128:on 25 January 2004 12964:The New York Times 12939:on 10 January 2009 12903:The Canberra Times 12685:on 4 February 2016 12511:on 5 December 2018 12417:Than, Mya (2005). 12209:12 November 2020, 11831:12 November 2020, 11726:The New York Times 11724:11 November 2020, 11684:The New York Times 11659:on 27 January 2016 11579:NBR Special Report 11503:The New York Times 11378:The New York Times 10966:The New York Times 10883:The New York Times 10851:. 27 August 2009. 10812:. 28 August 2009. 10604:on 10 October 2008 10473:The New York Times 10460:Erlanger, Steven: 9903:A History of Burma 9020:on 20 October 2013 8499:The New York Times 8399:. Undispatch.com. 8377:The New York Times 8215:The World Factbook 8115:data.worldbank.org 7301:Pronunciations of 7136:Outline of Myanmar 6964: 6902:, Aung Kyaw Htet, 6763:The World Factbook 6757: 6719: 6681: 6667:Culture of Myanmar 6579: 6491: 6182:ethnically diverse 6178: 5597: 5453: 5442: 5432:Tourism in Myanmar 5405:Human Rights Watch 5339: 5237: 5143:Economy of Myanmar 5116:illegal in Myanmar 5101: 5051:Government reforms 4989: 4965:Border Guard Force 4883: 4832:Human Rights Watch 4821: 4674: 4483: 4469:head of government 4228:wild water buffalo 4059: 3989: 3979:Climate of Myanmar 3684:Tanintharyi Region 3473: 3396:Salween (Thanlwin) 3360:Hengduan Mountains 3358:In the north, the 3208: 3104:General elections 3097: 3012: 2870:Irrawaddy Division 2859:Burmese Government 2843:Saffron Revolution 2839: 2828: 2679:Panglong Agreement 2582:Panglong Agreement 2460:, continued until 2458:Anglo-Burmese Wars 2454:British East India 2450: 2434: 2427:Anglo-Burmese Wars 2314: 2223: 2206: 2191: 2167:Burmese literature 2133:Kingdom of Mrauk U 2113: 2044: 2016:Kingdom of Mrauk U 1872: 1869: 8th century 1838:History of Myanmar 1484:officially changed 1251:economic sanctions 1229:, and a nominally 1199:multi-party system 1160:Anglo-Burmese Wars 1156:East India Company 1111:in the 1050s, the 1103:entered the upper 1052:to its northeast, 1048:to its southwest, 1028:and also known as 805:2024 estimate 753:2024 estimate 312:Ethnic groups 21120:Countries in Asia 21021: 21020: 21015: 21014: 20995:Working languages 20647:Dialogue partners 20403: 20402: 20330: 20329: 19900: 19899: 19778: 19777: 19725: 19724: 19562:Human trafficking 19514: 19513: 19453: 19452: 19421:Political parties 19360:Foreign relations 19322: 19321: 19113:Myinsaing Kingdom 19079: 19078: 18771:978-0-374-16342-6 18748:978-1-84511-622-4 18725:978-0-521-80496-7 18590:. 16 January 2009 18337:Facts and Details 18053:on 5 January 2015 17799:on 27 April 2011. 17766:978-0-8248-2886-8 17114:. 25 April 2012. 16446:on 30 April 2011. 16116:978-981-4620-13-0 16078:Watkins, Thayer. 16021:on 15 April 2015. 15984:. London: Verso. 15958:978-0-374-16342-6 15638:. February 2022. 15569:978-0-415-30580-8 14852:978-1-84542-543-2 14562:. 21 March 2019. 14164:The Myanmar Times 13677:on 19 August 2007 13580:on 16 April 2016. 13524:978-0-19-769659-0 13265:. 26 April 2006. 13213:on 12 August 2011 12857:978-1-74104-718-9 12603:on 22 March 2020. 12535:The Myanmar Times 12324:. 29 March 2021. 12234:. 28 March 2021. 12033:25 January 2021, 12008:28 January 2021, 11983:28 January 2021, 11934:26 January 2021, 11909:21 January 2021, 11884:15 January 2021, 11859:28 January 2021, 11771:29 January 2021, 11478:on 17 June 2013. 11320:978-0-19-539067-4 11098:National Archives 11022:on 1 January 2019 10941:on 2 January 2013 10654:978-0-19-955201-6 10383:978-1-85649-926-2 10309:on 14 March 2012. 10238:978-4-87297-748-6 10184:978-0-7658-0352-8 10140:978-1-85285-192-7 10051:978-0-87196-982-8 10006:978-1-107-50718-0 9846:978-974-9863-31-2 9828:978-1-4067-3503-1 9635:978-0-231-50004-3 9579:978-3-11-018418-1 9570:Walter de Gruyter 9218:"Myanmar profile" 9010:"Burma (Myanmar)" 8921:978-1-58901-285-1 8891:978-4-87297-748-6 8631:"Burma (Myanmar)" 8251:978-0-7591-0279-8 8091:Missing or empty 8056:Missing or empty 8021:Missing or empty 7936:. 4 August 2023. 7803:myanmar.unfpa.org 6992:Cinema of Myanmar 6840:martial arts and 6806:, long bean, and 6581:According to the 6511:Health in Myanmar 6469:Mahayana Buddhism 6168: 6167: 5970: 5969: 5673:replacement level 5638: 5637: 5055:According to the 5001:Rohingya genocide 4993:Rohingya conflict 4958:internal conflict 4941:human trafficking 4881:camps in Thailand 4809: 4808: 4787:. Please help to 4779:This section may 4718:non-proliferation 4672:multirole fighter 4667:Myanmar Air Force 4595:trade preferences 4571:Foreign relations 4549:elections of 2010 4520:Political culture 4412:2008 constitution 4396:Myanmar operates 4188:Magnolia champaca 3999:. It lies in the 3970: 3969: 3908:Ayeyarwady Region 3329:Arunachal Pradesh 3303:, and longitudes 3110:absolute majority 2594:Myoma U Than Kywe 2541:were formed into 2523:Japanese invasion 2251:Ayutthaya Kingdom 1945:Early city-states 1834: 1833: 1826: 1808: 1461:for the majority 1418:human development 1400:is controlled by 1386:human development 1334:natural resources 1259:Rohingya conflict 1255:ethnic minorities 1247:foreign relations 1024:, officially the 1006:rendering support 986: 985: 866:medium inequality 830:• Per capita 778:• Per capita 639:18 September 1988 508:SAC Vice Chairman 454:republic under a 253:Official language 227:21.000°N 96.000°E 178:Show map of ASEAN 152: 16:(Redirected from 21137: 21062: 21061: 21059: 21058: 21057: 21055: 21050: 21049: 21044: 21039: 21036: 21035: 21034: 21031: 20957: 20955: 20954: 20944: 20942: 20941: 20931: 20929: 20928: 20918: 20916: 20915: 20905: 20903: 20902: 20892: 20890: 20889: 20863: 20861: 20860: 20829: 20827: 20826: 20816: 20814: 20813: 20803: 20801: 20800: 20790: 20788: 20787: 20777: 20775: 20774: 20764: 20762: 20761: 20751: 20749: 20748: 20738: 20736: 20735: 20725: 20723: 20722: 20712: 20710: 20709: 20699: 20697: 20696: 20686: 20684: 20683: 20673: 20671: 20670: 20660: 20658: 20657: 20636: 20634: 20633: 20612: 20610: 20609: 20599: 20597: 20596: 20586: 20584: 20583: 20573: 20571: 20570: 20560: 20558: 20557: 20547: 20545: 20544: 20534: 20532: 20531: 20521: 20519: 20518: 20508: 20506: 20505: 20495: 20493: 20492: 20430: 20423: 20416: 20407: 20406: 20391: 20379: 20378: 20339:regions of China 20274:Christmas Island 20264: 20263: 20206: 19946:Sovereign states 19927: 19920: 19913: 19904: 19903: 19834:Sovereign states 19818: 19811: 19804: 19795: 19794: 19786:Related articles 19782: 19781: 19761: 19749: 19748: 19737: 19736: 19695:National symbols 19525: 19524: 19481:Opium production 19464: 19463: 19333: 19332: 19247: 19246: 19165:Konbaung dynasty 19067: 19066: 19048: 19041: 19034: 19025: 19024: 18965: 18964: 18950: 18949: 18793: 18775: 18752: 18729: 18699: 18674: 18673: 18671: 18669: 18649: 18643: 18642: 18640: 18638: 18633:on 29 April 2011 18623: 18617: 18616: 18614: 18612: 18597: 18591: 18581: 18575: 18572: 18566: 18565: 18545: 18539: 18538: 18536: 18534: 18519: 18513: 18512: 18510: 18508: 18503:on 14 April 2014 18502: 18496:. Archived from 18495: 18487: 18481: 18480: 18478: 18476: 18470: 18451: 18442: 18436: 18435: 18433: 18431: 18415: 18409: 18408: 18406: 18404: 18385: 18379: 18378: 18376: 18374: 18365:. Archived from 18359: 18353: 18352: 18350: 18348: 18328: 18322: 18321: 18307: 18301: 18300: 18298: 18296: 18280: 18274: 18273: 18265: 18259: 18258: 18250: 18244: 18243: 18232: 18223: 18222: 18220: 18218: 18203: 18197: 18196: 18188: 18182: 18181: 18179: 18177: 18172:on 26 April 2006 18162: 18156: 18155: 18149: 18141: 18139: 18137: 18121: 18115: 18114: 18112: 18110: 18095: 18089: 18088: 18086: 18084: 18069: 18063: 18062: 18060: 18058: 18039: 18033: 18032: 18030: 18028: 18019:. Archived from 18008: 18002: 18001: 17999: 17997: 17981: 17975: 17972: 17966: 17965: 17963: 17961: 17955: 17943: 17937: 17936: 17934: 17932: 17926: 17915: 17907: 17898: 17897: 17895: 17893: 17887: 17876: 17868: 17862: 17861: 17859: 17857: 17848:. Archived from 17838: 17832: 17822: 17816: 17815: 17807: 17801: 17800: 17789: 17783: 17777: 17771: 17770: 17752: 17746: 17745: 17743: 17741: 17726: 17720: 17719: 17717: 17715: 17700: 17694: 17693: 17686: 17680: 17679: 17677: 17675: 17660: 17654: 17653: 17651: 17649: 17634: 17628: 17627: 17625: 17623: 17608: 17602: 17601: 17599: 17597: 17577: 17571: 17570: 17563: 17554: 17553: 17551: 17549: 17540:. 2 March 2023. 17534: 17528: 17527: 17525: 17523: 17508: 17499: 17482: 17476: 17475: 17473: 17471: 17455: 17449: 17448: 17440: 17434: 17433: 17431: 17429: 17423: 17416: 17407: 17401: 17400: 17395:. Archived from 17382: 17376: 17375: 17373: 17371: 17362:. Archived from 17355: 17349: 17346: 17340: 17339: 17337: 17335: 17329: 17322: 17314: 17308: 17307: 17305: 17303: 17283: 17274: 17273: 17271: 17269: 17253: 17247: 17246: 17244: 17242: 17222: 17216: 17215: 17213: 17211: 17206:on 11 March 2009 17195: 17189: 17188: 17185: 17183: 17181: 17162: 17156: 17155: 17147: 17141: 17134: 17128: 17127: 17125: 17123: 17104: 17098: 17097: 17095: 17093: 17087: 17080: 17072: 17066: 17065: 17063: 17061: 17041: 17035: 17034: 17026: 17020: 17019: 17017: 17015: 16990: 16973: 16972: 16970: 16968: 16948: 16942: 16941:. United Nations 16929: 16920: 16919: 16917: 16915: 16875: 16862: 16861: 16841: 16835: 16834: 16832: 16830: 16824: 16818:. Archived from 16801: 16792: 16781: 16780: 16762: 16756: 16755: 16753: 16751: 16736: 16730: 16729: 16727: 16725: 16720:on 8 August 2019 16719: 16704: 16695: 16689: 16688: 16660: 16654: 16653: 16651: 16649: 16639: 16631: 16625: 16624: 16622: 16620: 16605: 16599: 16598: 16587: 16581: 16580: 16575:. Archived from 16569: 16563: 16562: 16560: 16558: 16553:on 1 August 2013 16543: 16534: 16533: 16531: 16529: 16524:on 29 April 2009 16514: 16508: 16507: 16505: 16503: 16484: 16478: 16477: 16475: 16473: 16454: 16448: 16447: 16435: 16429: 16428: 16427: 16425: 16419: 16408: 16399: 16393: 16392: 16390: 16388: 16368: 16362: 16361: 16359: 16357: 16337: 16331: 16330: 16328: 16326: 16320: 16309: 16301: 16295: 16294: 16292: 16290: 16274: 16268: 16267: 16265: 16263: 16248: 16242: 16241: 16239: 16237: 16222: 16216: 16215: 16213: 16211: 16196: 16190: 16188: 16184: 16182: 16176:. Archived from 16175: 16167: 16161: 16160: 16149: 16143: 16142: 16136: 16128: 16102: 16096: 16095: 16093: 16091: 16075: 16069: 16068: 16066: 16064: 16059:on 9 August 2007 16058: 16052:. Archived from 16029: 16023: 16022: 16017:. Archived from 16010: 16004: 16003: 15977: 15971: 15970: 15940: 15931: 15930: 15928: 15926: 15917:. Archived from 15906: 15900: 15899: 15893: 15885: 15883: 15881: 15865: 15859: 15858: 15852: 15844: 15842: 15840: 15824: 15818: 15817: 15815: 15813: 15798: 15792: 15791: 15789: 15787: 15771: 15765: 15764: 15762: 15760: 15741: 15735: 15734: 15732: 15730: 15715: 15709: 15708: 15706: 15704: 15684: 15678: 15677: 15675: 15673: 15658: 15652: 15651: 15649: 15647: 15632: 15626: 15625: 15623: 15621: 15615: 15608: 15600: 15594: 15580: 15574: 15573: 15555: 15549: 15548: 15546: 15544: 15529: 15523: 15522: 15520: 15518: 15498: 15492: 15491: 15489: 15487: 15468: 15462: 15448: 15442: 15424: 15418: 15417: 15415: 15413: 15407: 15394: 15386: 15380: 15379: 15369: 15362: 15356: 15355: 15353: 15351: 15336: 15330: 15324: 15318: 15317: 15315: 15313: 15293: 15287: 15286: 15284: 15282: 15267: 15261: 15260: 15258: 15256: 15236: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15225: 15209: 15203: 15202: 15200: 15198: 15183: 15177: 15176: 15174: 15172: 15163:. Archived from 15156: 15150: 15149: 15147: 15145: 15130: 15124: 15123: 15121: 15119: 15104: 15098: 15097: 15095: 15093: 15078: 15072: 15071: 15069: 15067: 15048: 15042: 15041: 15039: 15037: 15018: 15012: 15011: 15009: 15007: 14986: 14980: 14979: 14977: 14975: 14953: 14947: 14946: 14944: 14942: 14933:. 25 June 2012. 14923: 14917: 14916: 14914: 14912: 14896: 14890: 14889: 14887: 14885: 14871: 14863: 14857: 14856: 14834: 14825: 14824: 14822: 14820: 14804: 14793: 14792: 14790: 14788: 14777:Associated Press 14773:Fox News Channel 14765: 14759: 14758: 14756: 14754: 14739: 14733: 14732: 14730: 14728: 14707: 14701: 14700: 14698: 14696: 14684:Frontier Myanmar 14675: 14666: 14665: 14663: 14661: 14642: 14636: 14635: 14633: 14631: 14612: 14606: 14605: 14603: 14601: 14592:. 12 July 2018. 14582: 14576: 14575: 14573: 14571: 14552: 14546: 14545: 14528: 14519: 14518: 14517:on 25 July 2018. 14513:. Archived from 14507: 14501: 14500: 14498: 14496: 14487:. Archived from 14481:"Myanmar UN ACT" 14477: 14471: 14470: 14468: 14466: 14446: 14440: 14439: 14437: 14435: 14415: 14409: 14408: 14406: 14404: 14384: 14378: 14377: 14375: 14373: 14351: 14342: 14341: 14339: 14337: 14318: 14312: 14311: 14309: 14307: 14292: 14286: 14285: 14283: 14281: 14265: 14259: 14258: 14256: 14254: 14239: 14233: 14232: 14230: 14228: 14213: 14207: 14206: 14204: 14202: 14186: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14175: 14166:. 24 July 2013. 14156: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14145: 14136:. Archived from 14125: 14119: 14118: 14116: 14114: 14105:. Archived from 14094: 14088: 14087: 14085: 14083: 14068: 14062: 14061: 14059: 14057: 14048:. Archived from 14042: 14036: 14035: 14030: 14028: 14022: 14011: 14002: 13996: 13995: 13990: 13988: 13982: 13975: 13967: 13961: 13937: 13931: 13913: 13907: 13889: 13883: 13865: 13859: 13841: 13835: 13817: 13811: 13793: 13787: 13786: 13784: 13782: 13776: 13765: 13756: 13750: 13749: 13747: 13745: 13726: 13720: 13719: 13717: 13715: 13701: 13693: 13687: 13686: 13684: 13682: 13667: 13661: 13660: 13658: 13656: 13640: 13634: 13633: 13618: 13612: 13611: 13609: 13607: 13602:on 16 April 2016 13588: 13582: 13581: 13566: 13560: 13559: 13557: 13555: 13535: 13529: 13528: 13513:. New York, NY: 13506: 13500: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13480: 13474: 13473: 13462: 13456: 13455: 13453: 13451: 13446:on 3 August 2022 13432: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13421: 13399: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13388: 13363: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13337: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13326: 13311: 13305: 13304: 13302: 13300: 13285: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13274: 13255: 13249: 13248: 13246: 13244: 13229: 13223: 13222: 13220: 13218: 13203: 13197: 13196: 13194: 13192: 13177: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13166: 13152: 13144: 13138: 13137: 13135: 13133: 13118: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13107: 13092: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13081: 13065: 13059: 13058: 13046: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13032: 13017: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13006: 12997:. Archived from 12986: 12980: 12979: 12977: 12975: 12955: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12944: 12925: 12919: 12918: 12916: 12914: 12894: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12883: 12868: 12862: 12861: 12845: 12831: 12825: 12824: 12822: 12820: 12805: 12799: 12798: 12788: 12740: 12734: 12720: 12714: 12701: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12681:. Archived from 12671: 12665: 12664: 12654: 12644: 12611: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12596:. Archived from 12591: 12583: 12577: 12576: 12574: 12572: 12557: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12546: 12537:. Archived from 12527: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12516: 12507:. Archived from 12497: 12491: 12485: 12479: 12478: 12467: 12461: 12460: 12442: 12433: 12432: 12414: 12405: 12404: 12396: 12390: 12389: 12387: 12385: 12370: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12344: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12333: 12314: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12284: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12264:. 2 March 2021. 12254: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12222: 12216: 12197: 12191: 12178: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12160: 12140: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12110: 12104: 12085: 12062: 12049: 12040: 12021: 12015: 11996: 11990: 11971: 11965: 11961:Channel NewsAsia 11947: 11941: 11922: 11916: 11897: 11891: 11872: 11866: 11847: 11838: 11819: 11808: 11791: 11776: 11773:Associated Press 11759: 11748: 11735: 11729: 11712: 11701: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11649: 11643: 11642: 11640: 11638: 11623: 11617: 11604: 11595: 11594: 11592: 11590: 11570: 11564: 11563: 11551: 11545: 11544: 11542: 11540: 11525: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11500: 11492: 11483: 11482: 11474:. Archived from 11472:Associated Press 11457: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11446: 11430: 11424: 11423: 11421: 11419: 11400: 11394: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11369: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11339: 11333: 11332: 11304: 11298: 11297: 11295: 11293: 11276:(5 April 2017). 11270: 11264: 11246: 11240: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11230:on 28 March 2015 11214: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11168:. 5 March 2012. 11158: 11152: 11151: 11149: 11147: 11138:. Archived from 11127: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11101: 11095: 11093: 11071: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11057: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11027: 11012: 11010: 11008: 10999:. Archived from 10988: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10957: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10931: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10905: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10874: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10860: 10835: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10821: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10765: 10745: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10719: 10713: 10712: 10707:. Archived from 10696: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10589: 10587: 10585: 10570: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10524:. Archived from 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10482: 10476: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10428: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10397: 10388: 10387: 10375: 10365: 10356: 10351: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10317: 10311: 10310: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10249: 10243: 10242: 10224: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10193: 10187: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10151: 10145: 10144: 10121: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10095: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10070: 10062: 10056: 10055: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10017: 10011: 10010: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9926: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9906: 9896: 9887: 9881: 9875: 9869: 9863: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9832: 9814: 9808: 9804: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9784: 9775: 9769: 9763: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9736: 9730: 9724: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9619: 9614: 9612: 9606: 9599: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9572:. p. 2012. 9559: 9557: 9555: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9519:Thackrah, J. R. 9516: 9514: 9512: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9488:on 29 April 2021 9478: 9476: 9474: 9459:Magazine Monitor 9450: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9314: 9308: 9307: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9255: 9240: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9194:. Archived from 9184: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9103:on 21 March 2013 9099:. Archived from 9092: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9016:. Archived from 9006: 8994: 8988: 8986: 8975:Associated Press 8961: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8935: 8926: 8925: 8905: 8896: 8895: 8875: 8866: 8865: 8845: 8839: 8838: 8830: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8744: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8727: 8716: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8668:. Archived from 8657: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8568: 8562: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8464: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8422:. 11 June 2012. 8412: 8410: 8408: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8373: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8277: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8207: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8160: 8149: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8094: 8089: 8087: 8079: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8059: 8054: 8052: 8044: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8024: 8019: 8017: 8009: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7971: 7964: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7844:on 11 April 2015 7843: 7836: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7812:on 29 March 2018 7811: 7800: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7775: 7764: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7687: 7680: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7646: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7597: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7475: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7382: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7314: 7294: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7223: 7217: 7198: 7192: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7174: 7171: 7165: 7162: 7146:Burmese language 7130: 7128:Countries portal 7125: 7124: 7116: 7111: 7110: 7102: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7056:videojournalists 7051:Burma Chronicles 6932:Media of Myanmar 6894:. Together with 6848:is ruled by the 6735: 6734: 6619:Crime in Myanmar 6541:intravenous drug 6488:Shwedagon Pagoda 6240:Overseas Indians 6217:Overseas Chinese 5991:(rough estimate) 5986: 5985: 5800: 5790: 5763: 5753: 5715: 5703: 5702: 5660:from Myanmar in 5599: 5598: 5307:1962 coup d'état 5219:Economic history 5123:Aung San Suu Kyi 5085:Voice of America 5074:Wunna Maung Lwin 4804: 4801: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4739:Until 2005, the 4607:Look East policy 4599:humanitarian aid 4558:Aung San Suu Kyi 4424:Myanmar military 4416:Aung San Suu Kyi 4347: 4338: 3993:Tropic of Cancer 3501: 3500: 3495:, and villages. 3486: 3485: 3480: 3479: 3438: 3404:Gulf of Martaban 3384:Tenasserim Hills 3169:Aung San Suu Kyi 3133:state counsellor 3129:Aung San Suu Kyi 3118:Aung San Suu Kyi 3052:Aung San Suu Kyi 3008:Aung San Suu Kyi 2965:Kokang offensive 2963:resulted in the 2878:Humanitarian aid 2847:Shwedagon Pagoda 2824:Shwedagon Pagoda 2744:one-party system 2736:new constitution 2729:central planning 2560:that led to the 2393:French Indochina 2342:Sino-Burmese War 2306:Shwedagon Pagoda 2237:. His successor 2137:Bengal Sultanate 2063:Burmese language 2002:Konbaung dynasty 1915: 1912: 1870: 1867: 1829: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1766: 1742: 1734: 1651:, including the 1589:State Department 1575: 1570: 1565: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1512: 1434:Names of Myanmar 1420:, the lowest in 1362:renewable energy 1306:East Asia Summit 1297:to violation of 1275:in a coup d'état 1235:Aung San Suu Kyi 1166:. After a brief 1144:Konbaung dynasty 1132:Mongol invasions 1113:Burmese language 1012: instead of 994: 993: 931: 898: 897: 891: 890: 884: 868: 867: 861: 860: 854: 838: 837: 819: 818: 802: 786: 785: 767: 766: 750: 717:55,770,232 ( 660:2021 coup d'état 634:1988 coup d'état 621:1962 coup d'état 583:29 February 1752 265: 238: 237: 235: 234: 233: 228: 224: 221: 220: 219: 216: 179: 176: 169: 166: 154: 153: 126: 120: 119: 99: 85: 69: 62: 54: 53: 52: 39: 38: 21: 21145: 21144: 21140: 21139: 21138: 21136: 21135: 21134: 21130:Buddhist states 21065: 21064: 21054:Myanmar (Burma) 21053: 21051: 21047: 21045: 21041: 21040: 21037: 21032: 21029: 21027: 21025: 21024: 21022: 21017: 21016: 21011: 20963: 20952: 20950: 20939: 20937: 20926: 20924: 20913: 20911: 20900: 20898: 20887: 20885: 20874: 20858: 20856: 20835: 20824: 20822: 20811: 20809: 20798: 20796: 20785: 20783: 20772: 20770: 20759: 20757: 20746: 20744: 20733: 20731: 20720: 20718: 20707: 20705: 20694: 20692: 20681: 20679: 20668: 20666: 20655: 20653: 20642: 20631: 20629: 20623:Observer states 20618: 20607: 20605: 20594: 20592: 20581: 20579: 20568: 20566: 20555: 20553: 20542: 20540: 20529: 20527: 20516: 20514: 20503: 20501: 20490: 20488: 20475: 20439: 20434: 20404: 20399: 20372: 20357: 20341: 20338: 20326: 20299: 20283: 20260: 20257: 20249: 20230:Northern Cyprus 20218: 20215: 20207: 20198: 19940: 19931: 19901: 19896: 19828: 19822: 19787: 19779: 19774: 19721: 19700:Public holidays 19591: 19587:Sex trafficking 19510: 19449: 19387:Law enforcement 19318: 19294:Protected areas 19236: 19148:Toungoo dynasty 19123:Sagaing Kingdom 19098:Pyu city-states 19075: 19061: 19052: 19019:Wayback Machine 19007:Wayback Machine 18991:Wayback Machine 18979:Wayback Machine 18962: 18947: 18936:Wayback Machine 18920:Wayback Machine 18888:Wayback Machine 18876:Wayback Machine 18864:Wayback Machine 18840:Wayback Machine 18823:Wayback Machine 18807: 18802: 18790: 18772: 18749: 18726: 18702:Combs, Daniel. 18682: 18677: 18667: 18665: 18650: 18646: 18636: 18634: 18625: 18624: 18620: 18610: 18608: 18599: 18598: 18594: 18582: 18578: 18573: 18569: 18546: 18542: 18532: 18530: 18521: 18520: 18516: 18506: 18504: 18500: 18493: 18489: 18488: 18484: 18474: 18472: 18468: 18449: 18443: 18439: 18429: 18427: 18416: 18412: 18402: 18400: 18393:The Daily Beast 18387: 18386: 18382: 18372: 18370: 18369:on 24 June 2018 18361: 18360: 18356: 18346: 18344: 18331:Hays, Jeffrey. 18329: 18325: 18308: 18304: 18294: 18292: 18281: 18277: 18266: 18262: 18251: 18247: 18233: 18226: 18216: 18214: 18213:on 23 June 2006 18205: 18204: 18200: 18189: 18185: 18175: 18173: 18164: 18163: 18159: 18143: 18142: 18135: 18133: 18122: 18118: 18108: 18106: 18096: 18092: 18082: 18080: 18071: 18070: 18066: 18056: 18054: 18041: 18040: 18036: 18026: 18024: 18023:on 22 June 2019 18017:Inside Investor 18009: 18005: 17995: 17993: 17982: 17978: 17973: 17969: 17959: 17957: 17956:on 25 June 2007 17953: 17945: 17944: 17940: 17930: 17928: 17924: 17913: 17909: 17908: 17901: 17891: 17889: 17885: 17874: 17870: 17869: 17865: 17855: 17853: 17840: 17839: 17835: 17831:. November 2008 17823: 17819: 17808: 17804: 17791: 17790: 17786: 17778: 17774: 17767: 17753: 17749: 17739: 17737: 17728: 17727: 17723: 17713: 17711: 17702: 17701: 17697: 17688: 17687: 17683: 17673: 17671: 17662: 17661: 17657: 17647: 17645: 17636: 17635: 17631: 17621: 17619: 17610: 17609: 17605: 17595: 17593: 17578: 17574: 17565: 17564: 17557: 17547: 17545: 17536: 17535: 17531: 17521: 17519: 17512:"Buddhanet.net" 17510: 17509: 17502: 17492:Wayback Machine 17483: 17479: 17469: 17467: 17456: 17452: 17441: 17437: 17427: 17425: 17424:on 2 March 2006 17421: 17414: 17408: 17404: 17387:"The Outsiders" 17383: 17379: 17369: 17367: 17356: 17352: 17347: 17343: 17333: 17331: 17330:on 23 July 2006 17327: 17320: 17316: 17315: 17311: 17301: 17299: 17284: 17277: 17267: 17265: 17254: 17250: 17240: 17238: 17223: 17219: 17209: 17207: 17196: 17192: 17186: 17179: 17177: 17164: 17163: 17159: 17148: 17144: 17135: 17131: 17121: 17119: 17106: 17105: 17101: 17091: 17089: 17088:on 21 June 2006 17085: 17078: 17074: 17073: 17069: 17059: 17057: 17042: 17038: 17027: 17023: 17013: 17011: 16992: 16991: 16976: 16966: 16964: 16949: 16945: 16939:Wayback Machine 16930: 16923: 16913: 16911: 16876: 16865: 16842: 16838: 16828: 16826: 16825:on 9 March 2011 16822: 16799: 16793: 16784: 16777: 16763: 16759: 16749: 16747: 16746:on 26 June 2006 16738: 16737: 16733: 16723: 16721: 16717: 16702: 16696: 16692: 16661: 16657: 16647: 16645: 16637: 16633: 16632: 16628: 16618: 16616: 16607: 16606: 16602: 16589: 16588: 16584: 16571: 16570: 16566: 16556: 16554: 16545: 16544: 16537: 16527: 16525: 16516: 16515: 16511: 16501: 16499: 16486: 16485: 16481: 16471: 16469: 16456: 16455: 16451: 16436: 16432: 16423: 16421: 16417: 16406: 16400: 16396: 16386: 16384: 16369: 16365: 16355: 16353: 16338: 16334: 16324: 16322: 16318: 16307: 16303: 16302: 16298: 16288: 16286: 16275: 16271: 16261: 16259: 16250: 16249: 16245: 16235: 16233: 16224: 16223: 16219: 16209: 16207: 16206:on 13 July 2011 16198: 16197: 16193: 16186: 16180: 16173: 16169: 16168: 16164: 16151: 16150: 16146: 16130: 16129: 16117: 16103: 16099: 16089: 16087: 16076: 16072: 16062: 16060: 16056: 16030: 16026: 16011: 16007: 15992: 15978: 15974: 15959: 15941: 15934: 15924: 15922: 15907: 15903: 15887: 15886: 15879: 15877: 15866: 15862: 15846: 15845: 15838: 15836: 15825: 15821: 15811: 15809: 15808:on 27 July 2013 15800: 15799: 15795: 15785: 15783: 15772: 15768: 15758: 15756: 15751:. 18 May 2020. 15743: 15742: 15738: 15728: 15726: 15717: 15716: 15712: 15702: 15700: 15685: 15681: 15671: 15669: 15664:. 31 May 2021. 15660: 15659: 15655: 15645: 15643: 15634: 15633: 15629: 15619: 15617: 15616:on 23 July 2006 15613: 15606: 15602: 15601: 15597: 15591:Wayback Machine 15581: 15577: 15570: 15556: 15552: 15542: 15540: 15539:. 25 March 2016 15531: 15530: 15526: 15516: 15514: 15499: 15495: 15485: 15483: 15470: 15469: 15465: 15459:Wayback Machine 15449: 15445: 15439:The Independent 15435:Wayback Machine 15425: 15421: 15411: 15409: 15405: 15392: 15388: 15387: 15383: 15374:. 17 May 2016. 15372:The Independent 15364: 15363: 15359: 15349: 15347: 15337: 15333: 15325: 15321: 15311: 15309: 15302:The Independent 15294: 15290: 15280: 15278: 15277:on 29 July 2012 15269: 15268: 15264: 15254: 15252: 15237: 15233: 15223: 15221: 15210: 15206: 15196: 15194: 15185: 15184: 15180: 15170: 15168: 15157: 15153: 15143: 15141: 15132: 15131: 15127: 15117: 15115: 15106: 15105: 15101: 15091: 15089: 15079: 15075: 15065: 15063: 15050: 15049: 15045: 15035: 15033: 15020: 15019: 15015: 15005: 15003: 14988: 14987: 14983: 14973: 14971: 14954: 14950: 14940: 14938: 14925: 14924: 14920: 14910: 14908: 14897: 14893: 14883: 14881: 14874:The Independent 14864: 14860: 14853: 14845:. p. 342. 14835: 14828: 14818: 14816: 14805: 14796: 14786: 14784: 14767: 14766: 14762: 14752: 14750: 14741: 14740: 14736: 14726: 14724: 14709: 14708: 14704: 14694: 14692: 14677: 14676: 14669: 14659: 14657: 14644: 14643: 14639: 14629: 14627: 14614: 14613: 14609: 14599: 14597: 14584: 14583: 14579: 14569: 14567: 14554: 14553: 14549: 14530: 14529: 14522: 14509: 14508: 14504: 14494: 14492: 14479: 14478: 14474: 14464: 14462: 14447: 14443: 14433: 14431: 14416: 14412: 14402: 14400: 14393:The Independent 14385: 14381: 14371: 14369: 14352: 14345: 14335: 14333: 14320: 14319: 14315: 14305: 14303: 14294: 14293: 14289: 14279: 14277: 14266: 14262: 14252: 14250: 14241: 14240: 14236: 14226: 14224: 14215: 14214: 14210: 14200: 14198: 14187: 14183: 14173: 14171: 14158: 14157: 14153: 14143: 14141: 14126: 14122: 14112: 14110: 14109:on 20 June 2006 14095: 14091: 14081: 14079: 14070: 14069: 14065: 14055: 14053: 14044: 14043: 14039: 14026: 14024: 14020: 14009: 14003: 13999: 13986: 13984: 13980: 13973: 13969: 13968: 13964: 13944:Verbotim Report 13938: 13934: 13914: 13910: 13896:Verbotim Report 13890: 13886: 13872:Verbotim Report 13866: 13862: 13848:Verbotim Report 13842: 13838: 13824:Verbotim Report 13818: 13814: 13800:Verbotim Report 13794: 13790: 13780: 13778: 13774: 13763: 13757: 13753: 13743: 13741: 13728: 13727: 13723: 13713: 13711: 13694: 13690: 13680: 13678: 13669: 13668: 13664: 13654: 13652: 13651:on 20 June 2006 13641: 13637: 13620: 13619: 13615: 13605: 13603: 13590: 13589: 13585: 13568: 13567: 13563: 13553: 13551: 13536: 13532: 13525: 13507: 13503: 13493: 13491: 13482: 13481: 13477: 13472:on 21 May 2013. 13464: 13463: 13459: 13449: 13447: 13434: 13433: 13429: 13419: 13417: 13400: 13396: 13386: 13384: 13364: 13360: 13350: 13348: 13339: 13338: 13334: 13324: 13322: 13313: 13312: 13308: 13298: 13296: 13287: 13286: 13282: 13272: 13270: 13257: 13256: 13252: 13242: 13240: 13231: 13230: 13226: 13216: 13214: 13205: 13204: 13200: 13190: 13188: 13187:on 25 July 2006 13179: 13178: 13174: 13164: 13162: 13145: 13141: 13131: 13129: 13120: 13119: 13115: 13105: 13103: 13102:on 23 June 2020 13094: 13093: 13089: 13079: 13077: 13066: 13062: 13047: 13040: 13030: 13028: 13019: 13018: 13014: 13004: 13002: 12987: 12983: 12973: 12971: 12956: 12952: 12942: 12940: 12927: 12926: 12922: 12912: 12910: 12895: 12891: 12881: 12879: 12870: 12869: 12865: 12858: 12842:Myanmar (Burma) 12832: 12828: 12818: 12816: 12807: 12806: 12802: 12741: 12737: 12731:Wayback Machine 12721: 12717: 12712:Wayback Machine 12702: 12698: 12688: 12686: 12673: 12672: 12668: 12612: 12608: 12600: 12589: 12585: 12584: 12580: 12570: 12568: 12559: 12558: 12554: 12544: 12542: 12529: 12528: 12524: 12514: 12512: 12499: 12498: 12494: 12486: 12482: 12469: 12468: 12464: 12457: 12443: 12436: 12429: 12415: 12408: 12397: 12393: 12383: 12381: 12372: 12371: 12367: 12357: 12355: 12346: 12345: 12341: 12331: 12329: 12316: 12315: 12311: 12301: 12299: 12286: 12285: 12281: 12271: 12269: 12256: 12255: 12251: 12241: 12239: 12224: 12223: 12219: 12207:Wayback Machine 12198: 12194: 12188:Wayback Machine 12179: 12168: 12158: 12156: 12141: 12137: 12127: 12125: 12112: 12111: 12107: 12095:Wayback Machine 12086: 12065: 12059:Wayback Machine 12050: 12043: 12031:Wayback Machine 12022: 12018: 12006:Wayback Machine 11997: 11993: 11981:Wayback Machine 11972: 11968: 11957:Wayback Machine 11948: 11944: 11932:Wayback Machine 11923: 11919: 11907:Wayback Machine 11898: 11894: 11882:Wayback Machine 11873: 11869: 11857:Wayback Machine 11848: 11841: 11829:Wayback Machine 11820: 11811: 11801:Wayback Machine 11792: 11779: 11769:Wayback Machine 11760: 11751: 11745:Wayback Machine 11736: 11732: 11722:Wayback Machine 11713: 11704: 11695: 11691: 11676: 11672: 11662: 11660: 11651: 11650: 11646: 11636: 11634: 11625: 11624: 11620: 11614:Wayback Machine 11605: 11598: 11588: 11586: 11571: 11567: 11552: 11548: 11538: 11536: 11527: 11526: 11522: 11512: 11510: 11493: 11486: 11458: 11454: 11444: 11442: 11431: 11427: 11417: 11415: 11402: 11401: 11397: 11387: 11385: 11370: 11366: 11356: 11354: 11341: 11340: 11336: 11321: 11305: 11301: 11291: 11289: 11274:Lintner, Bertil 11271: 11267: 11261:Radio Free Asia 11257:Wayback Machine 11247: 11243: 11233: 11231: 11216: 11215: 11211: 11201: 11199: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11175: 11173: 11160: 11159: 11155: 11145: 11143: 11142:on 15 June 2013 11128: 11124: 11114: 11112: 11103: 11102: 11091: 11089: 11072: 11065: 11055: 11053: 11040: 11039: 11035: 11025: 11023: 11014: 11013: 11006: 11004: 10989: 10985: 10975: 10973: 10958: 10954: 10944: 10942: 10933: 10932: 10928: 10918: 10916: 10907: 10906: 10902: 10892: 10890: 10875: 10868: 10858: 10856: 10837: 10836: 10829: 10819: 10817: 10804: 10803: 10799: 10789: 10787: 10778: 10777: 10773: 10763: 10761: 10746: 10742: 10732: 10730: 10721: 10720: 10716: 10697: 10693: 10683: 10681: 10672: 10671: 10664: 10662: 10655: 10633: 10626: 10624: 10615: 10614: 10607: 10605: 10590: 10583: 10581: 10572: 10571: 10567: 10557: 10555: 10546: 10545: 10541: 10531: 10529: 10514: 10510: 10500: 10498: 10493:. iBiblio.org. 10483: 10479: 10471:, 29 May 1990, 10469:Wayback Machine 10459: 10455: 10445: 10443: 10430: 10429: 10425: 10415: 10413: 10398: 10391: 10384: 10366: 10359: 10352: 10345: 10335: 10333: 10318: 10314: 10291: 10287: 10276: 10272: 10262: 10260: 10259:on 15 June 2006 10251: 10250: 10246: 10239: 10225: 10221: 10211: 10209: 10194: 10190: 10177: 10167: 10163: 10152: 10148: 10141: 10122: 10118: 10108: 10106: 10097: 10096: 10092: 10082: 10080: 10073:The Independent 10063: 10059: 10052: 10033: 10029: 10022:Trials in Burma 10018: 10014: 10007: 9993: 9989: 9981: 9977: 9969: 9965: 9957: 9953: 9945: 9941: 9933: 9929: 9924: 9920: 9897: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9870: 9866: 9858: 9854: 9847: 9833: 9829: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9801: 9793: 9782: 9776: 9772: 9764: 9760: 9750: 9748: 9737: 9733: 9725: 9721: 9711: 9709: 9698: 9694: 9684: 9682: 9647: 9643: 9636: 9620: 9610: 9608: 9604: 9597: 9591: 9587: 9580: 9560: 9553: 9551: 9542: 9541: 9534: 9532: 9517: 9510: 9508: 9499: 9498: 9491: 9489: 9480: 9479: 9472: 9470: 9451: 9447: 9437: 9435: 9422: 9421: 9417: 9407: 9405: 9392: 9391: 9387: 9377: 9375: 9374:on 8 April 2014 9366: 9365: 9361: 9351: 9349: 9340: 9339: 9332: 9330: 9315: 9311: 9294: 9293: 9289: 9279: 9277: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9253: 9251: 9242: 9241: 9237: 9227: 9225: 9216: 9215: 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4349: 4348: 4340: 4339: 4328: 4316:Burmese pythons 4252:lumber industry 4232:clouded leopard 4069: 4048: 4042: 3981: 3975: 3768:Mandalay Region 3531: 3521: 3516: 3469: 3434: 3428: 3408:mountain chains 3293: 3287: 3192:Min Aung Hlaing 3161: 3155: 3147:Main articles: 3145: 3102: 3073:chair in 2014. 3046:Hillary Clinton 3004:Hillary Clinton 2998:U.S. President 2984: 2978: 2922:Kachin conflict 2911: 2905: 2706: 2620: 2614: 2580:negotiated the 2448:road, July 1944 2419: 2411:Main articles: 2409: 2375:. In 1852, the 2260:Portuguese rule 2183: 2163:Burmese culture 2035:in present-day 2022: 2004: 1998:Toungoo dynasty 1992:Main articles: 1990: 1957: 1951:Pyu city-states 1949:Main articles: 1947: 1919:Monywa District 1914: 1500 BCE 1913: 1900:Padah-Lin Caves 1868: 1862:Pyu city-states 1855: 1847:Main articles: 1845: 1840: 1830: 1819: 1813: 1810: 1767: 1765: 1755: 1743: 1732: 1677:Radio Australia 1593:Burma (Myanmar) 1573:[mjəmà] 1568: 1551: 1522: 1436: 1430: 1233:was installed. 1136:Taungoo dynasty 1085:Pyu city-states 1019: 1018: 1017: 1004:Without proper 995: 991: 926: 895: 894: 893: 882: 865: 864: 863: 852: 831: 812: 800: 779: 760: 744: 728: 714: 697: 683: 665:1 February 2021 662: 652:31 January 2011 649: 636: 623: 610: 593: 580: 570:16 October 1510 567: 557:23 December 849 554: 514: 499:Min Aung Hlaing 495: 475:Min Aung Hlaing 471: 440: 416: 376: 316: 306: 263: 231: 229: 225: 222: 217: 214: 212: 210: 209: 208: 197: 196: 181: 180: 177: 170: 155: 135: 127: 121: 107: 106: 105: 100: 92: 91: 86: 73: 72: 56: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21143: 21133: 21132: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21107: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21082: 21077: 21019: 21018: 21013: 21012: 21010: 21009: 21008: 21007: 21002: 20992: 20987: 20982: 20977: 20971: 20969: 20965: 20964: 20962: 20961: 20948: 20935: 20922: 20909: 20896: 20882: 20880: 20876: 20875: 20873: 20872: 20870:United Nations 20867: 20854: 20849: 20843: 20841: 20837: 20836: 20834: 20833: 20820: 20807: 20794: 20781: 20768: 20755: 20742: 20729: 20716: 20703: 20690: 20677: 20664: 20650: 20648: 20644: 20643: 20641: 20640: 20626: 20624: 20620: 20619: 20617: 20616: 20603: 20590: 20577: 20564: 20551: 20538: 20525: 20512: 20499: 20485: 20483: 20477: 20476: 20474: 20473: 20468: 20466:Samarkand 2022 20463: 20458: 20453: 20447: 20445: 20441: 20440: 20433: 20432: 20425: 20418: 20410: 20401: 20400: 20398: 20397: 20385: 20371: 20370: 20367: 20363: 20362: 20359: 20358: 20356: 20355: 20350: 20344: 20342: 20335: 20332: 20331: 20328: 20327: 20325: 20324: 20314: 20307: 20305: 20304:United Kingdom 20301: 20300: 20298: 20297: 20291: 20289: 20285: 20284: 20282: 20281: 20276: 20270: 20268: 20261: 20254: 20251: 20250: 20248: 20247: 20242: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20221: 20219: 20212: 20209: 20208: 20201: 20199: 20197: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20106: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20076: 20071: 20066: 20061: 20056: 20051: 20046: 20041: 20036: 20031: 20026: 20021: 20016: 20011: 20006: 20001: 19996: 19991: 19986: 19981: 19976: 19971: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19950: 19948: 19942: 19941: 19930: 19929: 19922: 19915: 19907: 19898: 19897: 19895: 19894: 19889: 19884: 19879: 19874: 19869: 19864: 19859: 19854: 19849: 19844: 19838: 19836: 19830: 19829: 19826:Southeast Asia 19821: 19820: 19813: 19806: 19798: 19792: 19789: 19788: 19776: 19775: 19773: 19772: 19767: 19755: 19743: 19730: 19727: 19726: 19723: 19722: 19720: 19719: 19718: 19717: 19707: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19601: 19599: 19593: 19592: 19590: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19528: 19522: 19516: 19515: 19512: 19511: 19509: 19508: 19503: 19501:Transportation 19498: 19493: 19488: 19483: 19478: 19473: 19467: 19461: 19455: 19454: 19451: 19450: 19448: 19447: 19446: 19445: 19438:Prime Minister 19435: 19434: 19433: 19423: 19418: 19417: 19416: 19406: 19405: 19404: 19399: 19389: 19384: 19379: 19378: 19377: 19375:Women's rights 19372: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19347: 19342: 19336: 19330: 19324: 19323: 19320: 19319: 19317: 19316: 19311: 19306: 19301: 19296: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19250: 19244: 19238: 19237: 19235: 19234: 19233: 19232: 19227: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19192: 19190:Union of Burma 19187: 19182: 19177: 19175:Karenni States 19172: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19156: 19155: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19128:Kingdom of Ava 19125: 19120: 19115: 19110: 19105: 19103:Thaton Kingdom 19100: 19095: 19089: 19087: 19081: 19080: 19077: 19076: 19063: 19062: 19051: 19050: 19043: 19036: 19028: 19022: 19021: 19009: 18997: 18981: 18969: 18959: 18944: 18926: 18910: 18901: 18878: 18866: 18848: 18847: 18830: 18825: 18806: 18805:External links 18803: 18801: 18800: 18794: 18789:978-9628563708 18788: 18776: 18770: 18753: 18747: 18730: 18724: 18707: 18700: 18691: 18683: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18675: 18644: 18618: 18607:on 21 May 2009 18592: 18576: 18567: 18540: 18514: 18482: 18437: 18422:. Al Jazeera. 18410: 18380: 18354: 18323: 18302: 18275: 18260: 18253:Tsaya (1886). 18245: 18236:Chit, Khin Myo 18224: 18198: 18183: 18157: 18116: 18090: 18064: 18034: 18003: 17976: 17967: 17938: 17899: 17863: 17833: 17817: 17802: 17784: 17772: 17765: 17747: 17721: 17695: 17681: 17655: 17629: 17603: 17572: 17555: 17529: 17500: 17477: 17450: 17447:. p. 357. 17435: 17402: 17377: 17366:on 15 May 2007 17350: 17341: 17309: 17275: 17248: 17217: 17190: 17157: 17142: 17129: 17099: 17067: 17036: 17021: 16974: 16943: 16921: 16890:(2): 243–255. 16863: 16852:(2): 309–324. 16836: 16810:(3): 453–478. 16782: 16775: 16757: 16731: 16690: 16655: 16626: 16600: 16582: 16564: 16535: 16509: 16479: 16468:on 11 May 2015 16449: 16440:"Burma Digest" 16430: 16394: 16363: 16332: 16296: 16269: 16243: 16232:on 26 May 2010 16217: 16191: 16187:(21.2 KB) 16162: 16144: 16115: 16097: 16086:on 26 May 2006 16070: 16024: 16005: 15990: 15972: 15957: 15932: 15901: 15860: 15819: 15793: 15766: 15736: 15710: 15679: 15653: 15627: 15595: 15575: 15568: 15550: 15524: 15493: 15463: 15443: 15419: 15381: 15357: 15345:The Australian 15331: 15319: 15288: 15262: 15231: 15204: 15178: 15151: 15125: 15099: 15073: 15056:The Australian 15043: 15013: 14981: 14948: 14918: 14891: 14858: 14851: 14826: 14794: 14760: 14734: 14702: 14667: 14637: 14607: 14577: 14547: 14520: 14502: 14472: 14441: 14410: 14379: 14361:Deutsche Welle 14343: 14313: 14287: 14260: 14234: 14208: 14181: 14151: 14120: 14089: 14063: 14037: 14023:on 7 June 2010 13997: 13962: 13932: 13908: 13884: 13860: 13836: 13812: 13788: 13751: 13721: 13688: 13662: 13635: 13613: 13583: 13561: 13530: 13523: 13501: 13475: 13457: 13427: 13394: 13358: 13332: 13306: 13280: 13250: 13224: 13198: 13172: 13139: 13113: 13087: 13060: 13038: 13012: 12981: 12950: 12920: 12889: 12863: 12856: 12826: 12800: 12735: 12715: 12696: 12666: 12606: 12578: 12563:. World Bank. 12552: 12522: 12492: 12480: 12462: 12456:978-9812302113 12455: 12434: 12428:978-9812302106 12427: 12406: 12391: 12365: 12339: 12322:Deutsche Welle 12309: 12279: 12249: 12217: 12192: 12166: 12143:Regan, Helen. 12135: 12105: 12063: 12041: 12016: 11991: 11966: 11942: 11917: 11892: 11867: 11839: 11809: 11777: 11749: 11730: 11702: 11696:Daniel Combs, 11689: 11670: 11644: 11618: 11596: 11565: 11546: 11520: 11505:. p. A6. 11484: 11452: 11425: 11395: 11364: 11334: 11319: 11299: 11265: 11241: 11209: 11183: 11153: 11122: 11081:whitehouse.gov 11063: 11033: 10983: 10952: 10926: 10900: 10866: 10827: 10797: 10771: 10740: 10714: 10691: 10653: 10565: 10539: 10508: 10477: 10453: 10423: 10389: 10382: 10357: 10343: 10312: 10285: 10270: 10244: 10237: 10219: 10188: 10161: 10146: 10139: 10116: 10090: 10057: 10050: 10036:Bechert, Heinz 10027: 10012: 10005: 9987: 9975: 9963: 9951: 9939: 9927: 9918: 9888: 9876: 9864: 9852: 9845: 9827: 9809: 9807:Bougon, France 9799: 9770: 9758: 9739:Yee Yee Aung. 9731: 9719: 9692: 9641: 9634: 9585: 9578: 9445: 9415: 9385: 9359: 9309: 9287: 9261: 9235: 9209: 9179: 9153: 9134: 9114: 9087: 9057: 9031: 8956: 8927: 8920: 8897: 8890: 8867: 8860: 8840: 8825: 8799: 8769: 8739: 8703: 8652: 8622: 8583:(3): 344–358. 8563: 8547: 8516: 8485: 8456: 8387: 8336: 8269: 8257: 8250: 8232: 8197: 8172: 8136: 8102: 8067: 8032: 7997: 7983: 7951: 7919: 7887: 7855: 7823: 7787: 7751: 7725: 7699: 7667: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7460: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7256: 7218: 7193: 7184: 7175: 7166: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7117: 7103: 7100:Myanmar portal 7087: 7084: 6990:Main article: 6987: 6984: 6973:Cyclone Nargis 6945:Main article: 6942: 6939: 6930:Main article: 6927: 6924: 6878:Art of Myanmar 6873: 6870: 6815: 6812: 6774:Main article: 6771: 6768: 6665:Main article: 6662: 6659: 6614: 6611: 6575:Sagaing Region 6559:Main article: 6556: 6553: 6509:Main article: 6506: 6503: 6433:Main article: 6430: 6427: 6337:Main article: 6334: 6331: 6213:Rakhine people 6166: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5984: 5983: 5978:Main article: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5784: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5768: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5717: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5701: 5693: 5692:Largest cities 5690: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5593:Bogyoke Market 5581:Main article: 5578: 5575: 5540:(Myanmar) and 5430:Main article: 5427: 5424: 5360: 5357: 5330: 5327: 5290:scorched earth 5220: 5217: 5213:European Union 5180:infrastructure 5165:is one of the 5141:Main article: 5138: 5135: 5052: 5049: 5039: 5036: 4976: 4973: 4927: 4924: 4906: 4905:Child soldiers 4903: 4825:Samantha Power 4807: 4806: 4791:. Discuss and 4778: 4776: 4769: 4753: 4750: 4702:ranked twelfth 4700:. The country 4670:Mikoyan MiG-29 4652:Main article: 4649: 4646: 4611:remote sensing 4587:European Union 4575:Main article: 4572: 4569: 4521: 4518: 4447:Prime Minister 4390: 4389: 4380: 4367: 4361:Prime Minister 4352: 4351: 4342: 4341: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4284:red junglefowl 4156:climate change 4152:nitrogen cycle 4101:Southeast Asia 4044:Main article: 4041: 4038: 4014:climate change 3977:Main article: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3656:Sagaing Region 3653: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3510: 3505: 3430:Main article: 3427: 3424: 3289:Main article: 3286: 3283: 3144: 3141: 3137:prime minister 3101: 3098: 3033:as president. 2977: 2974: 2970:ethnic Chinese 2907:Main article: 2904: 2901: 2866:Cyclone Nargis 2835:Cyclone Nargis 2806:Protesters in 2705: 2702: 2636:Sao Shwe Thaik 2632:Union of Burma 2624:4 January 1948 2616:Main article: 2613: 2610: 2489:Buddhist monks 2417:Burma campaign 2408: 2405: 2389:Karenni States 2198:Toungoo Empire 2182: 2179: 2008:Kingdom of Ava 1989: 1986: 1946: 1943: 1923:Sagaing Region 1896:cave paintings 1844: 1841: 1836:Main article: 1832: 1831: 1746: 1744: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1603:, as does the 1597:United Nations 1556:[bəmà] 1432:Main article: 1429: 1426: 1422:Southeast Asia 1406:military junta 1326:British Empire 1223:military junta 1215:United Nations 1185:resulted in a 1164:British colony 1034:Southeast Asia 1014:Burmese script 1008:, you may see 1000:Burmese script 996: 989: 988: 987: 984: 983: 978: 972: 971: 966: 960: 959: 954: 948: 947: 944: 938: 937: 924: 920: 919: 909: 905: 904: 885: 875: 874: 855: 845: 844: 832: 829: 826: 825: 813: 810: 807: 806: 803: 793: 792: 780: 777: 774: 773: 761: 758: 755: 754: 751: 737: 736: 729: 727:• Density 726: 723: 722: 715: 712: 709: 708: 702: 701: 698: 695: 692: 691: 684: 681: 678: 677: 671: 670: 667: 666: 663: 657: 654: 653: 650: 644: 641: 640: 637: 631: 628: 627: 624: 618: 615: 614: 613:4 January 1948 611: 608:United Kingdom 601: 598: 597: 596:1 January 1886 594: 588: 585: 584: 581: 575: 572: 571: 568: 562: 559: 558: 555: 549: 546: 545: 542: 541: 535: 534: 529: 525: 524: 521: 520: 515: 505: 502: 501: 496: 493:Prime Minister 486: 483: 482: 472: 466: 463: 462: 459: 458: 456:military junta 448: 442: 441: 439: 438: 435: 432: 426: 424: 418: 417: 415: 414: 408: 402: 396: 384: 382: 378: 377: 375: 374: 368: 362: 356: 350: 344: 338: 332: 326: 319: 317: 314: 308: 307: 305: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 268: 266: 260: 259: 254: 250: 249: 244: 240: 239: 232:21.000; 96.000 203: 199: 198: 183: 182: 171: 161: 160: 157: 156: 133: 109: 108: 101: 94: 93: 87: 80: 79: 78: 75: 74: 71: 70: 63: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21142: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21072: 21070: 21063: 21060: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20997: 20996: 20993: 20991: 20988: 20986: 20983: 20981: 20978: 20976: 20975:Member states 20973: 20972: 20970: 20966: 20960: 20949: 20947: 20936: 20934: 20923: 20921: 20910: 20908: 20897: 20895: 20884: 20883: 20881: 20877: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20844: 20842: 20838: 20832: 20821: 20819: 20808: 20806: 20795: 20793: 20782: 20780: 20769: 20767: 20756: 20754: 20743: 20741: 20730: 20728: 20717: 20715: 20704: 20702: 20691: 20689: 20678: 20676: 20665: 20663: 20652: 20651: 20649: 20645: 20639: 20628: 20627: 20625: 20621: 20615: 20604: 20602: 20591: 20589: 20578: 20576: 20565: 20563: 20552: 20550: 20539: 20537: 20526: 20524: 20513: 20511: 20500: 20498: 20487: 20486: 20484: 20482: 20481:Member states 20478: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20456:Dushanbe 2014 20454: 20452: 20449: 20448: 20446: 20442: 20438: 20431: 20426: 20424: 20419: 20417: 20412: 20411: 20408: 20396: 20395: 20390: 20386: 20384: 20383: 20374: 20373: 20368: 20365: 20364: 20360: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20345: 20343: 20340: 20333: 20322: 20318: 20315: 20312: 20309: 20308: 20306: 20302: 20296: 20293: 20292: 20290: 20286: 20280: 20277: 20275: 20272: 20271: 20269: 20265: 20262: 20259: 20252: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20240:South Ossetia 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20210: 20205: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20085: 20082: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20072: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20055: 20052: 20050: 20047: 20045: 20042: 20040: 20037: 20035: 20032: 20030: 20027: 20025: 20022: 20020: 20017: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20007: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19951: 19949: 19947: 19943: 19939: 19935: 19928: 19923: 19921: 19916: 19914: 19909: 19908: 19905: 19893: 19890: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19873: 19870: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19850: 19848: 19845: 19843: 19840: 19839: 19837: 19835: 19831: 19827: 19819: 19814: 19812: 19807: 19805: 19800: 19799: 19796: 19790: 19783: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19765: 19760: 19756: 19754: 19753: 19744: 19742: 19741: 19732: 19731: 19728: 19716: 19713: 19712: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19602: 19600: 19598: 19594: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19552:Ethnic groups 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19529: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19517: 19507: 19504: 19502: 19499: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19477: 19474: 19472: 19469: 19468: 19465: 19462: 19460: 19456: 19444: 19441: 19440: 19439: 19436: 19432: 19429: 19428: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19415: 19412: 19411: 19410: 19407: 19403: 19400: 19398: 19397:military rule 19395: 19394: 19393: 19390: 19388: 19385: 19383: 19380: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19368: 19367: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19337: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19325: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19269:Deforestation 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19251: 19248: 19245: 19243: 19239: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19222: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19210:2007 protests 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19200:8888 Uprising 19198: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19154: 19151: 19150: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19133:Prome Kingdom 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19118:Pinya Kingdom 19116: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19108:Pagan Kingdom 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19090: 19088: 19086: 19082: 19074: 19068: 19064: 19060: 19056: 19049: 19044: 19042: 19037: 19035: 19030: 19029: 19026: 19020: 19016: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19004: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18992: 18988: 18985: 18982: 18980: 18976: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18960: 18958: 18957:OpenStreetMap 18954: 18945: 18943: 18942: 18937: 18933: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18921: 18917: 18914: 18913:Burma profile 18911: 18909: 18905: 18902: 18899: 18895: 18894: 18889: 18885: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18873: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18861: 18858: 18855: 18854: 18853: 18852: 18845: 18841: 18837: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18820: 18817: 18814: 18813: 18812: 18811: 18798: 18795: 18791: 18785: 18781: 18777: 18773: 18767: 18763: 18759: 18754: 18750: 18744: 18740: 18736: 18731: 18727: 18721: 18717: 18713: 18708: 18705: 18701: 18697: 18692: 18689: 18688:History Today 18685: 18684: 18663: 18659: 18655: 18648: 18632: 18628: 18622: 18606: 18602: 18596: 18589: 18585: 18580: 18571: 18563: 18559: 18555: 18551: 18544: 18528: 18524: 18518: 18499: 18492: 18486: 18467: 18463: 18459: 18455: 18448: 18441: 18425: 18421: 18414: 18398: 18394: 18390: 18384: 18368: 18364: 18358: 18342: 18338: 18334: 18327: 18319: 18315: 18314: 18306: 18290: 18286: 18279: 18271: 18264: 18256: 18249: 18241: 18237: 18231: 18229: 18212: 18208: 18202: 18194: 18187: 18171: 18167: 18161: 18153: 18147: 18131: 18127: 18120: 18105: 18101: 18094: 18078: 18074: 18068: 18052: 18048: 18044: 18038: 18022: 18018: 18014: 18007: 17991: 17987: 17980: 17971: 17952: 17948: 17942: 17923: 17919: 17912: 17906: 17904: 17884: 17880: 17873: 17867: 17851: 17847: 17843: 17837: 17830: 17826: 17821: 17813: 17806: 17798: 17794: 17788: 17782:, pp. 115–116 17781: 17776: 17768: 17762: 17758: 17751: 17735: 17731: 17725: 17709: 17705: 17699: 17691: 17685: 17669: 17665: 17659: 17643: 17639: 17633: 17617: 17613: 17607: 17591: 17587: 17586:The Economist 17583: 17576: 17568: 17562: 17560: 17543: 17539: 17533: 17517: 17513: 17507: 17505: 17497: 17493: 17489: 17486: 17481: 17465: 17461: 17454: 17446: 17439: 17420: 17413: 17406: 17398: 17394: 17393: 17392:The Irrawaddy 17388: 17381: 17365: 17361: 17354: 17345: 17326: 17319: 17313: 17297: 17293: 17289: 17282: 17280: 17263: 17259: 17252: 17236: 17232: 17228: 17221: 17205: 17201: 17194: 17175: 17171: 17167: 17161: 17153: 17146: 17139: 17133: 17117: 17113: 17109: 17103: 17084: 17077: 17071: 17055: 17051: 17047: 17040: 17032: 17025: 17009: 17005: 17001: 17000: 16995: 16989: 16987: 16985: 16983: 16981: 16979: 16962: 16958: 16954: 16947: 16940: 16936: 16933: 16928: 16926: 16909: 16905: 16901: 16897: 16893: 16889: 16885: 16881: 16874: 16872: 16870: 16868: 16859: 16855: 16851: 16847: 16840: 16821: 16817: 16813: 16809: 16805: 16798: 16791: 16789: 16787: 16778: 16772: 16768: 16761: 16745: 16741: 16735: 16716: 16712: 16708: 16701: 16694: 16686: 16682: 16678: 16674: 16670: 16666: 16659: 16643: 16636: 16630: 16614: 16610: 16604: 16596: 16592: 16586: 16578: 16574: 16568: 16552: 16548: 16542: 16540: 16523: 16519: 16513: 16497: 16493: 16489: 16483: 16467: 16463: 16459: 16453: 16445: 16441: 16434: 16416: 16412: 16405: 16398: 16382: 16378: 16374: 16367: 16351: 16347: 16343: 16336: 16317: 16313: 16306: 16300: 16284: 16280: 16273: 16257: 16253: 16247: 16231: 16227: 16221: 16205: 16201: 16195: 16179: 16172: 16166: 16158: 16154: 16148: 16140: 16134: 16126: 16122: 16118: 16112: 16109:. Singapore. 16108: 16101: 16085: 16081: 16074: 16055: 16051: 16047: 16043: 16039: 16035: 16028: 16020: 16016: 16009: 16001: 15997: 15993: 15991:1-85984-739-0 15987: 15983: 15976: 15968: 15964: 15960: 15954: 15950: 15946: 15939: 15937: 15920: 15916: 15912: 15905: 15897: 15891: 15875: 15871: 15864: 15856: 15850: 15834: 15830: 15823: 15807: 15803: 15797: 15781: 15777: 15770: 15754: 15750: 15746: 15740: 15724: 15720: 15714: 15698: 15694: 15690: 15683: 15667: 15663: 15657: 15641: 15637: 15631: 15612: 15605: 15599: 15592: 15588: 15585: 15579: 15571: 15565: 15562:. Routledge. 15561: 15554: 15538: 15534: 15528: 15512: 15508: 15504: 15497: 15481: 15477: 15473: 15467: 15460: 15456: 15453: 15447: 15440: 15436: 15432: 15429: 15423: 15404: 15400: 15399: 15391: 15385: 15377: 15373: 15368: 15361: 15346: 15342: 15335: 15328: 15323: 15307: 15303: 15299: 15292: 15276: 15272: 15266: 15250: 15246: 15242: 15235: 15219: 15215: 15208: 15192: 15188: 15182: 15166: 15162: 15155: 15139: 15135: 15129: 15113: 15109: 15103: 15088: 15084: 15077: 15061: 15057: 15053: 15047: 15031: 15027: 15023: 15017: 15001: 14997: 14996: 14991: 14985: 14969: 14965: 14964: 14959: 14952: 14936: 14932: 14928: 14922: 14906: 14902: 14895: 14879: 14875: 14870: 14862: 14854: 14848: 14844: 14840: 14833: 14831: 14814: 14810: 14803: 14801: 14799: 14782: 14778: 14774: 14770: 14764: 14748: 14744: 14738: 14722: 14718: 14717: 14712: 14706: 14690: 14686: 14685: 14680: 14674: 14672: 14655: 14651: 14647: 14641: 14625: 14621: 14617: 14611: 14595: 14591: 14587: 14581: 14565: 14561: 14557: 14551: 14543: 14539: 14538: 14533: 14527: 14525: 14516: 14512: 14506: 14491:on 6 May 2019 14490: 14486: 14482: 14476: 14460: 14456: 14452: 14445: 14429: 14425: 14424:The Irrawaddy 14421: 14414: 14398: 14394: 14390: 14383: 14367: 14363: 14362: 14357: 14350: 14348: 14331: 14327: 14323: 14317: 14301: 14297: 14291: 14275: 14274:The Telegraph 14271: 14264: 14248: 14244: 14238: 14222: 14218: 14212: 14196: 14192: 14185: 14169: 14165: 14161: 14155: 14139: 14135: 14131: 14128:Adams, Brad. 14124: 14108: 14104: 14100: 14093: 14077: 14073: 14067: 14051: 14047: 14041: 14034: 14019: 14015: 14008: 14001: 13994: 13979: 13972: 13966: 13959: 13958: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13936: 13929: 13925: 13921: 13917: 13912: 13905: 13901: 13897: 13893: 13888: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13864: 13857: 13853: 13849: 13845: 13840: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13816: 13809: 13805: 13801: 13797: 13792: 13773: 13769: 13762: 13755: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13725: 13709: 13705: 13704:The Telegraph 13700: 13692: 13676: 13672: 13666: 13650: 13646: 13639: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13617: 13601: 13597: 13593: 13587: 13579: 13575: 13571: 13565: 13549: 13545: 13541: 13534: 13526: 13520: 13516: 13512: 13505: 13489: 13485: 13479: 13471: 13467: 13461: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13431: 13415: 13411: 13410: 13405: 13398: 13382: 13378: 13377: 13372: 13368: 13362: 13346: 13342: 13336: 13320: 13316: 13310: 13294: 13290: 13284: 13268: 13264: 13260: 13254: 13239:on 1 May 2011 13238: 13234: 13228: 13212: 13208: 13202: 13186: 13182: 13176: 13160: 13156: 13151: 13143: 13127: 13123: 13117: 13101: 13097: 13091: 13075: 13071: 13064: 13056: 13052: 13045: 13043: 13026: 13022: 13016: 13000: 12996: 12995:The Irrawaddy 12992: 12985: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12954: 12938: 12934: 12930: 12924: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12893: 12877: 12873: 12867: 12859: 12853: 12849: 12844: 12843: 12837: 12830: 12814: 12810: 12804: 12796: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12778: 12774: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12758: 12754: 12750: 12746: 12739: 12732: 12728: 12725: 12719: 12713: 12709: 12706: 12700: 12684: 12680: 12676: 12675:"2016 Report" 12670: 12662: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12618: 12610: 12599: 12595: 12588: 12582: 12566: 12562: 12556: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12526: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12496: 12489: 12484: 12476: 12472: 12466: 12458: 12452: 12448: 12441: 12439: 12430: 12424: 12420: 12413: 12411: 12402: 12395: 12379: 12375: 12369: 12353: 12349: 12343: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12313: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12283: 12267: 12263: 12259: 12253: 12237: 12233: 12232: 12227: 12221: 12214: 12213: 12212:The Irrawaddy 12208: 12204: 12201: 12196: 12189: 12185: 12182: 12177: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12139: 12123: 12119: 12118:Bloomberg.com 12115: 12109: 12102: 12101: 12096: 12092: 12089: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12076: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12068: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12048: 12046: 12038: 12037: 12036:The Irrawaddy 12032: 12028: 12025: 12020: 12013: 12012: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11995: 11988: 11987: 11986:The Irrawaddy 11982: 11978: 11975: 11970: 11963: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11951: 11946: 11939: 11938: 11937:The Irrawaddy 11933: 11929: 11926: 11921: 11914: 11913: 11912:The Irrawaddy 11908: 11904: 11901: 11896: 11889: 11888: 11887:The Irrawaddy 11883: 11879: 11876: 11871: 11864: 11863: 11862:The Irrawaddy 11858: 11854: 11851: 11846: 11844: 11836: 11835: 11834:The Irrawaddy 11830: 11826: 11823: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11790: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11782: 11774: 11770: 11766: 11763: 11758: 11756: 11754: 11746: 11742: 11739: 11734: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11716: 11711: 11709: 11707: 11699: 11693: 11685: 11681: 11674: 11658: 11654: 11648: 11632: 11628: 11622: 11615: 11611: 11608: 11603: 11601: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11569: 11561: 11557: 11550: 11534: 11530: 11524: 11508: 11504: 11499: 11491: 11489: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11468: 11463: 11456: 11440: 11436: 11429: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11399: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11368: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11338: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11312: 11311: 11303: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11269: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11251: 11245: 11229: 11225: 11224: 11219: 11213: 11197: 11193: 11187: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11157: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11126: 11110: 11106: 11099: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11077: 11070: 11068: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11037: 11021: 11017: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10987: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10956: 10940: 10936: 10930: 10914: 10910: 10904: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10873: 10871: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10845: 10840: 10834: 10832: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10801: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10744: 10728: 10724: 10718: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10695: 10679: 10675: 10660: 10656: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10622: 10618: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10512: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10481: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10463: 10457: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10427: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10396: 10394: 10385: 10379: 10374: 10373: 10364: 10362: 10355: 10350: 10348: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10316: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10299:The Irrawaddy 10296: 10289: 10281: 10274: 10258: 10254: 10248: 10240: 10234: 10230: 10223: 10207: 10203: 10202:The Irrawaddy 10199: 10192: 10185: 10181: 10175: 10174:0-7864-1204-6 10171: 10165: 10157: 10150: 10142: 10136: 10132: 10131: 10126: 10125:Towle, Philip 10120: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10078: 10074: 10069: 10061: 10053: 10047: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10031: 10023: 10016: 10008: 10002: 9998: 9991: 9985:, pp. 202–206 9984: 9979: 9972: 9967: 9961:, pp. 184–187 9960: 9955: 9948: 9943: 9936: 9931: 9922: 9914: 9910: 9905: 9904: 9895: 9893: 9885: 9880: 9873: 9868: 9861: 9856: 9848: 9842: 9838: 9830: 9824: 9820: 9813: 9803: 9792: 9788: 9781: 9774: 9767: 9762: 9746: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9723: 9707: 9703: 9696: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9645: 9637: 9631: 9627: 9626: 9618: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9581: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9566: 9549: 9545: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9506: 9502: 9487: 9483: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9449: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9419: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9389: 9373: 9369: 9363: 9347: 9343: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9313: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9291: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9249: 9245: 9239: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9183: 9167: 9163: 9157: 9141: 9137: 9135:9789814313643 9131: 9127: 9126: 9118: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9045: 9041: 9035: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9004: 9000: 8993: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8971: 8966: 8960: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8932: 8923: 8917: 8913: 8912: 8904: 8902: 8893: 8887: 8883: 8882: 8874: 8872: 8863: 8861:9784872977486 8857: 8853: 8852: 8844: 8836: 8829: 8813: 8809: 8803: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8773: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8743: 8724: 8720: 8713: 8707: 8691: 8687: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8656: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8626: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8558: 8551: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8520: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8489: 8473: 8469: 8463: 8461: 8444: 8440: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8402: 8398: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8378: 8372: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8340: 8324: 8320: 8305: 8301: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8266: 8261: 8253: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8157: 8153: 8146: 8140: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8098: 8085: 8077: 8071: 8063: 8050: 8042: 8036: 8028: 8015: 8007: 8001: 7993: 7987: 7968: 7961: 7955: 7939: 7935: 7934: 7933:The Irrawaddy 7929: 7923: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7891: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7869:The Irrawaddy 7865: 7859: 7840: 7833: 7827: 7808: 7804: 7797: 7791: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7755: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7684: 7677: 7671: 7655: 7651: 7645: 7641: 7627: 7595: 7563: 7528: 7496: 7464: 7456: 7422: 7415: 7380: 7348: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7291: 7283: 7277: 7265: 7260: 7253: 7245: 7239: 7227: 7222: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7188: 7179: 7170: 7161: 7157: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7118: 7115: 7109: 7104: 7101: 7090: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7034:Academy Award 7031: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6999: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6948: 6938: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6912:Kin Maung Yin 6909: 6905: 6904:MPP Yei Myint 6901: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6879: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6846:national team 6843: 6839: 6838:Pongyi thaing 6835: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6739: 6728: 6727:coming of age 6724: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6620: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6587:literacy rate 6584: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6484: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6357:Indo-European 6354: 6353:Austroasiatic 6350: 6346: 6340: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6299: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6268:Anglo-Burmese 6265: 6261: 6257: 6256:Anglo-Indians 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6227: 6226:Bamar culture 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6190:Tibeto-Burman 6187: 6183: 6174: 6158: 6154: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6010: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5987: 5981: 5974:Ethnic groups 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5704: 5699: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5646:Rakhine State 5643: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5525:Lonely Planet 5520: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5449:U Bein Bridge 5446: 5438: 5433: 5423: 5420: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5335: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5258:Thant Myint-U 5255: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5216: 5214: 5209: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5109:Chatham House 5106: 5105:David Cameron 5097: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5045: 5038:Organ trading 5035: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5008: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4981: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4954:ethnic groups 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4937:Forced labour 4933: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4844:Freedom House 4841: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4818: 4813: 4803: 4800:November 2020 4794: 4790: 4786: 4784: 4777: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4679: 4671: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4458:head of state 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4346: 4337: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4071:Myanmar is a 4068: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4037: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3985: 3980: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3852:Yangon Region 3850: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3824:Rakhine State 3822: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3740:Magway Region 3738: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3484:တိုင်းဒေသကြီး 3433: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3366:, located in 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3349:Bay of Bengal 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3095: 3091: 3090:Rakhine State 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2934:Rakhine State 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2864:In May 2008, 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2763:8888 Uprising 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2473:Anglo-Burmese 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2362:British India 2359: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275:Upper Myanmar 2272: 2271:Lower Myanmar 2267: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117:Shan migrants 2111: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2095:folk religion 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055:Pagan Kingdom 2052: 2048: 2042: 2041:Pagan Kingdom 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994:Pagan Kingdom 1988:Pagan Kingdom 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1839: 1828: 1825: 1817: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1775: – 1774: 1770: 1769:Find sources: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1747:This section 1745: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1566: 1564: 1557: 1549: 1547: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1520: 1518: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1479:In 1989, the 1477: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:8888 Uprising 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:Pagan Kingdom 1125: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:Pagan Kingdom 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097:Lower Myanmar 1094: 1090: 1089:Upper Myanmar 1086: 1082: 1081:Tibeto-Burman 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066:Bay of Bengal 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1044:to its west, 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1001: 982: 979: 977: 973: 970: 967: 965: 964:ISO 3166 code 961: 958: 955: 953: 949: 945: 943: 939: 935: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 910: 906: 902: 886: 880: 876: 872: 856: 850: 846: 842: 839:$ 1,250 ( 833: 827: 823: 814: 808: 804: 798: 794: 790: 787:$ 5,200 ( 781: 775: 771: 762: 756: 752: 748: 742: 738: 734: 730: 724: 720: 716: 710: 707: 703: 699: 693: 689: 685: 679: 676: 672: 668: 664: 661: 655: 651: 648: 642: 638: 635: 629: 625: 622: 616: 612: 609: 605: 599: 595: 592: 586: 582: 579: 573: 569: 566: 560: 556: 553: 547: 543: 540: 536: 533: 530: 526: 522: 519: 516: 513: 509: 503: 500: 497: 494: 490: 484: 480: 476: 473: 470: 464: 460: 457: 453: 449: 447: 443: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 425: 423: 419: 413: 409: 407: 403: 401: 397: 394: 390: 386: 385: 383: 379: 373: 369: 367: 363: 361: 357: 355: 351: 349: 345: 343: 339: 337: 333: 331: 327: 325: 321: 320: 318: 313: 309: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 267: 261: 258: 255: 251: 248: 245: 241: 236: 207: 204: 200: 195: 193: 189: 175: 165: 158: 131: 125: 114: 110: 104: 98: 90: 84: 76: 68: 64: 60: 48: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 21023: 20865:Turkmenistan 20792:Saudi Arabia 20752: 20451:Beijing 2012 20392: 20380: 20295:Kastellorizo 20174:Turkmenistan 20139:Saudi Arabia 20103: 19871: 19762: 19750: 19738: 19582:Prostitution 19537:Demographics 19476:Central bank 19365:Human rights 19345:Constitution 19180:British rule 19072: 19054: 18939: 18907: 18891: 18850: 18849: 18809: 18808: 18780: 18757: 18739:Tauris Parke 18734: 18711: 18703: 18695: 18687: 18680:Bibliography 18666:. Retrieved 18657: 18647: 18635:. Retrieved 18631:the original 18621: 18609:. Retrieved 18605:the original 18595: 18587: 18579: 18570: 18562:the original 18557: 18553: 18543: 18531:. Retrieved 18517: 18505:. Retrieved 18498:the original 18485: 18473:. Retrieved 18453: 18440: 18428:. Retrieved 18413: 18401:. Retrieved 18392: 18383: 18371:. Retrieved 18367:the original 18357: 18345:. Retrieved 18336: 18326: 18312: 18305: 18293:. Retrieved 18287:. BBC News. 18278: 18269: 18263: 18254: 18248: 18239: 18215:. Retrieved 18211:the original 18201: 18192: 18186: 18174:. Retrieved 18170:the original 18160: 18134:. Retrieved 18129: 18119: 18107:. Retrieved 18104:Bangkok Post 18103: 18093: 18081:. Retrieved 18067: 18055:. Retrieved 18051:the original 18037: 18025:. Retrieved 18021:the original 18016: 18006: 17994:. Retrieved 17979: 17970: 17958:. Retrieved 17951:the original 17941: 17929:. Retrieved 17922:the original 17917: 17890:. Retrieved 17883:the original 17878: 17866: 17854:. 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