5169:. During the Second Revolution in 1913, as the president of the republic, Yuan Shikai used the Beiyang Army to defeat provincial forces opposed to him and to extend his control over north China and other provinces as far south as the Yangtze River. This also led to the expansion of the size of the Beiyang Army, and an effort was made by Yuan to reduce provincial armies in areas he controlled, though they were not completely disbanded. Yuan ended the Qing practice of frequently rotating officers among command positions in the Beiyang divisions, which led to the subordinates developing personal loyalty to their commanders, whose units became their power base. He maintained control over the Beiyang Army by providing the division commanders with the patronage of the presidency, and had them keep each other in check. Yuan was unable to completely reorganize the fragmented command structure of China's military to be more of a bureaucratic institution under the direct control of the central government. After Yuan's death in 1916, the Beiyang Army split among different factions led by his generals that rivaled each other. Though they continued to control the central government in Beijing, they were unable to take over the south. The southern warlords had their own armies but they were also divided by conflicts among themselves. Despite the breakdown of centralized leadership, some military schools established during the Qing dynasty continued to function during the warlord era, including the
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and do liaison work. Able-bodied men from 20 to 25 were required to serve in the military for 3 years before becoming reservists which they would remain as until they were 45. Those being exempt from serving in the military were: only sons, high school graduates and above, students who were in high school or above, could not meet physical standards, "suffered from incurable diseases" and had special governmental appointments. One could also get a deferment if they were civil servants, "could not recover from any disease within months", teachers, "those who were not clear of suspicion for criminal offenses" or where half the sons in a given family were active duty soldiers. Those barred from military service were people who were serving a life sentence or "deprived of political rights".
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2668:(except by old-line Communists)." He also stated that, "Lloyd Eastman has called the Blue Shirts, whose members admired European fascism and were influenced by it, a Chinese fascist organization. This is probably an exaggeration. The Blue Shirts certainly exhibited some of the characteristics of fascism, as did many nationalist organizations around the world, but it is not clear that the group possessed the full qualities of an intrinsic fascist movement....The Blue Shirts probably had some affinity with and for fascism, a common feature of nationalisms in crisis during the 1930s, but it is doubtful that they represented any clear-cut Asian variant of fascism."
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2738:. Campaigns were mounted and laws passed to promote the rights of women. In the 1931 Civil Code, women were given equal inheritance rights, banned forced marriage and gave women the right to control their own money and initiate divorce. No nationally unified women's movement could organize until China was unified under the Kuomintang Government in Nanjing in 1928; women's suffrage was finally included in the new Constitution of 1936, although the constitution was not implemented until 1947. Addressing social problems, especially in remote villages, was aided by improved communications. The
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which officially disbanded by 1938, something Payne also mentions as "possibly because of competition with the KMT itself." Some have also noted that in contrast to older historians from decades ago, Chiang's efforts have been increasingly seen by newer
Western and Chinese historians alike as an arguably necessary if austere part of the complicated nation-building process in China during his time, especially given the wide range of both domestic and foreign challenges it faced on many different concurrent fronts.
2448:". Sun Yat-sen had been actively promoting revolution from his bases in exile. He then returned and on 29 December, Sun Yat-sen was elected president by the Nanjing assembly, which consisted of representatives from seventeen provinces. On 1 January 1912, he was officially inaugurated and pledged "to overthrow the despotic government led by the Manchu, consolidate the Republic of China and plan for the welfare of the people". Sun's new government lacked military strength. As a compromise, he negotiated with
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filmmaking.Upscale movie theaters in China had and contracts which required them to exclusively show
Hollywood films, and thus as of the later 1920s, Hollywood films accounted for 90% of screen time in Chinese theaters. After the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, a large number filmmakers left to join the War of Resistance, with many going to the Nationalist-controlled hinterlands to join the Nationalist film studios Central Motion Picture Studio or China Motion Picture Studio. A smaller number went to
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promoted. When the war with Japan broke out, the majority of the
Chinese fleet was used during the Battle of Shanghai to slow down the Japanese advance along the Yangtze River. Many ships were sunk by Japanese aircraft or were sunk deliberately by the Chinese to use as blockships in the Yangtze. By 1939 most of the Chinese navy had been destroyed, with one estimate claiming that over 100 of the navy's 120 ships in 1937 had been sunk. Some Chinese warships (notably the cruisers
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5186:. After the success of the Northern Expedition the National Revolutionary Army was seen as China's national army, despite warlords still controlling parts of the country. During the next decade the army was increased in size from 250,000 to around two million, organized into 200 divisions. In the 1930s a small number of these divisions received training from German instructors, as well as modern uniforms and weapons, as part of the process of creating a professional army. The
3095:. The Communists were well established in the north and northeast. Although the Kuomintang had an advantage in numbers of men and weapons, controlled a much larger territory and population than their adversaries, and enjoyed considerable international support, they were exhausted by the long war with Japan and in-fighting among various generals. They were also losing the propaganda war to the Communists, with a population weary of Kuomintang corruption and yearning for peace.
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This
Constitution was promulgated on 25 December 1946 and came into effect on 25 December 1947. Under it, the Central Government was divided into the presidency and the five yuans, each responsible for a part of the government. None was responsible to the other except for certain obligations such as the president appointing the head of the Executive Yuan. Ultimately, the president and the yuans reported to the National Assembly, which represented the will of the citizens.
5507:. In one anti-guerilla sweep in 1942, the Japanese killed up to 200,000 civilians in a month. The war was estimated to have killed between 20 and 25 million Chinese, and destroyed all that Chiang had built up in the preceding decade. Development of industries was severely hampered after the war by devastating civil conflict as well as the inflow of cheap American goods. By 1946, Chinese industries operated at 20% capacity and had 25% of the output of pre-war China.
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2925:. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants and, the spread of their organizational network, while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence. Meanwhile, northern China was infiltrated politically by Japanese politicians in Manchukuo using facilities such as the
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Japanese-occupied areas and of reconstructing the nation from the ravages of a protracted war were staggering. The economy deteriorated, sapped by the military demands of foreign war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by
Nationalist profiteering, speculation, and hoarding. Starvation came in the wake of the war, and millions were rendered homeless by floods and unsettled conditions in many parts of the country.
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5986:諸君知中華民國之意義乎?何以不曰「中華共和國」,而必曰「中華民國」?此「民」字之意義,為僕研究十餘年之結果而得之者。歐美之共和國,創建遠在吾國之前。二十世紀之國,當含有創制之精神,不當自謂能效法於十八九世紀成法,而引為自足。共和政體為代表政體,世界各國,隸於此旗幟之下者,如希臘,則有貴族奴隸之堦級,直可稱之曰「專制共和」。如美國則已有十四省,樹直接民權之規模,而瑞士則全乎直接民權制度也。雖吾人今既易專制而成代議政體,然何可故步自封,落於人後。故今後國民當奮振全神於世界,發現一光芒萬丈之奇采,俾更進而底於直接民權之域。代議政體旗幟之下,吾民所享者,祇一種代議權。若底於直接民權,則有創制權、廢止權、退官權。但此種民權,不宜以廣漠之省境施行之,故當以縣為單位。地方財政完全由地方處理之,而分任中央之政費。其餘各種實業,則懲美國托拉斯之弊,而歸諸中央。如是數年,必有一莊嚴燦爛之中華民國發現於東大陸,駕諸世界共和國之上矣。
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peaked at 28.8 billion, before falling to 21.3 billion by 1934 and recovering to 23.7 billion by 1935. By 1930, foreign investment in China totaled 3.5 billion, with Japan leading (1.4 billion) followed by the United
Kingdom (1 billion). By 1948, however, the capital investment had halted and dropped to only 3 billion, with the US and Britain being the leading investors.
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by the fall of dynastic rule. The
Republic of China maintained the increase of western cultural influence in the country. Chinese intellectuals of the time were not unified in their opinions on the cultural changes occurring in the newly-founded state. Some took progressive stances and advocated for Art Reform, while more conservative intellectuals believed China should maintain older Chinese traditions.
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were under-strength and the troops were poorly trained. Many of these divisions were still more loyal to warlords than to Chiang Kai-shek. The U.S. also provided military assistance to China, planning to equip 30 divisions, but the prioritization of the
European theater and the logistical difficulties of getting the supplies to China prevented these plans from being fully carried out.
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3175:, and short-lived. The number of acts passed by the government was few and included the formal abdication of the Qing dynasty and some economic initiatives. The parliament's authority soon became nominal: violations of the Constitution by Yuan were met with half-hearted motions of censure. Kuomintang members of parliament who gave up their membership in the KMT were offered 1,000
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significant efforts were made during this period to grow the navy because of China being in a state of general disarray. Sometimes warlords did use maritime forces but mainly as a way of supporting land combat. When Sun Yat-sen established his constitutional protection government in
Guangzhou in 1917, some of his early support came from the Chinese navy, represented by admirals
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Nanjing decade the length of the highway network grew from 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 109,000 kilometres (68,000 mi) while growth was also seen in navigable waterways. In the early 1930s, a
Sichuan warlord named Liu Xiang was strongly committed toward creating an entirely Chinese navigation company and eliminating foreign-owned companies in the Yangtze River basin.
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through its National Congress and Central Executive Committee, would exercise sovereign power during the period of "political tutelage", that the KMT's Political Council would guide and superintend the Nationalist Government in the execution of important national affairs, and that the Political Council has the power to interpret or amend the Organic Law.
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to hold parts of the Chinese coast, especially that closest to Taiwan failed and rather than returning and reconquering – by the late 1950s the only presence the ROC had in mainland China was in the remote areas of western China's wilderness were a small number of KMT loyalists held out fighting a guerilla campaign that was gradually worn down.
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7300:, p. 5) "Nationalist disunity, political instability, civil strife, the communist challenge, the autocracy of Chiang Kai-shek, the ascendancy of the military, the escalating Japanese threat, and the "crisis of democracy" in Italy, Germany, Poland, and Spain, all contributed to a freezing of democracy by the Nationalist leadership."
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1810:" with the Chinese Communist Party. CCP members joined the KMT and the two parties cooperated to build a revolutionary base in Canton. Sun planned to use this base to launch a military campaign northwards and reunify the rest of China. Sun's death in 1925 precipitated a power struggle that eventually resulted in the rise of General
3408:(UNSC). Though multiple objections were raised that the seat belonged to the lawful government of China, which had to many become the PRC even arguably prior to the official conclusion of the Chinese Civil War, the ROC retained the permanent seat reserved for China on the UNSC until 1971 when it was supplanted by the PRC.
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communists' promise to redistribute land gained them support among the large rural population. In 1949, the communists captured Beijing and later Nanjing. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949. The Republic of China relocated to Taiwan where Japan had laid an educational groundwork.
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The relocation to Taiwan was initially intended to be a regrouping as the KMT had not actually been wholly defeated in the rest of China in 1949 and was initially able to hold onto pockets of Chinese territory on the mainland. After losing Hainan in 1950, most KMT holdouts were soon overrun, attempts
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Chinese industries grew considerably from 1928 to 1931. While the economy was hit by the Japanese occupation of Manchuria in 1931 and the Great Depression from 1931 to 1935, industrial output recovered to their earlier peak by 1936. This is reflected by the trends in Chinese GDP. In 1932, China's GDP
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The Republic of China Air Force during the Second-Sino Japanese War was outmatched by the Japanese aviation forces. Foreign advisors from Germany, France, Italy and the United Kingdom came to China in the 1930s; while foreign aircraft were also imported from a variety of countries. With the beginning
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The ROC Marine Corps was created from the former Naval Guard Corps, and consisted of two marine brigades, which were used during the war against Japan in several provinces before the corps was disbanded in 1946. In 1947, a reorganized Republic of China Marine Corps was created by the commander of the
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with the goal of reunifying China under the Kuomintang, with Soviet advisors and equipment. To avoid the problems of warlord armies, the NRA was under the political and ideological control of a party, the KMT, and included party representatives in its ranks. After Sun's death in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek
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Under the new constitution the first elections for the National Assembly occurred in January 1948, and the assembly was summoned to meet in March 1948. It elected the president of the republic on 21 March 1948, formally bringing an end to the KMT party rule started in 1928, although the president was
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Shortly after the Second Sino-Japanese War, a long-delayed constitutional convention was summoned to meet in Nanjing in May 1946. Amidst heated debate, this convention adopted many constitutional amendments demanded by several parties, including the KMT and the Communist Party, into the Constitution.
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that preceded the republic had experienced instability throughout the 19th century and suffered from both internal rebellion and foreign imperialism. A program of institutional reform proved too little and too late. Only the lack of an alternative regime prolonged the monarchy's existence until 1912.
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Basic literacy came to most of the school-aged populace by the end of the Japanese tenure on Taiwan. School attendance for Taiwanese children rose steadily throughout the Japanese era, from 3.8 percent in 1904 to 13.1 percent in 1917; 25.1 percent in 1920; 41.5 percent in 1935; 57.6 percent in 1940;
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Prior to the fall of the Qing dynasty, interaction and trade with western countries was more common in China than it had been in previous times. This led to greater cultural influence from the west in China. The culture of China and daily life within the country was disrupted from its previous state
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in Beijing experienced constant changes in leadership, and this political instability led to stagnation in economic development until Chinese reunification in 1928 under the Kuomintang. After this reunification, China entered a period of relative stability—despite ongoing isolated military conflicts
5126:
Military conscription was practiced in the Republic of China starting in March 1936 after a 1933 law was passed. All males between 18 and 45 were required to register for as citizen-soldiers where they would learn how to use weapons, build fortifications, execute basic orders, conduct reconnaissance
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as well as the Control Yuan. The Chairman of the National Government was to be the head-of-state and commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army. Chiang Kai-shek was appointed as the first chairman, a position he would retain until 1931. The Organic Law also stipulated that the Kuomintang,
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During the Chinese Civil War both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants killed by both sides. Benjamin Valentino has estimated atrocities in the civil war resulted in the death of between 1.8 million and 3.5 million people between 1927
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in imitation of them, in an effort to counter the growth of Mao's communism as well as resist both Western and Japanese imperialism. According to Stanley Payne, however, Chiang's KMT was "normally classified as a multi-class populist or 'nation-building' party but not a fitting candidate for fascism
5544:
Radio had been previously experimented with during the Qing Dynasty and work continued into the Republican era. Radio stations began appearing in the 1920s being mainly concentrated in Shanghai. The Kuomintang would create a national radio program, the Central China Broadcasting Station (CCBS). The
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One effect of the war with Japan was a massive increase in government control of industries. In 1936, government-owned industries were only 15% of GDP. However, the ROC government took control of many industries to fight the war. In 1938, the ROC established a commission for industries and mines to
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In September 1932, the Central Aviation School was founded with the help of an American mission led by John Jouett, and its graduates included the majority of Chinese pilot officers by 1937. On his recommendation, the ROCAF was restructured, with a Ministry of Aviation equal to that of the Military
5407:
planes, arriving in early 1930. The Chinese Air Force expanded from the first 12 Corsair planes in 1930 to a size of eight squadrons, with seven of bomber-observation planes and one of pursuit planes, in 1931, with a total of 40 to 50 aircraft. Several American pilots became advisors to China's air
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In 1945, Chiang revived plans to create a modern Chinese Navy and asked the United States for assistance. The Nationalists received over 100 ships from the U.S. and its allied countries, as well as some captured Axis ships. Before the end of 1945 a navy training center was established in Qingdao by
5292:
The Republic of China's Navy during between 1911 and 1949 was primarily composed of ships from the Qing Dynasty or ships obtained from foreign countries. As most threats to the Republic were on land from the warlords and the Communists there was no interest in developing any maritime strategies. No
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In January 1949, Beiping was taken by the Communists without a fight, and its name changed back to Beijing. Following the capture of Nanjing on 23 April, major cities passed from Kuomintang to Communist control with minimal resistance, through November. In most cases the surrounding countryside and
3053:
In January 1946, through the mediation of the United States, a military truce between the Kuomintang and the Communists was arranged, but battles soon resumed. Public opinion of the administrative incompetence of the Nationalist government was incited by the Communists during the nationwide student
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of the 1880s, and subsequent laws, enacted by the United States Congress to restrict Chinese immigration into the United States were repealed. The wartime policy of the United States was meant to help China become a strong ally and a stabilizing force in postwar East Asia. During the war, China was
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Still other historians have noted that Chiang and the KMT's exact ideology itself was very complex and oscillated over time, with different factions of his government cooperating with both the Soviets and Germans as they saw fit, and that Chiang eventually became disillusioned with the Blue Shirts,
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CBBS held programs that related to the news, education and entertainment along with putting the news in difference dialects of Chinese. However, those who actually listened to the radio in China were predominantly in the urban areas .Most radios were foreign made and little were made domestically.
5540:
The Republic of China had a national postal system which began under the Qing Dynasty and carried over into the Republican period. The postal service did pull of Manchuria when the Japanese did invade it in 1931 and in Mongolia in 1924. The postal service continued to operate in other areas of the
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China's infrastructure would grow dramatically during this period. The railroad network length grew from 9,600 kilometres (6,000 mi) in 1912 to 25,000 kilometres (16,000 mi) by 1945. The Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan was known for his strong commitment toward developing railroads. During the
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in 1938, the Chinese Army tried to avoid direct large scale fighting with the Japanese. Chiang also wanted to preserve his army instead of engaging in ground operations, despite pressure from the American leadership to go on the offensive. It was not until early 1944 when Chiang agreed to launch a
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in May 1949, whilst a few hundred thousand Nationalist troops and two million refugees, predominantly from the government and business community, fled from mainland China to Taiwan. There remained in China itself only isolated pockets of resistance. On 7 December 1949, Chiang proclaimed Taipei the
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Reformers and critics pushed for democracy and human rights, but the task seemed difficult if not impossible. The nation was at war and divided between Communists and Nationalists. Corruption and lack of direction hindered reforms. Chiang told the State Council: "Our organization becomes worse and
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and the following retreat. Half of the officers that graduated from the Central Military Academy were killed in the first few months of fighting. By 1941, the Chinese Nationalist Army had 3.8 million troops in 246 front-line divisions and 70 reserve divisions, though the majority of the divisions
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with China from the past. Within a few months a new agreement was signed between the United States and the Republic of China for the stationing of American troops in China as part of the common war effort against Japan. The United States sought unsuccessfully to reconcile the rival Kuomintang and
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compared with 12 million in 1928. Other imports saw even more increases. In 1932, 15 million bushels of grain were imported compared with 900,000 in 1928. This increased competition lead to a massive decline in Chinese agricultural prices and thus the income of rural farmers. In 1932,
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Belatedly, the Republic of China government sought to enlist popular support through internal reforms. However, the effort was in vain, because of rampant government corruption and the accompanying political and economic chaos. By late 1948 the Kuomintang position was bleak. The demoralized and
5522:
was placed under the control of the ROC. In the meantime, the KMT renewed its struggle with the communists. However, the corruption and hyperinflation as a result of trying to fight the civil war, resulted in mass unrest throughout the Republic and sympathy for the communists. In addition, the
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Beginning in 1929, the Nationalist government started expanding its air power to improve its position over warlords and the Communists. The ROC Air Force was formally established in April 1929, and that month the aviation department of the Ministry of War was separated as the National Aviation
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in February 1945—dismantled and removed more than half the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese. Although the Chinese had not been present at Yalta, they had been consulted and had agreed to have the Soviets enter the war, in the belief that the Soviet Union would deal only with the
3190:
In February 1928, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 2nd Kuomintang National Congress, held in Nanjing, passed the Reorganization of the Nationalist Government Act. This act stipulated that the Nationalist Government was to be directed and regulated under the Central Executive Committee of the
5316:
Chiang Kai-shek announced in 1928 that it was his intention to build a large navy for China, but this goal was undermined by financial problems and other difficulties. Many senior officers did not have modern naval training, and newer officers that were educated in Western countries were not
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Kuomintang, with the Committee of the Nationalist Government being elected by the KMT Central Committee. Under the Nationalist Government were seven ministries—Interior, Foreign Affairs, Finance, Transport, Justice, Agriculture and Mines, and Commerce, in addition to institutions such as the
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like Shanghai and Hong Kong. Chinese-made short melodrama and comedy films began emerging in 1913. Chinese film production developed significantly in the 1920s.Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, filmmaking in China was largely done by film studios and there was comparatively little small scale
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into northern China and the coastal provinces. Chinese fury against Japan was predictable, but anger was also directed against Chiang and the Nanjing government, which at the time was more preoccupied with anti-Communist extermination campaigns than with resisting the Japanese invaders. The
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under Chiang Kai-shek, the ROC continued to be destabilized by the Chinese Civil War, revolts by the KMT's warlord allies, and steady territorial encroachments by Japan. Although heavily damaged by the purge, the CCP gradually rebuilt its strength by focusing on organizing peasants in the
3014:
In 1945, after the end of the war, the Nationalist Government moved back to Nanjing. The Republic of China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but actually a nation economically prostrate and on the verge of all-out civil war. The problems of rehabilitating the formerly
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During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the armed forces of the CCP were nominally incorporated into the National Revolutionary Army, while remaining under separate command, but broke away to form the People's Liberation Army shortly after the end of the war. With the promulgation of the
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on behalf of Puyi, ending several millennia of monarchical rule. In 1913, elections were held for provincial assemblies, which would then chose delegates for a new National Assembly. The Kuomintang emerged as the formal political party that replaced the revolutionary organization
3333:. The Republic of China was able to maintain most of these diplomatic ties, at least initially following the retreat to Taiwan. Chiang Kai-shek had vowed to quickly return and "liberate" the mainland, an assurance that became a cornerstone of the ROC's post 1949 foreign policy.
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began to gain upper hand in 1948 over a larger and better-armed National Revolutionary Army due to better military tactics and internal corruption of the ROC leadership. In 1949, the ROC repeatedly moved its capital to avoid the Communist advance—first to Guangzhou, followed by
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of the 1930s, in which an overproduction of agricultural goods lead to falling prices for China as well as an increase in foreign imports (as agricultural goods produced in western countries were "dumped" in China). In 1931, Chinese imports of rice amounted to 21 million
3350:. It was hoped by the government that participating in the Olympic Games this could give more legitimacy to the country in the eyes of the international community and "sports could also cultivate modern citizens and a strong nation". The Republic of China sent athletes to the
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for the League of Nations being a non-permanent member of the League Council from: 1921–1923, 1926–1928, 1931–1932, 1934, and 1936. Although the ROC lobbied to be a permanent member of the League Council it never became one. At the League of Nations, China wanted to see the
3382:
The Republic of China was a member of the League of Nations and participated until it was dissolved. Those in the country's foreign relations were among the most stable of those working in the government in terms of composition. The ROC was a non-permanent member of the
2652:; and finally a constitutional democracy. In 1930, after seizing power and reunifying China by force, the "tutelage" phase started with the promulgation of a provisional constitution. In an attempt to distant themselves from the Soviets, the Chinese government sought
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3063:. Thereafter, the Chinese Civil War became more widespread; battles raged not only for territories but also for the allegiance of sections of the population. The United States aided the Nationalists with massive economic loans and weapons but no combat support.
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Sun Yat-sen was the provisional president. Delegates from the provinces sent to confirm the government's authority formed the first parliament in 1913. The power of this government was limited, with generals controlling both the central and northern
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had been established by Sun Yat-sen with Soviet assistance to provide officers for the KMT army, and in 1928 it was moved to Nanjing to become the Central Military Academy, where its size and training program was expanded by the Germans. But these
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Yuan was elected president of the ROC in 1913. He ruled by military power and ignored the republican institutions established by his predecessor, threatening to execute Senate members who disagreed with his decisions. He soon dissolved the ruling
5360:
and the flagship defected to the Communists. This was followed in April by a mutiny of the entire fleet along the Yangtze, which was led by its commander to the other side. Because of this, 23 April 1949 is considered the founding date of the
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of 1930 by bombing cities, directing artillery, and observing warlord army defensive positions, and is credited with helping bring about a faster victory for Chiang Kai-shek's government. It had less success against the Japanese during the
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at the end of World War II in 1945, which led to Taiwan being placed under Chinese administration. In the aftermath of World War II, civil war resumed between the areas liberated by the KMT and those liberated by the CCP. The CCP's
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states. Increasingly unpopular and deserted by his supporters, Yuan abdicated in 1916 and died of natural causes shortly thereafter. China then declined into a period of warlordism. Sun, having been forced into exile, returned to
5176:
Sun Yat-sen created a new government in 1917 as an alternative to the Beiyang, but he did not have the military power to control the southern warlords. Therefore, the National Revolutionary Army was established by Sun in 1924 in
2540:
Meanwhile, the Beiyang government struggled to hold onto power, and an open and wide-ranging debate evolved regarding how China should confront the West. In 1919, a student protest against the government's weak response to the
3182:
When Yuan died, the parliament of 1913 was reconvened to give legitimacy to a new government. However, the real power passed to military leaders, leading to the warlord period. The impotent government still had its use; when
3058:
in early 1947 and during another national protest against monetary reforms later that year. The United States—realizing that no American efforts short of large-scale armed intervention could stop the coming war—withdrew Gen.
364:
5235:. The Japanese advanced rapidly in central and southeast China, as the Chinese Army still suffered from a lack of supplies, and by the start of 1945 they captured several U.S. air bases and created a direct connection to
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in Beijing, having re-established the KMT in October 1919. Sun's dream was to unify China by launching an expedition against the north. However, he lacked the military support and funding to turn it into a reality.
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247:
5313:, who became the commander of the ROC Navy in 1932 and remained in that position until after the war with Japan. During the 1930s he organized the Chinese navy into the Central, Northeast, and Guangdong Fleets.
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5259:, which retreated to Taiwan in 1949 after their defeat in the Chinese Civil War. Units which surrendered and remained in mainland China were either disbanded or incorporated into the People's Liberation Army.
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in 1915. The new ruler of China tried to increase centralization by abolishing the provincial system; however, this move angered the gentry along with the provincial governors, who were usually military men.
7748:"China's Representation in the United Nations", by Khurshid Hyder – Pakistan Horizon; Vol. 24, No. 4, The Great Powers and Asia (Fourth Quarter, 1971), pp. 75–79, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs
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The Republic of China was officially proclaimed on 1 January 1912 by the revolutionaries and Sun Yat-sen, the first provisional president of the new republic, following the success of the Xinhai revolution.
324:
3447:
2896:, with its capital in Nanjing, which proclaimed itself the legitimate "Republic of China" in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek's government, although its claims were significantly hampered due to its being a
2473:
led the Kuomintang Party to electoral victories by fashioning his party's program to appeal to the gentry, landowners, and merchants. Song was assassinated on 20 March 1913, at the behest of Yuan Shikai.
2936:
during World War II, the United States became increasingly involved in Chinese affairs. As an ally, it embarked in late 1941 on a program of massive military and financial aid to the hard-pressed
1906:. In October 1949, the CCP established the PRC. Remnants of the ROC government would hang on in mainland China until late 1951. The KMT dominated ROC politics for 72 years and ruled the island of
266:
2073:'), and which he thought would allow more checks and balances by the people. Later on 20 October 1923, at a national conference for youths in Guangzhou, to explain the core idea behind
2917:
The United Front between the Kuomintang and the CCP had salutary effects for the beleaguered CCP, despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions and the rich
6946:
After the 1930 mutiny ended, Chiang accepted the suggestion of Wang Ching-wei, Yen Hsi-shan, and Feng Yü-hsiang that a provisional constitution for the political tutelage period be drafted.
5503:
began with a Japanese invasion of China, and the resulting warfare laid waste to China. Most of the prosperous east coast was occupied by the Japanese, who committed atrocities such as the
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country even when they were taken by the Japanese and eventually began offering their services once again in Manchuria. In rural areas the postal service even offered free deliveries.
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National Institute for Compilation and Translation of the Republic of China (Taiwan): Geography Textbook for Junior High School Volume 1 (1993 version): Lesson 10: pp. 47–49.
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of the war they began to rely most heavily on the United States and Soviet Union for advisors. The low amount of planes being domestically produced would prove to be a hindrance.
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a member of the KMT. These elections, though praised by at least one US observer, were poorly received by the Communist Party, which would soon start an open, armed insurrection.
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and the CCP. However, he soon dismissed his Soviet advisers, being convinced that they wanted to get rid of the KMT and take control. Chiang decided to purge the Communists,
5428:
When the war with Japan broke out in July 1937, much of the ROC Air Force was destroyed during the fighting in central China by December of that year. From 1938 to 1940 the
2970:
Kuomintang government. However, the Soviet presence in northeast China enabled the Communists to arm themselves with equipment surrendered by the withdrawing Japanese army.
8598:"Communication Technology and Mass Propaganda in Republican China: The Nationalist Party's Radio Broadcasting Policy and Organisation during the Nanjing Decade (1927-1937)"
6040:
5773:
2056:) with the limiting and authoritarianism-prone Euro-American models of representative republicanism. What he strived for was a more grass-roots model, which he termed
1480:
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In the early years of the Republic of China, the economy remained unstable as the country was marked by constant warfare between different regional warlord factions. The
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2576:. At the same time, other violent conflicts were taking place in China: in the South, where the CCP had superior numbers, Nationalist supporters were being massacred.
1658:
5239:. In early 1945, Chinese and Allied troops in Burma succeeded in opening a land route to India, allowing more equipment to be sent to the Chinese, which they used to
5425:. Additional planes were purchased, and factories were also opened in China. As of 1936, the Chinese Air Force had 645 aircraft, and multiple factories and schools.
3038:
against a possible Soviet incursion, and logistic support was given to Kuomintang forces in north and northeast China. To further this end, on 30 September 1945 the
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during which Japan suffered extensive casualties in both its army and navy. Nanjing fell in December 1937, which was followed by mass murders and rapes known as the
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5356:, becoming the flagship of the ROCN. In February 1949, as Chinese Communist forces advanced to the Yangtze River from the north, a mutiny of sailors occurred on
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Before the Nationalist government was ousted from the mainland, the Republic of China had diplomatic relations with 59 countries, including Australia, Canada,
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was one of many that took advantage of the new freedom to raise social consciousness. The Nationalist government published a draft constitution on 5 May 1936.
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When the war between Japan and China broke out in 1937, Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best divisions to central China, where they took heavy losses during the
2026:), and distribute land equally among the people." On 15 July 1916, in his welcoming speech to the Cantonese delegates in Shanghai, Sun explained why the term
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in China. From its founding until 1949, the republic was based on mainland China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to warlordism (1915–1928), a
2482:(KMT) party, banned "secret organizations" (which implicitly included the KMT), and ignored the provisional constitution. Ultimately, Yuan declared himself
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The Republic of China's military initially consisted of the decentralized forces of the former Qing dynasty, with the most modern and organized being the
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Chiang Kai-shek pushed the CCP into the interior and established a government, with Nanjing as its capital, in 1927. By 1928, Chiang's army overthrew the
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but no athletes won any medals. For 1928 a single athlete was sent. Although athletes were sent to the 1924 games they did not participate in the games.
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to defect to the National Revolutionary Army and became the head of the revolutionary navy on the Yangtze River. One of Admiral Yang's subordinates was
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With the promulgation of the Organic Law of the Nationalist Government in October 1928, the government was reorganized into five different branches, or
10307:
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5333:. The building of a Chinese navy was no longer a priority during the rest of the war, and in 1940 Chiang Kai-shek disbanded the Ministry of the Navy.
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Lee, Junghwan (June 2013). "The History of Konghwa 共和 in Early Modern East Asia and Its Implications in the Constitution of the Republic of Korea".
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and more successfully established a censorship apparatus directed against unwelcome cultural products, especially left-wing artists and their works.
2983:
2456:, promising Yuan the presidency of the republic if he were to remove the Qing emperor by force. Yuan agreed to the deal. On 12 February 1912, regent
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Land controlled by the Republic of China (late 1945) shown in dark green; land claimed (until early 1946) but not controlled shown in light green.
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forced him to back down. When Yuan died in 1916, the country fragmented between the various local commanders of the Beiyang Army. This began the
6586:
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2280:), because from the Chinese government's perspective the ROC ceased to exist in 1949. In Taiwan, these years are called the "Mainland period" (
1651:
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1965:
10803:
7520:
Qin Xin. Taiwan army published new book uncovering secrets of Chiang Kai-shek: Plan to retake the mainland. 28 June 2006. China News Agency.
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Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese desires on China. Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated
2735:
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Chung, Chien (2003). "A review of the ROC's military reform: A case study of the Taiwanese Navy". In Martin Edmonds; Michal M. Tsai (eds.).
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did much of the fighting against the Japanese, along with the remnants of the ROCAF. The Soviets sent 885 planes to China over those years.
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2769:, provincial military leaders, or warlord coalitions. Nationalist rule was strongest in the eastern regions around the capital Nanjing. The
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In August 1945, with American help, Nationalist troops moved to take the Japanese surrender in North China. The Soviet Union—encouraged to
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in 1932. The loss of Manchuria, and its potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Kuomintang economy. The
1576:
2469:, and at the 1913 elections, it won the largest share of seats in both houses of the National Assembly and in some provincial assemblies.
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5912:[Yearbook of the 94th Year of the Republic of China: Chapter 1 General Introduction, Chapter 2 Land Section, 2 Mainland Region].
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3179:. Yuan maintained power locally by sending generals to be provincial governors or by obtaining the allegiance of those already in power.
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1759:. Yuan quickly became authoritarian and used his military power to control the administration, which consequently became known as the "
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agricultural prices were at 41 percent of 1921 levels. By 1934, rural incomes had fallen to 57 percent of 1931 levels in some areas.
2892:, then removed in an epic retreat to Chongqing, the seat of government until 1945. In 1940, the Japanese set up the collaborationist
2135:" (from 1928 to 1949) used the name "Republic of China" as their official name. In Chinese, the official name was often shortened to
1644:
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in 1934 led to more power for the central government, but there continued to be foot-dragging and even outright defiance, as in the
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supervise and control firms, as well as instilling price controls. By 1942, 70% of Chinese industry was owned by the government.
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in southeast China by May. They were planning an offensive to retake control of a port in southern China when Japan surrendered.
1884:
devastated China, leading to enormous loss of life and material destruction. The war between China and Japan continued until the
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The Republic of China was proclaimed in Nanjing on 1 January, and its capital was moved to Beijing on March 10 of the same year.
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countryside. Warlords who resented Chiang's attempts to take away their autonomy and incorporate their military units into the
17:
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led the Nationalist Army in its first campaign against less organized warlord forces from 1926 to 1928, becoming known as the
2641:
Sun Yat-sen envisioned three phases for the KMT rebuilding of China – military rule and violent reunification;
2004:; 'Chinese People's State') as the country's official Chinese name. The name was derived from the language of the
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1818:. Thanks to strategic alliances with warlords and help from Soviet military advisors, Chiang was able to lead a successful "
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5173:, which graduated the majority of officers that served in warlord armies and many that later became Nationalist officers.
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worse... many staff members just sit at their desks and gaze into space, others read newspapers and still others sleep."
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began, several Western powers and Japan wanted China to declare war on Germany, to liquidate German holdings in China.
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River valley in central China. After 1940, conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the
2369:
1795:
237:
7116:"Redefining the Moral and Legal Roles of the State in Everyday Life - The New Life Movement in China in the Mid-1930s"
6122:"Exploring Chinese History :: Database Catalog :: Biographical Database :: Republican Era- (1912–1949)"
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3167:, which state that " shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be governed by the people and for the people."
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small towns had come under Communist influence long before the cities. Finally, on 1 October 1949, Communists led by
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Chiang Kai-shek's chief bodyguard published a book revealing the 62-year history of "counterattacking the mainland"
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between 1919 and 1921. After World War II, the Nationalist government officially recognized the sovereignty of the
5623:
5362:
2309:
A republic was formally established on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, which itself began with the
2297:
1307:
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to China, though it was unsuccessful. It took place around the same time as Japan's largest offensive since 1941,
2872:
Chinese resistance stiffened after 7 July 1937, when a clash occurred between Chinese and Japanese troops outside
2384:. Meanwhile, the CCP took over all of mainland China and founded the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing.
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The Nationalists' retreat to Taipei: after the Nationalists lost Nanjing they next moved to Guangzhou, then to
2830:
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with the intention of defeating the Beiyang warlords and unifying the country. Chiang received the help of the
2273:
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According to Lloyd Eastman, Chiang Kai-shek was influenced by European fascist movements, and he launched the
2184:; 'people's country'; "republic") in 1912, as well as its similar semantic formation to
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11988:
11921:
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Cook, Chris Cook. Stevenson, John. (2005). The Routledge Companion to World History Since 1914. Routledge.
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8540:"Warlords at Work: Four Crucial Realms and Four Dynamics of State Building in Republican China, 1916–1937"
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force and fought in battles against the Japanese or warlords. The Nationalist Air Force had a role in the
2368:
of mainland China in 1949, after the Chinese Civil War, left the ruling Kuomintang with control over only
2194:; 'emperor's country'; "empire"), may have influenced the choice of the Korean term
1779:
defined by decentralized conflicts between rival cliques. The most powerful of these cliques, notably the
13098:
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Charting America's Cold War Waters in East Asia: Sovereignty, Local Interests, and International Security
7234:. Critical issues in world and international history. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132.
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2880:. This skirmish led to open, although undeclared, warfare between China and Japan. Shanghai fell after a
2862:
2853:
importance of "internal unity before external danger" was forcefully brought home in December 1936, when
2754:
2532:
in the south in 1917 and 1922, with the help of warlords, and set up successive rival governments to the
2114:
1949:
1890:
1863:
1751:, the ROC's founder and provisional president, served only briefly before handing over the presidency to
1500:
403:
110:
7840:
The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China: The Art of Governing Soldiers
7767:
1956:. Covering 11.4 million square kilometres (4.4 million square miles) of claimed territory, it
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Cite error: The named reference ":Laikwan" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
6121:
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revised. The ROC thought that by being in the League they could improve their international standing.
3342:
The ROC did try to participate in a variety of entities for the international community including the
3159:
The first Republic of China national government was established on 1 January 1912, in Nanjing, with a
1822:" from 1926 to 1928. By 1927, Chiang felt secure enough to end the alliance with the Soviet Union and
13299:
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7310:
Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China
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2017:
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9011:(in Chinese). Taipei: History and Politics Compilation Office of the Ministry of National Defense.
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5365:. At the end of the war the rest of the ROCN moved Nationalist troops from the mainland to Taiwan.
5325:
5319:
5282:
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in 1947 and the formal end of the KMT party-state, the National Revolutionary Army was renamed the
5187:
5170:
4724:
4614:
3438:
2907:
2812:
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In 1912, after over two thousand years of dynastic rule, a republic was established to replace the
2403:
2322:
1875:
1838:-based government led by Chiang Kai-shek, who after the Northern Expedition ruled the country as a
1418:
1245:
994:
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1802:. Sun was finally able to take Guangzhou with the help of weapons, funding, and advisors from the
13231:
12703:
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8173:
Heretics in Revolutionary China: The Ideas and Identities of Two Cantonese Socialists, 1917–1928
7696:
Resolutions and Statements of the United Nations Security Council: (1946–1989); a Thematic Guide
7486:
5949:
5940:
5040:
Taiwan was only under ROC control after the surrender of Japan. Government suspended since 2018.
2965:
to hasten the end of the war and allowed a Soviet sphere of influence there as agreed to at the
1874:. They continued a series of smaller territorial encroachments until 1937, when they launched a
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2940:. In January 1943, both the United States and the United Kingdom led the way in revising their
2937:
2605:
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2457:
2440:
against the Qing government, on 10 October 1911, which is now celebrated annually as the ROC's
2361:
2132:
2083:; 'people's country'), he pithily compared the phrase "Empire of China" (
1941:
1847:
1831:
1545:
1505:
964:
617:
8723:. (New York: Columbia University Press, 4 vols, 1967–1971). 600 articles. Available online at
8510:
8204:
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7602:
To Play or Not to Play: A Historic Overview of the Olympic Movement in China From 1894 to 1984
7585:
To Play or Not to Play: A Historic Overview of the Olympic Movement in China From 1894 to 1984
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5118:, who continued possessing their titles in the Republic of China from the previous dynasties.
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2845:, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of Japanese defiance.
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were introduced to China in 1896. They were introduced through foreign film exhibitors in
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Communists, to make for a more effective anti-Japanese war effort. In December 1943, the
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2808:
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2565:
2546:
2506:
2381:
1819:
1715:
from 1927 until its relocation to Taiwan on 7 December 1949, following its defeat by the
1515:
1398:
1345:
1338:
951:
647:
35:
2745:
Continual wars plagued the government. Those in the western border regions included the
13208:
13203:
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10215:
10203:
10171:
9826:
9821:
9739:
9439:
9238:
9229:
Xu, Guangqiu (1997). "Americans and Chinese Nationalist Military Aviation, 1929–1949".
9223:
9213:
9096:
9047:
8940:
7564:
7212:
7204:
7135:
6967:
5673:
5515:
5467:
5409:
5404:
5341:. The new navy was mainly used to transport troops and patrol the coastline during the
5207:
4307:
3206:
Nationalist government of Nanjing, which nominally ruled over all of China during 1930s
3142:
3043:
3019:
2881:
2770:
2631:
2601:
2533:
2502:
2399:
2342:
2128:
1961:
1885:
1867:
1807:
1760:
1603:
1530:
1388:
924:
676:
611:
540:
522:
517:
3465:
Map of the first-level administrative divisions of the Republic of China in law (1948)
3453:
Map of the first-level administrative divisions of the Republic of China in law (1945)
12983:
12952:
12917:
12578:
12561:
12499:
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12287:
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10043:
9905:
9686:
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9080:
9054:
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9012:
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8915:
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8807:
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7844:
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7732:
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7444:
7419:
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7235:
7216:
7160:
7115:
7087:
7060:
7033:
6999:
6935:
6928:
Chen, Lifu; Myers, Ramon Hawley (1994). Chang, Hsu-hsin; Myers, Ramon Hawley (eds.).
6778:
6739:
6533:
6432:
6422:
6365:
6331:
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5953:
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5757:
5749:
5414:
5342:
5232:
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2842:
2726:
Several major government institutions were founded during this period, including the
2664:
2613:
2514:
2326:
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2231:
1925:
1823:
1720:
1593:
1586:
1408:
1403:
1333:
1328:
1126:
1120:
981:
938:
575:
8785:
Defending Taiwan: The Future Vision of Taiwan's Defence Policy and Military Strategy
7139:
6455:
2254:('people's country') as an equivalent to "republic" in other languages.
13080:
12993:
12865:
12767:
12504:
12424:
12220:
12143:
12098:
12085:
11993:
11978:
11716:
11299:
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11040:
10959:
10874:
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10771:
10766:
10600:
10574:
10559:
10444:
10422:
10406:
10312:
9761:
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9591:
9384:
9369:
9361:
8724:
8551:
7556:
7196:
7127:
6554:
6327:
5566:
5504:
5487:
5277:
5236:
5093:
4752:
4696:
4560:
3701:
3286:
3227:
3219:
3060:
3009:
2966:
2941:
2885:
2750:
2437:
2425:
2393:
2310:
2264:
In China today, the period from 1912 to 1949 is often called the "Republican Era" (
2258:
2070:
1936:
seat) where it maintained until 1971, when the PRC took over its membership in the
1571:
1465:
1422:
877:
560:
555:
550:
502:
487:
97:
57:
12620:
8823:
The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850–2008
2364:; and Taiwan was placed under the Republic of China's administrative control. The
13188:
13156:
13108:
13094:
12554:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12444:
12396:
12334:
12292:
12255:
12240:
12230:
12225:
12205:
12170:
12165:
11841:
11778:
11415:
10907:
10902:
10825:
10776:
10737:
10401:
9983:
9789:
9676:
9270:
9203:
9160:
8972:
8963:
8956:
8831:
8641:
Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China
8347:
7796:
7681:
7545:"In Pursuit of Equality and Respect: China's Diplomacy and the League of Nations"
7528:
7509:
5722:
as its temporary capital on 7 December 1949. Chengdu was captured on 27 December.
5685:
5557:
5519:
5346:
5215:
4868:
4812:
4765:
4642:
4359:
3567:
3515:
3318:
3290:
3055:
3023:
2854:
2746:
2727:
2609:
2557:
2353:
2334:
2009:
1839:
1811:
1784:
1704:
1684:
1378:
898:
732:
673:
545:
532:
512:
507:
9077:
The Rise and Fall of an Officer Corps: The Republic of China Military, 1942–1955
8833:
In Search of Chinese Democracy: Civil Opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949
6458:(Report). Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education. 2004.
2553:
thought began to spread. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in 1921.
150:
13218:
13213:
13198:
13053:
13045:
13013:
12630:
12514:
12454:
12433:
12386:
12235:
12210:
12008:
11831:
11638:
11308:
11240:
11163:
11010:
10964:
10949:
10944:
10927:
10912:
10698:
10053:
10048:
9978:
9564:
9098:
China in Disintegration : The Republican Era in Chinese History, 1912–1949
7332:
7321:
Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China
5661:
5580:." It sought (mostly unsuccessfully) to attract cultural workers to create new
5403:
as its head. He started a program of buying American aircraft, with the first,
5224:
5098:
The Republic of China retained hereditary nobility like the Han Chinese nobles
5062:
4994:
The province was abolished in 1950 and incorporated into Heilongjiang province.
4983:
4971:
4907:
4478:
3767:
3389:
3322:
3262:
3215:
3027:
2951:
2858:
2816:
2635:
2585:
2445:
2330:
1981:
1929:
1858:
1696:
1680:
9162:
China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China, 1937–1952
8577:
7200:
5195:
represented a small part of the total KMT army, numbering about 40 divisions.
666:
provisional government under a military dictatorship (1925–1928, Nationalist)
13263:
13193:
13173:
12566:
12519:
12419:
12297:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12200:
12160:
11694:
11450:
11410:
11273:
11020:
10854:
10693:
10495:
9816:
9804:
9646:
9507:
7560:
7443:. Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. Cornell University Press. p. 88.
7255:
Edwards, Louise; Milwertz, Cecilia Nathansen (2006). Hershatter, Gail (ed.).
5615:
5387:
5310:
5306:
5294:
5099:
4926:
3834:
3347:
3326:
3223:
3176:
2333:(1927–1937), when most of China came under the control of the authoritarian,
2210:
2093:; 'Chinese Emperor's Country') to "Republic of China" (
2013:
1634:
663:
8996:
8349:
Icarus in China : Western Aviation and the Chinese Air Force, 1931–1941
8210:
5458:
13151:
13146:
13141:
12885:
12634:
11313:
11198:
11070:
11035:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9621:
9616:
9606:
9524:
9519:
6320:
5601:
5561:
5451:
5158:
5136:
5029:
4951:
4939:
3675:
3434:
3314:
3274:
3196:
2897:
2762:
2758:
2618:
2569:
2470:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2408:
2349:
2314:
1881:
1803:
1780:
1756:
1692:
1192:
862:
9304:
8711:
For works on specific people and events, please see the relevant articles.
8555:
7669:
Stephen Schlesinger, "FDR's five policemen: creating the United Nations."
7131:
13118:
12931:
12713:
12626:
12175:
10892:
9809:
9794:
9601:
9559:
9554:
9502:
8804:
The Making of the Modern Chinese Navy: Special Historical Characteristics
8624:
5166:
4494:
4266:
3582:
3363:
3184:
3146:
3108:
2933:
2903:
2524:
2496:
2466:
2449:
2005:
1991:
1776:
1752:
1748:
1728:
1393:
871:
856:
821:
779:
720:
341:
9242:
8597:
7674:
7568:
7544:
7208:
6443:
the city of Taipei became the temporary capital of the Republic of China
3066:
13223:
11876:
11065:
9973:
9784:
9512:
9263:
6931:
The storm clouds clear over China: the memoir of Chʻen Li-fu, 1900–1993
5228:
4321:
4057:
3953:
3100:
2778:
2766:
2561:
2479:
2338:
2036:; 'people's country') was chosen over the Japanese-derived
1700:
1510:
1485:
833:
791:
744:
644:
8539:
6971:
6959:
13183:
13178:
11075:
11030:
9968:
9909:
8681:
Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China
6731:
5711:
5707:
5476:
5338:
5178:
4797:
4737:
3979:
3965:
3901:
3820:
3689:
3298:
3278:
3071:
2838:
2529:
2008:'s 1905 party manifesto, which proclaimed that the four goals of the
1895:
1799:
459:
9140:
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the Struggle for Modern China
3091:
proved to be no match for the Communists' motivated and disciplined
12509:
11836:
11150:
11143:
10456:
7441:
Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century
7029:
The Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
5472:
5050:
4895:
4825:
4627:
4239:
4213:
4173:
4109:
4083:
4069:
3927:
3793:
3609:
3330:
3310:
3282:
3116:
and 1949, including deaths from forced conscription and massacres.
2861:
and forced to ally with the Communists against the Japanese in the
1708:
477:
11324:
7760:
7056:
A Place In The Sun: Marxism And Fascism In China's Long Revolution
5576:, the ROC launched a cultural campaign promoting the "Arts of the
5446:
2761:
remained under the semi-autonomous rule of local warlords such as
653:
Federal presidential republic under a chief executive (1924–1926)
9579:
9574:
9569:
9326:
8912:
The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928
8395:
5777:
5715:
5008:
4853:
4709:
4545:
4425:
4385:
4347:
4333:
4279:
4199:
4161:
4135:
4095:
4043:
4031:
4017:
3991:
3913:
3887:
3875:
3849:
3741:
3715:
3662:
3529:
3266:
3079:
3075:
3035:
2918:
2873:
2634:
and unified the entire nation, at least nominally, beginning the
2550:
2372:. With the loss of the mainland, the ROC government retreated to
1899:
1835:
1788:
1727:(PRC) on 1 October 1949, while the ROC retains control over the "
1712:
1688:
968:
583:
435:
429:
9258:
Yu, George T. "The 1911 Revolution: Past, Present, and Future",
8980:
The Power of the Gun: The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism
5914:
Government Information Office, Executive Yuan, Republic of China
3030:
were handed over from Japan to China. After the end of the war,
2954:, which was a precursor to China having a permanent seat on the
2261:
known at the time as "the Republic of China" or simply "China".
1794:
Meanwhile, the nationalist KMT under Sun's leadership attempted
12622:
11355:
11245:
9315:
9222:(Columbia University Press, 1976), a major scholarly biography
7798:
The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924–1945
7742:
5810:
5781:
5719:
5681:
5492:
5065:
before 1946, and for a short time under the Beiyang government
4922:
4655:
4599:
4458:
4444:
4399:
4373:
4294:
4225:
4147:
4005:
3635:
3489:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3001:
2377:
2373:
2208:(founded in 1919 within the Republic of China), which replaced
2167:
1907:
1903:
1743:, who had reigned as the Xuantong Emperor of the Qing dynasty,
1281:
122:
31:
8579:
THE POST OFFICE AND STATE FORMATION IN MODERN CHINA, 1896-1949
8027:
8025:
7997:
7995:
7958:
7956:
7820:
7818:
7156:
Chiang Kai Shek - China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost
1834:
in Nanjing. China was then nominally reunified in 1928 by the
9357:
9005:
The Development History of the Republic of China Marine Corps
5772:
The state did not cease to exist in 1949. The government was
4967:
4955:
4929:
retained by the ROC. Provincial government suspended in 2019.
4911:
4891:
4769:
4526:
4187:
3939:
3861:
3779:
3753:
3727:
3647:
3555:
3541:
3418:
Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
3355:
3047:
2973:
2889:
1866:
repeatedly led devastating uprisings, most significantly the
1263:
449:
9144:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
8947:
Political Leaders of Modern China: A Biographical Dictionary
8255:
8253:
8223:
8221:
8219:
7465:"The Republic of China Yearbook 2008 / Chapter 4 Government"
5816:
Qūchú dálǔ, huīfù Zhōnghuá, chuànglì mínguó, píngjūn dì quán
2341:
party (KMT). Neither the Nanjing government nor the earlier
9049:
A Bitter Revolution: China's Struggle with the Modern World
8085:
8022:
7992:
7980:
7968:
7953:
7929:
7815:
6732:
Meyer, Kathryn; James H Wittebols; Terry Parssinen (2002).
5107:
5054:
2834:
2103:; 'Chinese People's Country') in the form of a
1740:
1108:
7905:
7893:
7869:
7857:
3474:
Provinces and Equivalents of the Republic of China (1945)
1826:
from the KMT. In 1928, the last major independent warlord
8277:
8250:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8216:
8194:
8192:
8012:
8010:
7801:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 54, 57–59, 122.
6285:. City University Of Hong Kong Press. 2007. p. 116.
2702:
2545:, considered unfair by Chinese intellectuals, led to the
2329:(1927–1949), with central authority strongest during the
12061:
8073:
8061:
8049:
6587:"Sun Yat Sen elected president of new Republic of China"
3155:
Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China
3042:, charged with maintaining security in the areas of the
2698:
2288:), since it was when the ROC was based on the mainland.
1806:. As a condition of Soviet support, the KMT formed the "
8937:
Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary China, 1839–1976
8451:
8449:
6884:
Kucha, Glenn; Llewellyn, Jennifer (12 September 2019).
6664:
6326:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp.
6282:
China, Fiver thousand years of History and Civilization
34:. For the Japanese puppet state from 1940 to 1945, see
8383:
8371:
8359:
8265:
8233:
8189:
8142:"The History of the Twenty-First-Century Chinese Navy"
8007:
7941:
7917:
7881:
7182:"The New Life Movement in Jiangxi Province, 1934–1938"
6479:
6477:
6241:
Languages of the World: Cataloging Issues and Problems
3139:
Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)
2833:
in September 1931, and established the former emperor
2792:
2519:
Yuan's changes to government caused many provinces to
2370:
Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands
2345:
succeeded in consolidating governance in rural China.
30:
For the Republic of China after its 1949 retreat, see
8997:
Ministry of Defense of the Republic of China (2010).
8871:. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press.
8585:(Thesis). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
8108:
Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950
7120:
Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review
3119:
For the history of Republic of China after 1949, see
2107:: an emperor's country is ruled by only one emperor (
116:
104:
55:
A request that this article title be changed to
8505:
A short history of Taiwan: the case for independence
8446:
8037:
5885:
China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History
5859:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
5739:
after 1949, until publication was suspended in 1998.
5706:
From 23 April 1949, the government was evacuated to
5591:
3346:
along with its successor the United Nations and the
1767:). Yuan even attempted to replace the Republic with
8836:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
8500:
8160:– via U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons.
6809:
6474:
6456:
Introduction to Sovereignty: A Case Study of Taiwan
6385:
5329:) were later refloated and put into service by the
5288:
was the Chinese navy's flagship in the early 1930s.
27:
Republic of China prior to its relocation to Taiwan
9137:
9095:
9046:
8864:
8407:
8105:
7391:A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985
6813:A History of the Chinese Communist Party 1921–1949
6777:. Research & Education Assoc. pp. 59–61.
6319:
6013:
5479:, in 1931—a period known as the "Nanjing Decade".
2313:on 10 October 1911, successfully overthrowing the
9025:
8730:
8401:
8211:Ministry of Defense of the Republic of China 2010
6415:
5948:. Vol. 1. Chinese University Press. p.
2950:one of the Big Four Allies, and later one of the
1846:as the representative legitimate from China. The
1683:. It was established on 1 January 1912 after the
13261:
9121:. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History.
7830:
5634:History of China–United States relations to 1948
5421:and Navy Ministries being established under the
1842:under the Kuomintang, and subsequently received
1791:to assert claims to govern the entire Republic.
9210:Restless Empire: China and the World since 1750
8734:A short history of Nationalist China, 1919–1949
7349:
7254:
6764:
6521:
5486:However, the rural economy was hit hard by the
2206:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
1938:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758
1857:While there was relative prosperity during the
1063:ROC loses the last major holding outside Taiwan
7488:The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923–1928
7086:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 337.
6998:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 337.
6960:"Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts"
6883:
6843:
6642:"The abdication decree of Emperor Puyi (1912)"
5856:The Evolution of a Taiwanese National Identity
2984:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
1085:11,364,389 km (4,387,815 sq mi)
1037:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
13295:States and territories disestablished in 1949
12606:
11598:
11340:
10993:
9342:
9053:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
7467:. Government Information Office, Taiwan. 2008
6879:
6877:
6358:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty
5932:
5074:officially recognized Mongolia's independence
2697:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
2235:
2118:
2108:
1652:
1093:9,665,354 km (3,731,814 sq mi)
390:
356:National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China
348:
89:
8982:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
6855:(in Chinese). Taiwan Ministry of Education.
6770:
6738:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 54–56.
5057:. As the successor of the Qing dynasty, the
3437:map of the Republic of China in 1914, after
3112:temporary capital of the Republic of China.
2825:China had been at war with Japan since 1931.
2734:. In 1932, China sent its first team to the
2579:
2420:) with flags representing the early republic
2245:
2225:
2215:
2199:
1798:to establish a rival national government in
70:this article until the discussion is closed.
8720:Biographical Dictionary of Republican China
8327:. Washington, DC: Headquarters Marine Corps
7836:
7491:. Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 190.
6351:
6349:
6347:
5768:
5766:
5369:Navy using select personnel from the Army.
3411:
13290:States and territories established in 1912
13050:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
12613:
12599:
11347:
11333:
9349:
9335:
9028:Wing to Wing: Air Combat in China, 1943–45
8930:China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894–1949
7229:
6874:
6393:"Taiwan Timeline – Retreat to Taiwan"
6097:
6095:
5471:and in the face of Japanese aggression in
5255:, with the bulk of its forces forming the
3404:, the Republic of China was entitled to a
2974:1945–1949: Defeat in the Chinese Civil War
2900:controlling limited amounts of territory.
1659:
1645:
411:
9074:
9026:Molesworth, Carl; Moseley, Steve (1990).
8674:
8672:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8295:
8091:
8031:
8001:
7986:
7974:
7962:
7935:
7824:
7438:
7339:. New York Review of Books, 16 July 1998.
7032:. Harvard University Press. p. 108.
6927:
6682:Jonathan Fenby, "The silencing of Song."
3406:permanent seat on the UN Security Council
2490:
2337:military dictatorship of the nationalist
1990:The Republic of China's first president,
1725:proclaimed the People's Republic of China
9079:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
8914:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
8316:
8289:
7608:(Report). University of Texas at Austin.
7543:Kaufman, Alison Adcock (November 2014).
7179:
6966:(49). Cambridge University Press: 1–31.
6816:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 22–23.
6344:
5763:
5457:
5445:
5390:bomber with Chinese Nationalist insignia
5382:
5276:
5197:
5148:
4537:
4469:
4436:
3507:
3201:
3065:
2902:
2848:The Japanese began to push south of the
2820:
2617:
2407:
1952:of 541 million in 1949, it was the
1910:for around 54 years until they lost the
317:National Anthem of the Republic of China
8883:. In the series "Inventing the Nation."
8801:
8283:
8227:
7692:
7542:
7457:
6957:
6355:
6275:
6273:
6237:
6092:
3054:protest against the mishandling of the
2250:) are unique in the choice of the term
275:China Heroically Stands in the Universe
14:
13262:
13036:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
10284:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
9276:
9116:
8977:
8909:
8661:
8602:European Journal of East Asian Studies
8595:
8575:
8537:
8355:(Thesis). Western Carolina University.
8198:
8103:
8079:
8067:
8055:
8043:
8016:
7947:
7923:
7911:
7899:
7887:
7875:
7863:
7413:
7388:
7382:
7353:Post-Conflict Development in East Asia
7052:
7025:
6670:
6546:
6019:
5996:
5994:
5938:
5852:
5345:. In 1948, the former British cruiser
5080:due to pressure from the Soviet Union.
2888:. The national capital was briefly at
2387:
2356:surrendered control of Taiwan and its
2317:and ending over two thousand years of
2155:; 'People's Country'), or
2113:), a people's country is ruled by all
656:Federal presidential republic under a
12594:
12060:
11862:Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity
11597:
11484:
11370:
11328:
9330:
8820:
8782:
8345:
8259:
8112:. Stanford University Press. p.
7538:
7536:
7152:
7079:
6991:
6838:
6719:
6707:
6695:
6509:
6128:from the original on 8 September 2020
5639:Vice Premier of the Republic of China
5629:Economic history of China (1912–1949)
5249:Constitution of the Republic of China
5078:1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship
2688:too many or overly lengthy quotations
2436:The Chinese Republic grew out of the
2304:Timeline of Republic of China history
1972:, 14 leagues, and 4 special banners.
1924:The ROC was a founding member of the
1429:Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War
11872:Special non-state-to-state relations
8954:A History of the Modern Chinese Army
8829:
8763:
8678:
8632:
8271:
8244:
8170:
8139:
7651:from the original on 12 January 2017
7645:"1945: The San Francisco Conference"
7588:. The University of Texas at Austin.
7331:
7297:
6915:
6774:Essentials of Modern Chinese History
6597:from the original on 1 December 2022
6491:from the original on 19 October 2016
6270:
6058:
5902:
5881:
5863:from the original on 14 January 2018
5853:Dreyer, June Teufel (17 July 2003).
5352:was gifted to China and was renamed
3377:
3242:
2670:
40:
11354:
10980:Major Historical and Cultural Sites
8886:
8317:Braitsch, Fred G. (February 1953).
7620:"Republic of China at the Olympics"
7258:Women and Gender in Chinese Studies
7113:
6628:
6617:The Penguin History of Modern China
6376:
6317:
6101:
5991:
5910:"中華民國九十四年年鑑:第一篇 總論 第二章 土地 第二節 大陸地區"
5450:Boat traffic and development along
5442:Economic history of China (1912–49)
5059:Government of the Republic of China
3133:Government of the Republic of China
2988:Republic of China retreat to Taiwan
2793:1937–1945: Second Sino-Japanese War
599:Government of the Republic of China
24:
12734:Constitutional Protection Movement
10118:
9356:
9309:Chinese Revolutionary Destinations
9262:, 31#10 (1991), pp. 895–904,
9228:
8850:from the original on 10 April 2023
8751:from the original on 10 April 2023
8638:
8413:
8389:
8377:
8365:
8175:. Germany: Brill. pp. 71–74.
7794:
7713:from the original on 10 April 2023
7598:
7581:
7533:
7370:from the original on 10 April 2023
7261:. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 5.
6896:from the original on 10 April 2023
6820:from the original on 10 April 2023
6791:from the original on 10 April 2023
6752:from the original on 10 April 2023
6652:from the original on 10 April 2023
6567:from the original on 21 March 2022
6462:from the original on 29 April 2011
6299:from the original on 10 April 2023
6258:from the original on 10 April 2023
6079:
6025:
3503:Modern equivalent (if applicable)
3061:George Marshall's American mission
3018:On 25 October 1945, following the
904:10 October 1911 – 12 February 1912
641:(1912–1914, 1916–1923, 1926–1927)
495:Recognised national languages
238:Song of Five Races Under One Union
25:
13311:
10275:Political Consultative Conference
9297:
9179:from the original on 2 April 2023
9165:. London: Profile Books Limited.
7776:from the original on 4 March 2016
7699:. Dordrecht: Brill. p. 251.
6869:民國十六年,國民政府宣言定為首都,今以臺北市為我國中央政府所在地。
6403:from the original on 24 June 2009
6189:from the original on 14 June 2021
6158:from the original on 14 June 2021
5735:capital on maps published by the
5718:in the Mainland before declaring
5535:
5526:
5462:A 10 Custom Gold Units bill, 1930
3395:
3338:Republic of China at the Olympics
2556:After Sun's death in March 1925,
2145:; 'Middle Country'),
1787:, at times used their control of
1148:Kunlun to Changbai Standard Times
13022:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
12882:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
12633:
12621:
12572:
12560:
12549:
12548:
11791:List of administrative divisions
11061:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty
11056:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty
9314:
9303:
9069:The Republic of China, 1912–1949
8612:
8589:
8569:
8531:
8494:
8485:
8476:
8467:
8458:
8437:
8428:
8419:
8339:
8310:
8298:"Republic of China Marine Corps"
8164:
8133:
8097:
7788:
7281:
6859:from the original on 17 May 2021
6552:
6485:"The Chinese Revolution of 1911"
5731:Nanjing was still marked as the
5608:
5594:
5153:Beiyang Army troops in the 1920s
3458:
3446:
3427:
3121:History of Taiwan (1945–present)
2923:areas not under Japanese control
2675:
2574:massacring thousands in Shanghai
2298:History of the Republic of China
2131:" (from 1912 to 1928), and the "
1628:
1316:
1286:
1282:Republic of China (1949–present)
1272:
1254:
1221:
1203:
1185:
650:republic (1914–1916, 1923-1924)
402:
362:
321:
302:
279:
262:
242:
188:
183:
149:
142:
45:
13280:1949 disestablishments in China
12953:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
12573:
11051:Four Paragons of the Early Tang
10248:Political parties and movements
9612:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
9597:Northern and Southern dynasties
9220:Sun Yat-sen, frustrated patriot
9193:China and Japan: Facing History
8608:(2): 305–329 – via JSTOR.
8538:Paulès, Xavier (January 2022).
8296:Hao-Chang, Yu (November 1966).
7751:
7725:
7693:Wellens, Karel C., ed. (1990).
7686:
7663:
7637:
7612:
7592:
7575:
7514:
7494:
7479:
7439:Valentino, Benjamin A. (2005).
7432:
7407:
7343:
7325:
7314:
7303:
7290:
7275:
7248:
7223:
7173:
7146:
7107:
7073:
7046:
7019:
6985:
6951:
6921:
6908:
6832:
6803:
6725:
6713:
6701:
6689:
6676:
6634:
6622:
6609:
6579:
6515:
6503:
6448:
6311:
6231:
6201:
6176:
6170:
6140:
6114:
6053:抑吾人更有进者,民国与世界各国政府人民之交际,此后必益求辑睦。
6043:from the original on 6 May 2021
5966:
5821:
5796:
5043:
5034:
5022:
5013:
4997:
4988:
4976:
4960:
4944:
4932:
4916:
4900:
4884:
3477:
2956:United Nations Security Council
2837:as head of the puppet state of
2302:For a chronological guide, see
2046:). He associated the label
2022:), establish a people's state (
1946:International Olympic Committee
1011:Admission to the United Nations
8932:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013).
8768:. Cambridge University Press.
8717:Boorman, Howard, et al., eds.,
8509:. Praeger Publishers. p.
8346:Lance, John Alexander (2014).
7843:. Lexington Books. p. 2.
7083:A History of Fascism 1914–1945
6995:A History of Fascism 1914–1945
6771:Pak, Edwin; Wah Leung (2005).
6000:
5875:
5846:
5815:
5806:
5787:
5742:
5725:
5700:
5691:
5655:
5578:Three Principles of the People
5273:Republic of China Marine Corps
5253:Republic of China Armed Forces
3165:Three Principles of the People
3034:were used to hold Beijing and
2775:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
2285:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2251:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2001:
1996:
1940:. It was also a member of the
639:Federal parliamentary republic
442:, 1912, 1927–1937, 1946–1949;
391:
349:
90:
13:
1:
13270:Republic of China (1912–1949)
13251:Republic of China (1912–1949)
12700:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
11485:
11384:Timeline of Taiwanese history
9321:Republic of China (1912–1949)
8970:China at War: An Encyclopedia
8402:Molesworth & Moseley 1990
7837:Schillinger, Nicolas (2016).
7393:. New York: Greenwood Press.
7232:Women and China's Revolutions
6424:China: U.S. policy since 1945
5882:Wang, Dong (1 October 2005).
5834:
5399:Administration, with General
5363:People's Liberation Army Navy
4438:Special Administrative Region
3402:Charter of the United Nations
3126:
2740:Rural Reconstruction Movement
1966:special administrative region
1954:world's most populous country
1912:presidential election in 2000
398:Seal of the Republic of China
13275:1912 establishments in China
12784:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
12149:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
11887:Taiwan independence movement
10353:Ministry of National Defense
9692:Chinese Communist Revolution
9311:travel guide from Wikivoyage
8863:Harrison, Henrietta (2001).
8620:"Modern China, 1912–Present"
8576:Harris, Lane Jeremy (2012).
8501:Gary Marvin Davison (2003).
7769:1945年「外モンゴル独立公民投票」をめぐる中モ外交交渉
6810:Guillermaz, Jacques (1972).
5978:Sun Yat-Sen Studies Database
5839:
5624:China–Soviet Union relations
5372:
5053:and the Russian republic of
2865:, an event now known as the
2777:in 1931, and the Red Army's
1986:China and the United Nations
1919:Democratic Progressive Party
1850:can also be referred as the
1233:Japanese Taiwan & Penghu
1050:Government retreat to Taipei
1024:Adoption of the Constitution
912:Proclamation of the Republic
298:Song to the Auspicious Cloud
258:Song to the Auspicious Cloud
7:
13099:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
12834:Washington Naval Conference
12044:Water supply and sanitation
11371:
11016:Flowers of the Four Seasons
11001:Four Treasures of the Study
10620:Water supply and sanitation
10348:Central Military Commission
10343:Outline of military history
10093:Province-level subdivisions
9281:. Oxford University Press.
9094:Sheridan, James E. (1975).
8887:Hsü, Immanuel C.Y. (1970).
8830:Fung, Edmund S. K. (2000).
8306:. Marine Corps Association.
7418:. Transactions Publishers.
7414:Rummel, Rudolph J. (1994).
7180:Ferlanti, Federica (2010).
7159:. Oxford University Press.
6322:Taiwan: A Political History
6238:Joachim, Martin D. (1993).
5793:Left hand drive until 1946.
5670:Mongolian People's Republic
5587:
5423:Military Affairs Commission
5379:Republic of China Air Force
5223:against Japanese forces in
5141:National Revolutionary Army
5121:
5087:
3253:Foreign relations of Taiwan
3199:, and the General Academy.
3107:. Chiang Kai-shek declared
3089:National Revolutionary Army
2755:Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang
2626:during the "Nanjing Decade"
2115:four hundred million people
1864:National Revolutionary Army
1501:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
1055:7 December 1949 (relocated)
117:
105:
10:
13316:
13161:National Pacification Army
13026:Northeast Flag Replacement
12932:Zhongshan Warship Incident
12629:and warlordism during the
12362:Inventions and discoveries
11867:Political status of Taiwan
11436:Taiwan under Japanese rule
10289:Primary stage of socialism
10231:National People's Congress
9699:People's Republic of China
8978:McCord, Edward A. (1993).
8910:Jordan, Donald A. (1976).
8806:. New York: Anthem Press.
8802:Elleman, Bruce A. (2019).
8731:Botjer, George F. (1979).
8705:
8128:last major GMD stronghold.
6591:United Press International
6522:Fairbank; Goldman (1972).
6487:. US Department of State.
6183:National Taiwan University
6148:"民國時期(1911–1949)的目錄與學者數據庫"
5548:
5439:
5435:
5376:
5266:
5134:
5091:
5019:Now part of Inner Mongolia
3415:
3335:
3249:Foreign relations of China
3246:
3136:
3130:
3118:
3105:People's Republic of China
3082:before arriving in Taipei.
3006:Political status of Taiwan
2999:
2992:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
2977:
2805:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
2802:
2796:
2624:Chinese warlord coalitions
2598:Northeast Flag Replacement
2595:
2589:
2583:
2564:. In 1926, Chiang led the
2500:
2494:
2397:
2391:
2301:
2295:
2291:
1979:
1733:political status of Taiwan
1711:") while headquartered in
1541:Sunflower Student Movement
1526:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
1521:Wild Lily student movement
1491:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
1268:People's Republic of China
29:
13248:
13124:
13114:
13104:
13090:
13076:
13064:
13041:
13031:
13009:
12999:
12989:
12979:
12969:
12959:
12937:
12927:
12913:
12899:
12877:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
12871:
12861:
12849:
12839:
12829:
12824:1st National CPC Congress
12819:
12814:Spirit Soldier rebellions
12809:
12799:
12789:
12779:
12759:
12749:
12739:
12729:
12719:
12709:
12695:
12685:
12675:
12665:
12642:
12544:
12405:
12322:
12186:
12134:
12127:
12084:
12056:
11895:
11804:
11757:
11622:
11593:
11499:
11480:
11379:
11366:
11286:
11254:
11172:
11093:
10873:
10679:
10670:
10628:
10588:
10430:
10421:
10333:
10184:
10114:
10105:
10068:
10039:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
9994:
9928:
9837:
9775:
9747:
9738:
9667:
9545:
9493:
9453:
9377:
9368:
9218:Wilbur, Clarence Martin.
9159:van de Ven, Hans (2017).
8685:Columbia University Press
8645:Columbia University Press
8596:Giorgi, Laura De (2014).
8565:– via Project MUSE.
8526:and 71.3 percent in 1943.
8140:Cole, Bernard D. (2014).
7811:– via Google Books.
7485:Wilbur, Clarence Martin.
7356:. Routledge. p. 71.
7230:Hershatter, Gail (2019).
7201:10.1017/S0026749X0999028X
7142:– via ResearchGate.
7053:Gregor, A. James (2019).
6686:(March 2013) 63#3 pp 5–7.
6362:Stanford University Press
5898:– via Google Books.
5784:, where it remains today.
5305:led some elements of the
5049:Now part of the State of
3441:declared its independence
2932:After its entry into the
2927:Manchukuo Imperial Palace
2580:1927–1937: Nanjing decade
2560:became the leader of the
2511:Shanghai massacre of 1927
2246:
2236:
2226:
2216:
2200:
2119:
2109:
1844:international recognition
1436:Constitutional government
1164:
1154:
1136:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1059:
1046:
1033:
1020:
1007:
991:
978:
961:
948:
935:
921:
908:
895:
891:
883:
868:
853:
843:
839:
827:
815:
811:
801:
797:
785:
775:• 1912–1916 (first)
773:
769:
759:
755:
738:
726:
710:
706:
696:
624:Constitutional government
592:
582:
569:
531:
493:
483:
473:
422:
410:
385:
223:
138:
133:
81:
13004:Muslim conflict in Gansu
12974:Shanghai Commune of 1927
12964:Nanking incident of 1927
12844:First Zhili–Fengtian War
11857:One Country on Each Side
11769:Administrative divisions
11214:Catholic Church in China
10358:People's Liberation Army
10325:One country, two systems
9231:Journal of Asian History
9117:Sherry, Mark D. (1996).
9102:. New York: Free Press.
9075:Setzekorn, Eric (2018).
8889:The Rise of Modern China
8821:Fenby, Jonathan (2009).
8146:Naval War College Review
7768:
7561:10.1177/0097700413502616
7389:Jessup, John E. (1989).
7350:Brendan M. Howe (2016).
7283:
7153:Fenby, Jonathan (2008).
7059:. Taylor & Francis.
6868:
6851:
6209:"民国时期期刊全文数据库(1911~1949)"
5944:
5754:Second Sino-Japanese War
5737:Ministry of the Interior
5684:was taken over from the
5649:
5501:Second Sino-Japanese War
5188:Whampoa Military Academy
5171:Baoding Military Academy
3412:Administrative divisions
3093:People's Liberation Army
3022:, the administration of
2908:Chinese Nationalist Army
2831:the seizure of Manchuria
2813:New Fourth Army incident
2799:Second Sino-Japanese War
2695:summarize the quotations
2404:China during World War I
1891:People's Liberation Army
1870:. In 1931, the Japanese
1852:Second Republic of China
1769:his own imperial dynasty
1679:) began as a country in
1419:Second Sino-Japanese War
995:Second Sino-Japanese War
787:• 1948–1954 (last)
740:• 1949–1950 (last)
12922:Canton–Hong Kong strike
12704:National Protection War
12039:Uniform Invoice lottery
11954:State-owned enterprises
11727:Office of the President
11046:Four Pillars of Destiny
10831:Regional discrimination
10253:Chinese Communist Party
9269:2 February 2021 at the
8928:Jowett, Philip. (2013)
8893:Oxford University Press
8764:Chen, Kuan-Jen (2024).
8737:. Putnam. p. 180.
8544:Twentieth-Century China
8482:Sun Jian, pp. 1237–1240
8434:Sun Jian, pp. 1059–1071
8319:"Marines of Free China"
7680:4 November 2021 at the
7508:21 October 2008 at the
7337:Looking for the Sheriff
7080:Payne, Stanley (2021).
6992:Payne, Stanley (2021).
6958:Eastman, Lloyd (2021).
6934:. Hoover. p. 102.
6560:Encyclopædia Britannica
6429:Congressional Quarterly
6005:. 黄花岗杂志. Archived from
5262:
5161:, before it split into
5130:
4683:Beijing (while capital)
2912:1938 Yellow River flood
2654:assistance from Germany
2348:In 1945, at the end of
2174:The choice of the term
1975:
1765:First Republic of China
1717:Chinese Communist Party
1551:2017 Summer Universiade
1117:(1930–1948 in mainland)
937:• Admitted to the
484:Official languages
300:" (Modified; 1921–1928)
12908:May Thirtieth Movement
12764:Paris Peace Conference
11999:Semiconductor industry
11817:Cross-Strait relations
11774:Special municipalities
11426:Taiwan under Qing rule
10799:Science and technology
10472:Special economic zones
9724:persecution of Uyghurs
9652:Century of humiliation
8945:Leung, Edwin Pak-wah.
8935:Leung, Edwin Pak-wah.
8425:Sun Jian, pp. 613–614
6356:Laikwan, Pang (2024).
5807:驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權
5672:in January 1946. With
5644:Project National Glory
5463:
5455:
5430:Soviet Volunteer Group
5391:
5331:Imperial Japanese Navy
5289:
5269:Republic of China Navy
5257:Republic of China Army
5241:stop Japanese advances
5203:
5154:
5145:Republic of China Army
5071:Nationalist government
4539:Special Municipalities
3207:
3151:Nationalist government
3083:
2996:Cross-Strait Relations
2947:Chinese Exclusion Acts
2938:Nationalist Government
2914:
2826:
2627:
2606:Encirclement Campaigns
2592:Nationalist government
2491:1916–1927: Warlord Era
2458:Empress Dowager Longyu
2421:
2133:Nationalist government
2071:direct people's rights
2016:rulers, revive China (
1970:special municipalities
1942:Universal Postal Union
1848:Nationalist government
1832:Nationalist government
1699:. It was ruled by the
1687:, which overthrew the
1506:Project National Glory
1466:Retrocession of Taiwan
1414:Nationalist Government
965:Nationalist government
687:parliamentary republic
618:Nationalist government
606:Provisional government
18:Republican Era (China)
13285:20th century in China
12804:Guangdong–Guangxi War
12754:Siberian intervention
11882:Taiwanese nationalism
11401:Early Chinese contact
11006:Four Great Inventions
10390:People's Armed Police
9214:Online free to borrow
9071:(Polity Press, 2023).
9045:Mitter, Rana (2004).
8968:Li, Xiaobing. (2012)
8962:10 April 2023 at the
8952:Li, Xiaobing. (2007)
8941:online free to borrow
8787:. London: Routledge.
8556:10.1353/tcc.2022.0008
8491:Sun Jian, pp. 617–618
8464:Sun Jian, pp. 615–616
7286:(in Chinese). 联经出版公司.
7282:Jing, Zhiren (荆知仁).
7132:10.1353/ach.2013.0022
5984:on 9 September 2024.
5461:
5449:
5386:
5280:
5201:
5193:German-trained forces
5152:
3205:
3069:
3032:United States Marines
2978:Further information:
2906:
2824:
2732:Central Bank of China
2621:
2590:Further information:
2452:the commander of the
2411:
2398:Further information:
2376:and the KMT declared
1916:Taiwanese nationalist
1824:purged the Communists
1747:on 12 February 1912.
1123:(1948–1949; mainland)
679:republic (1928–1947)
660:(1927–1928, Beiyang)
658:military dictatorship
13059:Sino-Soviet conflict
12714:Death of Yuan Shikai
11394:archaeological sites
10985:World Heritage Sites
10513:Foreign aid received
10221:Environmental policy
10019:Environmental policy
10014:Environmental issues
9323:at Wikimedia Commons
9277:Wright, Tim (2018).
9202:9 March 2021 at the
9136:Taylor, Jay (2009).
8324:Leatherneck Magazine
8303:Marine Corps Gazette
8171:Zhao, Xuduo (2023).
8104:Westad, Odd (2003).
7673:11.3 (1994): 88-93.
7671:World Policy Journal
7189:Modern Asian Studies
7114:Liu, Wennan (2013).
7026:Taylor, Jay (2009).
6886:"The Nanjing Decade"
6593:. 29 December 1911.
6244:. Psychology Press.
5942:Zhongguo jin dai shi
5229:overland supply line
5116:Chiefdom of Yongning
3372:1948 Summer Olympics
3368:1936 Summer Olympics
3360:1932 Summer Olympics
3352:1924 Summer Olympics
3056:Shen Chong rape case
3050:, arrived in China.
2910:soldiers during the
2543:Treaty of Versailles
2521:declare independence
2327:full-scale civil war
1755:, the leader of the
1735:remains in dispute.
1471:February 28 Incident
987:1927–1936, 1945–1949
817:• 1912 (first)
712:• 1912 (first,
13018:Huanggutun incident
12948:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
12943:Northern Expedition
12773:May Fourth Movement
12532:Tourist attractions
11989:Maritime industries
11922:Automotive industry
11827:Chinese nationalism
11822:Chinese unification
11666:Additional Articles
11431:Republic of Formosa
11421:Kingdom of Tungning
11231:History of religion
11226:Freedom of religion
11081:Four Pests campaign
11026:Four Classic Novels
10638:Automotive industry
10518:Foreign aid program
10209:Pro-democratisation
9704:Cultural Revolution
8679:Qian, Ying (2024).
8455:Sun Jian, page 1089
8392:, pp. 163–165.
8380:, pp. 160–161.
8368:, pp. 156–159.
8262:, pp. 114–115.
7914:, pp. 247–250.
7902:, pp. 207–208.
7878:, pp. 173–174.
7866:, pp. 177–178.
7527:14 May 2008 at the
7416:Death by Government
6964:The China Quarterly
6528:. Crowell. p.
6318:Roy, Denny (2004).
6009:on 23 October 2016.
5888:. Lexington Books.
5750:provisional capital
5301:. In 1926, Admiral
5184:Northern Expedition
5167:attacked each other
5112:Chiefdom of Mangshi
5110:chiefdoms like the
4982:Now mostly part of
3475:
3040:1st Marine Division
2894:Wang Jingwei regime
2863:Second United Front
2809:Second United Front
2566:Northern Expedition
2547:May Fourth movement
2507:Northern Expedition
2416:) and Sun Yat-sen (
2388:1912–1916: Founding
2382:provisional capital
2325:(1937–1945), and a
2274:traditional Chinese
2257:The country was in
2012:were "to expel the
1876:full-scale invasion
1859:following ten years
1820:Northern Expedition
1399:Northern Expedition
1129:(1946–1949; Taiwan)
952:Northern Expedition
829:• 1949 (last)
36:Wang Jingwei regime
13070:Central Plains War
12904:Yunnan–Guangxi War
12855:First United Front
12724:Manchu Restoration
12690:Twenty-One Demands
12670:Bai Lang Rebellion
12196:Formosan languages
12019:Telecommunications
11852:North–South divide
11796:Metropolitan areas
11138:Population history
11118:Internal migration
10733:Harmonious Society
10608:Telecommunications
10565:Standard of living
10484:Online advertising
10236:Standing Committee
9208:Westad, Odd Arne.
8825:. London: Penguin.
7647:. United Nations.
7504:13 November 2006.
6722:, pp. 136–138
6698:, pp. 123–125
6631:, pp. 472–474
6152:Harvard University
5664:was brought under
5574:Nanjing government
5516:surrender of Japan
5468:Beiyang government
5464:
5456:
5410:Central Plains War
5392:
5290:
5208:Battle of Shanghai
5204:
5202:NRA troops in 1944
5155:
3473:
3370:in Berlin and the
3208:
3173:provinces of China
3143:Beiyang government
3084:
3044:Shandong Peninsula
3020:surrender of Japan
2915:
2882:three-month battle
2827:
2771:Central Plains War
2643:political tutelage
2632:Beiyang government
2628:
2602:Central Plains War
2534:Beiyang government
2503:First United Front
2422:
2400:Beiyang government
2366:communist takeover
2343:Beiyang government
2266:simplified Chinese
2129:Beiyang government
2010:Chinese revolution
1886:surrender of Japan
1868:Central Plains War
1828:pledged allegiance
1808:First United Front
1761:Beiyang government
1695:and ended China's
1546:2015 Ma–Xi meeting
1531:Anti-Secession Law
1389:Beiyang Government
925:Beiyang government
612:Beiyang government
541:Chinese characters
13257:
13256:
13243:
13242:
13134:
13133:
13085:Qinghai–Tibet War
12984:Shanghai massacre
12918:Anti-Fengtian War
12891:
12890:
12680:Second Revolution
12588:
12587:
12540:
12539:
12318:
12317:
12288:Taiwanese Hokkien
12052:
12051:
11847:Foreign relations
11760:Regions of Taiwan
11744:Political parties
11732:Secretary-General
11589:
11588:
11536:Protected species
11476:
11475:
11446:Retreat to Taiwan
11441:Republic of China
11406:Kingdom of Middag
11322:
11321:
11282:
11281:
11089:
11088:
10666:
10665:
10653:Shipping industry
10417:
10416:
10383:Strategic Support
10258:General Secretary
10243:National security
10226:Foreign relations
10180:
10179:
10101:
10100:
10064:
10063:
9767:Natural disasters
9734:
9733:
9687:Chinese Civil War
9682:Republic of China
9657:Taiping Rebellion
9530:Spring and Autumn
9435:Foreign relations
9319:Media related to
9037:978-0-517-57568-0
9018:978-986-02-0593-0
8989:978-0-520-08128-4
8921:978-0-8248-8086-6
8891:(1995 ed.).
8813:978-1-78527-102-1
8794:978-1-136-87541-0
8775:978-1-009-41875-1
8473:Sun Jian, p. 1319
8443:Sun Jian, p. 1353
8286:, pp. 47–50.
8274:, pp. 47–49.
8247:, pp. 39–40.
8230:, pp. 43–46.
8213:, pp. 29–33.
8123:978-0-8047-4484-3
8094:, pp. 84–85.
8082:, pp. 22–24.
8070:, pp. 15–21.
8058:, pp. 10–12.
8034:, pp. 46–49.
8004:, pp. 39–42.
7989:, pp. 35–36.
7977:, pp. 31–33.
7965:, pp. 29–30.
7938:, pp. 27–28.
7827:, pp. 18–21.
7599:An, Kang (2020).
7582:An, Kang (2020).
7450:978-0-8014-7273-2
7425:978-1-56000-145-4
7268:978-3-825-89304-0
7241:978-1-442-21568-9
7093:978-0-299-14874-4
7066:978-0-429-98319-1
7039:978-0-674-03338-2
6784:978-0-87891-458-6
6673:, pp. 92–93.
5939:計秋楓; 朱慶葆 (2001).
5895:978-0-7391-5297-3
5674:Japan's surrender
5518:in World War II,
5415:Shanghai Incident
5343:Chinese Civil War
5233:Operation Ichi-Go
5104:Celestial Masters
4880:
4879:
4785:Jiang'an District
3378:League of Nations
3344:League of Nations
3243:Foreign relations
2980:Chinese Civil War
2878:Marco Polo Bridge
2857:was kidnapped by
2843:League of Nations
2757:. Large areas of
2720:
2719:
2665:New Life Movement
2515:Nanchang Uprising
2462:abdication decree
2444:, also known as "
2323:Japanese invasion
2242:Republic of Korea
2232:Republic of China
1926:League of Nations
1872:invaded Manchuria
1721:Chinese Civil War
1673:Republic of China
1669:
1668:
1635:Taiwan portal
1536:100th anniversary
1409:Chinese Civil War
1404:Shanghai massacre
1384:Provisional Gov't
1310:Republic of China
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1238:
1237:
1127:Old Taiwan dollar
1115:Customs gold unit
982:Chinese Civil War
939:League of Nations
899:Xinhai Revolution
848:National Assembly
728:• 1948-1949
576:Religion in China
377:
332:
309:
290:
267:
250:
83:Republic of China
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
13307:
13300:Former republics
13235:
13232:Communist Party
13227:
13081:Sino-Tibetan War
12994:July 15 Incident
12897:
12896:
12866:Lincheng Outrage
12768:Shandong Problem
12744:Golok rebellions
12663:
12662:
12645:
12644:
12637:
12625:
12615:
12608:
12601:
12592:
12591:
12576:
12575:
12564:
12552:
12551:
12440:Cultural history
12392:Waste management
12144:Taiwanese people
12132:
12131:
12086:National symbols
12065:National Symbols
12058:
12057:
11974:Economic history
11969:
11961:Defense industry
11805:Political issues
11710:Military history
11595:
11594:
11482:
11481:
11368:
11367:
11349:
11342:
11335:
11326:
11325:
11302:
11295:
11192:Tibetan Buddhism
11187:Chinese Buddhism
11041:Four Holy Beasts
10991:
10990:
10843:Social relations
10772:Standard Chinese
10767:Chinese language
10677:
10676:
10462:Economic history
10428:
10427:
10407:Maritime Militia
10116:
10115:
10112:
10111:
10083:Border crossings
10078:Baseline islands
9773:
9772:
9745:
9744:
9709:Tiananmen Square
9592:Sixteen Kingdoms
9400:Military history
9375:
9374:
9351:
9344:
9337:
9328:
9327:
9318:
9307:
9292:
9246:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9155:
9143:
9132:
9113:
9101:
9090:
9067:Paulès, Xavier,
9064:
9052:
9041:
9022:
9010:
8993:
8925:
8906:
8882:
8870:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8826:
8817:
8798:
8779:
8760:
8758:
8756:
8725:Internet Archive
8699:
8698:
8683:. New York, NY:
8676:
8659:
8658:
8639:Li, Jie (2023).
8636:
8630:
8629:
8616:
8610:
8609:
8593:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8573:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8562:
8535:
8529:
8528:
8508:
8498:
8492:
8489:
8483:
8480:
8474:
8471:
8465:
8462:
8456:
8453:
8444:
8441:
8435:
8432:
8426:
8423:
8417:
8411:
8405:
8399:
8393:
8387:
8381:
8375:
8369:
8363:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8293:
8287:
8281:
8275:
8269:
8263:
8257:
8248:
8242:
8231:
8225:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8187:
8186:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8111:
8101:
8095:
8089:
8083:
8077:
8071:
8065:
8059:
8053:
8047:
8041:
8035:
8029:
8020:
8014:
8005:
7999:
7990:
7984:
7978:
7972:
7966:
7960:
7951:
7945:
7939:
7933:
7927:
7921:
7915:
7909:
7903:
7897:
7891:
7885:
7879:
7873:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7834:
7828:
7822:
7813:
7812:
7795:Xu, Yan (2019).
7792:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7764:
7758:
7755:
7749:
7746:
7740:
7729:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7690:
7684:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7540:
7531:
7518:
7512:
7498:
7492:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7411:
7405:
7404:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7329:
7323:
7318:
7312:
7307:
7301:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7186:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6925:
6919:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6881:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6864:
6847:
6841:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6693:
6687:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6646:alphahistory.com
6638:
6632:
6626:
6620:
6615:Jonathan Fenby,
6613:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6519:
6513:
6512:, pp. 89–94
6507:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6481:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6375:
6360:. Stanford, CA:
6353:
6342:
6341:
6325:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6277:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6215:. Archived from
6205:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6099:
6090:
6083:
6077:
6075:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6048:
6033:"中华民国临时大总统对外宣言书"
6029:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6010:
5998:
5989:
5988:
5980:. Archived from
5970:
5964:
5963:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5920:on 29 March 2012
5916:. Archived from
5906:
5900:
5899:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5850:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5817:
5808:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5785:
5770:
5761:
5746:
5740:
5729:
5723:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5689:
5688:in October 1945.
5659:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5604:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5582:propaganda works
5505:Nanjing massacre
5488:Great Depression
5454:, Shanghai, 1920
5237:French Indochina
5094:Chinese nobility
5081:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5011:
5001:
4995:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4970:, Liaoning, and
4964:
4958:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4920:
4914:
4904:
4898:
4888:
4841:Weiyang District
4753:Yuzhong District
4697:Xicheng District
4615:Nangang District
4587:Huangpu District
4561:Qinhuai District
3476:
3472:
3462:
3450:
3431:
3390:unequal treaties
3228:Examination Yuan
3220:Legislative Yuan
3046:and the eastern
3010:One-China policy
2967:Yalta Conference
2963:invade Manchuria
2942:unequal treaties
2886:Nanjing Massacre
2783:Fujian Rebellion
2751:Sino-Tibetan War
2715:
2712:
2706:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2651:
2484:Emperor of China
2438:Wuchang Uprising
2394:Wuchang Uprising
2311:Wuchang uprising
2287:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2203:
2202:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2003:
1998:
1968:, 2 regions, 12
1960:consisted of 35
1934:Security Council
1902:, and lastly to
1816:KMT chairmanship
1785:Fengtian cliques
1697:imperial history
1661:
1654:
1647:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1617:the Taiwan issue
1481:Exodus to Taiwan
1454:
1423:Nanjing Massacre
1367:
1320:
1304:
1303:
1290:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1258:
1257:
1242:
1241:
1225:
1224:
1207:
1206:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1166:
1165:
1145:
1029:25 December 1947
1003:
1002:2 September 1945
878:Legislative Yuan
561:Uyghur alphabets
556:Tibetan alphabet
551:Mongolian script
496:
488:Standard Chinese
415:
406:
394:
393:
379:
378:
352:
351:
334:
333:
311:
310:
292:
291:
269:
268:
252:
251:
213:
204:
192:
187:
175:
166:
153:
146:
120:
108:
101:
93:
92:
79:
78:
63:under discussion
58:Republican China
49:
48:
41:
21:
13315:
13314:
13310:
13309:
13308:
13306:
13305:
13304:
13260:
13259:
13258:
13253:
13244:
13239:
13233:
13225:
13135:
13095:Kumul Rebellion
13057:
13048:
13024:
13020:
13016:
12950:
12946:
12920:
12906:
12892:
12884:
12880:
12794:Zhili–Anhui War
12770:
12766:
12702:
12638:
12619:
12589:
12584:
12536:
12401:
12372:Public holidays
12345:Sex trafficking
12340:Organized crime
12314:
12182:
12123:
12080:
12079:
12048:
11967:
11891:
11842:De-Sinicization
11800:
11762:
11753:
11700:Law enforcement
11632:
11627:
11618:
11617:
11585:
11532:Endemic species
11495:
11494:
11472:
11466:Mandarin policy
11416:Spanish Formosa
11375:
11362:
11353:
11323:
11318:
11305:
11298:
11291:
11278:
11250:
11168:
11128:Life expectancy
11085:
10989:
10869:
10789:Public holidays
10777:Written Chinese
10762:Intellectualism
10714:Sex trafficking
10662:
10624:
10584:
10413:
10329:
10176:
10167:Nationality law
10150:Law enforcement
10128:Judicial system
10097:
10060:
10034:Nature reserves
10024:Protected areas
9990:
9961:Water resources
9924:
9833:
9771:
9730:
9714:Economic reform
9677:1911 Revolution
9663:
9627:Jin (1115–1234)
9541:
9489:
9449:
9364:
9355:
9300:
9295:
9289:
9279:Chinese Studies
9271:Wayback Machine
9249:
9204:Wayback Machine
9191:Vogel, Ezra F.
9182:
9180:
9173:
9158:
9152:
9135:
9129:
9119:China Defensive
9110:
9093:
9087:
9061:
9044:
9038:
9030:. Orion Books.
9019:
9008:
8990:
8964:Wayback Machine
8922:
8903:
8879:
8862:
8853:
8851:
8844:
8814:
8795:
8776:
8754:
8752:
8745:
8708:
8703:
8702:
8695:
8677:
8662:
8655:
8637:
8633:
8618:
8617:
8613:
8594:
8590:
8582:
8574:
8570:
8560:
8558:
8536:
8532:
8521:
8499:
8495:
8490:
8486:
8481:
8477:
8472:
8468:
8463:
8459:
8454:
8447:
8442:
8438:
8433:
8429:
8424:
8420:
8412:
8408:
8404:, pp. 3–6.
8400:
8396:
8388:
8384:
8376:
8372:
8364:
8360:
8352:
8344:
8340:
8330:
8328:
8315:
8311:
8294:
8290:
8282:
8278:
8270:
8266:
8258:
8251:
8243:
8234:
8226:
8217:
8209:
8205:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8169:
8165:
8155:
8153:
8138:
8134:
8124:
8102:
8098:
8090:
8086:
8078:
8074:
8066:
8062:
8054:
8050:
8042:
8038:
8030:
8023:
8019:, pp. 3–4.
8015:
8008:
8000:
7993:
7985:
7981:
7973:
7969:
7961:
7954:
7946:
7942:
7934:
7930:
7922:
7918:
7910:
7906:
7898:
7894:
7886:
7882:
7874:
7870:
7862:
7858:
7851:
7835:
7831:
7823:
7816:
7809:
7793:
7789:
7779:
7777:
7772:(in Japanese).
7770:
7766:
7765:
7761:
7756:
7752:
7747:
7743:
7730:
7726:
7716:
7714:
7707:
7691:
7687:
7682:Wayback Machine
7668:
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7541:
7534:
7529:Wayback Machine
7519:
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7510:Wayback Machine
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7484:
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7433:
7426:
7412:
7408:
7401:
7387:
7383:
7373:
7371:
7364:
7348:
7344:
7333:Urquhart, Brian
7330:
7326:
7319:
7315:
7308:
7304:
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7285:
7280:
7276:
7269:
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6990:
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6909:
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6882:
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6853:
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6844:
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6823:
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6808:
6804:
6794:
6792:
6785:
6769:
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6755:
6753:
6746:
6730:
6726:
6718:
6714:
6706:
6702:
6694:
6690:
6681:
6677:
6669:
6665:
6655:
6653:
6648:. 4 June 2013.
6640:
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6406:
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6354:
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6145:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6100:
6093:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6066:被西方誉成为的“民国黄金十年”
6063:
6059:
6046:
6044:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6018:
6014:
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5842:
5837:
5832:
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5801:
5797:
5792:
5788:
5771:
5764:
5758:fall of Nanjing
5747:
5743:
5730:
5726:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5686:Japanese Empire
5660:
5656:
5652:
5614:
5609:
5607:
5600:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5558:Motion pictures
5551:
5538:
5529:
5520:Japanese Taiwan
5444:
5438:
5381:
5375:
5275:
5267:Main articles:
5265:
5221:major offensive
5216:Battle of Wuhan
5147:
5135:Main articles:
5133:
5124:
5096:
5090:
5085:
5084:
5048:
5044:
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4945:
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4921:
4917:
4905:
4901:
4889:
4885:
4869:Shinan District
4813:Yuexiu District
4725:Heping District
4671:Xigang District
4643:Shenhe District
4477:Mongolia Area (
3484:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3454:
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3442:
3432:
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3414:
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3380:
3340:
3255:
3245:
3157:
3135:
3129:
3124:
3012:
2998:
2976:
2855:Chiang Kai-shek
2819:
2801:
2795:
2747:Kumul Rebellion
2728:Academia Sinica
2716:
2710:
2707:
2701:or excerpts to
2692:
2680:
2676:
2645:
2616:
2610:Mukden Incident
2594:
2588:
2582:
2558:Chiang Kai-shek
2517:
2499:
2493:
2406:
2396:
2390:
2354:Empire of Japan
2307:
2300:
2294:
2100:Zhōnghuá Mínguó
1997:Zhōnghuá Mínguó
1988:
1978:
1932:(including its
1840:one-party state
1812:Chiang Kai-shek
1705:one-party state
1685:1911 Revolution
1665:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1608:
1589:
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1567:
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1557:
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1460:
1459:
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1442:
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1379:1911 Revolution
1373:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1355:
1309:
1287:
1273:
1267:
1255:
1249:
1232:
1222:
1215:Empire of China
1214:
1204:
1196:
1186:
1140:
1132:
1065:
1052:
1039:
1026:
1016:24 October 1945
1013:
1001:
997:
984:
971:
954:
944:10 January 1920
941:
928:
914:
901:
874:
859:
830:
818:
788:
776:
741:
733:Chiang Kai-shek
729:
717:
692:
635:
634:
629:
565:
546:Manchu alphabet
533:Official script
527:
494:
469:
418:
401:
395:
389:
381:
380:
363:
359:
353:
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338:
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303:
293:
280:
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263:
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243:
233:
232:
219:
218:
217:
216:
211:
202:
200:National Emblem
193:
180:
179:
178:
173:
164:
163:
154:
147:
129:
128:
118:Zhōnghuá Mínguó
106:Chunghwa Minkuo
95:
84:
71:
50:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13313:
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13216:
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13191:
13186:
13181:
13176:
13171:
13170:
13169:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13138:
13136:
13132:
13131:
13129:War in Ningxia
13126:
13122:
13121:
13116:
13112:
13111:
13106:
13102:
13101:
13092:
13088:
13087:
13078:
13074:
13073:
13066:
13062:
13061:
13054:Beijing Revolt
13046:Chiang-Gui War
13043:
13039:
13038:
13033:
13029:
13028:
13014:Jinan incident
13011:
13007:
13006:
13001:
12997:
12996:
12991:
12987:
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12895:
12893:
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12851:
12847:
12846:
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12837:
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12807:
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12673:
12672:
12667:
12661:
12658:
12657:
12652:
12649:
12643:
12640:
12639:
12631:Nanjing decade
12618:
12617:
12610:
12603:
12595:
12586:
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12570:
12558:
12545:
12542:
12541:
12538:
12537:
12535:
12534:
12529:
12528:
12527:
12517:
12515:Taiwanese wave
12512:
12507:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12455:Glove puppetry
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12411:
12409:
12403:
12402:
12400:
12399:
12394:
12389:
12387:Taiwan studies
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
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12072:
12069:
12066:
12062:
12054:
12053:
12050:
12049:
12047:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12034:Transportation
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12009:Taiwan Miracle
12006:
12004:Stock exchange
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11963:
11958:
11957:
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11893:
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11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11832:Chinese Taipei
11829:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11808:
11806:
11802:
11801:
11799:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11787:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11765:
11763:
11758:
11755:
11754:
11752:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11740:
11739:
11737:Vice President
11734:
11729:
11719:
11714:
11713:
11712:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11686:
11685:
11675:
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11653:
11648:
11647:
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11615:
11610:
11605:
11599:
11591:
11590:
11587:
11586:
11584:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11561:National parks
11558:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11503:
11501:
11497:
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11364:
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11105:
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11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11011:Four Gentlemen
11008:
11003:
10997:
10995:
10994:Fours of China
10988:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10931:
10930:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10879:
10877:
10871:
10870:
10868:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10851:
10850:
10840:
10839:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10813:
10808:
10807:
10806:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10780:
10779:
10774:
10764:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10752:
10751:
10750:
10735:
10730:
10729:
10728:
10718:
10717:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10680:
10674:
10668:
10667:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10643:Civil aviation
10640:
10634:
10632:
10626:
10625:
10623:
10622:
10617:
10616:
10615:
10605:
10604:
10603:
10592:
10590:
10589:Infrastructure
10586:
10585:
10583:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10543:Semiconductors
10540:
10535:
10525:
10523:Historical GDP
10520:
10515:
10510:
10509:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10488:
10487:
10486:
10476:
10475:
10474:
10469:
10459:
10454:
10453:
10452:
10442:
10437:
10431:
10425:
10419:
10418:
10415:
10414:
10412:
10411:
10410:
10409:
10399:
10398:
10397:
10387:
10386:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10339:
10337:
10331:
10330:
10328:
10327:
10322:
10321:
10320:
10315:
10305:
10304:
10303:
10301:Vice President
10293:
10292:
10291:
10281:
10280:
10279:
10278:
10277:
10267:
10266:
10265:
10260:
10245:
10240:
10239:
10238:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10212:
10211:
10201:
10196:
10190:
10188:
10182:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10158:
10157:
10147:
10146:
10145:
10140:
10130:
10124:
10122:
10109:
10103:
10102:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10074:
10072:
10066:
10065:
10062:
10061:
10059:
10058:
10057:
10056:
10051:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10029:National parks
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10009:Climate policy
10006:
10004:Climate change
10000:
9998:
9992:
9991:
9989:
9988:
9987:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9932:
9930:
9926:
9925:
9923:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9910:Central Plains
9899:
9894:
9893:
9892:
9887:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9841:
9839:
9835:
9834:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9829:
9824:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9807:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9781:
9779:
9770:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9757:Extreme points
9754:
9748:
9742:
9736:
9735:
9732:
9731:
9729:
9728:
9727:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9696:
9695:
9694:
9689:
9679:
9673:
9671:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9583:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9565:Three Kingdoms
9562:
9557:
9551:
9549:
9543:
9542:
9540:
9539:
9538:
9537:
9535:Warring States
9532:
9527:
9517:
9516:
9515:
9505:
9499:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9487:
9486:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9465:
9459:
9457:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9426:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9395:Historiography
9392:
9387:
9381:
9379:
9372:
9366:
9365:
9354:
9353:
9346:
9339:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9312:
9299:
9298:External links
9296:
9294:
9293:
9287:
9274:
9273:historiography
9255:
9254:
9253:
9252:Historiography
9248:
9247:
9237:(2): 155–180.
9226:
9216:
9206:
9189:
9171:
9156:
9150:
9133:
9127:
9114:
9108:
9091:
9085:
9072:
9065:
9059:
9042:
9036:
9023:
9017:
8994:
8988:
8975:
8966:
8950:
8943:
8933:
8926:
8920:
8907:
8901:
8884:
8877:
8860:
8842:
8827:
8818:
8812:
8799:
8793:
8780:
8774:
8761:
8743:
8728:
8714:
8713:
8712:
8707:
8704:
8701:
8700:
8693:
8660:
8653:
8631:
8611:
8588:
8568:
8530:
8519:
8493:
8484:
8475:
8466:
8457:
8445:
8436:
8427:
8418:
8416:, p. 170.
8406:
8394:
8382:
8370:
8358:
8338:
8309:
8288:
8276:
8264:
8249:
8232:
8215:
8203:
8201:, p. 162.
8188:
8181:
8163:
8132:
8122:
8096:
8092:Setzekorn 2018
8084:
8072:
8060:
8048:
8036:
8032:Setzekorn 2018
8021:
8006:
8002:Setzekorn 2018
7991:
7987:Setzekorn 2018
7979:
7975:Setzekorn 2018
7967:
7963:Setzekorn 2018
7952:
7950:, p. 245.
7940:
7936:Setzekorn 2018
7928:
7926:, p. 288.
7916:
7904:
7892:
7890:, p. 186.
7880:
7868:
7856:
7850:978-1498531689
7849:
7829:
7825:Setzekorn 2018
7814:
7807:
7787:
7759:
7750:
7741:
7724:
7705:
7685:
7662:
7636:
7611:
7591:
7574:
7555:(6): 605–638.
7532:
7513:
7493:
7478:
7456:
7449:
7431:
7424:
7406:
7399:
7381:
7362:
7342:
7324:
7313:
7302:
7289:
7274:
7267:
7247:
7240:
7222:
7172:
7165:
7145:
7106:
7092:
7072:
7065:
7045:
7038:
7018:
7005:978-0299148744
7004:
6984:
6950:
6940:
6920:
6907:
6873:
6842:
6831:
6802:
6783:
6763:
6744:
6724:
6712:
6700:
6688:
6675:
6663:
6633:
6621:
6619:(2013) p. 123.
6608:
6578:
6553:Wang, Yi Chu.
6545:
6538:
6514:
6502:
6473:
6447:
6437:
6414:
6384:
6370:
6343:
6336:
6310:
6291:
6269:
6250:
6230:
6200:
6179:"民国时期的启蒙与批判启蒙"
6169:
6139:
6113:
6091:
6078:
6057:
6024:
6012:
6003:"中華民國國號的來由和意義"
5990:
5965:
5958:
5931:
5901:
5894:
5874:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5820:
5795:
5786:
5762:
5741:
5724:
5699:
5690:
5662:Outer Mongolia
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5605:
5589:
5586:
5569:or Hong Kong.
5550:
5547:
5537:
5536:Communications
5534:
5528:
5527:Transportation
5525:
5514:Following the
5440:Main article:
5437:
5434:
5405:Vought Corsair
5401:Chang We-chang
5377:Main article:
5374:
5371:
5303:Yang Shuzhuang
5264:
5261:
5227:to reopen the
5132:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5092:Main article:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5063:Outer Mongolia
5042:
5033:
5021:
5012:
4996:
4987:
4984:Inner Mongolia
4975:
4972:Inner Mongolia
4959:
4943:
4931:
4915:
4908:Inner Mongolia
4899:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
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4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
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4809:
4806:
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4800:
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4791:
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4781:
4778:
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4772:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4756:
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4746:
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4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:Outer Mongolia
4474:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
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3919:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
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3739:
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3713:
3710:
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3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
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3659:
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3638:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3618:
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3612:
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3601:
3598:
3592:
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3579:
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3544:
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3521:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3504:
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3498:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3445:
3443:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:Main article:
3413:
3410:
3397:
3396:United Nations
3394:
3385:League Council
3379:
3376:
3323:United Kingdom
3263:Czechoslovakia
3244:
3241:
3216:Executive Yuan
3131:Main article:
3128:
3125:
3087:undisciplined
3028:Penghu Islands
2975:
2972:
2952:Four Policemen
2867:Xi'an Incident
2859:Zhang Xueliang
2817:Burma Campaign
2797:Main article:
2794:
2791:
2785:of 1933–1934.
2718:
2717:
2683:
2681:
2674:
2636:Nanjing decade
2614:Xi'an Incident
2586:Nanjing decade
2584:Main article:
2581:
2578:
2495:Main article:
2492:
2489:
2446:Double Ten Day
2392:Main article:
2389:
2386:
2331:Nanjing Decade
2296:Main article:
2293:
2290:
2230:). Today, the
2165:; 'Middle
2090:Zhōnghuá Dìguó
1982:Names of China
1977:
1974:
1930:United Nations
1928:and later the
1796:multiple times
1773:popular unrest
1681:mainland China
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1612:the Kuomintang
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1590:(geographical)
1582:
1581:
1580:(1949–present)
1574:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1516:Lieyu massacre
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1450:
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1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
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1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1308:History of the
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1144:+5:30 to +8:30
1138:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
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1079:
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1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:1 October 1949
1040:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1004:
998:
992:
989:
988:
985:
979:
976:
975:
972:
962:
959:
958:
955:
949:
946:
945:
942:
936:
933:
932:
929:
922:
919:
918:
917:1 January 1912
915:
909:
906:
905:
902:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
881:
880:
875:
869:
866:
865:
860:
854:
851:
850:
845:
841:
840:
837:
836:
831:
828:
825:
824:
819:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
805:
799:
798:
795:
794:
789:
786:
783:
782:
777:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
763:
761:Vice President
757:
756:
753:
752:
742:
739:
736:
735:
730:
727:
724:
723:
718:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
700:
694:
693:
691:
690:
684:dominant-party
680:
667:
661:
654:
651:
642:
632:
631:
630:
628:
627:
621:
615:
609:
602:
594:
590:
589:
586:
580:
579:
571:
567:
566:
564:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
537:
535:
529:
528:
526:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
499:
497:
491:
490:
485:
481:
480:
475:
471:
470:
468:
467:
457:
447:
433:
426:
424:
420:
419:
416:
408:
407:
387:National seal:
383:
382:
361:
339:
337:
336:
320:
313:
301:
294:
278:
271:
261:
254:
241:
230:
229:
228:
221:
220:
215:
214:
205:
195:
194:
182:
181:
177:
176:
167:
156:
155:
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141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
131:
130:
127:
126:
114:
102:
86:
85:
82:
73:
72:
69:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13312:
13301:
13298:
13296:
13293:
13291:
13288:
13286:
13283:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13267:
13265:
13252:
13247:
13236:
13230:
13228:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13197:
13195:
13192:
13190:
13187:
13185:
13182:
13180:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13168:
13165:
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13162:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
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13140:
13139:
13137:
13130:
13127:
13123:
13120:
13117:
13113:
13110:
13107:
13103:
13100:
13096:
13093:
13089:
13086:
13082:
13079:
13075:
13072:
13071:
13067:
13063:
13060:
13055:
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13047:
13044:
13040:
13037:
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13027:
13023:
13019:
13015:
13012:
13008:
13005:
13002:
12998:
12995:
12992:
12988:
12985:
12982:
12978:
12975:
12972:
12968:
12965:
12962:
12958:
12955:
12954:
12949:
12945:
12944:
12940:
12936:
12933:
12930:
12926:
12923:
12919:
12916:
12912:
12909:
12905:
12902:
12898:
12894:
12887:
12883:
12879:
12878:
12874:
12870:
12867:
12864:
12860:
12857:
12856:
12852:
12848:
12845:
12842:
12838:
12835:
12832:
12828:
12825:
12822:
12818:
12815:
12812:
12808:
12805:
12802:
12798:
12795:
12792:
12788:
12785:
12782:
12778:
12775:
12774:
12769:
12765:
12762:
12758:
12755:
12752:
12748:
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12738:
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12732:
12728:
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12708:
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12701:
12698:
12694:
12691:
12688:
12684:
12681:
12678:
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12668:
12664:
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12659:
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12609:
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12597:
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12571:
12569:
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12563:
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12556:
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12526:
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12508:
12506:
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12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12480:Night markets
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12435:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12412:
12410:
12408:
12404:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12337:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12327:
12325:
12321:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12305:Sign Language
12303:
12299:
12298:Matsu dialect
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12280:
12279:
12276:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12198:
12197:
12194:
12193:
12191:
12189:
12185:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12163:
12162:
12159:
12155:
12154:Ethnic groups
12152:
12151:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12141:
12139:
12137:
12133:
12130:
12126:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12109:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12091:
12089:
12087:
12083:
12076:
12073:
12070:
12067:
12064:
12063:
12059:
12055:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11964:
11962:
11959:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11946:
11945:
11942:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11932:List of banks
11930:
11929:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11907:
11906:
11903:
11902:
11900:
11898:
11894:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11803:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11771:
11770:
11767:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11756:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11724:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11711:
11708:
11707:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11684:
11681:
11680:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11667:
11664:
11663:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11656:Civil defense
11654:
11652:
11649:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11640:
11637:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11600:
11596:
11592:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11522:Deforestation
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11502:
11498:
11491:
11488:
11487:
11483:
11479:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11451:Guanbi policy
11449:
11447:
11444:
11443:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11411:Dutch Formosa
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11395:
11392:
11391:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11381:
11378:
11374:
11369:
11365:
11361:
11357:
11350:
11345:
11343:
11338:
11336:
11331:
11330:
11327:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11306:
11301:
11297:
11294:
11290:
11289:
11285:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11261:
11259:
11257:
11253:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11220:
11219:Protestantism
11217:
11215:
11212:
11211:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11204:Folk religion
11202:
11200:
11197:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11183:
11180:
11179:
11177:
11175:
11171:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11152:
11148:
11145:
11141:
11140:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11108:Ethnic groups
11106:
11104:
11101:
11100:
11098:
11096:
11092:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11021:Four Beauties
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10998:
10996:
10992:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10929:
10926:
10925:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10880:
10878:
10876:
10872:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10860:Urban society
10858:
10856:
10853:
10849:
10846:
10845:
10844:
10841:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10818:
10817:
10816:Social issues
10814:
10812:
10809:
10805:
10802:
10801:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10794:Rural society
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10769:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10756:
10753:
10749:
10746:
10745:
10744:
10741:
10740:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10727:
10724:
10723:
10722:
10719:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10701:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10694:Chinese Dream
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10681:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10669:
10659:
10658:Space program
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10635:
10633:
10631:
10627:
10621:
10618:
10614:
10611:
10610:
10609:
10606:
10602:
10599:
10598:
10597:
10594:
10593:
10591:
10587:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10530:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10493:
10492:
10489:
10485:
10482:
10481:
10480:
10477:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10464:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10451:
10448:
10447:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10432:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10420:
10408:
10405:
10404:
10403:
10400:
10396:
10393:
10392:
10391:
10388:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10360:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10340:
10338:
10336:
10332:
10326:
10323:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10310:
10309:
10308:State Council
10306:
10302:
10299:
10298:
10297:
10294:
10290:
10287:
10286:
10285:
10282:
10276:
10273:
10272:
10271:
10268:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10255:
10254:
10251:
10250:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10237:
10234:
10233:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10210:
10207:
10206:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10194:Civil service
10192:
10191:
10189:
10187:
10183:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10156:
10153:
10152:
10151:
10148:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10135:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10125:
10123:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10104:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10075:
10073:
10071:
10067:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10046:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10001:
9999:
9997:
9993:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9966:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9927:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9882:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9840:
9836:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9818:
9815:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9800:South Central
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9782:
9780:
9778:
9774:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9749:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9737:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9701:
9700:
9697:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9684:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9674:
9672:
9670:
9666:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9644:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9587:Jin (266–420)
9585:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9544:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9518:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9500:
9498:
9496:
9492:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9470:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9460:
9458:
9456:
9452:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9430:Ethnic groups
9428:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9382:
9380:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9352:
9347:
9345:
9340:
9338:
9333:
9332:
9329:
9322:
9317:
9313:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9301:
9290:
9288:9780199920082
9284:
9280:
9275:
9272:
9268:
9265:
9261:
9257:
9256:
9251:
9250:
9244:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9227:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9205:
9201:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9178:
9174:
9172:9781781251942
9168:
9164:
9163:
9157:
9153:
9151:9780674033382
9147:
9142:
9141:
9134:
9130:
9128:9780160613227
9124:
9120:
9115:
9111:
9105:
9100:
9099:
9092:
9088:
9086:9780806162966
9082:
9078:
9073:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9056:
9051:
9050:
9043:
9039:
9033:
9029:
9024:
9020:
9014:
9006:
9002:
9001:
8995:
8991:
8985:
8981:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8967:
8965:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8951:
8948:
8944:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8917:
8913:
8908:
8904:
8902:9780195087208
8898:
8894:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8874:
8869:
8868:
8861:
8849:
8845:
8839:
8835:
8834:
8828:
8824:
8819:
8815:
8809:
8805:
8800:
8796:
8790:
8786:
8781:
8777:
8771:
8767:
8762:
8750:
8746:
8744:9780399123825
8740:
8736:
8735:
8729:
8726:
8722:
8721:
8716:
8715:
8710:
8709:
8696:
8694:9780231204477
8690:
8686:
8682:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8656:
8654:9780231206273
8650:
8646:
8642:
8635:
8627:
8626:
8621:
8615:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8592:
8581:
8580:
8572:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8534:
8527:
8522:
8520:0-275-98131-2
8516:
8512:
8507:
8506:
8497:
8488:
8479:
8470:
8461:
8452:
8450:
8440:
8431:
8422:
8415:
8410:
8403:
8398:
8391:
8386:
8379:
8374:
8367:
8362:
8351:
8350:
8342:
8326:
8325:
8320:
8313:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8292:
8285:
8280:
8273:
8268:
8261:
8256:
8254:
8246:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8229:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8212:
8207:
8200:
8195:
8193:
8184:
8182:9789004547148
8178:
8174:
8167:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8136:
8129:
8125:
8119:
8115:
8110:
8109:
8100:
8093:
8088:
8081:
8076:
8069:
8064:
8057:
8052:
8045:
8040:
8033:
8028:
8026:
8018:
8013:
8011:
8003:
7998:
7996:
7988:
7983:
7976:
7971:
7964:
7959:
7957:
7949:
7944:
7937:
7932:
7925:
7920:
7913:
7908:
7901:
7896:
7889:
7884:
7877:
7872:
7865:
7860:
7852:
7846:
7842:
7841:
7833:
7826:
7821:
7819:
7810:
7808:9780813176765
7804:
7800:
7799:
7791:
7775:
7771:
7763:
7754:
7745:
7738:
7737:0-415-34584-7
7734:
7728:
7712:
7708:
7706:0-7923-0796-8
7702:
7698:
7697:
7689:
7683:
7679:
7676:
7672:
7666:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7625:
7621:
7615:
7604:
7603:
7595:
7587:
7586:
7578:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7539:
7537:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7517:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7497:
7490:
7489:
7482:
7466:
7460:
7452:
7446:
7442:
7435:
7427:
7421:
7417:
7410:
7402:
7400:0-313-24308-5
7396:
7392:
7385:
7369:
7365:
7363:9781317077404
7359:
7355:
7354:
7346:
7338:
7334:
7328:
7322:
7317:
7311:
7306:
7299:
7293:
7278:
7270:
7264:
7260:
7259:
7251:
7243:
7237:
7233:
7226:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
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7166:9780786739844
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6941:0-8179-9272-3
6937:
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6924:
6918:, p. 30)
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6890:Alpha History
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6745:0-7425-2003-X
6741:
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6735:Webs of Smoke
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6710:, p. 131
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6684:History Today
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6555:"Sun Yat-sen"
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6539:0-690-07612-6
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6444:
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6438:0-87187-188-2
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6402:
6398:
6394:
6388:
6380:
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6371:9781503638815
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6337:0-8014-8805-2
6333:
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6292:9789629371401
6288:
6284:
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6257:
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6251:9781560245209
6247:
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6219:on 7 May 2021
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6072:. 2013-10-17
6071:
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6034:
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6021:
6020:Wright (2018)
6016:
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5959:9789622019874
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5616:Taiwan portal
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5502:
5499:In 1937, the
5497:
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5489:
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5480:
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5460:
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5388:B-25 Mitchell
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5311:Chen Shaokuan
5308:
5307:Beiyang Fleet
5304:
5300:
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5295:Cheng Biguang
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5100:Duke Yansheng
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3349:
3348:Olympic Games
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3327:United States
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3229:
3225:
3224:Judicial Yuan
3221:
3217:
3214:, namely the
3213:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:Supreme Court
3188:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3162:
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3140:
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2800:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:in 1930, the
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2736:Olympic Games
2733:
2729:
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2700:
2696:
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2689:
2684:This article
2682:
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2459:
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2451:
2447:
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2439:
2434:
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2427:
2419:
2415:
2412:Yuan Shikai (
2410:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:island groups
2355:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:imperial rule
2316:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2289:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2222:Daehan Minguk
2213:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2189:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2127:). Both the "
2123:
2116:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2078:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:to the KMT's
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1719:(CCP) in the
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1662:
1657:
1655:
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1626:
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1610:
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1605:
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1600:
1597:
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1578:
1575:
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1569:
1561:
1560:
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1549:
1547:
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1542:
1539:
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1534:
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1529:
1527:
1524:
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1519:
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1514:
1512:
1509:
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1499:
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1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1369:Mainland rule
1359:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1269:
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1261:
1253:
1251:
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1234:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
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1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:Silver Dragon
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1045:
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1038:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1006:
999:
996:
990:
986:
983:
977:
973:
970:
966:
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956:
953:
947:
943:
940:
934:
930:
926:
920:
916:
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903:
900:
894:
890:
886:
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879:
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873:
867:
864:
861:
858:
852:
849:
846:
842:
838:
835:
832:
826:
823:
820:
814:
810:
806:
804:
800:
796:
793:
790:
784:
781:
778:
772:
768:
764:
762:
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754:
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746:
743:
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734:
731:
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719:
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709:
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678:
675:
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668:
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625:
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619:
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581:
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455:
451:
448:
445:
441:
437:
434:
431:
428:
427:
425:
421:
414:
409:
405:
400:" (1929–1949)
399:
388:
384:
357:
345:
343:
318:
314:
299:
295:
277:" (1915–1921)
276:
272:
260:" (1913–1915)
259:
255:
240:" (1912–1913)
239:
235:
234:
226:
222:
210:
206:
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197:
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67:
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64:
60:
59:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
13250:
13068:
12951:
12941:
12886:Beijing Coup
12875:
12853:
12771:
12577:
12565:
12553:
12382:Superlatives
12367:Prostitution
12330:Architecture
12136:Demographics
11937:Central bank
11915:Floriculture
11812:Conscription
11690:Intelligence
11678:Human rights
11661:Constitution
11576:Superlatives
11571:Scenic areas
11456:White Terror
11209:Christianity
11199:Confucianism
11159:Urbanization
11095:Demographics
11071:Gang of Four
11036:Four Symbols
10935:Martial arts
10709:Prostitution
10596:Architecture
10450:Central bank
10318:Vice Premier
10270:United front
10199:Constitution
10155:Penal system
10133:Human rights
10070:Subdivisions
9908: /
9904: /
9827:Southwestern
9822:Northwestern
9681:
9525:Western Zhou
9473:Yellow River
9423:1949–present
9278:
9260:Asian Survey
9259:
9234:
9230:
9219:
9209:
9192:
9181:. Retrieved
9161:
9139:
9118:
9097:
9076:
9068:
9048:
9027:
9004:
9000:中華民國海軍陸戰隊發展史
8999:
8979:
8969:
8953:
8946:
8936:
8929:
8911:
8888:
8866:
8852:. Retrieved
8832:
8822:
8803:
8784:
8765:
8753:. Retrieved
8733:
8718:
8680:
8640:
8634:
8623:
8614:
8605:
8601:
8591:
8578:
8571:
8559:. Retrieved
8550:(1): 40–49.
8547:
8543:
8533:
8524:
8504:
8496:
8487:
8478:
8469:
8460:
8439:
8430:
8421:
8409:
8397:
8385:
8373:
8361:
8348:
8341:
8329:. Retrieved
8322:
8312:
8301:
8291:
8284:Elleman 2019
8279:
8267:
8228:Elleman 2019
8206:
8172:
8166:
8154:. Retrieved
8149:
8145:
8135:
8127:
8107:
8099:
8087:
8075:
8063:
8051:
8046:, p. 8.
8039:
7982:
7970:
7943:
7931:
7919:
7907:
7895:
7883:
7871:
7859:
7839:
7832:
7797:
7790:
7778:. Retrieved
7762:
7753:
7744:
7727:
7715:. Retrieved
7695:
7688:
7670:
7665:
7653:. Retrieved
7639:
7627:. Retrieved
7624:topendsports
7623:
7614:
7601:
7594:
7584:
7577:
7552:
7549:Modern China
7548:
7516:
7496:
7487:
7481:
7469:. Retrieved
7459:
7440:
7434:
7415:
7409:
7390:
7384:
7372:. Retrieved
7352:
7345:
7336:
7327:
7316:
7305:
7292:
7277:
7257:
7250:
7231:
7225:
7192:
7188:
7175:
7155:
7148:
7123:
7119:
7109:
7097:. Retrieved
7082:
7075:
7055:
7048:
7028:
7021:
7009:. Retrieved
6994:
6987:
6975:. Retrieved
6963:
6953:
6945:
6930:
6923:
6910:
6898:. Retrieved
6889:
6861:. Retrieved
6845:
6834:
6822:. Retrieved
6812:
6805:
6793:. Retrieved
6773:
6766:
6754:. Retrieved
6734:
6727:
6715:
6703:
6691:
6683:
6678:
6666:
6654:. Retrieved
6645:
6636:
6624:
6616:
6611:
6599:. Retrieved
6589:. Shanghai:
6581:
6569:. Retrieved
6558:
6548:
6524:
6517:
6505:
6493:. Retrieved
6464:. Retrieved
6450:
6442:
6423:
6417:
6405:. Retrieved
6396:
6387:
6357:
6321:
6313:
6301:. Retrieved
6281:
6260:. Retrieved
6240:
6233:
6221:. Retrieved
6217:the original
6212:
6203:
6191:. Retrieved
6182:
6172:
6160:. Retrieved
6151:
6142:
6130:. Retrieved
6116:
6107:
6104:Acta Koreana
6103:
6081:
6074:(in Chinese)
6060:
6052:
6045:. Retrieved
6036:
6027:
6015:
6007:the original
5985:
5982:the original
5977:
5968:
5941:
5934:
5922:. Retrieved
5918:the original
5913:
5904:
5884:
5877:
5865:. Retrieved
5855:
5848:
5823:
5814:
5798:
5789:
5744:
5732:
5727:
5702:
5693:
5666:Beiyang rule
5657:
5602:China portal
5571:
5562:treaty ports
5556:
5552:
5543:
5539:
5530:
5513:
5509:
5498:
5485:
5481:
5465:
5452:Suzhou Creek
5427:
5419:
5397:
5393:
5367:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5335:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5291:
5284:
5245:
5213:
5205:
5175:
5159:Beiyang Army
5156:
5137:Beiyang Army
5125:
5097:
5045:
5036:
5030:Heilongjiang
5028:Now part of
5024:
5015:
5003:Now part of
4999:
4990:
4978:
4966:Now part of
4962:
4952:Heilongjiang
4950:Now part of
4946:
4940:Heilongjiang
4938:Now part of
4934:
4918:
4906:Now part of
4902:
4890:Now part of
4886:
4538:
4470:
4437:
3683:Hēilóngjiāng
3676:Heilongjiang
3508:
3494:Abbreviation
3435:Rand McNally
3399:
3381:
3341:
3315:Soviet Union
3256:
3237:
3233:
3211:
3209:
3197:Control Yuan
3189:
3181:
3169:
3161:constitution
3158:
3114:
3103:founded the
3097:
3085:
3052:
3017:
3013:
2960:
2931:
2916:
2898:puppet state
2871:
2847:
2828:
2787:
2763:Feng Yuxiang
2759:China proper
2744:
2725:
2721:
2708:
2693:Please help
2685:
2658:
2640:
2629:
2570:Soviet Union
2555:
2539:
2518:
2476:
2471:Song Jiaoren
2454:Beiyang Army
2442:national day
2435:
2430:Qing dynasty
2423:
2417:
2413:
2350:World War II
2347:
2315:Qing dynasty
2308:
2263:
2256:
2221:
2211:Daehan Jeguk
2209:
2195:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2171:').
2166:
2156:
2146:
2136:
2098:
2088:
2074:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2027:
2023:
2018:
1995:
1989:
1957:
1923:
1882:World War II
1880:
1856:
1851:
1804:Soviet Union
1793:
1764:
1757:Beiyang Army
1737:
1693:Qing dynasty
1676:
1672:
1670:
1476:White Terror
1453:1945–present
1364:
1264:
1250:Bogd Khanate
1246:
1229:
1211:
1197:Qing dynasty
1193:
1175:Succeeded by
1174:
1169:
1000:7 July 1937–
863:Control Yuan
748:
713:
648:presidential
596:
573:
474:Largest city
466:, 1938–1946)
463:
456:, 1937–1938)
453:
446:, 1927–1949)
443:
439:
386:
340:
224:
76:
56:
54:
13224:Kuomintang
13209:New Guangxi
13204:Old Guangxi
13119:Two-Liu war
13109:Han–Liu War
12627:Warlord Era
12525:tea culture
12490:Photography
12176:Waishengren
11910:Aquaculture
11905:Agriculture
11683:LGBT rights
11541:Hot springs
11527:Earthquakes
11461:Martial law
10975:Variety art
10970:Tea culture
10898:Calligraphy
10883:Archaeology
10743:Food safety
10538:Gold mining
10440:Aquaculture
10435:Agriculture
10395:Coast Guard
10162:Naming laws
9996:Environment
9984:South China
9463:Paleolithic
9455:Prehistoric
9413:before 1912
8625:Smithsonian
8561:30 November
8199:Jordan 1976
8080:Sherry 1996
8068:Sherry 1996
8056:Sherry 1996
8044:Sherry 1996
8017:Sherry 1996
7948:McCord 1993
7924:McCord 1993
7912:McCord 1993
7900:McCord 1993
7888:McCord 1993
7876:McCord 1993
7864:McCord 1993
7195:(5): 8–12.
7126:(5): 8–12.
6900:7 September
6863:22 December
6671:McCord 1993
6601:7 September
6571:7 September
6303:9 September
6132:23 November
5752:during the
5748:As wartime
5572:During the
5067:occupied it
4495:Ulaanbaatar
4493:Kulun (now
3583:Zhangjiakou
3581:Zhangyuan (
3483:Traditional
3364:Los Angeles
3185:World War I
3147:Warlord era
3109:martial law
2934:Pacific War
2661:Blue shirts
2646: [
2523:and become
2497:Warlord Era
2467:Tongmenghui
2460:signed the
2450:Yuan Shikai
2105:parallelism
2006:Tongmenghui
1992:Sun Yat-sen
1777:Warlord Era
1753:Yuan Shikai
1749:Sun Yat-sen
1729:Taiwan Area
1703:(KMT) as a
1496:Vietnam War
1394:Warlord Era
1170:Preceded by
927:in Beijing
872:Lower house
857:Upper house
844:Legislature
822:Tang Shaoyi
780:Li Yuanhong
721:Sun Yat-sen
714:provisional
689:(1947–1949)
677:directorial
626:(1948–1949)
620:(1925–1948)
614:(1912–1928)
432:(1912–1928)
360:(1937–1949)
342:Flag anthem
212:(1928–1949)
203:(1913–1928)
174:(1928–1949)
165:(1912–1928)
68:do not move
13264:Categories
13167:Zhili Army
12485:Philosophy
12460:Literature
12357:Healthcare
12216:Kanakanavu
11968:(currency)
11877:Two Chinas
11749:Propaganda
11717:Parliament
11651:Censorship
11625:Government
11603:Government
11389:Prehistory
11236:Irreligion
11133:Statistics
11103:Emigration
11066:Four Wangs
10955:Philosophy
10940:Mass media
10923:Literature
10821:Patriarchy
10784:Propaganda
10704:Corruption
10689:Censorship
10479:E-commerce
10186:Government
9979:East China
9951:Waterfalls
9897:Peninsulas
9865:Grasslands
9183:10 October
9109:0029286107
9060:0192803417
8878:0340741333
8854:5 February
8843:0521771242
8260:Chung 2003
8156:1 February
7717:4 November
7522:China News
7374:6 December
7099:2 February
7011:2 February
6977:2 February
6839:Fenby 2009
6824:28 October
6795:28 October
6756:28 October
6720:Fenby 2009
6708:Fenby 2009
6696:Fenby 2009
6510:Fenby 2009
6495:27 October
5924:5 December
5867:13 January
5835:References
5756:after the
5214:After the
5076:after the
4508:Tibet Area
4322:Mudanjiang
3661:Qingyuan (
3400:Under the
3336:See also:
3329:, and the
3247:See also:
3137:See also:
3127:Government
3101:Mao Zedong
3000:See also:
2850:Great Wall
2803:See also:
2779:Long March
2767:Yan Xishan
2753:, and the
2711:March 2024
2703:Wikisource
2596:See also:
2562:Kuomintang
2501:See also:
2480:Kuomintang
2339:Kuomintang
2110:帝國是以皇帝一人為主
1980:See also:
1950:population
1878:of China.
1763:" (or the
1731:" and the
1723:. The CCP
1701:Kuomintang
1565:History of
1511:Three Noes
1486:Korean War
1068:1 May 1950
834:He Yingqin
792:Li Zongren
745:Li Zongren
593:Government
584:Demonym(s)
13214:Guangdong
13179:Guominjun
13091:1931–1935
13077:1930–1932
13032:1928–1929
13000:1927–1930
12938:1926–1928
12914:1925–1926
12850:1923–1927
12830:1921–1922
12810:1920–1926
12800:1920–1921
12780:1919–1921
12750:1918–1920
12740:1917–1929
12730:1917–1922
12696:1915–1916
12666:1911–1914
12651:1925–1934
12648:1915–1924
12415:Animation
12377:Squatting
12352:Education
12188:Languages
11944:Companies
11722:President
11673:Elections
11581:Volcanoes
11556:Mountains
11500:Overviews
11490:Geography
11123:Languages
11076:Four Olds
11031:Four arts
10918:Libraries
10848:Structure
10811:Sexuality
10748:incidents
10721:Education
10630:Transport
10506:Renewable
10501:Petroleum
10296:President
10263:Politburo
10216:Elections
10204:Democracy
10172:Terrorism
9920:Volcanoes
9902:Northeast
9880:Mountains
9790:Northeast
9740:Geography
9647:High Qing
9468:Neolithic
9440:Dynasties
9418:1912–1949
9409:Economic
9378:Overviews
8755:2 January
8272:Chen 2024
8245:Chen 2024
7739:. p. 376.
7500:Li Shui.
7298:Fung 2000
7217:146456085
6916:Fung 2000
6852:重編國語辭典修訂本
6379:help page
6262:4 January
6085:中华民国纪年也称“
5974:"中華民國之意義"
5840:Citations
5774:relocated
5712:Chongqing
5708:Guangzhou
5477:Manchuria
5417:in 1932.
5373:Air Force
5358:Chongqing
5354:Chongqing
5339:U.S. Navy
5299:Lin Baoyi
5179:Guangdong
4805:Guǎngzhōu
4798:Guangzhou
4745:Chóngqìng
4738:Chongqing
4315:Sōngjiāng
4308:Songjiang
3980:Guangzhou
3973:Guǎngdōng
3966:Guangdong
3902:Zhenjiang
3826:海拉爾(呼倫貝爾)
3821:Hulunbuir
3509:Provinces
3299:Lithuania
3279:Guatemala
3072:Chongqing
2876:near the
2839:Manchukuo
2699:Wikiquote
2686:contains
2530:Guangdong
2335:one-party
2227:대한민국/大韓民國
2217:대한제국/大韓帝國
2204:) by the
2039:gònghéguó
1962:provinces
1948:. With a
1896:Chongqing
1800:Guangzhou
1745:abdicated
1599:Kaohsiung
1366:1912–1949
1346:Geography
1339:Education
1156:Drives on
1137:Time zone
1121:Gold yuan
1111:(to 1935)
974:1927–1948
957:1926–1928
931:1912–1928
698:President
674:one-party
671:Tridemist
570:Religion
518:Mongolian
460:Chongqing
134:1912–1949
66:. Please
13189:Xinjiang
13157:Fengtian
12655:Factions
12555:Category
12510:T-Beauty
12495:Religion
12450:Gambling
12283:Mandarin
12251:Sakizaya
12246:Saisiyat
12108:proposed
12014:Taxation
11984:Forestry
11837:Dang Guo
11779:Counties
11705:Military
11630:politics
11608:Politics
11360:articles
11309:Category
11182:Buddhism
11174:Religion
11151:Post-90s
11144:Post-80s
10888:Archives
10755:HIV/AIDS
10726:Literacy
10684:Abortion
10613:Internet
10570:Taxation
10553:Textiles
10533:Chemical
10528:Industry
10457:Currency
10335:Military
10143:in Tibet
10107:Politics
10044:Wildlife
9956:Wetlands
9719:COVID-19
9547:Imperial
9445:Monarchs
9405:Language
9390:Timeline
9362:articles
9267:Archived
9243:41933046
9200:Archived
9177:Archived
8960:Archived
8848:Archived
8749:Archived
8152:(5): 6–7
7780:10 April
7774:Archived
7711:Archived
7678:Archived
7649:Archived
7569:24575645
7525:Archived
7506:Archived
7368:Archived
7209:40926538
7140:16269769
6894:Archived
6857:Archived
6818:Archived
6789:Archived
6750:Archived
6650:Archived
6629:Hsü 1970
6595:Archived
6565:Archived
6489:Archived
6460:Archived
6431:. 1980.
6401:Archived
6399:. 2000.
6397:BBC News
6297:Archived
6256:Archived
6187:Archived
6156:Archived
6126:Archived
6041:Archived
6037:孙中山故居纪念馆
5861:Archived
5588:See also
5473:Shandong
5326:Ping Hai
5320:Ning Hai
5285:Ning Hai
5283:cruiser
5163:factions
5122:Military
5088:Nobility
5061:claimed
5051:Mongolia
4896:Liaoning
4635:Shěnyáng
4628:Shenyang
4607:Hā'ěrbīn
4579:Shànghǎi
4573:Shanghai
4300:歸綏(呼和浩特)
4293:Guisui (
4272:迪化(烏魯木齊)
4259:Xīnjiāng
4252:Xinjiang
4240:Kangding
4181:Shāndōng
4174:Shandong
4129:Nènjiāng
4122:Nenjiang
4110:Yinchuan
4084:Shenyang
4077:Liáoníng
4070:Liaoning
4058:Liaoyuan
3928:Nanchang
3819:Hailar (
3794:Changsha
3610:Hangzhou
3603:Zhèjiāng
3596:Zhejiang
3439:Mongolia
3331:Holy See
3283:Honduras
3163:stating
2730:and the
2663:and the
2426:monarchy
2158:Zhōnghuá
2138:Zhōngguó
2019:Zhōnghuá
1994:, chose
1944:and the
1709:Dang Guo
1351:Politics
1098:Currency
682:Unitary
669:Unitary
478:Shanghai
464:de facto
454:de facto
440:de facto
207:Bottom:
169:Bottom:
13219:Guizhou
13199:Sichuan
13142:Beiyang
13052:(incl.
12579:Outline
12500:Smoking
12430:Cuisine
12407:Culture
12323:Society
12310:Braille
12278:Sinitic
12221:Kavalan
12075:Culture
12071:Society
12029:Tourism
12024:Textile
11966:Dollar
11949:Largest
11927:Banking
11897:Economy
11644:Premier
11639:Cabinet
11613:Economy
11546:Islands
11517:Climate
11507:Beaches
11373:History
11293:Outline
11256:Symbols
11113:Eunuchs
10960:Smoking
10908:Cuisine
10875:Culture
10865:Welfare
10836:Suicide
10804:history
10672:Society
10601:Housing
10575:Tourism
10560:Poverty
10445:Banking
10423:Economy
10402:Militia
10313:Premier
9915:Valleys
9875:Islands
9860:Deserts
9850:Canyons
9838:Terrain
9817:Western
9805:Central
9777:Regions
9762:Geology
9752:Borders
9495:Ancient
9478:Yangtze
9385:History
9370:History
9212:(2012)
9197:excerpt
9195:(2019)
8973:excerpt
8957:excerpt
8939:(1992)
8706:Sources
8414:Xu 1997
8390:Xu 1997
8378:Xu 1997
8366:Xu 1997
8331:6 April
7629:22 June
7284:中华民国立宪史
6407:21 June
6193:14 June
6162:14 June
5803:Chinese
5778:Nanjing
5733:de jure
5716:Chengdu
5549:Culture
5493:bushels
5436:Economy
5009:Sichuan
4861:Qīngdǎo
4854:Qingdao
4717:Tiānjīn
4710:Tianjin
4689:Běipíng
4553:Nánjīng
4546:Nanjing
4471:Regions
4455:瓊 qióng
4426:Kunming
4393:Qīnghǎi
4386:Qinghai
4348:Chengdu
4341:Sìchuān
4334:Sichuan
4287:Suīyuǎn
4280:Suiyuan
4265:Dihua (
4200:Shaanxi
4162:Taiyuan
4136:Qiqihar
4103:Níngxià
4096:Ningxia
4051:Liáoběi
4044:Liaobei
4032:Guiyang
4025:Guìzhōu
4018:Guizhou
3999:Guǎngxī
3992:Guangxi
3921:Jiāngxī
3914:Jiangxi
3895:Jiāngsū
3888:Jiangsu
3876:Lanzhou
3850:Chengde
3833:Jehol (
3813:Xīng'ān
3806:Xing'an
3790:湘 xiāng
3768:Wuchang
3742:Kaifeng
3716:Jiamusi
3709:Héjiāng
3702:Hejiang
3663:Baoding
3588:張垣(張家口)
3530:Tonghua
3500:Chinese
3497:Capital
3485:Chinese
3275:Germany
3267:Estonia
3080:Xichang
3076:Chengdu
3036:Tianjin
2919:Yangtze
2874:Beijing
2551:Marxist
2525:warlord
2360:to the
2292:History
2259:English
2220:) with
2069:; '
2061:mínquán
2059:zhíjiē
1958:de jure
1921:(DPP).
1914:to the
1900:Chengdu
1836:Nanking
1789:Beijing
1713:Nanjing
1604:Beijing
1577:the PRC
1334:Economy
1329:Culture
1061:•
1048:•
1035:•
1022:•
1009:•
993:•
980:•
969:Nanjing
963:•
950:•
923:•
910:•
897:•
884:History
870:•
855:•
803:Premier
664:Unitary
645:Federal
633:Details
588:Chinese
503:Tibetan
444:de jure
436:Nanjing
430:Beijing
423:Capital
350:中華民國國旗歌
231:Various
225:Anthem:
98:Chinese
13194:Yunnan
13174:Shanxi
12567:Portal
12505:Sports
12425:Cinema
12256:Seediq
12241:Saaroa
12231:Puyuma
12226:Paiwan
12206:Atayal
12171:Hakkas
12166:Hoklos
12128:People
12114:Flower
12099:Emblem
12094:Anthem
12068:People
11994:Mining
11979:Energy
11784:Cities
11566:Rivers
11512:Cities
11358:
11356:Taiwan
11314:Portal
11269:Emblem
11264:Anthem
11246:Taoism
10928:Poetry
10903:Cinema
10826:Racism
10738:Health
10491:Energy
10467:Reform
10378:Rocket
10363:Ground
10088:Cities
9974:Yellow
9946:Rivers
9936:Canals
9890:passes
9885:ranges
9669:Modern
9360:
9285:
9264:online
9241:
9224:online
9169:
9148:
9125:
9106:
9083:
9057:
9034:
9015:
9007:]
8986:
8949:(2002)
8918:
8899:
8875:
8840:
8810:
8791:
8772:
8741:
8691:
8651:
8517:
8179:
8120:
7847:
7805:
7735:
7703:
7675:online
7655:1 July
7567:
7471:28 May
7447:
7422:
7397:
7360:
7265:
7238:
7215:
7207:
7163:
7138:
7090:
7063:
7036:
7002:
6972:652110
6970:
6938:
6781:
6742:
6656:22 May
6536:
6466:17 May
6435:
6368:
6334:
6330:, 56.
6289:
6248:
6213:全国报刊索引
5956:
5892:
5813::
5811:pinyin
5805::
5782:Taipei
5720:Taipei
5682:Penghu
5678:Taiwan
5567:Yan'an
5349:Aurora
5143:, and
5069:. The
4923:Kinmen
4864:膠 jiāo
4777:Hànkǒu
4766:Hankou
4692:平 píng
4666:連 lián
4663:Dàlián
4656:Dalian
4638:瀋 shěn
4600:Harbin
4556:京 jīng
4523:藏 zàng
4520:Xīzàng
4490:蒙 méng
4487:Ménggǔ
4459:Haikou
4452:Hǎinán
4445:Hainan
4422:滇 diān
4419:Yúnnán
4412:Yunnan
4400:Xining
4396:青 qīng
4374:Taipei
4367:Táiwān
4360:Taiwan
4318:松 sōng
4295:Hohhot
4267:Ürümqi
4236:康 kāng
4233:Xīkāng
4226:Xikang
4210:陝 shǎn
4207:Shǎnxī
4155:Shānxī
4148:Shanxi
4106:寧 níng
4080:遼 liáo
4028:黔 qián
4006:Guilin
3872:隴 lǒng
3816:興 xīng
3690:Bei'an
3668:清苑(保定)
3636:Fuzhou
3629:Fújiàn
3622:Fujian
3575:Cháhār
3568:Chahar
3523:Āndōng
3516:Andong
3490:Pinyin
3325:, the
3321:, the
3313:, the
3307:Panama
3303:Norway
3295:Latvia
3271:France
3177:pounds
3153:, and
3078:, and
3024:Taiwan
3008:, and
3002:Taiwan
2994:, and
2815:, and
2749:, the
2622:Major
2612:, and
2513:, and
2428:. The
2378:Taipei
2374:Taiwan
2362:Allies
2352:, the
2276::
2268::
2240:) and
2196:minguk
2177:mínguó
2168:Huaxia
2148:Mínguó
2076:mínguó
2049:gònghé
2029:mínguó
2024:mínguó
2014:Manchu
1908:Taiwan
1904:Taipei
1771:until
1689:Manchu
1594:Taipei
1587:Taiwan
1456:Taiwan
887:
807:
765:
749:acting
702:
608:(1912)
523:Others
513:Manchu
508:Uyghur
392:中華民國之璽
346:
227:
209:Emblem
123:pinyin
111:Postal
94:
32:Taiwan
13234:(CCP)
13226:(KMT)
13152:Zhili
13147:Anhui
12475:Opera
12470:Music
12465:Media
12445:Drama
12397:Women
12335:Crime
12293:Hakka
12236:Rukai
12211:Bunun
12119:Seals
11551:Lakes
11300:Index
11241:Islam
11164:Women
10965:Sport
10950:Names
10945:Music
10913:Dance
10699:Crime
10580:Trade
10548:Steel
10054:Flora
10049:Fauna
9969:Bohai
9965:Seas
9941:Lakes
9929:Water
9906:North
9870:Hills
9855:Caves
9810:South
9795:North
9508:Shang
9358:China
9239:JSTOR
9009:(PDF)
9003:[
8867:China
8583:(PDF)
8353:(PDF)
7606:(PDF)
7565:JSTOR
7213:S2CID
7205:JSTOR
7185:(PDF)
7136:S2CID
6968:JSTOR
6525:China
6223:3 May
6177:吳展良.
6064:溫躍寬.
6047:3 May
5945:中國近代史
5776:from
5650:Notes
5225:Burma
5165:that
5005:Tibet
4968:Hebei
4956:Jilin
4912:Hebei
4892:Jilin
4833:Xī'ān
4826:Xi'an
4808:穗 suì
4780:漢 hàn
4770:Wuhan
4720:津 jīn
4527:Lhasa
4512:Tibet
4370:臺 tái
4344:蜀 shǔ
4290:綏 suī
4262:新 xīn
4214:Xi'an
4188:Jinan
4158:晉 jìn
4132:嫩 nèn
4054:洮 táo
4002:桂 guì
3976:粵 yuè
3954:Jilin
3947:Jílín
3940:Jilin
3924:贛 gàn
3869:Gānsù
3862:Gansu
3787:Húnán
3780:Hunan
3761:Húběi
3754:Hubei
3735:Hénán
3728:Henan
3686:黑 hēi
3655:Héběi
3648:Hebei
3632:閩 mǐn
3606:浙 zhè
3578:察 chá
3556:Hefei
3552:皖 wǎn
3549:Ānhuī
3542:Anhui
3356:Paris
3319:Spain
3291:Japan
3287:Italy
3048:Hebei
2890:Wuhan
2650:]
2418:right
2201:민국/民國
2187:dìguó
1781:Zhili
1691:-led
1572:China
1265:1949:
1247:1921:
1230:1945:
1212:1916:
1194:1912:
1160:right
450:Wuhan
198:Top:
159:Top:
13125:1934
13115:1932
13105:1932
13065:1930
13042:1929
13010:1928
12990:1927
12980:1927
12970:1927
12960:1927
12928:1926
12900:1925
12872:1924
12862:1923
12840:1922
12820:1921
12790:1920
12760:1919
12720:1917
12710:1916
12686:1915
12676:1913
12434:wine
12271:Yami
12266:Tsou
12261:Thao
12201:Amis
12161:Hans
12104:Flag
11628:and
11274:Flag
10855:Time
10648:Rail
10496:Coal
10368:Navy
10138:LGBT
9845:Bays
9785:East
9642:Qing
9637:Ming
9632:Yuan
9622:Song
9617:Liao
9607:Tang
9520:Zhou
9513:Late
9483:Liao
9283:ISBN
9185:2019
9167:ISBN
9146:ISBN
9123:ISBN
9104:ISBN
9081:ISBN
9055:ISBN
9032:ISBN
9013:ISBN
8984:ISBN
8916:ISBN
8897:ISBN
8873:ISBN
8856:2022
8838:ISBN
8808:ISBN
8789:ISBN
8770:ISBN
8757:2016
8739:ISBN
8689:ISBN
8649:ISBN
8563:2023
8515:ISBN
8333:2024
8177:ISBN
8158:2024
8118:ISBN
7845:ISBN
7803:ISBN
7782:2017
7733:ISBN
7719:2021
7701:ISBN
7657:2015
7631:2024
7473:2009
7445:ISBN
7420:ISBN
7395:ISBN
7376:2016
7358:ISBN
7263:ISBN
7236:ISBN
7161:ISBN
7101:2021
7088:ISBN
7061:ISBN
7034:ISBN
7013:2021
7000:ISBN
6979:2021
6936:ISBN
6902:2022
6865:2012
6826:2020
6797:2020
6779:ISBN
6758:2020
6740:ISBN
6658:2021
6603:2022
6573:2022
6534:ISBN
6497:2016
6468:2023
6433:ISBN
6409:2009
6366:ISBN
6332:ISBN
6305:2014
6287:ISBN
6264:2021
6246:ISBN
6225:2021
6195:2021
6164:2021
6134:2020
6110:(1).
6087:民国纪年
6049:2021
6001:黎民.
5954:ISBN
5926:2020
5890:ISBN
5869:2018
5714:and
5680:and
5475:and
5347:HMS
5337:the
5323:and
5297:and
5281:The
5271:and
5263:Navy
5131:Army
5108:Tusi
5106:and
5102:and
5055:Tuva
5007:and
4954:and
4925:and
4910:and
4894:and
4836:安 ān
4748:渝 yú
4610:哈 hā
4582:滬 hù
4184:魯 lǔ
4140:齊齊哈爾
3950:吉 jí
3898:蘇 sū
3846:熱 rè
3843:Rèhé
3835:Rehe
3738:豫 yù
3712:合 hé
3658:冀 jì
3526:安 ān
3479:Name
3311:Siam
3259:Cuba
3251:and
3212:yuan
3026:and
2835:Puyi
2765:and
2414:left
2402:and
2380:the
2286:大陆时期
2282:大陸時期
2278:民國時期
2270:民国时期
2247:大韓民國
2237:中華民國
2120:民國是以
2095:中華民國
2085:中華帝國
2067:直接民權
2002:中華民國
1984:and
1976:Name
1964:, 1
1783:and
1741:Puyi
1671:The
1109:tael
1090:1946
1082:1912
1077:Area
597:See
574:See
171:Flag
161:Flag
91:中華民國
12520:Tea
12420:Art
11695:Law
10893:Art
10373:Air
10120:Law
9602:Sui
9575:Han
9570:Wei
9560:Han
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8552:doi
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4676:西崗區
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2044:共和國
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4742:重慶
4714:天津
4686:北平
4660:大連
4632:瀋陽
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4550:南京
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4244:康定
4230:西康
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3906:鎮江
3892:江蘇
3880:蘭州
3866:甘肅
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3840:熱河
3810:興安
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2163:中華
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